Chapter XXVII: Appendix: C (3)

Cuneiform signs compared to Chinese, 60, 70, 156, 165;
to Cufic, 167;
some think they were gilt, 67, 70, 139;
doubts as to whether writing or ornamentation, ix, 60, 154;
first called cuneiform by Kaempfer (1712), 70

Cursive writing distinguished from Lapidary by Hincks, 339

Curzon, Lord, 131

Cyaxares, 314

Cylinder seal inscriptions, 354

Cyropolis, 17

Cyrus:
inscription, 9;
found by Morier at Murgab, 83, 89;
deciphered by Grotefend, 178;
tomb at Murgab described by Arrian, 9;
and Barbaro, 10;
drawn by Mandelslo, 40, 59;
identified by Morier, 85;
the discussion raised concerning it, 87;
his tomb was thought by Gouvea to be at Persepolis, 14;
by Figueroa at Shiraz, 17

Cyrus, river, 25

Dadarses, 290

Damascus, 394

Daniel, architect of Persepolis, 47;
his tomb at Susa, 133, 140

D’Anville, M.: on Della Valle’s Babylonian bricks, 162

Darius I. (Hystaspes): built Terrace and Palace at Persepolis, 2, 4.
_See_ Persepolis.
Bas-relief and effigy of, at Behistun, 104;
built Apadana at Susa, afterwards burnt, 136, 144;
tomb at Naksh-i-Rustam, 8, 102;
inscription on South Terrace, Persepolis:
copied by Kaempfer, 71;
Niebuhr, 80;
on Palace:
copied by Le Bruyn, 73;
Niebuhr, 79;
on Window, 6:
copied by Chardin, 68;
Kaempfer, 71;
Le Bruyn, 73;
inscription at Behistun, 102;
copied and translated by Rawlinson, 102, 244;
at Elvend, copied by Schulz, 95;
translated by Lassen, 206;
at Naksh-i-Rustam, 8;
copied by Westergaard, 102;
at Suez, 146;
Kermanshah, 147;
on a seal cylinder, _ib._

Darius II. (Nothus), 262

Daulier Deslandes: ‘Beautés de la Perse’ (1673), gives improved
drawing of Persepolis, 50, 60;
he estimates number of bas-reliefs at 2,000, 52;
he shows a short inscription over an arch, 60

Davies, John, translator of Mandelslo’s ‘Travels,’ 42

Dejoces, dynasty of, 333

Delattre, Père A., S.J.: calls language of second column ‘Anzanisch,’
334

Delitzsch, M., 336_n._

Democritus, 165

D’Hancarville, M., 92_n._

Dieulafoy, Marcel:
his first visit to Persia (1881), 131;
his excavations at Susa (1885), 138;
discovery of enamelled tiles:
frieze of the lions, 139;
frieze of the archers, 141;
his restorations of the Acropolis, 142

Dieulafoy, Mme. Jane:
her book on Persia, 131;
describes the excavations at Susa, 139

Dizful, 109, 132 _sq._

Dorow, M., 192, 195

Duperron, M., on Zend, 256

Dutch in Indian Seas (1595), 13

East India Company, Dutch: resident agents in Persia, 48, 54

East India Company, English:
opens trade with Persia (1614), 13;
has a resident agent in Persia, 48, 54;
collection of Babylonian bricks in their museum, 163;
Hager’s discussion of them, 164

East India Company: efforts of French to found one, 48, 54

East India House Inscription, 166, 194_n._, 337, 339, 357, 412

Ecbatana. _See_ Hamadan

Egypt, inscriptions found in, 147

Elamites:
spoke a Scythic language, 137, 325, 336;
antiquity of their remains at Susa, 146

Ellenborough, Lord, 111

Ellis, Mr.: applies photography to Persian antiquities, 128

Elvend, Mount: inscription, 94 _sq._, 206

Elymaean writing, 23, 346

Emanuel, Père, 162

Erech, city, 409

Eridu, city, 409

Erythean group (of languages), 411

Esarhaddon, 356, 361, 385, 393

Eulaeus, river, 134

Ewald, Dr.: doubts (1858) Semitic character of the Assyrian grammar,
352

Fasa, 120, 125, 128

Fergusson, Sir James, 94, 116, 117, 122, 126, 136, 407

Ferhouer, the, 161

Ferrari’s ‘Geographical Epitome,’ 25

Figueroa, Don Garcia de Silva:
his embassy from Spain to Persia (1614), 17;
identifies Chehel Minar with Persepolis, 18;
his description of the ruins and inscriptions published in
‘Purchas’ Pilgrims’ (1625), and in the ‘Embassy of Don Garcia’
(1667), 19;
his drawings and copies were not reproduced, 23, 59

Fisher, Mr., 390

Flandin, Eugène, 64;
he admits Porter’s talent in drawing, 93_n._;
his travels in Persia in 1840, 115, 117;
he fails to reach the inscription at Behistun, 119;
he visits Murgab and Naksh-i-Rustam, 120;
his admirable drawings of Persepolis, 121;
his contributions to our knowledge, 123;
he fails to reach Susa, 125;
he returns to the East to sketch the monuments at Khorsabad
(1843), 126;
his ‘Voyage en Perse’ not published till 1851, 126

Flower, S., 58, 59

Fotheringham, Mr., 133

Frederick, Capt., R.N. (1808), 192

Frederic V. (of Denmark): his expedition (1761) for exploring Arabia,
76

Fresnal, M.: his exploration (1852-1854) of the ruins of Babylon, 409

Fryer, J.: his travels (1698), 66

Gabal, city, 385

Gardanne, General: his embassy from Napoleon to Persia, 83

Gaumates (or Gomates), the Magian, 104, 290

Georgian Christians, 48

Giacchetti, Abbé, 148

Goa, College of (Portuguese), 13

Gobineau, Count de, 335, 415

Golconda, the mines of, 49

Gombrun (Bunder Abbas), 11, 23, 31

Gordon, Mr.: his visit to Susa, 84, 89_n._, 134

Gouvea, Antoine de:
his mission to Ispahan (1602), 13;
visits Chehel Minar, which he considers to be the tomb of Assuerus
and built on the site of the ancient Shiraz, 14;
describes the double staircase, porch, and tombs, _ib._;
he is the first to mention the bas-reliefs and inscriptions, 15;
second visit to Persia, 17

Government grant in aid of publishing third column of Behistun
inscription, 386;
and to the Bagdad excavations (1851), 408

Grant, Mr., visit to Susa, 133

Great Mogul, the Court of, 49

Grélot, M.: drawings of Persepolis made by him for Chardin, 61 _sqq._

Gromex: fifty-eight alphabets borrowed from, by Purchas, 47

Grote, George: one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, 414

Grotefend, George F. (1775-1853):
educated at Göttingen—rector of the Lyceum at Hanover, 168;
his paper on Cuneiform read September 4, 1802: communicated to
‘Göttingen Literary Gazette,’ September 18, 169;
he deciphers Hystaspes, Darius and Xerxes, 173;
he thus obtains eight correct values, 175;
his total contribution being twelve, 179;
identifies ideogram for ‘king,’ 177;
reads Cyrus, 178;
his translations from Old Persian, 179;
compared with Burnouf, 217;
his work on the other columns, 183, 189, 338;
he shows that the different kinds of Babylonian writing were only
varieties of the same, 186, 193, 338;
calls the third Persepolitan ‘the Babylonian column,’ 186;
directs attention to the geographical names in the I inscription,
187, 207, 223;
he denies that language of the third column is Semitic, 188;
recognises ‘Artaxerxes,’ 189;
criticises Burnouf and Lassen, 188, 237;
publishes Bellino’s cylinder, 189;
thought languages of the three columns were closely related, 299;
his study of the East India House inscription, 339;
his division of the Babylonian column of the Elvend inscription
(1837), 353;
his attempted translation of a Babylonian brick, 355;
mistakes the name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar for a form of
prayer, _ib._, 359

Guebres (or Parsees) of Guzerat, 203_n._

Hager, Joseph (1757-1819):
his ‘Dissertation on the Babylonian Inscriptions,’ 1801, 163;
suggests that the legend on the bricks records the name of the
founder, 165;
he derives the Persepolitan writing from the Babylonian, and
traces the latter to the Chaldæans, _ib._, 354;
the origin of horizontal writing, 168

Halévy, J.:
disputes the existence of Sumerian, xvi, 336;
would substitute ‘Amardian’ for ‘Median’ for the second language,
334

Hall of the Hundred Columns, the, 22, 28, 36, 45 _sq._, 50 _sq._,
56, 77 _sqq._, 121, 129, 132

Hamadan (Ecbatana), 1, 7, 94, 102, 108, 206

Hamath, 385, 394

Hamitian language, 410

Haridu, city of, 384

Haroyu (Parsi), or Sarayu (Indian), 219_n._

Hateni or Adini, 284

Haug, M., 319

Haupt, Prof.: on Semitic affinities of Babylonian, 351

Hazael of Damascus, 385

Heeren, A. H. L.:
controversy with Herder on origin of ruins of Persepolis, 82, 155;
introduced Porter’s Travels to German readers, 93 _sq._;
published Grotefend’s paper in his ‘Historical Researches,’
170_n._, 176

Herbelot, M. d’, 53

Herbert, Sir Thomas:
early editions of his Travels (1634-1638), 34;
his grotesque engraving of the ruins of Persepolis, 36;
his account derived chiefly from Figueroa and Della Valle, 37, 46;
later editions of the Travels (1663), with Holler’s engraving, 43;
singular description of the Hall of the Hundred Columns, 45

Hercules, Mr.:
assistance rendered to Niebuhr by, 76;
enters the tombs at Naksh-i-Rustam, 82, 84

Herder, J. G.: controversy with Heeren on origin of ruins of
Persepolis, 82, 155

Herodotus: his veracity and accuracy confirmed, 114, 136, 223 _sq._,
334, 407

Hester, Mr., 111

Heyne, Professor, 168;
first called attention to Greek inscription on Rosetta Stone, 169

Hezekiah, 394

Hieratic writing, in Babylon, 194_n._

Hieroglyphics, Egyptian: beginning of our knowledge of, 169

Hillah, the mounds near, 24, 162, 192

Hincks, Rev. Edward (1792-1866; rector of Killyleagh, co. Down):
suggests that Ormuzd is represented by the winged figure in the
Persian bas-reliefs, 104;
is an early student of Assyrian, 113;
depreciates Lassen’s talent as a decipherer, 258;
his own contributions devoted chiefly to the Susian and Babylonian
columns, 266;
he reads the names of Babylon, Nineveh (1846), _ib._, 357,
and Nebuchadnezzar, 267, 359, 363, 373;
his paper ‘On the First and Second Kinds of Persepolitan Writing’
(1846), 268;
he anticipates Rawlinson’s supplementary note, _ib._;
his alphabet compared with Lassen’s, 270;
he reviews Rawlinson’s Memoirs (1846), 272;
his three papers on Susian (Median), 1846-47, 308;
showed (1845) that many Susian signs were found in the Assyrian,
312_n._;
he compares the East India House inscription with a fragment
written in the cursive character, 339;
his table comparing ‘certain cursive and lapidary characters,’
_ib._;
comparison with the third Persepolitan, 343, 347;
the languages also agree, 348, 357;
they are Semitic, 350;
his method and its results, 358;
his paper of January 1847, 360;
on the Khorsabad inscription, 369;
Assyrian signs are wholly syllabic or ideographic, 370;
of Indo-European origin and originally designed to represent a
non-Semitic language, 371 and _n._;
the appendix of January 1850 explains the principle of Assyrian
writing, 374;
influence of this essay upon the study, 375;
his paper ‘On the Language and Mode of Writing of Assyria’ (August
1850), 376;
his compound syllables, 389;
deciphers ‘Menahem’ and ‘Jehu son of Omri,’ 393_n._;
paper on the ‘Assyrio-Babylonian Phonetic Characters’ (1852), 394;
his contributions compared with those of Rawlinson, 396;
his genius as a decipherer, 405;
suggests the name ‘Akkadian,’ 411;
his translations in Layard’s ‘Nineveh and Babylon,’ _ib._;
works on Assyrian mythology and grammar, and on Akkadian, 412;
his translation for Fox Talbot’s test inscription, 414;
his great services ill rewarded, 417

Hittite language, 336_n._

Hitzig, Dr. Ferdinand:
on the Persian text of the Tomb inscription of Darius (1847), 294;
he denies that Assyrian is Semitic, 352

Holler’s engraving of Persepolis for Sir T. Herbert’s work, 43, 50, 60

Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of: sends a trading mission to Persia, 39

Holtzmann, Adolf:
his charge of plagiarism against Lassen, 222;
his contributions to the decipherment of the Persian column (1845),
262, 271;
he suggests that the language of second column was spoken at Susa,
perhaps mother of Pehlevi, 313;
he attempts to refute the Finnic-Tartar hypothesis, 319;
he considers Assyrian a Persian dialect mingled with Semitic
elements, 352

Hommel, Dr. Fritz:
calls second column language ‘Susian-Median’ and ‘Susian,’ 334;
relation of Median with Akkadian, 335;
his fifty words of Kassite, 336_n._

Humboldt, G. von: his appreciation of Jacquet’s work, 239

Husseinabad, 121

Hyde, Dr. Thomas, 59 _sq._

Hystaspes, 136;
name deciphered, 178, 245, 262

India, 229

Inscriptions. _See_ Achaemenian

Ionia, 210, 219

Iskander (= Alexander), 41

Ispahan, 12;
British Resident established at (1614), 13

Istakhr: seat of a Viceroy of the Khalifs, 2, 69

Jacquet, Eugène (1811-38):
his remarkable precocity, 239;
his essay on Cuneiform Decipherment (1838), 241;
his correspondence with Lassen, 240, 243;
adds six correct values to the Persian alphabet, 244;
his admiration for Lassen’s diphthongs, 255;
his results arrived at independently, 275

Jamshid, the legendary builder of Persepolis, 2, 30;
the fourth king of Persia, 65, 75;
his claims supported by Herder and opposed by Heeren, 82, 155;
possibly identical with Shem, 93;
Grotefend reads his name into the inscriptions, 180

Jask (on Persian Gulf), 32

Jaubert: his embassy from France to Persia (1805), 83

Jehu the son of Omri, 385, 393_n._, 407

Jenkinson, Antonie: visit to Persia (1561), 13

Jerusalem, 394

Jesuits, the: mission at Tauriz, 48

Jones, Captain, R.N., 111;
his drawings of the figures at Behistun published in Rawlinson’s
Memoir (1846), 272

Jones, Sir Harford:
his embassy to Persia, 83;
presented the celebrated inscription to India House, 166

Jones, Sir William: on Anquetil’s Zend-Avesta, 205

Kaempfer, Engelbert (1651-1716):
his ground plan of Persepolis, 70, 77;
confers the name of ‘cuneiform’ upon the inscriptions, _ib._;
he copies a twenty-four line inscription, 71;
gives the earliest description of the Central Edifice, 72

Kaleh Sherghat, the Tiglath Peleser inscription from, 413

Kassite language, 336_n._

‘Katpatuk’ (Burnouf and Lassen’s reading for ‘Cappadocia’), 229

Kermanshah, 102, 108, 110, 119

Kesem (island in Persian Gulf), 11, 31

Khaneh-i-Dara (Mansion of Darius), Persepolis, 2

‘Khapirti’ (in Median text = Amardians of Strabo), 325

Khorassan (or Bactria), 15

Khorsabad, date of the dynasty of, 385_n._

King, Mr. L. W.:
on Semitic affinities of Babylonian, 351;
his list of 329 Assyrian signs, 379_n._

Kinneir, Sir J. Macdonald:
on inscription at Mount Elvend, 94;
on figures at Behistun, 105;
description of Susa (1810), 133;
visits Hillah and Mosul (1808), 192;
his ‘Geographical Memoir,’ _ib._

Kish, obelisk of a King of, found at Susa, 145

Klaproth, M., his ‘Aperçu de l’Origine des diverses Ecritures,’ 196;
contains the latest development of St. Martin’s alphabet, 196, 200

Kossaean language, 336

Kouyunjik, 189, 341

Kur, river (= the ‘Cyrus’ of the ancients), 25

Kurdistan, 108

Lapidary characters compared with their equivalents in the cursive
style, 339

Larsa, city, 409 _sq._

Lassen, Christian (1800-76), 189, 204;
his fame as a Sanscrit scholar, 231;
his essay on cuneiform accidentally synchronous with that of
Burnouf (1836), 222;
Holtzmann’s unfounded charge of plagiarism, _ib._:
Lassen’s account of his study of Inscr. I, 223;
he deciphers correctly six to ten additional signs, 224;
analysis of his alphabet, 225;
his identification of words and proper names, 229;
his translation compared with Burnouf, 233;
on the provinces of Darius, 235;
influence on Jacquet, 240, 243;
on Rawlinson, 247;
his second Memoir (1845), 253;
his amended alphabet, _ib._;
his achievements disparaged by Rawlinson and Hincks, 258;
his complete translation of all the Persian inscriptions then known
to him, 259;
comparison with Rawlinson, 261

Laval, M., 412

Layard, Sir A. H.:
entered the Tomb of Daniel at Susa, 134;
copied two inscriptions and made drawings of bas-relief at Malamir,
185, 323;
his excavations at Nimrud and Kouyunjik (1845), 341;
discovery of the black obelisk at Nimrud, with first purely
Assyrian inscription ever deciphered, _ib._;
published ‘Nineveh and its Remains,’ and ‘Monuments of Nineveh’
(1849), 342;
his excavations at Nineveh (1849-50), 408;
popularity of his book, _ib._;
his eulogy of Dr. Hincks, 417_n._

Le Bruyn, Corneille:
visited Persepolis 1704: he copies five inscriptions, 73;
his criticism and measurements, 74;
he rejects Chardin’s theory of the Jamshid origin of the ruins, 73

Lenormant, François:
his ‘Lettres Assyriennes’ (1871), and ‘Choix de Textes’ (1873), 323;
shows the resemblance of the Old Susian and Old Babylonian scripts,
_ib._;
the writing of Malamir an earlier form of Susian (Median), _ib._;
both belong to the Scythic family, 324;
he adheres to name of ‘Median,’ 325;
opinion as to the Alarodian languages, 336

Lepsius, Professor, 349

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall: contended that neither Egyptian nor
Assyrian could be restored, 416

Library of Assurbanipal, the, xii

Lichtenstein, M.: considers Babylonian bricks date from seventh
century A.D.: that the writing resembles Cufic and the language
Arabic, 167

Löwenstern, Isidore, 313;
his ‘Essai de Déchiffrement’ (1845), 343;
points out the resemblance of Assyrian writing to the third
Persepolitan, _ib._;
maintained that it is a Semitic speech, 349;
his attempt to decipher a Khorsabad inscription, 355;
only twenty proper names then available, 362;
he treats the signs as simple consonants, 364, 377;
the variants as homophones, 364;
he was among the first to observe polyphones, 365;
his theory of the mechanical union of consonant and vowel, 376.

Loftus, W. Kennett:
on a drawing by Porter, 93_n._;
his excavations at Susa (1851-2), 125, 135;
discovered the Apadana of Artaxerxes Mnemon with his inscription,
136;
translated by Norris, 318;
found some Old Susian inscriptions which Rawlinson attempted to
decipher, 322;
Loftus’s explorations of South Babylonia, 409;
found a tablet at Larsa from which Rawlinson inferred the existence
of the Akkadian language, 410

Longpérier, Adrian de:
made known the Venice Vase, 148, 292;
criticism of Löwenstern’s identification of Esarhaddon, 357;
treatment of Assyrian homophones, 366;
identifies Sargon and Assur, 368, 393;
his aptitude for cuneiform studies, 367, 368, 405

Luristan, 109, 125

Luzzato, M.:
showed (1850) that twenty-four of the Median signs corresponded to
the Babylonian, 314;
maintained that Assyrian was an Indo-European language, 352

Macaulay, Lord: disbelieved in cuneiform interpretation, 416

Machad, capital of Khorassan, 15

McNeill, Sir J., 110

Madagascar: French effort to found a trading colony in (1643), 48

Maiana (ancient Atropatena), 54, 137

Malamir: inscription found by Layard at (1841), 135, 137.
_See_ Susian (Old)

Malcolm, Sir John, 83, 107, 110, 133, 166

Mandelslo, J. A.:
visits Murgab (1638);
gives the earliest known view of the Tomb of Cyrus, 40;
thought cuneiform signs were inlaid with gold, 41;
his engraving of Persepolis, _ib._;
his book translated into English (1662), 42

Mans, Père Raphael du (Superior of the Capuchins at Ispahan,
1644-96), 47, 52 _sq._

Median language. _See_ Susian (Median)

Medo-Assyrian (Vannic) writing, 346

Medus, river (of Strabo), 25

Menant, Joachim:
on the Venice Vase, 292;
his edition of the Persian inscriptions, 297;
his table of Susian (Median) signs, 308_n._, 328, 442;
on the only Assyrian word correctly read in 1847, 351;
estimate of ‘the necessary simple syllables’ in Assyrian, 388_n._;
on De Saulcy’s contribution to cuneiform decipherment, 398;
his work on the ‘Ecritures Cunéiformes’ (1860), 413

Mervdasht, plain of, 2

‘Meshed i Mader i Suliman,’ 98

Mesopotamia, 24

Messeth Suleimen, 10

Michaux, M., 166

Mildenhall, John (1601), 13

Millin, M., 183

Milman, Dean: one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, 414

Mina (on Persian Gulf), 31

Mithra, 136, 262

Mohl, M. (Secretary to French Asiatic Society):
his visit to Grotefend, 190;
sent the Yaçna to Rawlinson, 247;
protested against the Scythic hypothesis about Median, 335;
introduced Hincks’s writings to Continental students (1848), 361;
decries a language which puzzles translators by polyphones and
ideographs, 416

Monteith, Captain: visited Susa (1810), 133

Morales, Father Symon de (Augustinian Friar): his mission to Persia
by Philip II. (1583), 12

Mordtmann, M.:
his papers (1862, 1870) on the second column, 322;
his reasons for calling the language Susian, _ib._;
his endeavours to prove the ‘identity’ of the Median and Babylonian
characters, 323;
he shows that both the newly discovered languages belonged to the
Scythic family, 324

Morgan, J. de:
excavations at Susa (1898), 143;
great discovery of bricks with old Susian inscriptions, 144;
his investigations into the antiquity of the mounds, 145

Morier, James:
identifies the tomb of Cyrus, 9, 85, 88;
his comparison of the drawings of Le Bruyn, Chardin and Niebuhr
with the original sculptures, 77_n._, 78_n._;
publication of his Travels (1812 and 1818), 86;
his copy of the Cyrus inscription, 89_n._, 93;
its influence on Grotefend, 178

‘Moro, the constellation of’ (Grotefend), 179, 216, 257, 354

Mosul, 192, 340

Mudray, name for Egypt, 212, 235;
deciphered by Rawlinson, 249

Müller, Max, 295

Münter, F. C. (Bishop of Seeland):
his paper on the Cuneiform Inscriptions (1800), 155;
proves that they belong to the Achaemenian dynasty, _ib._, 170;
shows the use of the diagonal wedge in Old Persian, 157;
deciphers two signs correctly, 159;
his opinion as to meaning of the legend on Babylonian bricks, 165;
on the writing of the second and third columns, 156, 299;
compares the latter to Old Babylonian, 337

Murgab, 1, 59, 83, 85 _sqq._

Museo Kircheriano: some of Della Valle’s collection of antiquities
there, 24, 74

Nakharmi, 384

Naksh-i-Rejeb, 82, 91

Naksh-i-Rustam, inscriptions found at, 1;
Sassanian bas-reliefs and Achaemenian tombs there, 7 _sq._;
inscriptions described, 8;
referred to, 19, 29, 57, 67 _sq._, 91

Naram Sin, 145

Nebuchadnezzar, 47, 359, 363, 373;
‘Standard Inscription’ of, 166

Niebuhr, Carsten (1733-1815):
his ‘Voyage en Arabie’ (1780), 77;
his valuable copies of the inscriptions at Persepolis, 79, 149;
he is the first to observe that each column is written in a
different character, 80, 299;
he is the first to make an alphabet of Old Persian, 81, 149;
he shows the direction in which the writing is to be read, _ib._;
he admits eight defective signs into his alphabet, 150, 183;
the general accuracy of his results, 150;
he makes one unfortunate mistake, 160

Nimrod, 66

Nimrud: Layard’s excavations at, 341

Nimrud: date of the dynasty of, 385_n._

Nineveh, 384

Ninni, city of, 384

Nippur, city, 409

Noeldeke, Theodor: on the results of the photographic process applied
to inscriptions, 129

Norris, Edwin:
Secretary of Royal Asiatic Society, 269;
saw Rawlinson’s Memoir (1846) through the press, 273;
undertakes the translation of the Susian (Median) column of the
Behistun inscription, 307;
reads a paper on the results of his study (1852: published 1855),
314;
thinks the syllabarium originally devised to express a Scythic
tongue, 317;
its nearest modern relationship is to Volga-Finnish, _ib._;
his translation of a unilingual inscription, 319;
translation of a defective inscription at Behistun, 330;
his work on Assyrian weights, 412;
author of the first Assyrian dictionary, _ib._

Ochus. _See_ Artaxerxes III.

Odoricus, Friar: his visit to Persia (1325), 9_n._

Olearus (Oelschloeger):
account of his mission to Persia (1637), 39;
his edition of the Travels of Mandelslo (a member of the mission),
40, 42

Olivier, M.: on Behistun, 105

Oppert, Jules:
on the Behistun inscription, 104;
his translations of Old Susian inscriptions (1873, 1876), 137, 324;
on death of Cambyses, 289;
on the Venice Vase, 292;
his restorations of mutilated texts, 292, 331;
his ‘Lautsystem des Altpersischen’ (1847), 295;
his tribute to Rawlinson, 296;
his edition of the Achaemenian inscriptions (1852, 1877), 296, 406;
claims to have suggested the Turanian origin of cuneiform writing,
317_n._;
and the ‘Finno-ouralienne’ origin of Median (1847), 318_n._;
his translation of the Susian (Median) unilingual inscriptions
(1879), 319;
his ‘Expédition scientifique’ (1859), 320;
his Susian (Median) syllabarium: the comparison with Babylonian
signs, _ib._;
his ‘Peuple des Mèdes’ (1879), 326;
completes the knowledge of language of second column, _ib._;
comparison with Weisbach, 328;
his treatment of the grammar, 330;
different views as to the people who spoke the language and the
name it should bear:
Scythic, 314, 318_n._;
Medo-Scythic, 321, 332;
Median, 333;
transcribes cuneiform into Hebrew characters, 407;
his ‘Etudes Assyriennes’ (1857), 412;
his translation for Fox Talbot’s test, 414;
receives the prize from the Institut (1860), 415

Ormuz (island in Persian Gulf):
its importance in 16th century, 11, 18, 24;
taken by Persians from Portuguese (1621), 31

Ormuzd (Auramazda), 5, 7 _sq._, 104, 136, 182, 219

Orontes, the, 94

Otiara, 317

Otter, M. (French traveller): first to call attention to Behistun, 105

Ouseley, Sir Gore:
his embassy from England to Persia (1810), 84;
‘specimens’ of ruins in his possession, afterwards given to British
Museum, 86

Ouseley, Sir William:
his estimate of Jean Struys, 58;
his copies of the inscriptions, 73;
he visits Fasa, then thought to be the site of Pasargadae, 84;
he opposes Morier’s claim on behalf of Murgab, 87;
his visit to Persepolis, _ib._;
his views of Murgab, 88;
his copy of the Cyrus inscription came to the notice of Grotefend,
89, 178;
his collection of Persian antiquities, 156

Pacifique, Father, 47

Parthia, 210, 219

Pasargadae (the city of Cyrus), Achaemenian ruins at, 8;
referred to, 120, 125, 130, 178

Pehlevi (language), 82

Persepolis, supposed to be Shiraz, 14, 18, 25;
identified with ruins at Chehel Minar by Figueroa, 18, 92;
various opinions as to their origin, 1, 2, 14, 34, 40, 41, 52, 65;
and design:
a tomb, 13;
temple, 26, 47, 52, 57, 66, 78, 92;
palace, 18, 34, 75;
importance of question to decipherment, 82, 155;
details of ruins, 2-7;
described by Gouvea, 14;
Figueroa, 18;
Della Valle, 25;
Herbert, 34;
Mandelslo, 41;
Herbert’s second account, 43;
Daulier, 50;
Thévenot, 55;
Chardin, 60;
earliest engravings:
by Herbert, 36;
Mandelslo, 41;
Herbert, second view, 43;
later views by Daulier, 50, 59;
Chardin, 61;
Kaempfer, 69;
Niebuhr, 77;
Texier, 115;
Flandin, 121;
Stolze, 128;
ground plan by Chardin, 63;
Kaempfer, 70;
inscriptions found of Darius, Xerxes, Artaxerxes I. and Artaxerxes
III., 6

Persia: its relations with Europe in 15th and 16th centuries, 9, 11;
missions to, 12 _sq._;
European commerce with, 13;
suspension of diplomatic relations with European countries, 83;
English officers sent to train the Shah’s army (1833), 108;
withdrawal of the British Mission (1838), 110;
recent concessions to France to carry on archæological excavations
throughout Persia, 143

Persian (Old), language of first column:
the earliest alphabet of signs formed by Niebuhr, 149;
their decipherment first attempted by Tychsen (1798), 151;
and Münter (1800), 155;
Grotefend deciphers names of the Achaemenian kings (1802), 173;
the contributions made by St. Martin (1823), 195;
and Rask (1826), 202;
the task accomplished by Burnouf (1836), 206;
and Lassen (1836), 221, and (1844), 259;
contributions of Jacquet and Beer, 238;
Rawlinson, 245, 272, 295;
Holtzmann, 262;
Hincks, 266;
the criticisms of Benfey, 288;
it afforded the key to decipher the other columns, xi;
conjectures as to its linguistic affinities, x, 152, 156, 167, 184,
204, 220, 257.—See Appendix A and B.

Peters, Dr.: results of his excavations at Nippur, xv

Pharnuches, unilingual seal cylinder of, 148

Philip II. (of Spain and Portugal):
his embassy to Persia (1583), 12;
another mission (1601), 13

Pictorial representations of cuneiform inscriptions, summary of, to
end of 17th century, 59

Pinches, Theo. G.:
on differences between Assyrian and Semitic languages, 351;
on the publication of Layard’s inscriptions, 411_n._

Place, M. (1851-54), 409

Platform, the, 56 _sq._

Polvar, river, 2, 7, 25

Polyhistor, 394

Porch, the, 20, 50 _sq._, 55, 65, 71, 78, 122, 124, 130

Porter, Sir Robert Ker:
his drawings of Persepolis, 64, 78_n._;
his visit to Murgab and Persepolis, (1818), 90;
importance of his drawings, _ib._;
suggests that the tomb at Naksh-i-Rustam was that of Darius, 92;
he was long ‘the oracle of the archæologists,’ 93_n._;
his visit to Mount Elvend, 95;
he sketches the figures at Behistun, 105

Portugal:
desire of trade with Persia, 23;
contest with Persia (1620), 30;
result, 31;
finally driven from Persian Gulf, 32

Postellus, the alphabets in, 47

Proto-Chaldean (later called Akkadian), 410

Prinsep, Mr. James (Secretary of Asiatic Society of Calcutta): in
correspondence with Jacquet, 240

Puli Neu (New Bridge) over the ‘Kur’ (= ‘Cyrus’ of the ancients), 25

Purchas: alphabets borrowed from Gromex, 47

‘Purchas, his Pilgrims,’ letters of Figueroa in, 18_n._, 19

Rask, R. (1782-1832), 183, 200;
an early founder of Comparative Philology, 202;
suggests correct termination of genitive plural in Old Persian,
which adds two correct values to the alphabet, 203;
he leads to the decipherment of ‘Achaemenian,’ _ib._

Rassam, Mr. Hormuzd:
had practical direction of excavations at Bagdad (1851), 408;
discovered the inscription of Tiglath Peleser, _ib._

Rawlinson, Canon: his Memoir of his brother, Sir Henry, 106_n._, 295

Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke (1810-95):
on the Behistun inscription, 106;
officer in Indian army, 107;
sent to Persia on military duty (1833), 108;
copies inscriptions at Mount Elvend and Behistun (1835-7), _ib._;
ordered to Candahar (1840), 111;
appointed Political Agent at Bagdad (1844), _ib._;
resumes work at Behistun, _ib._;
Memoir on Persian Column (1846), 112, 272;
Second Memoir on Babylonian Column (1849), 114, 386;
visited Susa (1836), 134

Rawlinson: Sir Henry, decipherment of Persian Column:
identifies eighteen cuneiform characters, 245;
independently of Grotefend, 246;
completes alphabet, having borrowed only two letters, 248;
deciphers two signs wrongly valued, 249;
chief merit in translation, 249;
compared with Lassen, 261;
the Supplementary Note (1846), 268;
claims to originality of discovery examined, 275;
his alphabet in 1846, 279;
notes on the grammar, 284;
his conjectural restorations, 286;
complete translation of all the inscriptions in Old Persian, 291-3;
revises the Behistun inscription for George Rawlinson’s ‘Herodotus’
(1858), and again for ‘Records of the Past’ (1873), 297

Rawlinson, Sir Henry: on the Susian (Median) Column:
first scholar to make a long translation from it, 287, 306;
recognises its Scythic affinities, 306;
abandoned its further study and presented his notes to Mr. Norris,
307

Rawlinson, Sir Henry: decipherment of the Babylonian Column:
on the varieties of writing, 345, 349;
he definitely settles its Semitic affinity, 351;
his progress down to 1847, 363;
recognises ‘Nebuchadnezzar,’ 363;
his difficulty with proper names, 369, 383;
his delay in publication wrongly censured, 377;
his papers on the ‘Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylon’ (January
and February 1850), 379;
results compared with Hincks, 380, 387, 396;
Black Obelisk inscription, 383;
large numbers of historical names brought to light, 385, 393, 407;
publication of the Behistun inscription (1851), 386;
treatment of syllables, 380, 387_n._;
his translations compared with De Saulcy and Bezold, 390;
he and Hincks share between them the honour of accomplishing the
task of deciphering the Babylonian signs, 397;
their exceptional genius, 405

Rawlinson, Sir H.: subsequent career:
returned to Bagdad to supervise excavations (1851), 408;
detected the existence of Sumerian or Akkadian (1855), 410;
Director of E. India Company, member of Parliament, British envoy
to Persia, 416;
undertook supervision of ‘Inscriptions of Western Asia’ (1859-84),
_ib._;
at the India Office (1868), 417;
his death (1895), _ib._;
overwhelmed with honours from learned Societies, _ib._;
K.C.B. in 1856: subsequent honours due to political services, _ib._

Rémusat, Abel (French Orientalist), 239

Renan, Ernest, xvi, 352

Rennell, Major: identified Susa with Shus, 132

Resident agents of Dutch and English East India Companies settled in
Persia, 48, 54

Rhages, 317

Rich, Claudius J., British Resident at Bagdad (1808-21):
visits Murgab and Persepolis (1821), 98;
copies the inscriptions, 99;
he collects examples of Assyrian writing, 187, 195, 340;
visits Babylon, and makes a collection of antiquities, now in the
British Museum, 193;
his Memoir on Babylonian inscriptions (1817), _ib._;
suggests that the second Persepolitan was the language of Susa, 194;
he accepts Grotefend’s conclusions, 195;
his correspondence with him, _ib._;
publication of his book delayed until 1839, 251, 338, 340

Rochette, Raoul, 240

Roe, Sir Thomas, 43

Rosetta Stone, the, 169

Ross, Dr., 109

Russell, Lord John:
suggested Government grant (1851) in aid of Rawlinson’s work, 386;
personal gift towards the Bagdad excavations, 408

Rustam, bas-relief of, 10, 29

Sacy, Silvestre de, his suggestion to Münter, 161;
confutation of Lichtenstein’s theories, 167;
his account of Grotefend’s discovery (1803), 169, 173, 175, 179;
his reading of the Pehlevi inscription at Naksh-i-Rustam, 171;
his suggestion with regard to Ormuzd, 181;
on the varieties of cuneiform character, 183;
he doubts the validity of Grotefend’s discovery, 191

St. Martin, M., 96, 109;
his paper on the inscriptions (1823), 196;
criticises Grotefend’s method, 197;
his successful treatment of ‘Goshtasp,’ 199;
he introduces Grotefend to France, 202;
example of his transliteration, 208_n._

Salbancke, Joseph (1609), 13

Salmaneser (or Shalmaneser) II. (Nineveh: Rawlinson’s ‘Temenbar
II.’), 383, 394

Samaria, capture of, by Sargon, 393

Samson, alleged figure of, at Chehel Minar, 9 _sq._

Sapeires, the (of Herodotus): Lassen’s supposed identification of,
227 _sq._

Sarangia, 219

Sarayu (or Haroyu), 219_n._

Sarcey, Count de:
his political and exploring mission from France to Persia, 117
_sqq._

Sargon, 356, 361, 365, 369, 373, 385, 393

Sar-i-Pul-i-Zohab, 119

Sarzec, M. de: his inscriptions from Tello, xiv

Sassanian period, bas-reliefs of, at Naksh-i-Rustam, 7, 10

Saulcy, F. de:
an early student of Assyrian, 113, 302, 342;
essays on Susian (Median) in ‘Journal Asiatique’ (1849-50), 309;
his erroneous treatment of the syllabary, 311;
his useful indication of the resemblance of the signs to the
Persian, 312;
its Scythic origin confirmed by his studies, 314;
his treatment of a Vannic inscription, 349;
his essays on Assyrian (1847), 362;
his insistance on the Semitic mode of writing, 377;
his transliterations and translations compared with Rawlinson, 390;
his criticisms of Hincks’s syllabarium, 395;
examination of his claims as a decipherer, 397;
he afforded no assistance to Rawlinson, 400;
his work on the Khorsabad Bull inscription (1850), 401;
his essay in ‘Journal Asiatique’ (1854), 402;
his comparative failure as a decipherer, 403

Sayce, A. H., 81_n._;
his translation of Old Susian inscriptions, 137, 324;
relation of the language of Malamir to Susian (Median), _ib._;
prefers to call the latter ‘Elamite’ or else ‘Amardian,’ 325;
his ‘revised list of the syllabarium,’ _ib._;
its linguistic relationship to Akkadian, 335;
his decipherment of Vannic (1893-94), 336_n._;
on the Semitic ‘affinities’ of Babylonian, 351

Scheil, Father, 146, 384

Schlegel, Professor, 203_n._, 221

Schulz, Professor:
copies inscriptions at Van and Mount Elvend, 95-96;
his papers published by Burnouf, 96, 340

Scythic of ancient Elamites and that of Southern Babylonia: relation
not yet determined, 137

Seal cylinders, 148

Sefy, Shah, 39

Semiramis and the rock of Behistun, 102

Sennacherib:
inscription of, on a cylinder at Kouyunjik, translated by Fox
Talbot, 189;
Grotefend’s copperplate of it, _ib._;
referred to, 361, 369, 373, 385, 393;
Annals of, at Kouyunjik, 394

Serlio, Sebastiano (Bolognese architect, 1534): incorrectly supposed
to have drawn the Chehel Minar, 10

Shapoor, 108

Shiraz, 2;
believed by Gouvea to be the ancient Persepolis, 14;
by Figueroa, to be Cyropolis, 17;
by Ferrari, to be Persepolis, 25;
English merchants at, 76

Shirley, Robert:
his relations with Gouvea, and conversion to the Catholic faith,
15, 32;
employed by Shah Abbas as Envoy to European Courts, 32;
mission from England to Persia to test validity of his credentials,
33 _sqq._;
result of mission: death of Shirley, 38

Shuster, 109, 134

Sidon, 385

Sippara, 145

Skinner, Mr., 43

Smith, George:
his mission to the East by the ‘Daily Telegraph,’ 394;
resumed Rawlinson’s excavations in 1873, 411;
his working assistant on the ‘Inscriptions of Western Asia,’ 416;
Smith’s intimate knowledge of Assyrian, _ib._

Sogdiana, 219

Solomon, supposed Palace of, at Persepolis, 1;
tomb of his Mother (so-called) at Pasargadae, 8, 10;
bridge said to have been built by him, 9

Southern Babylonia, exploration of, by Mr. Loftus, 409

Spiegel, M.:
his transliteration and translation of Le Bruyn No. 131, 233;
his translation of the Gomates passage in Behistun inscription, 291
and _n._;
on Venice Vase, 292;
his edition (1862) of all the Persian inscriptions, 297

Staircase, the, 51, 55, 62 _sq._, 72 _sq._, 130;
differing accounts of the number of its steps, 60

Standard Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar (also called East India House
Inscription), 166

Stern, M. (of Göttingen), 413

Stewart, Mr.: obtains copies of Mount Elvend inscriptions, 95, 206

Stolze, Herr:
his photographs of Persian antiquities, 128;
his photogrammetric plan of Persepolis, _ib._;
general estimate of the plates, 130

Struys, Jean (‘the lying traveller’): his ‘Tomb of Persepolis,’ 58

Subterraneous passages at Chehel Minar and Naksh-i-Rustam, 67 _sq._

Suez Stone inscription, a quadrilingual found in 1800, 146, 166

Sumerian, the ancient Scythic language of Irak, xiv;
the inscriptions found at Susa, 144;
importance of the discovery, 324, 335;
called Akkadian by Hincks, 410

Sumerians, the founders of civilisation in Western Asia, xiii, 410

Susa, discovery of Achaemenian ruins and inscriptions at, 109, 125,
132-45;
described by Loftus (1850), 135;
Dieulafoy (1885), 138;
De Morgan (1899), 143;
cuneiform name of, 235

Susian [Median] language of second column:
the decipherment accomplished by Westergaard (1844-5), 300;
Hincks (1846-7), 308;
De Saulcy (1850), 309;
Norris (1852-5), 307, 314;
Oppert (1859), 320;
Sayce (1874), 325;
Oppert (1879), 326;
number of signs, 302, 321, 328;
their resemblance to Persian and Assyrian, 312, 316, 320, 321, 323;
language syllabic, 299, 300, 302, 327;
the ideograms, 328;
the determinatives, 298, 303;
supposed to be Aryan, 299, 309;
Semitic, 313;
half Semitic, half Aryan, 339;
shown to belong to the Altaic branch of Turanian, 305, 314, 317,
319, 321, 335;
variously called Median, 304, 325, 333;
Scythic, 307, 314;
Medo-Scythic, 321, 333;
Susian, 306, 322, 334;
Elamite or Amardian, 325, 334;
‘Anzanisch,’ 334;
Susian-Median, 334;
New Susian, 334;
supposed to be language of Susa, 313;
of pastoral tribes of Persia, 317;
of northern Media, 321;
of the Scythic hordes, 314;
of the lower classes of Persia, or Medians, 325;
of Median dynasty of Dejoces, 333.
See Appendix C.

Susian [Old]:
long inscription discovered by Rawlinson (1836), 134, 137, 322;
others by Dieulafoy (1885), 139;
and De Morgan (1899), 144;
a dialect of it found at Malamir, 135;
their relations to Susian (Median) and Sumerian, 137, 323;
translated by Oppert and Sayce, _ib._

‘Susra Inscription,’ the, 134_n._

Sutherland, Captain, 84

Tabriz, 108

Tak Kasra (near Bagdad), stone found at (the Caillou Michaux), 166

Takht-i-Bostan, Sassanian inscriptions at, copied by Flandin, 119

Takht-i-Cai Khusrau (Throne of Cyrus), Persepolis, 2

Takht-i-Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid), Persepolis, 2

Talbot, H. Fox:
he translates the Annals of Sennacherib, 189;
and other important inscriptions, 412;
he proposes to subject the knowledge of Assyrian to a test
translation, 413;
names of the translators, _ib._;
verdict of the jury of examiners, 414

Tasker, Mr. (English traveller): his three inscriptions from
Naksh-i-Rustam tomb, 293

Tauris, 54

Tavernier, J. B. (1605-89):
his travels, 49;
in Persia with Daulier Deslandes and Thévenot, _ib._;
at Persepolis: finds nothing worth admiring in the ruins, 57

Taylor, Colonel (British Resident at Bagdad), 109, 111;
his prism from Nineveh (1830), 340;
assisted Mr. Loftus in the exploration of Southern Babylonia, 409

Teispes, 245

Tello, xiv

‘Temenbar II.’ (Nineveh: Rawlinson’s reading for Salmaneser II.), 383

Texier, Charles F. M., 94:
his travels in Persia (1840), 115;
he excels in measurements, but his work superseded by that of
Flandin, 117

Thévenot, J. de (1633-67):
his Oriental travels suggested by d’Herbelot, 53;
joins Daulier Deslandes and Chardin at Persepolis, 54;
his description of the ruins: he gives first adequate account of
the bas-reliefs, 56;
describes the interior of a tomb, 57

Thimar, 9

Tiglath Peleser, 408, 412 _sq._

Tombs:
at Chehel Minar, 22, 51, 56, 68;
of Naksh-i-Rustam, 2;
‘Tomb of the Mother of Solomon’ at Pasargadae, 8, 10;
‘Tomb of Daniel’ (Susa), 133 _sq._

Townley, Mr., his private collection of antiquities, 156

Trilingual inscriptions. _See_ Achaemenian inscriptions

Turanian origin of the cuneiform writing, 220

Two Headlands, Port of the (Persian Gulf), 31

Tychsen, O. G., of Rostock: makes the earliest attempt to decipher
the inscriptions (1798), 151

Tyre, 385

Unilingual inscriptions, 148

Upper Karun, valley of the, 135

Ur, city, 409

Uradhians (people of Ararat), 336_n._

Urmia, 126

Valle, Pietro della:
visits Persia (1617): identifies the mounds at Hillah with site of
Babylon, 24;
made the first collection of Babylonian bricks brought to Europe,
24, 162;
his description of Persepolis, 26;
copies five cuneiform signs, 28, 32;
considers the ruins the remains of a temple, 29;
gives the earliest account of the tombs of Naksh-i-Rustam, 29;
his letters not published till 1658, 32

Van, inscriptions found at, 1, 206

Vannic language, 336_n._;
writing, 346

Variants: Assyrian scribes made use of Tables of, 348

Vases, ‘holy’: import of inscriptions on, 354

Vases with identical inscriptions, 148

Vasti, Queen (wife of Artaxerxes), 14

Vaux, W. S. W.:
his work on ‘Nineveh and Persepolis,’ 94;
endeavours to popularise cuneiform study, 407

Vendidad, original text of, brought to England, 204;
Anquetil’s work on it, 204 _sq._

‘Venice Vase,’ the, 148

Vidal, M. (dragoman at Aleppo): sends Prof. Schulz copies of Mount
Elvend inscriptions, 95

Weisbach, F. H.:
on the inscriptions of the second column (1890), 297;
treatment of vowels in his syllabary, 312;
translation of the unilingual inscription at Persepolis, 319;
his results compared with Oppert, 326-32;
calls the language New Susian, 334

Weissbach, F. H., and W. Bang: on the old Persian inscriptions
(1893), 297

Westergaard, N. L.:
copies the inscriptions in the Porch at Persepolis, and on Tomb of
Darius at Naksh-i-Rustam (1843), 102, 121, 123, 130;
his exceptional qualifications, 252;
he undertakes the translation of the Susian (Median) column, 253,
255, 301;
found a farther list of proper names on tomb inscriptions, 300;
summary of his results, 302;
establishes the affinity of the Susian (Median) with the Scythic
family of languages, 305

Whewell, Professor: one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation,
414

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, 148;
one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, 414

Williams, Sir W. F., 135

Wilson, Professor (President of Royal Asiatic Society, 1852):
regarded the Assyrian inscriptions as still ‘merely dumb memorials
of antiquity,’ 413;
one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, 414

Witte, of Rostock, 162

Yaçna, Burnouf’s Commentary on the, 206, 247

Yehuda (Judah), in a Khorsabad inscription, 385, 394

Xerxes:
buildings at Persepolis, 2, 6, 28, 50, 55, 62;
drawn by Niebuhr, 77, 117;
by Flandin, 121, 124;
photographed by Stolze, 129;
his bricks found at Susa, 136;
name deciphered by Grotefend, 173;
inscriptions at Persepolis on Porch, 6, 100, 102;
on stairs and palaces, 6, 73, 79, 99;
at Van and Elvend, 95, 206;
on Caylus Vase, 146, 148

Zend-Avesta, the, 173, 203_n._, 204 _sq._, 256_n._

Zohab, 134

Zoroaster, 203

_Spottiswoode & Co. Ltd., Printers, New-street Square, London._