Chapter XXXV: Book V: The Jew and the Talmud (4)

Pliny the Younger, family career and character of, 57-9
Letters of, in general, described and discussed, 59-62;
features of, 71;
value of, 57
to Tacitus, 62
to Trajan, and information in, on Christianity, 27, 32, 33,
35 _n._ 1, 36, 45 _et seq._, 50, 53-5, 56-7, 60 _n._ 1,
62, 75-8, 103 _& n._ 2, 106, 107, 110, 177
Publication of, 60 _n._ 1
Summary of, 67
Trajan’s Rescript in reply, 53-4
Literary followers of, 64-8
Style of, 60, Renan on, 46 _& n._ 1, 60
Roman appreciation of, as writer, 63, 65
Rules of, for letter-writers, 67
Villa of, 60
on joys of simple living, 88-9;
on social status of Asiatic Christians, 110

Plotina, Empress, and Hadrian, 75

Plumbatæ, torture of, 295, 300 _n._ 1

Poems, by Early Christian writers, topics of, 151, 152 _& n._ 1
Pagan, referring to Christianity, 158 _n._ 1

Political reasons for Roman attitude to Christianity (_see also_
Paganism), 28, 30, 31-4, 39 _et seq._

Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, 251;
scholar of S. John Evangelist, 73;
letters of, _see_ Epistles;
letters to, of Ignatius, 108, 172;
Martyrdom of, letters on, genuine, 81 _n._ 1;
on Christian charity, 125

Pompey, Consul, 56;
first Roman ruler of Judea, 329;
Jerusalem taken by, 3

Pomponia Græcina, identified with Lucina of the Crypt, 245

Pontianus, catacomb of, 211, 235
Baptistery in, 236

Pontianus, Bishop of Rome, or Pope, martyr, tomb of, 252

Pontius, on Christian Charity at Carthage, 127

Pontus, Christians in (_see also_ Bithynia), 45, 50

Pope,----, his ode on S. Cecilia, 294 _n._ 1

Popes (or Bishops) of Rome (_see under individual_ Names,
_see also_ Papal burial-places), martyred, tombs of, with
other Martyrs, 243

Poppæa, Empress, friendly to Jews, 27

Porsenna, 87

Portraits in the Catacombs, 296, 302

Portus, Bishop of, _see_ S. Hippolytus Port of Rome, 235

Prayers of the Dead, besought by Early Christians, 309-10, 311-2
S. Augustine on, 311, 312 _n._ 1, 321-2
S. Cyprian on, 312

Prætextatus, catacomb of, 242, 246-8, 259, 262, 295;
grave (alleged) of S. Cecilia in, 293 _n._ 1;
tomb of S. Januarius in, discovery of, 301-2;
S. Zeno buried in, 276

Priests as converts, 110

Priscilla (and Aquila), 110, 265-6
Catacomb of, 213;
discovery of, 230

Prisoners, Christian aid to, 130

Prophets, the, 339;
books of, 361;
inspiration of, Talmud on, 365;
Schools of, 343, 349

Prudentius, poems of, 151, 152 _& n._ 1

Publius, Prefect of Rome, and the martyrdom of S. Felicitas, 299

Pudens, burial-place of, 264, 265, 266;
house, &c., of, on the Aventine, legends connecting with S. Peter,
12, 15, 263;
and with S. Paul, 265, 269;
question of his family, 270;
tradition, on him and his daughter, 263-5, 270

Pumbeditha, Rabbinic School at, 326, 354, 357, 358 _n._ 1, 359, 373

“Quatuor Coronati,” Saints, burial-places of, 249;
church of, _ib._,
relics in, of S. Hippolytus, 255

Quintilian, the earliest Ciceronian, 58

_Quo vadis_ legend, locality associated with, 273, 274

“Rab,” Rabbinic School founded by, 357 _n._ 1

“Rabbi” (Judah Ha-Nasi), famous pupil of, 357 _n._ 1;
Talmud codification by, 356-7;
work of, on Halachah, 358 _n._ 1, 372 _n._ 1

Rabbinic Dicta, on Inspiration, 364-5 _& n._ 1
Literature (extra-Talmudic), 360
Schools (_see also_ Babylonian, _and_ Palestinian), 326, 353,
354-5, 362-3, 368, 372, 373;
chief study of, 358 _n._ 1;
foundation of, 326, 340, 341;
influence of, on Christian belief, 327;
and on Christian love of Old Testament, 327;
method of teaching, 357-60;
work of, on the Gemara, 344-5

Rabbinism, famous scholars of (_see_ Akiba, Gamaliel, Hillel, Meir,
“Rab,” Rabbi, Shammai, &c.), nature of, and influence of, on
Christianity, 326-7;
and on the Jews of the Dispersion, 339;
new school of, aims of, 353, 355;
spirit of, adverse to Christianity, 366 _et seq._;
traditional history of, 339-40

Rabbis, authority of, as successors to the Sanhedrim, 357;
supporting Bar-cochab, 78, 336, 354, 355

Rabbis of the Dispersion, and the Law, 341, 342-3;
books evolved by, 343-5

Raffaelle, painting by, of S. Cecilia, 294 _n._ 1

Ramsay, Professor, on the date of the 1st Epistle of S. Peter,
8 _n._ 1, 166 _n._ 1;
on the date of S. Peter’s death, 166 _n._ 1;
on Epistles of Ignatius as showing contemporary conditions of
Christianity, 173, 174;
on Persecution of Christians as a police measure, by Rome, 31, 32;
on Pliny’s letter, 46;
on Roman Emperor as “beast” of Apocalypse, 169 _& n._ 2;
on Roman references in the Apocalypse, 169 _n._ 2

Raschi, famous Rabbinist, 369

Ravenna, 303;
church of S. Vitale at, 136 _n._ 1

Regulus, tortures of, 187

Relic-hunting in the Catacombs, results of, 224

Religious faith of Jews in Rome, first century, 4-6

Renan, E., on the destruction of the Temple, 331 _n._ 1;
on large numbers of Christian martyrs, 82 _n._ 1;
on _Octavius_ by Minucius Felix, 145, 146;
on persecutions between A.D. 134 and 180, 82 _n._ 1;
on Pliny’s letter, 46 _& n._ 1;
and on his literary style, _ib._, 60;
on _The Shepherd_, of Hermas, 180;
on Talmudic influence on Christianity, 370 _n._ 1;
on Trajan as persecutor, 49

Reservoirs or wells, in Catacombs and Chapels (_see also_
Baptisteries), 256, 263, 264, 267, 270, 271-2

Reuchlin,--, advocate of the Talmud, 366

Rhea Sylvia, 87

Rigourist School of Christian teaching, 101, 144-5, 150-2, 153-4

Rimmon-worship, Naaman’s dispensation concerning, 149

“Rock, the spiritual, that followed them,” origin of reference, 379

Roman attitude to Christianity, 39 _et seq._

Roman attitude to Slaves, and to Freedmen, 134, 137;
craving for posthumous remembrance, 59 _n._ 1, 65
Christians, saluted in S. Paul’s Epistle to Romans, 17, 21
Church, the, in early days, classes composing, 182, 269-70
Early importance of, 16, 17, 21
Founders of (_see also_ S. Paul _and_ S. Peter), 7 _et seq._,
16-19, 22, 23, 24, 70
Generosity of, to other Churches, 131
Heresies menacing, first century, 23 _& n._ 1
Inner life of, information on, from the Catacombs, 219 _et seq._
Letter to, of Ignatius, 9
S. Paul’s praise of, 21
Emperors, divine honours paid to, 42 _& n._ 1, 169, 170
Empire, numbers of Early Christians in great centres of, 106
of Slaves in, first and second centuries, 135 _n._ 2
Paganism (_q.v._), interwoven in, 142-3
Literature, dearth of, second to fourth century, 63, 67
Epistolary forms, nature of, after Cicero, 56-7
Letters in, question of influence on N.T. writers, 69-72
Renaissance, in fourth and fifth centuries, 64 _et seq._
Myths depicted on coins of Antoninus Pius, 87, 90
Society, Dill’s book on, _cited_, 59 _n._ 1;
first and second century, Pliny on, 58-60;
fourth century, Symmachus on, 65;
fifth century, Sidonius on, 67
Tribute to Christian fortitude, 193

Rome, _see also_ Popes _under_ Names
Archæological investigators of, _see_ De Rossi, Marchi, Marucchi,
_&c._
Basilicas in, third century, 112
Chief arena of Martyrdom, 175
Christians in, 16;
Assemblies of, 113 _et seq._
Behaviour of, in trial, 180-1
Estimate of, in third century, 105
Life of, 101 _et seq._
Some of high social status, 110-12, 147, 149
Church of, _see_ Roman Church
Churches in, the most ancient, 263
Those holding relics of S. Hippolytus, 255
Dead, Roman and Christian treatment of (_see also_ Catacombs),
131-3
Devotion to, of the Antonines, 89-90
Earliest founder of, 87
Fire of, under Nero, 25-6;
consequences to Jews and Christians, 27-30
Gospel first brought to, tradition on, and literary support of
the same, 7, 8, 9 _et seq._
Hadrian’s works in, 76
Jewish agreements with, under Maccabees, 3
Colonists in, and the Rabbinic School, 353
Sabbath observed in, 3
Jews in, 3-6, 346;
expulsion of, 8, 18, 25;
Roman attitude to beliefs of, 3, 39;
rulers favourable to, 3
Literary support from, of Petrine tradition, 9, 13
Memoriæ of the Apostles in, 11
Pagan, Apocalyptic reference to, Ramsay on, 169 _& n._ 1, 170
Attitude of, to Christianity, 39 _et seq._;
reasons for, 89, 91-7
Religion of, support to, of best emperors, 87 _et seq._
Rule of, over Judæa, 329, 340;
revolts against (_see_ Wars), 329 _et seq._, 342, 345, 353
S. Paul’s stay in, 17, 21-24;
and Martyrdom at, 9
S. Peter’s visits to, probable dates of, and events during, 16,
18, 19 _& n._ 1, 24;
and Martyrdom at, 8;
burial-place in, _see_ Vatican Hill
Slavery in, 134
Temple treasures from Jerusalem at, 333 _& n._ 2

Rome proper, burial-place in, of S. Paul, 236;
Catacombs in, Itineraries on, 211-4

_Rome Souteraine_, by Allard, _cited_ on numerousness of martyrs,
215 _n._ 1

Romulus and Remus, 87

Ruinart,--, on the Martyrdom of the Theban legion, 148 _n._ 1

Rusticus, Roman prefect, 94, 104

Rutilius Namatianus, poem of, on Christian misery, 158 _& n._ 1

Sabbath, the, non-Jewish observance of, Rome, 3

Sabinilla, burial of S. Valentinus by, 276

_Sacramentum_, of Pliny, 52

Sadducees, 329;
last heard of, 341

S. Abdon, burial-place of, 235, 236

S. Achilles, martyr, burial-place and tomb of, 211, 240, 241, 278;
story confirmed by excavations, 230

S. Adauctus, burial-place of, 239;
shrine of, 211

S. Agapetus, deacon and martyr, 301 _& n._ 1, 302;
History of, 247;
tomb of, 243, 247

S. Agatha, 294 _n._ 1

S. Agatopus or Agapetus (_q.v._), martyr named in tomb of S.
Januarius, 301 _& n._ 1, 302

S. Agnes, 136, 294 _n._ 1;
basilica of, Catacombs around, 212-3, 255;
burial-place of, identified, 231;
martyrdom and story of, 256;
other martyrs buried with, 214-5;
urn of, 258;
recently seen, 257

S. Alexander, burial-place of, 303

S. Anastasia, 294 _n._ 1

S. Athanasius, veneration of, for Hermas’s _Shepherd_, 179

S. Augustine, on asking the prayers of the Saints, 311, 312 _n._ 1,
322;
on Burial near the Saints, 322;
on S. Laurence, 254

S. Balbinus, Catacomb of, 239

S. Barnabas, Apostle, 110

S. Basilissa, _see_ (_infra_) S. Hermes and

S. Blandina, slave and martyr, 136;
pain unfelt by, 200

S. Calepodius, catacomb of, 234

S. Callistus, later, Pope, custodian of cemeteries, 245, 291
Catacomb of, 242, 244-6;
Crypt of S. Cecilia in, 290-1, 293 _n._ 1;
discovery of, 246;
Lucina area of, antiquity of, 266;
Papal burial-place or Crypt in (_q.v._), 287, 291;
why chosen, 273

S. Castulus, martyr, catacomb of, 249

S. Cecilia, church of, Rome, 292 _et seq._;
her body in, 294, 297
Crypt or burial-place of, 211, 246 _& n._ 1, 290 _et seq._;
discovery of, 231;
other martyrs buried in, 214, 243;
rediscovery of, 289 _et seq._
Martyr relatives of, 247
Story of, 290 _et seq._
Translation of, 294, 297

S. Chrysanthus and S. Daria, Basilica of, sons of S. Felicitas laid
near, 303;
site of their martyrdom, 260;
tragedy at, 261

S. Chrysostom, on Almsgiving, 122

S. Clement of Rome, Pope, 104, 179 _& n._ 1, 315
Book on, by Bishop Lightfoot, 19 _n._ 1, 121 _n._ 1;
_cited_ on Petrine tradition, 10
Epistles of, _see under_ Epistles
Ordination of, by S. Peter, tradition on, 11
Tradition on his Apostolic teachers, 73
on Almsgiving, 121 _& n._ 1, 124, 126;
on Assemblies, 108;
on care for widows and orphans, 126;
on Christians accused of firing Rome, 27;
on Christ’s Atonement, 115;
on the deaths of S. Peter and of S. Paul, 171;
on early persecutions, 37, 165, 170-2;
on hospitality, 128;
on numbers of Christians, 104 _& n._ 1, at Rome, 106;
on progress of Christianity, 107;
on S. Peter’s martyrdom, 9

S. Constantia, church of, origin of, 263

S. Cornelius, other martyrs buried with, 214-5

S. Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, and martyr, 149, 193, 315, 319
_n._ 1;
and his congregation, charity of, 123, 127
Death of, 146
Flight of, 147
Letter of, _ad Thibaritanos_, a martyrs’ manual, 199
Teaching of, 139
Writers on, _cited, see_ Benson, _and_ Pontius
on Almsgiving, 121-2;
on Carthaginian generosity to other Churches, 131;
on the Dead as concerned for the Living, 312;
on Death, 155;
on Hospitality, 128;
on insensibility of Martyrs to pain, 200;
on Martyrs’ training, 198;
on Persecutions (third century), 37

S. Cyriaca, burial-place of, 212, 250

S. Daria, once a Vestal, site of her martyrdom, 260, 303

S. Denis, Abbey of, ashes of S. Hippolytus at, 255

S. Domitilla, Basilica of, 257

S. Emerentiana, slave and martyr, 136;
burial-place of, 255, 257;
identified, 231
Catacomb of, 255
Urn of, 258;
recently seen, 257

S. Epimachus, catacomb of, 249

S. Felicissimus, martyr, 301, 302;
history of, 247;
tomb of, 243, 247

S. Felicitas, slave and martyr, 136, 206, 272, 294 _n._ 1
Catacomb of, her tomb in a basilica over, 213, 259;
discovered, 260, 302
Martyr sons of, and their tombs, 213, 248;
discovered by De Rossi, 231 _& n._ 1
Story of, 258;
confirmed by archæology, 259-60, 298 _et seq._
Translation of, 259, 302
on Insensibility to pain, 200

S. Felix (and S. Adauctus), burial-place of, 239

S. Felix, cemetery of, 211, 235-6

S. Felix, son of S. Felicitas, tomb of, 259, 266, 272, 274, 302-3

S. Felix, other martyrs buried with, 214-5

S. Felix of Nola, martyr, church of, at Nola, 321;
poems on, 152 _n._ 1

S. Flavian, Vision of, _cited_, on Martyrs’ insensibility to pain,
200

S. Gall, “sylloge” in library of, 230

S. Genesius, martyr, once an actor, tomb of, 251

S. Gordianus, catacomb of, 249

S. Gregory Nazianzen, on unity of martyrs, 285

S. Gregory of Tours, on the group-martyrdom at tomb of SS.
Chrysanthus and Daria, 261

S. Helena, Empress, cross of, laid on S. Peter’s sarcophagus, 282;
tomb of, 249

S. Hermes, translation of, 275
and S. Basilissa, catacomb of, 274-5

S. Hippolytus (of Portus), 11, 151;
catacomb and basilica of, 250-5, 262;
discovery of, by De Rossi, 251, 254
Churches dedicated to, or connected with, 254-5
Lightfoot _cited_ on, 251-2
Pupil of Irenæus, 251
Relics of, 255
Statue of, 252
Tomb of, 251;
Prudentius on, 252-4
Translation of, 254

S. Hyacinthus, martyr, tomb of, 275

S. Ignatius of Antioch, Bishop and martyr, 315;
Epistle of, _see_ Epistles;
Martyrdom desired by, 37, 110, 154, 204-5;
date of, 73
_cited_ in support of Petrine tradition, 9, 13;
on Assemblies, 108;
on Christ’s Atonement, 115;
on his yearning for Martyrdom, 204-5;
on influential Christians at Rome, 110;
on persecutions, 37, 165, 172-6;
on progress of Christianity, 107;
on Roman generosity, 131

S. James, Epistle of, _see under_ Epistles

S. Januarius, 298 _n._ 1, 304;
martyrdom of, 300 _n._ 1;
burial-place and tomb of, 243, 248 _& n._ 1, 301-2;
discovery of, 231;
veneration of, 259

S. Jerome, Catalogue of Roman Bishops by, 14, 15
on S. Agnes, 256;
on S. Peter’s date of arrival in Rome, 14;
on _The Shepherd_, of Hermas, 179

S. John, Evangelist, 62, 251
Apocalypse of, 37, 156-7, 165, 167-70
Death of, 103, 114, 118, 165
Epistles of, _see under_ Epistles
Martyrdom of, 11
Polycarp’s anecdotes of, 73
Prominence of, in Asia Minor, 9

S. Justus, martyr, tomb of, 250

S. Laurence, 254;
basilica and tomb of, 250, 257;
martyrs buried under, 212
Churches dedicated to, 250, 254

S. Lucia, 294 _n._ 1

S. Marcellinus, _see_ S. Peter and, _infra_

S. Marcus, catacomb of, 239

S. Mark, Gospel of, source and place of origin, 10, 14
Relations of, with S. Peter, 9, 10, 14, 22

S. Martialis, son of S. Felicitas, tomb of, 259, 303

S. Martin of Tours, 136

S. Martinianus, _see_ (_infra_) S. Processus and

S. Matthew, Gospel of, 10, as Martyrs’ Manual, 200 _& n._ 1, 201

S. Maurice and the Theban Legion, legend of martyrdom of, 148 _n._ 1

S. Maximus, Roman officer and martyr, 290;
basilica of, and history of, 247;
catacomb of, 259;
tomb of, 242, 293 _n._ 1, 295

S. Nereus, martyr, burial-place of, 211, 240, 241, 278;
story confirmed by excavations, 230

S. Nicomedes, catacomb of, special features of, 255-6

S. Oswald and S. Wulfstan, 321

S. Pamphilus, martyr, catacomb of, 274

S. Pancratius or Pancras, catacomb of, 234, 235
Churches of, Rome, &c., 235

S. Parnel, Petronell, or Petronilla (_q.v._), British churches
dedicated to, 278-9

S. Paul, 239, 269, 273;
association with, of Pudens, 265, _and see_ 270
Basilica of, 11, 17, 18, 238
Christology of, 23-4
Cultural status of, 110
Epistles of, _see under_ Epistles
Haggadic influences in writings of, 379
Hermas named by, the Hermas of _The Shepherd_?, 178
at Rome as prisoner, 21-2;
secondary place accorded by tradition and literature, 9, 11,
13-14, 17;
share in founding Roman Church, 17, 22, 23, 24, 70, 104;
trial of, 25;
and martyrdom, 9, 10, 11, 151, 152, 170, 171;
burial-places of, 211, 236, 237, 242, 243, 283;
sarcophagus of, slabs of, inscription on, and other features,
237-8;
sepulchre of, 242, 243
Teaching of, keynote of, where found, 23-4;
locale of, 107
Tomb of freedman friend of, among royal graves, 241-2
Translation of, 237
on Almsgiving to Christian Churches, 120 _n._ 1, 130;
on Assemblies, 107;
on Athletic training, 198;
on Charity, 122, 130;
on Death, 154;
on Enduring hardness, 202-3;
on Hospitality, 129;
on the Roman Church, 17, 21;
on Slavery, 134-5;
on Spread of Christianity, 107

S. Paulinus of Nola, 158;
letter of, to Sulpicius Severus, on his slave, 136-7;
poems of, 152 _n._ 1;
question of, to S. Augustine, 312 _n._ 1, 321-2

S. Perpetua and her companions, 294 _n._ 1;
martyrdoms of, 200, 208;
genuine accounts of, 81 _n._ 1;
pain unfelt by, 200

S. Peter, Apostle and Martyr, First Bishop of Rome (_see also_
S. Petronilla), 226, 269
Associations of, with Catacomb of S. Priscilla, 257, 263, 267,
271-4
with S. Mark, 9, 10, 14, 22
with Pudens, 12, 15, 263, 265, _and see_ 269-70
Baptistery of, site of, 12, 257, 267, 273
Book on by Barnes, _cited_, 281 _n._ 1 _et seq._
Catacomb of, and of S. Marcellinus, 249
Founder of Church in Bithynia, 51
Founder of Church at Rome, tradition, archæological, and literary
support to the belief, 7 _et seq._, 16, 19, 22, 70, 104
in Rome, 18, 24;
date of arrival discussed, 8, 11, 13 _et seq._, 16;
martyrdom of, 8, 10, 16, 18, 19, 151, 153, 170, 171, 233, 234;
date and site of, 166 _n._ 1, 267;
burial-places, and tomb of, 49, 273;
Bishops of Rome buried around, 16, 23, 233 _& n._ 1, 279-88;
sarcophagus of, adorned by Constantine, 237, 282-3;
traditional notices of, legendary with historical basis and
other, 15, 16;
translation of, 237
_Quo vadis_ legend on, 239, 273, 274
Teaching of, catholicity of, 367
on hospitality, 129;
on locale of Asiatic converts, 107;
on persecution, 165, 166-7;
on slavery, 135;
on spread of the faith, 107

S. Peter and S. Marcellinus, catacomb of, 249

S. Peter Chrysologus, laudation by, of S. Felicitas, 305

S. Peter’s (Basilica), Rome, 8, 233, 238;
martyrs buried beneath, 210, 285;
origin of, and former representatives of, 233, 238
Reason of its position, 11;
site of, associations of, 28;
veneration shown to, 17, 18

S. Petronilla (_see also_ S. Parnel), daughter of S. Peter, 240,
241;
hypotheses on, discussed, 277-8
Basilica of, 241, 278
Burial-place of, 211, 240-1, 277
Translation of, 279

S. Philip, burial-place of, 266, 272, 274, 302-3

S. Philippus (S. Philip), other martyrs buried with, 214-5

S. Prassedis (_see also_ S. Pudentiana), burial-place of, 263,
264-5, 266, 268
Catacomb founded by, 270
Church of, 262;
Zeno chapel in, mosaics of, 276;
relics in, 262-3;
well in, 263

S. Priscilla, mother of Pudens, Catacomb of, 8, 258, 261 _et seq._,
266;
antiquity, size, and importance of, 236, 240, 257, 261;
associations of, with S. Peter, 12, 257, 263, 267, 271-3;
baptistery in, 236;
Basilica of S. Sylvester over, 257, 273;
called “ad Nymphas,” and why, 272;
chief glory of, 257;
De Rossi on, 262;
evidence of discoveries in, on tradition of S. Peter as founder
of Roman Church, 8, 15, 16, 42, 267, 268, 271;
founders of, 270;
galleries and other features of, 267 _et seq._;
inscriptions in, 267, 268, 271;
notable interments in, 266, 302
Church of, 262
Original tomb of, 268

S. Processus and S. Martinianus, catacomb of, 234;
story of, 234

S. Protus, martyr, tomb of, 275

S. Pudentiana (_see also supra_, S. Prassedis), burial-place of,
263, 264, 266, 268;
sarcophagus of, 263
Church of, 262;
antiquity and interest of, 263 _et seq._
Part founder of S. Priscilla’s catacomb, 270

S. Quirinus, Crypt of, 247;
history of, _ib._

S. Riquier, “syllogæ” in library of, 230

S. Sebastian (ad Catacombas), catacomb of, 237, 242, 243-4;
memories of SS. Peter and Paul connected with, 273;
story of, 244;
translation of, 244

S. Sennen, burial-place of, 235, 236

S. Silanus, burial-places of, 259, 302;
body once stolen, 304;
translation of, 302

S. Silvester in Capite, Church, body of S. Hippolytus translated
to, 254

S. Simferosa, tomb of, 250

S. Soteris, virgin, martyr, catacomb of, 239, 242, 243, 246

S. Stephen, protomartyr, 110;
and S. Laurence, parallel positions of, 234

S. Suzanna, church of, 302;
final resting-place of S. Felicitas, 259 _& n._ 1

S. Sylvester, Pope, Basilica erected by, 266 _& n._ 1;
notoriety of, 272;
Popes buried in, 272-4;
saintly remains in, 213, 266 _& n._ 1, 272, 302-3;
site of, 257, 266 _& n._ 1, 270, 272, 273
Burial-place of, 272

S. Symphorosa, burial-place of, 212

S. Tertullinus, catacomb of, 249

S. Thekla, catacomb of, 236, 239

S. Thomas Aquinas, 319 _n._ 1

S. Tiburtius, martyr, Basilica of, 247;
relation of, to S. Cecilia, 290;
tomb of, 293 _n._ 1, 295

S. Urban, martyr, tomb of, 242-3

S. Urbanus, Bishop (not of Rome), and S. Cecilia, 290, 296

S. Valentinus, martyr, 262;
catacomb of, 214, 275-6;
basilica in, 276

S. Valerianus, husband of S. Cecilia, martyr, 290, 292, 294 _n._ 1;
tomb of, 242, 247, 293 _n._ 1, 295

S. Vitale, a slave-martyr, Church of, Ravenna, 136 _n._ 1

S. Vitalis, son of S. Felicitas, tomb of, 259, 303

S. Zeno, Basilica of, 247;
burial-place of, 262, 276;
Chapel of, 276;
treasures in, 262-3

Saintly persons, power of, over wild creatures, 176 _& n._ 1

Saints, Communion of, Early Christian view on, 307, 309-10
Dead, invocation of, and prayers of, besought, Early Christian
attitude as to, 309-10, 311, 312 _& n._ 1, 321-2
Desire for burial near, S. Augustine on, 312 _n._ 1, 321-2

Salii, College of, M. Aurelius, a member, 95

Salzburg Itinerary _cited_, 211, 212, 214, 242-3, 302, 303;
date of, 227

Samuel, prophet, and the Schools of the Prophets, 349

Sanhedrim, the Great, authority of, successors in, after Dispersion,
357, 360

Sanhedrim treatise, in Talmud, 343 _n._ 1

Sarcophagi, Christian, Lateran Museum, and S. Peter’s escape from
Prison, 19 _n._ 1

Sardinia, exiles and martyrs in, 252

Sardis, 187

Saturninus, catacomb of, 258, 260

Schools of Martyrdom, 145;
methods of, 197, 198 _& n._ 1 _et seq._;
writers on, 198 _et seq._
of the Prophets, 349
of Teaching, Early Christian
Practical, and Gentle, 101, 145-50
Rigourist, 101, 144-5, 150-2

Scillitan martyrdoms, 94, 208;
_Acts_ of martyrs genuine, 81 _n._ 1

_Scorpiace_, by Tertullian, 121 _n._ 1, a martyrs’ manual, 199;
S. Paul cited in, on Martyrdom, 202, 203 _& n._ 1

Scribes, the, and their duties, 341, 343 _& n._ 3, 350, 351, 361

Second Century, congregations of Christians in, locales of, 36

Seligenstadt, SS. Peter and Marcellinus’ bodies at, 249

Selinus, death at, of Trajan, 87

Senate, the, decadence of, 64-5

Seneca, letters by, _see under_ Epistles
Possible reference by, to Nero’s burning of Christians, 29

Sentius Augurinus, a lengthy recital by, 61

Sepphoris, Rabbinic school at, 358 _n._ 1

Serenus Granianus, Rescript to, of Hadrian, on Christians, 77

Sergius Paulus, 110

Severus,--, Emperor, persecution under, reason for, 194

Severus, Alexander, Emperor, 234, 252;
and the Jews, 333 _n._ 1;
leniency of, to Christians, 97;
and supposed Christianity of, 147
Septimius (historian), on Nero’s anti-Christian Edict, 32
Sextus Julius (General), operations of, in Judea, 337
Sulpicius, letter to, of Paulinus of Nola, on his slave, 136-7
on destruction of the Temple, 331 _& n._ 1, 332;
on Titus’s speech against Jewish and Christian religions,
39-40

Sfondrati, Cardinal, finder of the bodies of S. Cecilia, 294 _& n._
1, 297;
and of her husband, &c., 295

Shammai, a Rabbi, 366

Shema invocation, 355 _n._ 1

Shemoth Rabba, treatise, _cited_, 365

_Shepherd (Pastor), The_, of Hermas, 136 _n._ 1;
discussed, 178-9 _& n._ 1, 180;
reasons of its popularity, 183 _n._ 1;
theology of, 138, 179, 182-3;
on care of widows, &c., 126;
on Christ’s Atonement, 116;
on Christian charity, 124 _& n._ 1, 125;
on hospitality, 128;
on the martyrs and the recusants, 36, 37;
on numbers of Christians, 104;
on persecutions, 180-4;
on progress of Christianity, 107;
on rich Christians, 111

Sicarii, the, 330

Sick, the, care of, by Early Church, 126-7

Side, 188 _& n._ 1

Sidonius, Apollinaris, family, career, and writings of, 64, 65-7, 68

Simon the Just, 339

Simon Magus in Rome, 11

Sinai, 365

Siricius, Pope, Basilicas built and adorned by, &c., 235, 241, 263,
278;
burial-place of, 272

Sixtus I, Pope and martyr, 247;
burial-place of, 243, 287

Sixtus II, Pope, deacons of, martyred, 302;
and S. Laurence, 250, 254

Sixtus III, Basilica built by, to S. Laurence, 250;
work of, at S. Cecilia’s crypt, 292

Sixtus V, Pope, Church of S. Suzanna built for, 259 _n._ 1

Slavery, England’s crusade against, Lecky on, 135 _n._ 1

Slaves, Christian, freed by advice of Pope Pius I, 264;
position and condition of, 134 _et seq._

Slaves, numbers of, Roman Empire, first two centuries, Ozanam on,
135 _n._ 2

Smyrna, 173

Social life and pleasures, difficulties in, of Early Christians, 141
Status of Early Christians, literary testimony to its range,
110-12

Solomon, King, 352

Soter, Bishop or Pope of Rome, 10, 131;
on numbers of Christians at Rome, 104 _& n._ 2, 106, 107

Spartianus, historian, 75

Stanley, Dean, on a child’s Epitaph in the Abbey, 309;
on early Christianity, 318 _n._ 2, 319 _& n._ 1;
on the witness of the Catacombs to the life of the Early Church,
219-20

Statius, 59 _n._ 1

Stephen, Bishop or Pope of Rome, 131

Suetonius, history by, 60, 62, 63, 269;
on Christians accused of firing Rome, 27;
on Domitian’s persecutions, 41;
on Jewish expulsion from Rome, and its cause, 18;
on Neronic persecution, 62;
on Vespasian’s attitude to Christians, 40

Sura, Rabbinic School at, 326, 327, 344, 346, 358 _n._ 1, 359, 373;
founder of, 357 _& n._ 1

“Syllogæ” of Early Christian Inscriptions, where found, 230

_Sylloge Palestina_, the, 215

Symmachus, Memmius, and his father’s Letters, 65

Symmachus, Pope, 60 _n._ 1;
Council held by, 262

Symmachus, Q. Aurelius, career of, and writings (Letters) of, 64-5,
66

Syria, Vespasian’s legions in, 331

Tacitus, History of, 60, 61, 62
Lost Book of, on Titus’s destruction of the Temple, 39, 331
_& n._ 1, 332
Period of, 63
Pliny’s letter to, 92
on Christianity, progress of, 107;
on Christians accused of firing Rome, 27;
on Christians of high station, 110;
on conversion of Pomponia Græcina, 245;
on numbers of Christians, 103, 107
on Jewish fecundity, 5 _n._ 1;
on the persecutions, 36, 46 _n._ 1, 62, 103, 177, 208;
on Roman simplicity, 88

Talmud, the, _see also_ Mishnah _and_ Gemara
Akiba’s work on, 354-6
and the Jew (Book V.), 325 _et seq._
Authority of, 368-9
Codification of, workers on, 356-7
Divine inspiration claimed for, 365
History of, traditional, 339-40
Influence of, on Christianity, 326, 327, 348, 370 _& n._ 1
on the Jews of the Dispersion, 339, 340, 346-7, 353, 368, 372-3
Jewish devotion to, 326, 327, 347, 350, 368-9
Materials, origin and founders of, 348 _et seq._, 358 _n._ 1, 360
Meaning of term, 358 _n._ 1
Object of, 345
Popularity of, cause of, 371
Power of, 346-7
Recensions of, 344, 345, 359, 373
Story of, 365-6
Teaching of, differences in, from that of Christ, 366-8
Method of, 357-60
Spirituality of, 345, 352
on Inspiration of Pentateuch and of the Prophets, 364-5
on Miracles, 365
on Bar-cochab, 336-7;
and on Rabbi Akiba, 355;
on the last war of the Jews, 98, 338 _& n._ 1;
and on destruction of the Temple, 332

Tannaim, the, 344, 358 _n._ 1

Targumim, the, 360;
Haggadic pieces in, 373;
excerpts from, 373-5

Tarquinius Priscus, 87

Taylor, Dr., on Rabbinic dicta, 365 _n._ 1

Teaching and doctrine, Early Christian Assemblies, 113-4;
groundwork of, 115-9;
as met with in the Catacombs, 220, 309 _et seq._, 312 _& n._ 1,
315, 316 _et seq._

Telesphorus, Pope, burial-place of, 287

Temple, the, of Jerusalem, destruction of, 22, 331-4, 340 _et seq._,
355, 362, 368;
the end of Mosaism, 341
Stones of Wailing all that is left of, 338
Treasures from, in Rome, 333 _& n._ 2, 351
Women’s Court in, 380
of Peace, Rome, 333 _n._ 2

Tenth Legion, at Jerusalem, 332

Tertullian, 151, 204, 315
Rigourism of, 146, 151, 153-4, 179, 182
Silent as to Vespasian, 40 _n._ 3
Teaching of, 138
Writings of:--
_ad Uxor_, on Hospitality, 128
_Apology of_, resemblances between, and _Octavius_ of Minucius
Felix, 186
Martyrs’ Manuals, 199
_Scorpiace_, 121 _n._ 1;
S. Paul _cited_ in, 202, 203 _& n._ 1
Treatise on Idolatry, 144 _n._ 1;
on training for Martyrdom, 203
cited in support of Petrine tradition, 10-11, 13, 14;
on aid to prisoners, 130;
on almsgiving, 120;
on burying the poor, 132, 133;
on Christ with the Kid, 319, 320;
on Christian love, 119;
on highly-placed Christians, 111, 147, 149;
on idol-worship, 144 _n._ 1;
on insensibility of martyrs to pain, 200;
on numbers of Christians in the second century, 104, 105;
on penalty of being a Christian, 197 _& n._ 1;
and on enduring hardness, 153-4;
on persecutions, 32, 36, 37, 190-1;
on physical training for martyrdom, 198, 202-3;
on Pliny’s correspondence with Trajan, 45, 46;
and on inconsistencies in Trajan’s Rescript, 55

_Testaments of the XII Patriarchs_, on Almsgiving, 121

Theban Legion, martyrdom of, legend of, 148 _n._ 1

Theodelinda, and the Monza Catalogue (_q.v._), 214-5, 228, 304

Theodosius, Emperor, 253;
and the Basilica of S. Paul, 238;
Latin writers of his period, 64

Theophitus, Bishop of Antioch, on assemblies, 108-9;
on persecution, 189-90

_Thibaritanos, Ad_, letter by S. Cyprian, 198 _n._ 2, 199

Thirty-nine Articles, the, 319 _n._ 1

Thrason, Catacombs of, 258, 260

Tiber, the, Catacombs beside, Itineraries on, 210-14;
S. Peter’s baptisms in, 11, 14

Tiberias, Rabbinic School at, 326, 327;
method, study, and work at, 344, 346, 357, 358 _n._ 1

Tibur, Hadrian’s Villa near, 82

Tiburtius, martyr, tomb of, 242

Tigellinus, evil counsel of, to Nero, 27

Tillemont,--, 289;
on the _Acts_ of S. Felicitas, 300;
on the martyrdom of the Theban Legion, 148 _n._ 1

Titus, Bishop of Crete, Epistle of S. Paul to, on slavery, 135

Titus, Emperor, 85, 325;
persecution under, 172, 173, 174, _and see_ 207
Siege by, of Jerusalem and triumph after, 331-4, 351, 352
Views of, on Jewish and Christian religions, 39

Toleration, advocated by some Early Christians, De Broglie on, 142-3

Torah, the, 330, 341, 351, 352, 370;
additions, directions, explanations made to (_see also under_
Names), 343 _& nn._ 1 _&_ 2 _et seq._
Haggadic notices on, from Palestinian Targum, 373-5
Halachic developments of, 376-7
History of, 339
Inspiration claimed for, 343, 364
Mishnah and Gemara built up on, 361
Post-exilic reverence for, 342 _et seq._
Schools devoted to study of (_see also_ Rabbinic Schools), 326
Temple copy of, in Rome, 333 _& n._ 2

Torre Pignatara, tomb of S. Helena at, 249

Trade, difficulties in, of Early Christians, 141

Tradition, rehabilitated by Archæology, 105, 225-6, 230-1, 239-40,
241, 289, 293, 298, 304
on S. Peter as founder of Roman Christianity, 7, 8;
literary and archaeological support to, 8, 9 _et seq._

Trajan, Emperor, 110, 164, 171, 172, 182;
attitude to, of Christian historians, 48-9
Characteristics of, 49-50, 55, 85
Death of, and successor, 75
Pliny’s letter to, 27, 32, 35 _n._ 1, 43, 45 _et seq._, 56, 103
_& n._ 2, 177
Pope Gregory the Great’s prayer for, 49
Principles of, as to Christians, 78, 97
Rescript of, in reply to Pliny, 45 _et seq._, 56, 57, 177;
effect of, 180;
provisions of, 49-50;
publication of, 60 _n._ 1;
Tertullian’s criticisms on, 55;
views of scholars _cited_ on, 49
Social life of his time, 89
Zealot revolt under, 334

Translation of remains of Martyrs and Saints, 235, 236, 262, 263,
266 _& n._ 1, 267, 272, 273-4, 292, 298

Trastevere Quarter, Catacombs in, Itineraries on, 210-11

Tridentine Catechism, the, 319 _n._ 1

Trinity, Blessed, references to, in Catacombs, 316

Triumvirate, proscription of, 56

“Tropæum,” the, probable identification of, 282

Ubaldi, Canon of S. Peter’s, on discoveries during erection of
Bernini’s baldachino, 281 _& n._ 1 _et seq._

Uhlhorn,--, views of, on Trajan’s Rescript, 49

Urban VIII, Pope, and the discovery of S. Peter’s sarcophagus, 233
_n._ 1, 280 _et seq._;
epigram on, 280

Urbanus, Bishop (not of Rome), and S. Cecilia, 290

Urbanus, Bishop of Rome, 290

_Uxor, Ad_, by Tertullian, 128

Valentinian II, Emperor, and the Basilica of S. Paul, 238

Valentinus, the Gnostic, 112 _n._ 1

Valerian, Emperor, favour shown by, to Christians, 147;
persecution under, 243, 247, 256, 275

Vatican Basilica, the, 293
Hill, Cemetery on, 243, 272-3;
beginning of, 280, 285, 286;
“Itinerary” on, 210;
rediscovery of, 280
Papal tombs and Crypt of, 234, 236-7, 242, 244, 245 _et seq._;
Popes buried in, 16, 233, 273, 283, 284, 286-7
S. Peter’s tomb in, 16, 232, 233, 237
Gardens on, martyrdoms in, 28, 29, 30, 32;
site of S. Peter’s death, 267

Vatican Hill, “Memoriæ” of Apostles on, 11, 233

Vergil, poems by, 87, 88, 91;
teaching of, 88, 95

Verus, son of Ælius Verus, adopted by Antoninus Pius, 83

Vespasian, Emperor, 33;
attitude of, to Christianity, 39-40 _& nn._, 207;
difficulties with the Jews, 92
Persecution under, 172, 173, 174
Roman characteristics of, 85
Siege by, of Jerusalem, 330-1
Temple of Peace built by, 333 _n._ 2
Triumph of, 333

Vestibule of Domitilla Cemetery, 240

Via Appia, catacombs of, 211-12, 234, 237, 242 _et seq._, 301
Ardeatina, catacombs of, 211, 239-42;
excavations in, value of, to history, 239-40
Aurelia or Aurelia Vetus, catacombs along, 210-11, 233-5
Flaminia, catacomb of, 214, 275-6
Labicana, catacombs of, 212, 249
Latina, catacombs of, 212, 248-9
Nomentana, catacombs of, 212-3, 255-8
Ostiensis, catacombs on, 211, 236-9, 243
Portuensis, catacombs on, 211, 235-6
Salaria, catacombs of, rediscovery of, 223 _& n._ 1
Cemetery of S. Priscilla on, 12
Salaria Nova, catacombs of, 213, 258 _et seq._, 302, 303
Salaria Vetus, catacombs of, 213, 274-5
Tiburtina, catacombs of, 212, 250-5
Vaticana, catacombs of, 210

Victor, Pope, burial-place of, 287

Vienne, martyrdoms at, 201, 208;
persecution at, by M. Aurelius, 94

Vigilius, Pope, burial-place of, 272

Viminal Hill, church on, 262

Vision of S. Flavian, on Insensibility of Martyrs to Pain, 200

_Vision, The, of Perpetua_, 199

Vitellius, Emperor, 39, 331

“War of Extermination,” the, 338

Wars of the Jews, the three last, 77, 78-9, 80, 325, 329 _et seq._,
338, 354

Westcott, Bishop, on date of letter to “Diognetus,” 178 _n._ 1

Westminster Abbey, epitaph of Jane Lister in, 309

Westminster Confession, 319 _n._ 1

Whepstead, church of S. Parnel at, 278

Widows and orphans, care of Early Church for, 124, 126

William of Malmesbury, Itinerary of, on Roman Catacombs, 210, 211,
213
Authority of, 210, 213, 227
Date of, 227
on S. Cecilia’s tomb, 293;
on S. Felicitas and her sons and their tombs, 303

Wiseman, Cardinal, 263

Women, Christ’s teaching on, and the Talmudic contrasted, 367
_& n._ 1;
Court of, in the Temple, 380

Worcester, two Saints of, 321

Wordsworth, W., poem of, on S. Cecilia, 294 _n._ 1

Worship (_see also_ Assemblies, Idol-worship, Incense), in Christian
Assemblies, Justin Martyr on, 113-4

Wulphere, King of the Mercians, 279

Xiphilin or Xiphilinus, on Domitian, 41;
on Hadrian, 75

Zealots, Rabbinic masters unsympathetic to, 342, 353, 354;
revolts of, and results, 330-1, 332, 334-5

Zephyrinus, Pope, martyr, 11;
tomb of, 243, 245, 273, 291

_Printed by_

MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED

_Edinburgh_

FOOTNOTES:

[1] These are quoted on pp. 13-20 of Book I.

[2] A singular and interesting passage of Allard here deserves to be quoted verbatim: “Dans Rome où le celibat est devenu une plaie sociale, où la population diminue, où la stérilité regne au foyer domestique, où l’avortement l’infanticide sont fréquents et à peine reprimés, les Juifs seuls ont beaucoup d’enfants--Tacite a défini d’un mot ce trait de leur race; ‘generandi amor,’ dit-il en énumerant les principaux charactères du peuple Juif. Tous les témoignages anciens parlent de leur grand nombre; ‘augmenter était une de leurs préoccupations,’ _‘augendæ multitudini consulitur_’ dit encore Tacite.” See Tacitus, _Hist._ v. 5; Allard, i. p. 12.

[3] Professor Ramsay in his book, _The Church in the Roman Empire_, prefers a later date for the composition of the First Epistle of St. Peter than that usually given, A.D. 64-5. He believes it was impregnated with Roman thought and was certainly written from Rome, but not before A.D. 80. This would give a long period of Roman work to the apostle; still--able as are Professor Ramsay’s arguments--the later date and all that it involves are absolutely at variance with the universal tradition.

[4] See the detailed account of this catacomb, Book IV. 261 and following pages.

[5] On these memories which belong to the house of Pudens and his family see pp. 262-270.

[6] _Histoire ancienne de l’Église_, vol. i. p. 61 (4th edition, 1908).

[7] It will be noticed that an interesting hypothesis dwelt on by Allard (_Histoire des Persécutions_, vol. i.) and by other writers has not been quoted among the foregoing testimonies. It is curious and deserving of notice, but it is at best only an ingenious supposition.

These scholars suggest that when S. Peter, after his deliverance through the interference of an angel guide, escaped from the prison of Herod Antipas and went to another place (Acts xii. 17), that the “other place” so mysteriously and strangely alluded to by the writer of the “Acts” signified Rome.

A Roman tradition handed down to us through the medium of early Christian art, curiously seems to connect the angelic deliverance of the Apostle S. Peter with _Rome_. On some twenty of the early Christian sarcophagi preserved in the Lateran Museum, the arrest and imprisonment of S. Peter by the soldiers of Herod Antipas form the subject of the sculpture. Why, pertinently ask these writers, was this special scene in the life of S. Peter selected as the subject graved on so many of these ancient coffins of the Roman Christian dead? They reply--The connexion which traditionally existed between this imprisonment and the angelic deliverance with the first coming of the apostle to Rome.

* * * * *

Bishop Lightfoot somewhat strangely remarks (_Clement of Rome_, vol. ii. p. 491): “S. Paul could not have written as he writes to the Romans (i. 11, xv. 20-24) if they had received even a short visit from an apostle, more especially if that apostle were S. Peter.”

It is difficult to see how he makes this deduction from S. Paul’s words in the passages in question. In the first passage (Rom. i. 11), S. Paul, after addressing the Roman Christians, and thanking God that their faith is spoken of throughout the whole world, adds that he longs to see these Christians, that he may impart to them some spiritual gift to the end that they may be established. Then he explains or, as it were, recalls what he has said, that he might not seem to think them insufficiently instructed or established in the faith, and therefore in the words which follow closely, “that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me,” turns the end of his coming to them to their mutual rejoicing in one another’s faith, when he and they shall come to know one another.

In the second passage (Rom. xv. 20-24), S. Paul plainly states that his work had been to preach the gospel “not where Christ was named, lest he should build upon another man’s foundation”--that is, not where Christ was preached by another before me.

Then he adds, that he considered the preaching of Christ where he had not been named the most needful work; he therefore declined going to Rome, where was a Church already planted; but now, having no more Churches to plant in the regions where he was sojourning, he signifies his resolution of visiting the Roman Church.

Any deduction that could be drawn from these two passages in S. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, would seem to be exactly the contrary to that suggested by Lightfoot.

[8] See above, pp. 7-12, where the question of the foundation of the Church in Rome is fully discussed.

[9] Such as the heresies of the Nicolaitans and Cerinthians, and certain of the false Docetic teachings.

[10] _The Church in the Roman Empire_, xi. 6.

[11] This comment cannot be pressed too strongly.

[12] It is this which makes the vivid picture which the younger Pliny, in his Letter to Trajan, paints of Christian life and influence in a great province so valuable.

[13] See Ramsay, _The Church in the Roman Empire_, xii. 2.

[14] See Hilary (Poitiers), _Contra Arianos_, 3.

[15] Bishop Lightfoot discusses at some length the great probability of the accuracy of this definite statement of S. Hilary of Poitiers, and decides that the absence of any mention of Vespasian among the persecutors in Melito and Tertullian by no means invalidates Hilary’s mention; no systematic record was kept of the persecutions; the knowledge possessed by each individual writer was accidental and fragmentary. Lightfoot, _Ignatius and Polycarp_, vol. i. pp. 15, 16.

[16] “Domitian loved to be identified with Jupiter, and to be idolized as the Divine Providence in human form; and it is recorded that Caligula, Domitian, and Diocletian were the three Emperors who delighted to be styled _dominus et deus_.”

[17] He struck (says the Roman poet), without exciting popular indignation, at the illustrious citizen:

“Tempora sævitiæ, claras quibus abstulit Urbi Illustresque animas impune, et vindice nullo.”

But when his rage touched the people--he fell:

“Sed periit, postquam cerdonibus esse timendus cœperat” ... (Juvenal, iv. 151-4).

The word _cerdones_ included the poorest and humblest artisans. The word is commonly translated “cobblers”--French _savetiers_; it is usually applied to the slave class, or to those engaged in the poorest industries.

Allard (_Histoire des Persécutions_, i. 11, chap. iv.) considers that the disgust and pity of the populace when they saw the horrible cruelties practised in the celebrated games of Nero in A.D. 64, were partly owing to the indignation of the people when they perceived that so many of their own class were among the tormented Christians in that horrible massacre.

Aubé, too, in his _Histoire des Persécutions_, calls special attention to these lines of Juvenal. He connects the murder of Domitian closely with the indignation aroused among the people by this bitter persecution, and suggests that the plot which resulted in the assassination of the tyrant originated in a Christian centre. This is, however, in the highest degree improbable.

[18] The full official title of Pliny the Younger in this governorship was “Legatus proprætore provinciæ Ponti et Bithyniæ consulari potestate.” That eminent statesman was entrusted with this province mainly on account of its needing special attention at that time.

[19] Tertullian, _Apologeticum_, 2; Eusebius, _H. E._ III.[xxxii. 33.]

[20] Lightfoot well observes (_Apostolic Fathers_, part ii. vol. i., S. Ignatius, pp. 54-6) that these two famous letters cannot be separated from the collection of Pliny’s Letters in which they appear. Renan in _Les Évangiles_ writes: “On ne croira jamais qu’un faussaire Chrétien eut pu si admirablement imiter la langue précieuse et raffinée de Pline.”

Lightfoot further asks, what Christian writer, if bent on forgery, would have confessed that crowds of his fellow-believers had denied their faith ... that the persecution was already refilling the heathen temples which before were nearly empty, and that there was good hope, if the same policy of persecution was pursued, of a general apostasy from Christianity ensuing? Several, too, of the statements concerning the practices of Christians betray only a very imperfect knowledge of the practices referred to.

The passage which, however, has excited the greatest suspicion and animosity is that which relates to the great _numbers_ of the Christians; but it must be remembered that Tacitus had already spoken of “a vast multitude” as suffering at Rome in the persecution of the Emperor Nero.

[21] “Sed nihil aliud inveni, quam superstitionem pravam et immodicam.” Pliny, _Ep._ x. 96.

[22] There is a striking passage, based on Pliny’s reflexions, in Professor Dill’s _Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius_, on this longing to be remembered after death, so common to the Roman (pagan) mind.

“The secret of immortality, the one chance of escaping oblivion, is to have your thought embalmed in choice and distinguished literary form, which coming ages will not willingly let die (Plin. _Ep._ ii. 10. 4, iii. 7. 14).... This longing to be remembered was the most ardent passion of the Roman mind in all ages and in all ranks ... of that immense literary ambition which Pliny represented, and which he considered it his duty to foster, only a small part has reached its goal.... The great mass of these eager littérateurs have altogether vanished, or remain to us as mere shadowy names in Martial, or Statius, or Pliny.” Book ii. chap. i.

[23] It seems most probable that the first nine Books of Pliny’s Letters were put out in “book form” for public use at different periods--and subsequently collected in one volume. The “official” correspondence between Pliny and Trajan was apparently “published” somewhat later. But it is evident that in the days of Symmachus (end of fourth century) the whole had been placed together, and thus made up the ten Books we now possess.

[24] Dr. Mackail, _Latin Literature_, iii. v.

[25] The purely Christian writings, mainly theological, are not included in this brief summary--able and brilliant as some of these undoubtedly were; other causes, apart from their literary merits, have largely contributed to their preservation.

[26] We might also cite here the well-known “poetic” epistles of Ovid and Horace.

[27] The Epistles of Paul to the Romans and to the Galatians are not quoted, but they are conspicuous examples of great doctrinal teaching embodied in the letter form. In a lesser degree the same remark is applicable to the two Letters to the Thessalonians and the First Epistle to the Corinthians.

[28] The words which occur in “the address” of the Letters of Ignatius to the Christian congregation in the city of Tralles are remarkable. “The holy Church which is in Tralles of Asia I salute ... after the manner of the apostle (ἐν ἀποστολικῷ χαρακτῆρι).” This Bishop Lightfoot explains as a reference of Ignatius to the _Epistolary_ form of his communication, that being a _usual form_ adopted by the apostles.

[29] Hermas, whose writings are usually classed with the works of the “Apostolic Fathers,” does not fall into this category.

(_a_) There is some doubt as to whether Hermas can be rightly considered an “Apostolic Father.”

(_b_) His writings are not cast in the Epistolary form, but are purely theological treatises or pamphlets.

They are partially examined below (see pp. 178-84) with reference to their date, authorship, and contents generally.

[30] Seventeen of these cities so named are commemorated on extant coins and medals; and this number is largely increased by some writers. These cities of Hadrian bearing his name were situated in various districts of the Roman world, notably in Asia Minor, North Africa, Spain, Syria, Pannonia.

[31] De Champagny, _Les Antonins_, iii. 1, tersely and well sums up his character: “Il a tous les dons, et toutes les faiblesses, toutes les grandeurs, et toutes les puérilitées, toutes les ambitions.”

[32] Cf. Jerome, _Ep._ 58, _Ad Paulin._, 3; Euseb. _De vitâ Constant._ iii. 26; Sozomen, i. 1; St. Paulin, _Ep._ 31 (ii.) _ad Severum_; Rufin. _H. E._ i. 8; Sulp. Severus, ii. 25, 45; Ambrose, _Psalm_ 43; and in modern historians, cf. De Vogüé’s _Églises de la terre sainte_, iii.; De Champagny, _Les Antonins_, livre iii. c. iii.

[33] A certain number of them, however, are by all responsible critics received as absolutely genuine, such as: The Letters relating the Martyrdom of Polycarp; the recital of the sufferings and death of the martyrs of Lyons; the Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs; and a few years later the passion of S. Perpetua and of her companions in suffering.

[34] Extracts from them are given on pp. 177-191.

[35] No scholar is more definite here than Renan, who certainly cannot be regarded as one who would be likely to dwell with emphasis on testimony which makes for the ardent faith of the Christians of the first days. And yet this great scholar brushes aside all the theories which maintain that the Christian martyrs of this period were few and insignificant in number; no modern writer is more positive on the awful character of the persecutions between A.D. 135 and A.D. 180.

[36] _Æneid_, Book viii.

[37] See pp. 189-90 and 200.

[38] Bishop Lightfoot has been referred to in this brief summary of the position of Christians during these two great reigns. This careful and exact scholar is most definite in his conclusions here, and his views exactly correspond with the views taken in this chapter.

[39] This especially refers to the ancient song of the Arval Brotherhood, of which college Marcus was also a member.

[40] Tacitus, _Annals_, xv. 44.

[41] Further details of Pliny’s report to the Emperor Trajan upon the numbers of Christians in his province will be found above, Book I. pp. 49-62.

[42] Pliny, _Epist. ad Trajan_, 96.

[43] Clement of Rome, _Epist. ad Cor._ vi.

[44] The quotation referred to is from the so-called _2nd Epistle_ of Clement of Rome (section 2), which Harnack attributes to Soter, bishop of Rome. Lightfoot, however, places the Epistle even earlier (_circa_ A.D. 140), and considers it the work of an anonymous writer.

[45] Irenæus, _adv. Hær._, book iii. 2.

[46] Tertullian, _Apologeticus_, 1.

[47] _Ibid._ 42.

[48] Quoted in Eusebius, _H. E._, book vi. chap. 43.

[49] See below, p. 120.

[50] Professor Harnack, _Mission and Expansion of Christianity_, book iv. chap. iii. sec. 14.

[51] _Didaché_, iv. 2.

[52] Clement of Rome, _Ep. ad Cor._ 34.

[53] Ignatius, _ad Eph._ 13.

[54] _Ad Polyc._ 4.

[55] Barnabas, _Ep._ 4.

[56] See for detailed account of Justin Martyr’s description, p. 113.

[57] _Theophilus to Autolycus_, xiv.

[58] Harnack well observes that among Clement of Alexandria’s writings, the _Pædagogus_ evidently assumes that the Church for which its teaching was designed embraced a large number of cultured people.

The same conclusion must be arrived at in respect of many of Irenæus’ writings. Irenæus wrote in the last quarter of the second century.

[59] The more eminent of the Gnostic teachers who in the first instance separated themselves from the Christian congregations, as far as we can judge from the comparatively rare fragments which we possess of their writings, evidently had in view highly cultured readers and listeners. We allude especially to Valentinus and his famous pupil Heracleon. These Gnostic writers taught and wrote in the second half of the second century. The period of activity of the second of these, Heracleon, is generally given as _circa_ A.D. 170-80. Valentinus was somewhat earlier.

[60] This is strikingly put by F. W. Myers in his poem “S. Paul”:

“This hath he done and shall we not adore Him? This shall He do and can we still despair? Come let us quickly fling ourselves before Him, Cast at His feet the burden of our care.”

[61] The more notable of the _Atonement_ prophecy passages in Isaiah were:

“Surely He hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows.... He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities: the chastening of our peace was upon Him; and with His stripes we are healed.... He shall see of the travail of His soul, and be satisfied: by His knowledge shall my righteous Servant justify many; for He shall bear their iniquities” (Isa. liii.).

[62] See above, pp. 113, 114.

[63] If the experiment of “communism” in the early Christian Church was ever tried, it was in the congregation of Jerusalem, and there it is clear that the results were simply disastrous; very soon the Church of Jerusalem was reduced to the direst straits. There are very many allusions to this state of things in S. Paul’s Epistles, where collections for the “poor saints in Jerusalem” are constantly mentioned; yet even in that Church, where apparently some attempt at a community of goods was evidently made, entire renunciation was evidently, as we see in the case of Ananias and Sapphira, never obligatory, but was ever purely voluntary.

[64] The writer here evidently means “atones for a multitude of our own sins”; so Tertullian, _Scorpiace_, 6 (see Bishop Lightfoot, _Clement of Rome_, part i. vol. ii. p. 232).

[65] See note (p. 104) on authorship and date of _2nd Epistle_ of Clement of Rome.

[66] See Archbishop Benson, _Cyprian_, vi. 1.

[67] The Emperor Julian’s well-known Letter to Arsacius is a good example. It is clear that charity did not restrict itself to the “Household of Faith.” Cyprian and his congregation’s action in the Great Plague of Carthage is a good example of this. See below, p. 127.

[68] The last clause is a very important one. It tells us that to the collections made in the assembly for the poor and needy, even the poorest artisan and slave contributed, and positively fasted for two or three days that they might save the necessary few coins to help those poorer and more sorrowful than themselves.

On this beautiful act of Christian charity, see, too, such passages as Hermas _Shepherd_, Simil. iii.

[69] Archbishop Benson happily paraphrases Cyprian’s words thus: _Noblesse oblige_. _S. Cyprian_, vi. 1, 2.

[70] Lecky, _European Morals_, chap. ii., “The Pagan Empire.”