Chapter VII: Letters of Samuel Crompton (2)

Support for this view may be found in some observations made in 1606, upon an Act for the alnage of narrow draperies (_S.P.D. Add._, vol. xxxviii. 104). These observations are interesting not only as regards fustians but also in the indication given of the application of the old type of regulations to new kinds of goods. In justification of the Act the following among other reasons were set forth: That it was based on the statutes for woollen manufactures, the reasons moving it and the offences committed being of the same nature. Also upon necessity because since the trades of making stuffs began, vices had crept in which were causing the trades to decay. Also upon the interest of the Crown and upon the right of His Majesty to take fees, “for as he is by statutes interested in the alnage and subsidy of woollen goods--there being at the time of making the same statutes no other stuffs made in England--he should take like alnage and subsidy of things made within this realm as his predecessors.” That the increased price per piece would not be more than 3d. at the most; and that fustian weavers for themselves had been petitioners to Her late Majesty for reformation of abuses committed amongst them.

The reference to the fustian-weavers certainly suggests that fustians would be included among the stuffs other than woollens, and if so there can be little doubt that they were of the same character as those to which the petition quoted by Mr. Price refers. Moreover, if the fustian-weavers had reached a stage in the reign of Elizabeth--even in the last year of her reign--when they could petition for reformation of abuses, it is not unreasonable to suppose that a fustian-manufacture would have commenced in 1594, and that the fabrics produced were included in the patent granted to the Alnagers in that year.

Even this does not fix the date when the manufacture began, but earlier dependable evidence is difficult to find. Before the end of the sixteenth century two statutes had been passed relating to fustians, but in the first, which appeared in 1495-1496 (11 Hen. VII., e. 27), it was definitely stated that they were imported, although they were sheared in this country. The statute also makes clear that the fustians were at least composed partly of cotton. The second appeared in 1597-1598 (39 Eliz., c. 11) and was a continuance of the first. In this statute no mention was made of the fustians being imported, nor was it stated that they were manufactured in this country, but the weaving of fustians was said to have “lately grown to more use than ever it was before time.” This statement, and the fact that it was thought advisable to re-enact the statute, may reasonably be taken to support the view that, in the nineties of the sixteenth century, a manufacture of fustians had commenced in England.

One other fact worth notice is that when a fustian manufacture had certainly become established in the Manchester district much of the linen-yarn used was imported from Ireland. This trade, however, was carried on as early as 1543 (_ante_, p. 30), and a conjecture is raised as to whether fustians may not have been made in the Manchester district at that time, but under another name. In the _Victoria County History of Lancashire_, ii., p. 296, it is stated that “the manufacture of ‘fustians’ a mixture of wool and linen, and subsequently styled ‘cottons’” was in existence in the neighbourhood of Manchester at the close of the fifteenth century. The identification of fustians with cottons at this early date is tempting, and would explain much, but it does not seem to be warranted by available evidence. As far as such evidence goes, it appears that the beginning of the fustian-manufacture has to be sought in the industrial changes of the second half of the sixteenth century, and that, in England, fustians made partly of cotton were a species of the “new drapery.”

_Page 10, note 2._--A patent was granted in connection with new draperies in 1594 and was transferred to the Duke of Lennox after the accession of James I. (Price, _ibid._).

_Page 93, continuation of note._--23 Geo. III., c. 21, gave bounties on the export of British printed cottons ranging from 1/2d. to 1-1/2d. per yard and allowed drawback of the excise duty.

_Page 99, continuation of note._--Defoe (_Tour through Great Britain_ (1769 edition), iii., pp. 73-74, 104) has references to silk mills at Derby, Stockport and Sheffield.

_Page 142, note 3._--It is not likely that the table (_ante_, p. 69) includes all in the country districts who called themselves fustian manufacturers. In the Directory those given in the table were described as having a warehouse in Manchester.

_Page 161, continuation of note._--It is stated that in 1842 Crompton’s children received £200 from the Royal Bounty Fund in consideration of their father’s invention (_Bolton: Its Trade and Commerce_ (1919), p. 80).

INDEX

A

Abram, _History of Blackburn_, 97_n._

Acts of Parliament, 1495-1496--indicates import of fustians, 196;
1514--regulates making of cloth, 2, 3 and _n._;
1535--regulates making of cloth, 3;
1543--gives information of Lancashire cloth industry, 30-31;
1551--regulates cloth making and fixes standards, 3, 5_n._, 6;
1552-1553--imposes restrictions on middlemen in wool trade, 31;
1555--Weavers’ Act, main aim and provisions, 3-4;
counties excluded from operation, 4 and _n._;
repeal of, 4_n._;
1557--modifies Weavers’ Act, 4;
1563--Statute of Apprentices, scope of, 48_n._;
appealed to by check-weavers (1758), 48 and _n._;
repeal advocated, 51;
repealed, 1813-1814, 49_n._;
1566--appoints deputy-aulnagers for Lancashire towns, 4, 5_n._;
1577--restrictive character and effects, 31;
1597--prohibits use of tenters and enforces regulations of size and
weight of cloth, 5;
indicates English manufacture of fustians, 196;
1606--distinguishes between cloths made of perfect wool and cloths
in which flocks, etc., entered, 6-7;
ordains alnage of narrow draperies, 195-196;
1700--abolishes previous duties, 7;
prohibits import and sale of printed or dyed calicoes from East,
19;
failure of, 20;
1702--against payment in truck and embezzlement of materials, 36;
made permanent in 1710, 37;
extended to other industries, 37;
included provisions against combinations, 37;
indicates organisation of cotton industry, 37;
1714--calicoes subjected to additional duty, 92-93;
1721--prohibits use of printed or dyed calicoes, 20-22;
cloths exempted from operation of, 21;
stimulates printing of other fabrics than calico, 22;
explained by Manchester Act (1736), 23;
1736--Manchester Act, scope of, 23;
support and opposition to, 24;
indicates expansion of fustian industry, 39;
modified Act of 1721 respecting goods made with linen warp, 93;
1749--Act of 1702 against unlawful combinations extended, 37;
1774--repealed additional duty on calicoes (1714) and prohibition of
printed calicoes (1736), 93;
1783--gave bounties on export of printed cottons, 197_n._

Agriculture, many labourers from, become weavers, 144

Aikin, _Description of Country round Manchester_, 25, 26, 28, 59, 60,
62, 121_n._, 136_n._, 138, 139_n._, 161_n._;
_England Delineated_, 58_n._;
_England Described_, 58_n._

Ainsworth, P., & Son, 170

Ainsworth, R., bleacher, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament,
167, 182

Ainsworth, T., supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 167,
177, 178;
evidence in support of Crompton’s appeal, 178, 179-182, 183, 184,
189-191

Ainsworth, T., & Co., 170

America. See Wars, Cotton

Antwerp, cloth market, xxv.

Arkwright, Richard, first patent (1769) for roller-spinning, 1, 29,
76, 79, 80, 97, 100, 114, 122_n._, 172, 179, 186;
improved upon earlier carding-machines, 77-78;
inventor of crank and comb device, 78, 107;
second patent (1775) for carding-machine, 81, 100, 106-107;
brought roller-spinning and machine-carding into use, 111-112;
his machines produced hard thread suitable for warps, 117, 124;
his indebtedness to previous inventors, 107, 108-111;
not inventor of roller-spinning or roving-machine, 110;
application of steam-power to his machines, 81;
his profits from patent machinery, 100, 172, 179, 186;
erected factory at Cromford, 81, 100;
other factories, 100, 112;
capital invested in his and partners’ factories, 100;
concerned in erection of New Lanark Mills, 106, 112;
alleged to have aimed at cotton monopoly, 112;
alleged intention of discovering Crompton’s secret, 116_n._;
secured modification of Acts of 1714 and 1721, 43, 93, 100;
left Lancashire, 82, 98;
his machinery destroyed, 82-88;
antagonism to, 89, 92, 93, 100, 101, 102, 103, 119, 120;
began actions for infringements of patents, 93, 100, 101, 102, 120;
first trial and unfavourable verdict, 1781, 102, 119;
second patent cancelled, 102, 110, 119, 121, 124, 144;
successful action of 1785, 103-105, 119, 121;
agitation to reverse verdict of second trial (1785), 105;
third trial (1785) of validity of second patent, 106-109, 119;
discussion of his machinery in third trial, 106-110;
character of, 111, 118;
as successful man of business, 97-98, 112, 118;
_Case_ of (1782), 102;
_Patent Trial_ of, 92_n._, 100_n._, 102_n._, 107_n._, 108_n._,
109_n._, 111_n._

Arkwright, son of Richard A., subscribed to public subscription for
Crompton, 185

Artisans, superior, called small farmers by Radcliffe, 142;
superior, rent land as accessory to industry, 139-140, 142;
abandon agriculture for work at loom, 141;
benefit from inventions, 140;
inferior, entirely dependent on industry, 139-140;
raised in social status by new industry, 140-141

Arts, Society of, inability to assist Crompton, 153

Ashley, W. J., Sir, _Economic History_, 4_n._;
_Economic Organisation of England_, 37

Ashton, smallware weavers’ combine at, 144

Ashworth, H., cotton-spinner and author, 161

Augsburg, fustians of, xxii.

Aulnager, seal of counterfeited, 4;
deputy-aulnagers appointed, 4. See Lennox

Axon, W. E. A., _Manchester a Hundred Years Ago_, 26

B

Baines, _History of Cotton Manufacture_, xxi., 2_n._, 3_n._, 12,
16_n._, 22_n._, 24_n._, 29_n._, 31_n._, 63_n._, 77_n._, 78_n._,
93-94, 97, 98_n._, 107, 110, 111_n._, 112, 117_n._, 124_n._,
125_n._, 130_n._, 132_n._;
_Lancashire and Cheshire_, 125_n._

Baker, improved and enlarged mule, 123

Banks, _Manchester Man_, 127

Barkstead, J., connected with silk and copper industries, 16-17,
18_n._;
applied for patent, for silk manufacture and calicoes, 17, 18;
had no influence on development of cotton industry, 18, 19

Barton, H. and J., & Co., 170

Bastable, _Public Finance_, 63_n._

Bateman, J., 172

Bays, 6, 7_n._

Belfast, numbers employed in 1800 in cotton industry at, 131

Belper, Arkwright’s factory at, 100

Bigwood, _Cotton_, 162_n._

Billy, combination of mule and jenny for making rovings, 123-124,
181_n._;
premium to inventor of, 123-124

Birkacre, Arkwright’s factory at, 100;
factories attacked, 82, 92

Birley, R., 170

Blackburn. See Petitions

Bolton, see Cottons, Fustians, Petitions, Crompton;
market, 3, 27, 37;
sixteenth-century manufacture of cottons and coarse yarns, 3;
prosecution club, 159 and _n._;
public subscription to relieve distress, 1862, 161;
population in 1773, 161;
centre of fine cotton spinning, 162;
centre of fustian manufacture, 15, 27, 56

Bourne, D., patented carding-machine, 77

Bridgewater cloth, 6

Bridgnorth, Society of Travelling Scotchmen of, 65

Bristol, food riots in, 42

Brown, J., took lead in second petition on Crompton’s behalf, 159;
_Basis of Mr. Samuel Crompton’s Claims_, 78_n._, 116_n._, 152_n._,
153_n._, 157_n._, 159_n._, 172_n._

Brussels, gilds of journeymen at, xxiii.

Burleigh, Lord, xxvii.-xxviii.

Burnley, woollen manufacturers support Manchester Act (1736), 24

C

Calicoes, see Acts of Parliament;
plain imported, 19;
manufacture established by new machinery, 91-92, 128;
made in Arkwright’s factory at Derby, 100

Calico-printing, early development in London and Lancashire, 22_n._

Camden, _Britannia_, 7_n._

Canals, 62, 71

Cannan, see M‘Connel;
emigrated from Kirkcudbright and became cotton-machine maker,
127-128

Carding, see Arkwright, Bourne, Paul;
mechanical improvements in, 76-77, 110;
cylinder carding-engine, 110

Carriers displace pack-horses, 62. See Manchester

Case, G., 172

Champagne fairs, xxii.

Chapman, S. J., Sir, _Lancashire Cotton Industry_, 40_n._, 72_n._,
137_n._, 143_n._, 163_n._;
_Victoria County History of Lancashire_, 5_n._, 8_n._

Chapmen, see Travelling Merchants, 60, 61, 63-65

Checks, organisation of manufacture, 40-41;
articles included in, 25;
localisation of manufacture, 56;
check-weavers’ turn-out and submission, 46-52

Checks and smallware, Act of 1702 indicates organisation of
manufacture, 37;
makers of, less numerous than fustian-makers, 39;
organisation in middle of eighteenth century, 40. See Combinations

Cheshire _v._ Lancashire. Spinning on Cheshire farms, 139_n._;
Luddite risings, 154-155

Chester, petitioned to be sole port for Manchester cottons, 7_n._;
food riots at, 86

Chetham, George, apprenticed to G. Tipping, 34;
member of Merchant Tailors’ Company, 34;
partnership with brother Humphrey, 34

Chetham, Humphrey, apprenticed to S. Tipping, 34;
general merchant and manufacturer, 35;
accounts of, 35;
dealer in cotton and linen yarn, 35;
employed spinners and weavers, 35-36;
a capitalist clothier, 36;
sold cotton and yarn in small quantities on credit, 36

Chetham, H. and G., business and capital of, xxiv.-xxv., 34;
branches in Manchester and London, 34, 59;
traded with Ireland, 59;
not merely fustian dealers, 35;
mainly engaged in home trade, 59;
invest capital in land, 34

Chetham, James, 34

Chethams, engaged in cloth industry, 32-34, 39

Children, labour of, in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in
Manchester, 25-26

Chorley, factories attacked, 82, 92

Chowbent, 127-128

Clarke, _New Lancashire Gazetteer_, 128_n._, 129_n._

Clegg, A., 170

Clothiers, northern, of early sixteenth century, 30-32

Cloths, exports of, in 1594 and 1595, 7

Cole, _Some Account of Lewis Paul_, 76

Combination Acts expressed views of dominant political class, 146-147

Combinations, see Acts (1702, 1749), Mansfield (Lord);
coming into existence in early eighteenth century, 52;
link between earlier associations and trade unions, 52;
various trades organised before 1790, 54_n._;
in west of England textile industry, 52 and _n._;
in check and smallware trades, 40-45;
extended to country districts, 144;
among mule-spinners, 144_n._

Communications, road and river, 62, 71

Companies formed in South Sea period to promote cotton manufacture, 19

Cotton, called cotton-wool, 8;
import of, early, 2, 16;
at end of seventeenth century, 16;
in eighteenth century, 24;
up to 1815, 132;
import of, from East, 8, 9, 13, 16;
from Africa, 16;
from America and West Indies, 16, 57, 132;
imported through London, 57;
previous sources displaced by United States, 16;
customs on imported cotton, 9;
early use of, for candle-wicks, 2;
first used in making cloth, 2;
made into fustians, vermilions, dymities, 8;
regular supply necessary to Lancashire in 1654, 13;
perhaps used in Lancashire for cloth-making in sixteenth century, 7;
cleaning and carding, early methods of, 75;
used as substitute for flax in lace-making, 131;
quantity spun by mules in 1812, 188

Cotton cloth, see Petitions;
imported before sixteenth century, 2 and _n._;
pure, when manufactured, 29;
put on same footing as mixed goods, 93

Cottons, see Acts (1514, 1535, 1551), Manchester;
made in Lancashire in early sixteenth century, 2;
in Bolton district, 3;
and outside Lancashire, 7;
exported in sixteenth century, 3, 7;
manufacture regulated, 3-8;
faults in making of, 5;
regarded as species of woollen cloth, 7, 8;
manufacture introduced by immigrants, 12;
duties on, abolished, 7

Cotton industry, see Fustian, Germany, Lancashire, Manchester,
Weymouth;
originated in second half of sixteenth century, 12;
established by 1621, 10;
difficulties during commonwealth, 13;
associated with fustian manufacture, 15;
comparatively unhampered by regulations, 66;
development of spinning and preparatory processes after 1736, 72,
76_n._;
progressive expansion due to inventions, 145, 179, 189;
expansion after 1770, 1, 72, 91, 132;
organised on factory system after 1770, 1, 75_n._, 98-99, 100;
factories transferred from country to towns, 126;
description of, between 1770 and 1778, 133-134;
statistics of mule and ring spindles, 164;
organisation and methods changing in 1780, 24;
expansion by 1812, 179, 189-190;
assumed modern form in spinning branch, 132;
employment and capital in 1782, 100;
fear of removal to Ireland and Scotland, 106;
manufacture of fine fabrics transferred from East to West, 129 and
_n._;
development of fine cotton goods manufacture, 130-131;
finds extending market in East, 130 and _n._;
use of steam-power in, 81-82;
domestic system in, 137_n._;
association of industry with agriculture, 135-137;
labour supplied mainly from cottagers and small farmers, 139;
distinction and proportion between small farmers and cottagers
engaged in, 137-139;
semi-independent producers in, 35-36, 134-135, 143 and _n._;
but not typical workpeople, 36-37, 143;
part-time industrialists in country districts only, 137, 143 and
_n._;
classes affected by industrial changes, 139-143;
wages in, 90-91 and _n._, 133-134

Cotton yarn, imported from East, 8, 9, 16;
imported from other countries, 29_n._;
imported from Continent for Scotch manufactory, 180

Crank and comb device. See Arkwright

Crofters in Manchester district, 70

Cromford, Arkwright’s factory at, 81, 100

Crompton, Samuel, birth and early life, 114;
character, 120-121;
lacked business qualities, 118, 150;
death in 1827, 159, 160;
inventor of mule, 113;
endeavoured to improve quality of yarn, 114, 167;
began to construct mule, 114, 167, 168-170;
completed and used mule, 114, 161, 167, 173;
gave up weaving and kept to spinning, 167;
made mule public, 116, 167, 168, 173;
reasons for not obtaining patent, 118;
agreed to subscription (1780) as reward for invention, 116 and _n._,
118, 120, 168-169, 181, 187;
received only £100 as reward in 1780, 120, 169, 187;
public subscription for, in 1802, 150, 166-167;
its poor result, 151, 169, 188;
Appeal to Parliament in 1812, 151, 153, 154, 155, 170;
his petition, 172-174;
memorial and signatures presented to Chancellor of Exchequer,
168-172;
committee on his petition, 129, 184-185;
minutes of evidence, 186-191;
proceedings in reference to his appeal, 155-157, 172-174;
his petition recommended by Prince Regent, 155, 172;
presented to Parliament, 172-173;
award of £5000 in 1812, 151, 155, 158;
reduced to poverty by 1824, 159;
annuity raised by friends in 1824, 159;
further petition in 1826, 159-160;
gratuity of £50 given to his son, 161;
combined business of small farmer with that of spinner, 149;
refused to join Peel’s business, 149;
difficulty of retaining his workers, 152 and _n._;
embarked without success on bleaching business, 158;
continued business of spinning and manufacturing at Bolton, 158;
unsuccessful partnership as spinner and cotton merchant, 158;
his part in development of mule, 162, 165, 179;
his account of value of mule to cotton industry, 169-170, 173, 180;
effects of his work, 162;
unacquainted with Arkwright’s rollers, 121-122;
destroyed carding-machine on which he was experimenting, 121;
relations with members of his family, 152;
overseer of poor, 149;
member of Bolton prosecution club, 159_n._;
monument and statue, 160;
Hall-i’-th’-Wood museum and memorial, 161 and _n._;
correspondence of, to M‘Connel & Kennedy respecting subscription of
1803, 166-167;
to M‘Connel & Kennedy respecting proceedings in London, 174-175;
to M‘Connel & Kennedy, respecting proceedings after sittings of
Committee, 192-194;
to Kennedy respecting petition proceedings, 175-176;
to family respecting petition proceedings, 176-178;
to Kennedy respecting evidence for appeal to Parliament, 178-179;
grant to family from Royal Bounty Fund, 197_n._

Cumberland exempted from provisions of Weavers’ Act, 4

Cunningham, W., _Growth of English Industry and Commerce_, 12, 49_n._

Curtler, _Short History of Agriculture_, 147_n._

D

Dale, D., connected with Arkwright and New Lanark Mills, xxx., 106

Defoe, D., _Tour through Great Britain_, 61-62, 135_n._, 197_n._

Dehn, _German Cotton Industry_, 14_n._

Deptford, industries in eighteenth century and numbers employed,
28_n._

Derbyshire, miners fix food prices (1764), 84;
food riots in 1767, 85;
Luddite risings, 154-155

_Dictionary of National Biography_, 47_n._

Dimities, made from cotton-wool from Cyprus, 8

Distress in 1756-1757, 43;
Parliamentary measures to relieve, 84-85

Dobson, _Evolution of Spinning Machine_, 75_n._, 77_n._, 78_n._,
128_n._, 159_n._, 162_n._

Dobson & Rothwell, makers of textile machinery, 128;
size of mules made by, in 1799, 162

Dodd, _Textile Manufacturers of Great Britain_, 131_n._

Domestic system, a system of capitalist employers, 54-55.
See Cotton Industry

Douai, textile industry of, xxiv.-xxv.

Double jenny, 94-95

Douglas, W., & Co., 170

Dozens, northern, 6

Drapery, new, manufacture of, introduced by Flemings in 1561, 12;
character of, 11 and _n._;
regulation of, 6

Draw-boys, 74

Drinkwater, T. and J., 172

Dunlop, J., 172

Dunster cotton, 7

Dutch loom, superseded single loom, 40;
widened scope of employment, 40;
for narrow fabrics, 72, 74;
disadvantages of, 72

E

Earle, T., 172

East India Co., imported cotton yarn and fine cotton fabrics in
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 16, 18;
rivals of, 18

_Economic Journal_, 5_n._, 31_n._, 126_n._, 132_n._, 150_n._

Edwards, _History of West Indies_, 88_n._

Ellison, _Cotton Trade of Great Britain_, 57_n._, 164_n._

Embezzlement of materials by workpeople, 36.
See Acts (1702)

Enclosure Acts, expression of views of dominant political class,
146-147

Espinasse, _Lancashire Worthies_, 20, 29_n._, 73_n._, 74_n._, 76_n._,
77_n._, 78_n._, 80, 81, 82_n._, 93_n._, 100_n._, 102_n._, 103_n._,
104_n._, 105_n._, 106_n._, 107_n._, 110_n._

Ewart, Rutson & Co., 172

F

Factory system, beginning of, 75_n._
See Cotton Industry, Silk

Felkin, _History of Machine-Wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures_, 98

Fielden, H. and W., 170

Findlay, J., & Co., 172

Flanders, textile industries of, xxiv.-xxv.

Flier, used with Saxony wheel, 75, 81

Florence, textile industries of, xxiii., xxv.

Flying shuttle, invention and importance of, 73, 74;
see Kay;
slow adoption in cotton industry, 73

Food riots in 1753 and 1754, 42

Forster, J., 172

Fox, W., 172

French, _Life and Times of Samuel Crompton_, 17_n._, 76_n._, 77_n._,
113, 114, 116_n._, 118, 121, 134_n._, 138_n._, 149, 150, 151,
152_n._, 153_n._, 155, 157, 158_n._, 159_n._, 160

Fuller, _Worthies of England_, 15, 25, 34

Fustians, see Acts, Bolton, Combinations, Cotton Industry, London;
manufacture introduced into Europe, xxi.-xxii.;
into England, 12;
stimulated by decline of German cotton industry;
date of origin of fustian manufacture discussed, 12, 195-196;
development of fustian manufacture, 12, 15, 23, 39;
organisation of manufacture, 37-39;
combined with smallware manufacture, 27-28;
early large-scale production, 23;
numbers employed in 1654, 13;
and in 1735, 23;
commission system in fustian industry, 37-38;
country fustian masters, 39;
centres of manufacture, 9-10, 15, 27, 37, 56;
regulation of manufacture, 11, 195;
wages in fustian trade, 91_n._;
materials used in manufacture, 29, 35;
regarded as woollens, 11;
not made of pure cottons in seventeenth century, 19, 22, 196;
a species of new drapery, 196;
range of goods comprised by, 28;
imported, 2_n._, 196;
exported, 9, 60;
fustian tax, agitation against and repeal, 63 and _n._, 103-104

G

Gaskell, _Artisans and Machinery_, 139_n._;
_Manufacturing Population of England_, 56_n._, 137_n._, 139-144;
dislike of factory system, 139

_Gentleman’s Magazine_, 46_n._

Germany, cotton industry in fourteenth century, 13-14;
effects of Thirty Years’ War on, 14;
effects of decline in English fustian industry, 13-14

Ghent, textile workers of, xxiii.

Gilds, textile, xxii.-xxiii.

Gladstone, J., 172

Glasgow merchants support Manchester Act (1736), 24

Gras, _Early English Customs System_, 2_n._

Greg & Ewart, 170

Guest, _British Cotton Manufacture_, 43, 80_n._, 94, 95_n._, 96_n._,
97_n._, 111_n._, 124_n._;
_Compendious History of Cotton Manufacture_, 38, 39, 60, 73_n._,
74_n._, 96, 108

H

Hakluyt, 3

Halifax, hawkers and pedlars, 64-65

Hammond, _Cotton Industry_, 132_n._

Hammond, J. L. and B., 83_n._

Hand-loom. See Loom

Hansard, 155_n._, 156_n._, 157_n._

Hanseatic League, xxvi.-xxvii.

Hanson, E., Boroughreeve of Manchester, 32_n._

Hargreaves, of Toddington, improved mule, 123

Hargreaves, James, experimented on carding-machines, 78;
invented and patented spinning-jenny, 78, 80, 97, 112, 114;
left Lancashire through opposition, 82, 92-95;
took action for infringement of patent, 93-94;
patent not upheld, 92, 96;
made spinning-jenny practicable, 97;
cotton-mill at Nottingham, 97 and _n._;
estate of, 97_n._;
evidence of widow and son against Arkwright, 107;
alleged inventor of crank and comb device, 78, 107

Hawkers and pedlars, duties on, 63-64

Hayes, inventor of roving-engine, 110

Heathcote, invented lace-making machine, 131 and _n._

Highs, Thomas, reputed inventor of jenny and roller-spinning, 94-97,
108, 110, 111;
invented double-jenny, 94-95;
aptitude for invention, 96;
witness against Arkwright, 95;
associated with Kay in making roller-spinning machines, 108-110;
alleged to have improved carding-machine, 111_n._

Hollingworth, _Mancuniensis_, 30

Hollingworth, R., 30_n._

Horrocks & Co., 172

Horrocks, J., manufacturer of fine cotton fabrics, 130-131;
helped to make power-loom practicable, 140_n._;
supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 167

Horwich, cotton yarns reported to be spun at, in 1510, 2_n._

Houldsworth, H., fine cotton spinner, 127

Houldsworth, T. and J., fine cotton spinner, 127

I

India, import of cotton fabrics from, 130;
export of cotton fabrics to, 130 and _n._

Industrial Revolution, a general transition in industry and
agriculture, xxix., 1, 145-146;
an acceleration of previous developments, 145;
popular view of, inaccurate, 54;
Napoleonic War a dominant factor in, 147-148;
social evils of, due to Napoleonic War, 146-148

Inventions, effect of, 66, 72, 91;
opposition to, 82

Ireland, linen-yarn from, used in fustian manufacture, 9, 58;
Irish Parliament passed commercial propositions, 104;
important source of supply of linen-yarn, 8, 58;
different qualities of Irish linen-yarn, 58

Italy, early cotton industry of, xxii.

J

James, T., partner of Hargreaves’, 97

Jenny, see Double-Jenny, Hargreaves, Highs;
introduction of, 38, 95, 114;
was outcome of previous efforts, 145;
invention of, 76;
controversy as to inventor, 96 and _n._;
description of, 79-80, 96;
greatly facilitated spinning of weft, 97;
produced soft thread only suitable for wefts, 116-117;
defects of, 80-81;
growing use of, 90, 95, 97, 124;
number of spindles increased, 80;
number at work in 1788 estimated, 121_n._;
used for waste, 181;
used in woollen industry more than in cotton, 124_n._;
superseded hand-wheel, 124;
superseded by mule, 97, 124;
conditions when introduced, 88

Johnson, helped to make power-loom practicable, 140_n._

Jones, W., 170

_Journal of House of Commons_, 20_n._, 23_n._, 24_n._, 29_n._, 36_n._,
37_n._, 52, 58_n._, 59_n._, 64, 65_n._, 82_n._, 89_n._, 90_n._,
99_n._, 102_n._, 155_n._, 156_n._, 157_n._, 174_n._

K

Kay, John, invented and patented flying-shuttle, 73 and _n._;
other inventions of, 73;
appealed for recognition of his inventions, 73;
connection with Arkwright and Thomas Highs, 108;
witness against Arkwright in third trial, 108, 111;
death in France, 74

Kay, Robert, inventor of drop-box, 73

Kelly, Wm., manager of New Lanark Mills, applied water-power to mules,
and patented self-actor mule, 125

Kennedy, James, brother of John, cotton-spinner, 127, 172;
came to Lancashire from Kirkcudbright, 127.
See Crompton, M‘Connel and Kennedy

Kennedy, John, eminence in cotton industry, 126;
improved mule, 126 and _n._;
apprenticeship, 127;
connection with M‘Connel & Kennedy terminated, 1826, 132;
promoted public subscription on behalf of Crompton, 150;
assisted Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 154, 166-168;
raised subscription to purchase annuity for Crompton, 159 and _n._;
_Brief Memoir of S. Crompton_, 75_n._, 78_n._, 113, 114, 116_n._,
121, 122_n._, 123_n._, 124_n._, 125_n._, 130-131, 132_n._,
154_n._, 158_n._, 159;
_Early Recollections_, 127_n._;
_Rise and Progress of Cotton Trade_, 75_n._, 76_n._, 122_n._,
126_n._

Kersies, 6, 7_n._

Kirkcudbright, migration of young men from, to Lancashire, 127

L

Lace, demand for fine cotton yarn for manufacture of, 131

_Lancashire and Cheshire Wills_, 2_n._, 32_n._, 33_n._

Lancashire, exempted from provisions of Weavers’ Act, xxv.-xxviii., 4;
fustian manufacture, 9, 10;
not opposed to restrictive legislation, 20;
textile industry, 28, 29;
number employed in linen industry, 29;
organisation of cloth industry in sixteenth century, 30, 31;
workers’ combinations and disturbances, 45;
cotton manufacture established by beginning of seventeenth century,
65;
cotton manufacture progressive before 1770, 65;
new cotton manufacture arose at end of eighteenth century, 66, 72;
fine fabrics manufacture, 131;
small proprietors engaged in industry, 136;
contrast between town and country weavers, 136-137;
workers benefit from development, 144;
Luddite risings, 154-155.
See Cotton Industry, Combinations, Petitions

Lancaster traders support Manchester Act (1736), 24;
Assizes (1758), 45-46;
light punishment of check-weavers, 1759, 51;
port of entry for cotton, 57-58

Lee, G., promoter of subscription on Crompton’s behalf, 150, 170, 174,
182;
predecessor of Robert Owen, 150_n._;
partner in firm of Phillips & Lee, 150_n._;
assisted Crompton in appeal to Parliament, 154, 157;
evidence before Committee on Crompton’s petition, 187-189, 191;
letter relative to amount of award to Crompton, 192

Leeds, food riots in 1753, 42

Leicester, Luddite risings, 154-155

Leigh, a centre of fustian manufacture, 56

Leland, _Itinerary_, 3 and _n._

Lennox, Duke of, alnager of new drapery, 9, 10, 11, 197_n._

Leyden, journeymen fullers of, xxiii.

Linen industry, numbers employed in, 29;
excluded from operations of restrictive legislation. See Lancashire,
Manchester, Ireland

Linen-yarn, used in fustian manufacture, 9, 29, 58;
German used as substitute for Irish, 58

Linwood Company, 172

Liverpool purchased grain in 1756 to relieve distress, 43;
superseded London as chief entry port for cotton, 57-58

London Weavers Company oppose Manchester Act (1736), 24;
hawkers’ and pedlars’ society, 65_n._;
silk industry and silk-throwsters, 98_n._

Loom, hand, 72-73;
predecessor of Jacquard loom for weaving draw-boys, 74 and _n._

Lowe, _Present State of England_, 147_n._

Luddite risings in 1811-1812, 154-155

M

Macclesfield silk-throwsters, 98_n._

Machine-breaking in 1767 and 1779, 82, 92;
causes of, 82-83, 88-90, 95_n._

Macpherson, _Annals of Commerce_, 83_n._, 84_n._, 85_n._, 87, 88_n._

_Manchester Athenæum_, 119;
_Court Leet Records_, 26_n._, 32_n._, 58_n._;
Directory, 26;
analysis of trades from (1772), 67-68;
_Mercury_, 42_n._, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53_n._, 54_n._, 59_n._,
60_n._, 62, 63_n._, 82_n._, 84_n._, 85_n._, 87_n._, 93, 94_n._,
95, 101_n._, 102_n._, 103_n._, 104_n._, 105_n._, 106_n._, 110,
119, 136, 143_n._, 147_n._;
_Statistical Society, Transactions of_, 144_n._, 151_n._, 155_n._

Manchester, see Acts (1736), Petitions;
eminent for woollen cloths or Manchester cottons, 7_n._;
Fuller’s account of Manchester cottons, 15;
sixteenth-century cloth industry, 30-31;
manufactures in 1650 and 1751, 25-26;
linen weaving in seventeenth century, 8;
lost making of webs and ticks to west of England, 26;
made pure cotton goods, 27, 29 and _n._;
fustian manufacture, 15, 27, 56;
growth of thread manufacture, 28_n._;
Dutch machines and mechanics introduced, 27;
packs leaving in 1751, 26;
reputation in 1543, 30-31;
wheat prices, 1753-1758, 42-43;
1759-1765, 84;
food riots, 1753 and 1756, 42-44;
in 1762, 84;
check-weavers turned out in 1758, 47;
and tried in 1759, 51;
flourishing in 1759, 52;
yarn merchants, 58;
Manchester goods exported in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
59;
trade of, 58-60;
carriers, 63, 71;
warehouses of country traders in, 69;
crofters in Manchester district, 70;
first steam cotton factory, 81;
precautions against machine-breaking, 82;
Society of Agriculture, 86;
Assize of Bread in 1766, 85 and _n._;
Arkwright’s factory, 100;
cotton manufacturers’ company, 1774-1778, 101_n._;
Committees for Protection of Trade, 100-101, 103, 118-119;
manufacturers oppose Irish commercial propositions, 104;
riots in 1812, 154-155, 157;
Society for Prosecution of Felons, 159_n._

Mansfield, Lord, charge to jury regarding combinations, 45-46, 51;
advocated repeal of Statute of Apprentices, 51

Mantoux, P., _La Révolution Industrielle_, 96_n._, 97, 100_n._

Marsland, P., 172

Marriott, J., threadmaker, 28_n._

Martineau, H., _History of the Peace_, 83_n._

May, J., _Declaration of the Estate of Clothing_, 6_n._, 10, 11_n._;
deputy alnager, 10

M‘Connel, James, eminence in cotton industry, 127;
left Kirkcudbright and was apprenticed to Cannan, 127

M‘Connel & Kennedy, began business (1791) with capital of £250, 150;
made machinery and rovings, 124_n._, 128;
size of mules made by, 162;
supplied Belfast and Glasgow with fine cotton yarns, 132;
correspondence of, reveals industrial situation, 147_n._
See Crompton

M‘Hewham, J. and J., 172

Mellor, description of, 136-138;
census (1801), details of, 138

Merchant Adventurers’ Company, xxv.-xxvii.

Meredith, H. O., _Economic History of England_, 83_n._

Middleton, size of farms in, 136;
farms held by weavers, 316

Midgley, T., curator of Chadwick Museum, Bolton. See Bolton, Souvenir
of Royal Visit to

Milne, invented cotton-roving machine, 103;
subscription on behalf of, 103, 119, 120

_Monthly Literary and Scientific Lecturer_, 22_n._;
_Monthly Magazine_, 120

Mordaunt, Col., defendant in trial for infringement of Arkwright’s
patent, 102

Morris, introduced Paul’s carding-machine into Lancashire, 78

Mosier, W., chapman, 33, 34

Mosley, A., clothier, business and accounts of, xxv., 33;
will of, 32 and _n._;
Sir N., Lord of Manor of Manchester, 32

Mule, see Billy, Jenny, Crompton;
called Hall-o’-th’-Wood wheel, 166, 168, 173, 190-191;
description of, 117-118, 162;
value to cotton industry, 169-170, 173, 180;
corrected defects of Arkwright’s machinery, 117, 179-180;
relation to jenny and Arkwright’s machinery, 116, 117, 119, 172-173,
179, 180;
produced satisfactory thread for fine work, 116, 118, 124, 128-129,
173, 179-180, 191;
produced thread suitable for warps and wefts, 117, 167, 173;
produced fine muslin and cambric manufactures, 129, 169, 173, 180,
186-187, 190;
partly superseded water-frame, 124, 163, 189;
superior to ring-frame for higher qualities of yarn, 164;
increasing use, 121 and _n._, 187;
increase in size and improvement, 121-123, 125, 126 and _n._,
162-163;
present-day mules, 163-164;
value of machines, buildings and power in 1812, 191;
employment resulting from, 169, 181, 188, 191

Mule, double, superseded single, 125 and _n._;
mule, self-actor, not at first satisfactory, 125;
improvements of mule culminated in, 163

Mule-spinners, high wages, 122;
privations and organisation of, 144 and _n._

Murray, Adam, apprenticed to Cannan on leaving Kirkcudbright, 127

Murray, A. and G., 127, 172.
See Mule, Oldknow, Shaw

Muslins, Eastern manufacture of, 129;
Continental demand for muslin yarns, 131;
British manufacture of, 129_n._

N

Need, S., in partnership with Arkwright, 98, 103

New Lanark cotton mills erected, xxx., 106, 172.
See Owen, Arkwright

Northumberland excluded from provisions of Weavers’ Act, 4

Norwich, opposition of woollen manufacturers to printed fustians, 23;
export of English, 7

Nottingham, Earl of, 18;
lace industry, 131;
Luddite risings, 154-155

O

Ogden, _Description of Manchester_, 26-29, 37-39, 40, 73, 74_n._,
80_n._, 94_n._, 95_n._

Oldham, a centre of fustian manufacture, 56

Oldknow, S., made fine fabrics, muslins, etc., 129_n._, 130-131, 172

Orr, W. and J., 172

Owen, Robert, apprenticeship, 129_n._;
connection with New Lanark Mills, 106;
began to manufacture mules, 126, 127;
spinner of thread from rovings, 124_n._;
_Autobiography_, 106_n._, 124_n._, 125_n._, 126_n._, 129_n._,
150_n._

P

Papplewick, first steam cotton-mill at, 81

Patents, general dislike of, prevalent, 118

Paul, Lewis, first patent embodying idea of spinning by rollers, 76,
111;
but not very successful, 76-77;
second patent (1758), 77;
invented pinking-machine, 77;
carding-machine of, 77-78, 111

Peel, Robert, of yeoman class, 142;
experimented with carding-machines, 78;
his machinery destroyed, 92_n._;
opposition to Arkwright’s patents, 102-120;
opposed Irish commercial propositions, 104;
number of employees (1784), 104;
failed to persuade Crompton to join his business, 149;
exerted himself on Crompton’s behalf, 149, 167, 175, 176, 184, 192,
193;
evidence to Committee on Crompton’s petition, 186;
his opinion valued by Government, 174

Peel, Robert, junior, 172

Peel, Yates & Co., 172

Penistone cloth, 6

Perceval, Spencer, his part in Crompton’s appeal to Parliament,
174-176, 178;
assassination of, 157

Percival, T., accused of assisting check-weavers’ combination, 47;
proposals for settlement, 48-52;
_Letter to a Friend_, 46-51, 56_n._, 57_n._

Peterborough, opposition to Manchester Act (1736), 24

Petitions, for import of cotton wool (1654), 12-13;
against import of cotton fabrics, 20;
of fustian manufacturers, 23;
of Lancashire clothiers, 31;
against truck payments, 36;
from travelling merchants against being classed as hawkers, 61;
on account of distress (1780), 88-89;
of silk manufacturers regarding decline of trade, 98_n._;
for and against Arkwright’s patents, 102-103;
from Weymouth against prohibition of calicoes, etc., 21;
from Manchester and Bolton (1808) for peace, 154-155;
from Blackburn and Preston (1812) against continuance of war, 156

Piacenza, light cottons of, xxii.

Pitman, _Development of British West Indies_, 88_n._

Pococke, _Travels Through England_, 28_n._

Pollard, J., 127

Power-loom, 125, 140

Price, W. H., “On Beginning of Cotton Industry in England,” 8_n._,
9_n._, 195_n._, 197_n._

Proctor, _Memorials of Bygone Manchester_, 25_n._

Putting-out system, 56, 143

Q

_Quarterly Journal of Economics_, 8_n._

R

Radcliffe, _Origin of Power-Loom Weaving_, xxix., 56_n._, 59_n._, 60,
133, 135, 136, 142;
helped to make power-loom practicable, 140_n._

Raines and Sutton, _Life of Humphrey Chetham_, 34, 35, 59_n._

Reading, industries and numbers employed in eighteenth century, 28_n._

_Records of Fort St George_, 16_n._

Regulation of industry and commerce, see Acts of Parliament;
broke down in seventeenth century, 65-66

_Report on Commerce, Manufacturers and Shipping_ (1833), 22_n._,
134_n._;
_Report of Committee on Textile Trades_, 1_n._, 130_n._;
_Report of Committee on Cotton Weavers’, etc., Petitions_, 144_n._;
_Report of Committee on Emigration, etc._ (1826-1827), 136-137;
_Report of Committee on State of Children Employed in
Manufactories_, 91_n._, 126_n._, 127_n._;
_Report of Tenth International Cotton Congress_, 164

Riders-out, 62

Ridgway, J., evidence before Committee on Crompton’s Petition, 191

Ridgway, T., & Sons, 172

Ring-spinning frame, modern rival of mule, 163;
predominates outside U.K., 164;
statistics of, 164

Roberts, Lewis, _Treasure of Traffike_, 8, 12, 57_n._

Roberts, Richard, invented satisfactory self-actor mule, 125;
perfected power-loom, 125;
owned nearly a hundred patents, 125_n._

Robinson, J., 172

Rochdale, small farms held by manufacturers, 136

Roller-spinning. See Arkwright, Paul

Roscoe, W., 172

Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, xxx.-xxxi.

Roving, methods of, 79;
making of rovings became a distinct business, 124

Royton, 144

S

Salford, Society of Agriculture, 86

Schoff, _Periplus of Erythrean Sea_, 129_n._

Scotland: Scotch linen yarn imported for fustian manufacture, 9, 58;
fancy manufacture, 131, 180;
effects of mule on, 180, 188, 190

Scott, Prof. W. R., 18_n._;
_Joint Stock Companies_, 12_n._, 16_n._, 18_n._, 19_n._, 66_n._

Shaw, J., attempted to manufacture muslins, 125

Shop-tax, 63-64

Shrewsbury, chapmen’s society, 65

Silk industry, factory system developed earlier than in cotton
industry, 98 and _n._;
organisation in eighteenth century, 98_n._
See London, Macclesfield

Simpson, J., 172

Slack, _Remarks on Cotton_, 58_n._

Smallware, see Checks, Worsted;
articles included in, 25;
worsted entered into smallware manufacture, 29;
weavers’ combination and attack on, 44-45;
further dispute in 1781, 53-54

Smiles, S., _Huguenots_, 12_n._;
_Industry and Invention_, 98_n._;
_Lives of Engineers_, 61_n._, 81_n._, 104_n._

Smith, _Wars Between England and America_, 83_n._

Smollett, _History of England_, 42_n._, 46_n._

Spinning, backwardness in 1735, 74;
reward offered for invention of machinery, 78;
improvement after 1760, 78.
See Roller-spinning

Spinning-jenny. See Jenny

Spinning-wheel, method of spinning by, 75;
Jersey and Brunswick, 75;
Saxony, used mainly for flax and wool, 75

Stanley, Colonel, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 174-175,
178;
Lord, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 174-178, 192, 193;
Chairman of Committee on Crompton’s petition, 186, 191

_State Papers Domestic_, 5_n._, 6, 7, 8_n._, 13_n._, 17_n._, 18_n._,
19_n._, 31, 66, 195, 196

Stirling, W., & Sons, 172

Stockport, food riots in 1757, 43_n._;
muslin manufacture, see Oldknow

Stones, H., first made mules after Crompton, 123;
improved mule, 123

Strutt, J., in partnership with Arkwright, 98, 103;
of yeoman class, 142

T

Taunton Cloth, 6

Tawney, R. H., _Assessment of Wages by Justices of Peace_, 49_n._

Taylor, patented a spinning machine, 78

Tenters, use of, prohibited, 5

Thompson, R., & Sons, 172

Throstle, an improvement of water-frame, 163

Tipping, S. and G., linen drapers, of Manchester, 32 and _n._, 34.
See Chetham, H. and G.

Todd, Shorbridge & Co., 172

Tooke, _History of Prices_, 83_n._

Touchet, J. T. and G., & Co., 172

Travelling merchants, or Manchester men, method and scale of business,
61-62

Trade unions, see Combinations;
development checked by Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 55, 148

Truck payments. See Acts (1702)

U

Ulm, fustian industry of, xxii.

Unwin, Prof. G., _Industrial Organisation in XVIth and XVIIth
Centuries_, 4_n._, 36_n._, 49_n._, 53 and _n._, 66_n._, 101_n._;
_Gilds and Companies of London_, 66_n._

Ure, _Cotton Manufacture_, 16_n._, 29_n._, 76_n._, 81_n._, 119,
122_n._, 131_n._, 162

V

Venice, cotton imports of, xxii.

Vermilions, manufactured from cotton-wool from Cyprus and Smyrna, 8

W

Wages, effects of new machinery on, 90-91;
of hand-loom weavers, 1795-1807, 134_n._

Wakefield traders support Manchester Act (1736), 24

Water-frame, see Arkwright, Throstle; was outcome of previous efforts,
145;
complementary to jenny, 80;
spinning and winding simultaneous with, 81;
horse-power employed with, 81;
useful for coarser counts and warp yarn, 124;
incapable of spinning weft or producing thread of fine texture,
172-173, 179, 180, 186, 190;
influence on expansion of cotton industry, 179

_Ware, Life and Correspondence of S. Hibbert_, 58_n._, 63_n._

Warrington, industries and numbers employed in eighteenth century,
28_n._

Wars:
Seven Years’ War and War of American Independence, cause heavy
taxation, 63;
and dislocation of trade and distress, 46, 86-89;
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, economic effects of, 83,
130, 144;
intensified effects of economic change, 146;
checked movement for social development, 146-148;
Napoleonic War, social retrogression due to, 146-148;
repression and class legislation due to, 146-147;
situation created by, compared with European War, 147;
dominant factor in social and economic history, 147-148;
left disturbed industrial relationships, 148;
caused fluctuation of trade and distress, 154;
crisis of 1810, 154;
with America in 1812, 154

Watt, J., patents steam-engine, 81;
supports Arkwright in second trial, 104;
evidence before Committee on Crompton’s petition, 189

Weavers’ Act (1555). See Acts

Webb, S. and B., _History of Trade Unionism_, 49_n._, 52, 147_n._

Westerfield, _Middlemen in English Business_, 61, 62

Westmorland, excluded from provisions of Weavers’ Act, 4

Weymouth, cotton manufacturers’ petition, 21

Wheeler, _History of Manchester_, 92_n._, 102_n._

Whitehaven, traders support Manchester Act (1736), 24;
port of entry for cotton, 57-58

Whitsters. See Crofters

Wilks, _The Half Century_, 83_n._

Wolstenholme, patent for manufacture of cotton velveteen, 101

Worsted smallware, see Combinations, Checks;
four classes engaged in making, 40;
fortunes of manufacturers, 40-41;
apprenticeship regulations, 41;
undertakers, 40, 41;
weavers wish to control employment conditions, 42-44;
wages problem in 1756, 42-43

_Weavers’ Apology_, 40, 44

Wright constructed double-mule, 125

Wylde, partner of S. Crompton, 158

Wylie and Briscoe, _History of Nottingham_, 97_n._

Y

Yarn, see Cotton, Linen;
fine, small capital of leading early spinners, 127;
fine, demand for, 131;
distribution of, among country weavers, 143

Yates, W., supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, 167, 170, 174

Yeomen, affected by industrial changes, 139-140;
turned attention to industry, 141;
obtained machines and produced yarn in farm-houses, 141;
unable to compete with factories, 141-142;
lost agricultural status, 141-142;
a few successful as steam manufacturers, 142

Yorkshire exempted from provisions of Weavers’ Act, xxviii., 4;
Luddite risings, 154-155

THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED, EDINBURGH

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:

1. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
2. The listed errata have been corrected in the text.