Chapter XXIV: Part 24

[53] Average annual expenditure, 1871–76, £3,650,000; public debt, £19,500,000, including £13,000,000 expended upon railways; estimated value of the domains, £20,000,000.

[54] Authorities:—Kanitz, “Serbien;” Ubicini, “Les Serbes de Turquie;” Cyprien Robert, “Les Slaves de Turquie;” Louis Léger, “Le Monde Slave;” Lejean, “Visite au Montenegro.”

[55] Mean temperature at Belgrad, 48° F.; extremes, 106° and 3°; range, 103° F.

[56] The population of Servia in 1875 was 1,377,068, of whom about 1,110,000 were Servians, 160,000 Wallachians, 20,000 Zinzares, 50,000 Bulgarians, 30,000 gipsies, &c.

[57] The exports in 1874 were valued at £1,400,000, and included 34,104 head of cattle, 271,219 pigs 1,172,571 sheep and goat skins, wheat, raki, &c.

[58] There are a university, a military academy, a seminary, an agricultural school, 11 superior schools, and 377 elementary schools, with 567 teachers, and about 20,000 pupils.

[59] Authorities:—Zuccagni Orlandini, “Corografia fisica, storica e statistica dell’ Italia e delle sue Isole;” Marmocchi, “Descrizione d’Italia;” Amato Amati, “L’Italia sotto l’aspetto fisico, storico, artistico e statistico;” Taine, “Voyage en Italie;” Gregorovius, “Wanderjahre in Italien,” “Geschichte der Stadt Rom;” Ann. di Saluzzo, “Le Alpi che cingono l’Italia;” Cattaneo e Lombardini, “Notizie naturali e civili su la Lombardia;” Lombardini, “Pianura subapennina,” “Condizione idraulica del Po;” Martins, Gastaldi, “Terrains superficiels de la vallée du Pô;” De Mortillet, “Anciens glaciers du versant méridional des Alpes,” “Mémoires divers;” Bertolotti, “Liguria maritima;” Targioni Tozzetti, “Voyage en Toscane;” Salvagnoli Marchetti, “Maremme Toscane;” Noël des Vergers, “L’Étrurie et les Étrusques;” Beulé, “Fouilles et découvertes;” Giordano, “Roma e suo territorio;” Ponzi, “Histoire naturelle du Latium;” De Prony, “Marais Pontins;” Works of D’Ampère and Stendhal, &c.; Davies, “Pilgrimage of the Tiber;” Francis Wey, “Rome;” Spallanzani, “Voyage dans les Deux-Siciles;” Smyth, “Sicily and its Islands;” Dolomieu, “Voyage aux îles de Lipari;” De Quatrefages, “Souvenirs d’un naturaliste;” La Marmora, “Voyage en Sardaigne, Description statistique, physique et politique de l’île;” Mantegazza, “Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna;” Von Maltzan, “Reise auf der Insel Sardinien;” Spano, “Itinerario della Sardegna;” Correnti e Maestri, “Statistica dell’ Italia.”

[60] Area of the kingdom of Italy, 114,413 square miles; population in 1875, 27,482,174.

[61] Pié di Monte, Piedmont, or Piemonte, _i.e._ mountain-foot.

[62] Principal Alpine summits of Italy:—Monte Viso, 12,585 feet; Grand Paradis, 13,271 feet; Monte della Disgrazia, 11,840 feet; Adamello, 11,677 feet; Antelao, 10,680 feet; Brunone (Orobia range), 10,370 feet; Generoso, 5,670 feet; Monte Baldo, 7,310 feet; Monte Bolca, 3,143 feet.

[63] Altitudes:—Source of the Po, 6,400 feet; Saluzzo, 1,200 feet; Turin, 755 feet; Pavia (mouth of Ticino), 330 feet; Piacenza, 217 feet; Cremona, 150 feet; Mantua, 89 feet; Ferrara, 20 feet.

[64] Italian Alpine lakes having an area of more than five square miles:―

Average Area. Average Altitude. Depth, Feet. Capacity. Name. Sq. Miles. Feet. Max. Average. Millions of Galls. Lake of Orta 5·4 1,122 820(?) 490(?) 462,000 Verbano, or Lago Maggiore 81·4 646 1,230 690 9,680,000 Lake of Varese 6·2 771 85 33 35,200 Ceresio, or Lake of Lugano 19·3 889 950 490 1,584,000 Lario, or Lake of Como 60·2 663 1,352 810 7,700,000 Sebino, or Lake of Iseo 23·0 646 980 490 1,980,000 Lake of Idro 5·4 1,240 400(?) (?) (?) Benaco, or Lake of Garda 115·8 226 960(?) 490 9,900,000

[65] Volume of Adda and Ticino at their point of egress from the Alpine lakes, according to Lombardini:―

_Adda._—Average 6,600, minimum 567, maximum 29,000 cubic feet per second. _Ticino._—Average 11,400, minimum 1,770, maximum 77,400 cubic feet per second.

[66] Principal rivers of Northern Italy:―

Length. Area of Basin. Volume in Cubic Feet per Second.
Miles. Sq. Miles. Maximum. Minimum. Average.

Isonzo 80 1,235 ―― ―― 4,240? Tagliamento 105 800 ―― ―― 5,300? Livenza 72 795 25,400 ―― 1,400? Piave 134 2,010 ―― ―― 11,300 Sile 37 540 1,550 350 700? Brenta 105 1,510 30,000 137 1,930 Bacchiglione 74 187 320 ―― 1,270 Adige 246 8,648 85,000 70 16,950 Po 416 26,799 182,500 550 60,700 Reno 112 1,930 53,500 35 8,300

[67] Average volume of the canals of the valley of the Po (cubic feet per second):—Muzza, 2,153; Naviglio Grande, 1,800; Canal Cavour, 1,482; Martesana, 918 cubic feet.

[68] Humidity of the air at Milan, 74·5 per cent.; annual rainfall at Milan, 38·8 in.; at Turin, 31·8 in.; at Tolmezza, on the Upper Tagliamento, 82·3 in.

[69] Mean annual temperature of Turin, 53·10° F.; hottest month (April), 73·13°; coldest month (January), 33·10°. Milan: mean, 14·04°; July, 74·84°; January, 23·26°. Venice: mean, 55·52° F.; July, 25·06°; January, 35·28°.

[70]

Area, Square Miles.
Dec. 31st, 1875. Population. Density.

Piemont 11,308 2,995,213 265 Lombardy 9,084 3,553,913 391 Venice 9,060 2,733,406 302 Emilia 7,921 2,153,381 272 ―――――― ―――――――――― ――― Total 37,373 11,435,913 306

[71] Population of the principal towns of Piemont (1871):—Turin, 192,442; Alessandria, 29,102; Novarra, 24,185; Vercelli, 20,626; Casale Monferrato, 20,436; Asti, 19,466; Novi Ligure, 12,162; Mondovi, 11,958; Cuneo, 11,859; Pinerolo, 11,832; Biella, 11,814; Saluzzo, 9,796; Savigliano, 9,544; Bra, 9,196; Alba, 9,147; Chieri, 8,986; Tortona, 8,620; Acqui, 8,332; Fossano, 7,272; Carmagnola, 3,830.

[72] Population of the towns of Lombardy (1871):—Milan (Milano), 261,985; Brescia, 38,906; Bergamo, 34,555; Cremona, 30,919; Pavia, 29,618; Mantua (Mantova), 26,687; Como, 24,350; Lodi, 19,088; Monza, 17,431; Vigevano, 14,096; Busto Arsizio, 12,909; Varese, 12,605; Voghera, 11,903; Treviglio, 11,883.

[73] Population of the principal towns of Emilia (1871):—Bologna, 89,104; Parma, 41,915; Piacenza, 34,908; Ferrara, 33,327; Modena, 30,854; Faenza, 23,752; Ravenna, 21,774; Reggio, 19,131; Imola, 18,189; Cesena, 17,594; Forli, 15,324; Rimini, 9,747; Lugo, 8,664; Comacchio, 7,007.

[74] Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared (including the coasting trade):—588,095 tons in 1865; 1,070,600 tons in 1875. Value of imports by sea (1874):—£5,960,200; of exports, £2,848,040.

[75] Population of the principal towns of Venetia (1871):—Venice (Venezia), 128,901; Verona, 65,876; Padua (Padova), 52,011; Vicenza, 26,994; Udine, 22,692; Chioggia, 19,841; Treviso 18,547; Cavarzere, 12,336; Vittoria (formerly called Ceneda), 10,533; Adria, 9,834; Rovigo, 7,974; Feltre, 6,570; Belluno, 5,770; Este, 5,743.

[76] Area, 2,153 square miles; population (1871), 843,250; density, 391.

[77] Principal altitudes in Liguria:—Clapier de Pagarin, 10,073 feet; Col di Tenda, 6,146 feet; Monte Carsino, 8,794 feet; Col d’Altare, 1,600 feet; Col di Giovi, 1,538 feet; Monte Penna, 5,709 feet.

[78] Average temperature of Genoa, 60·8° F.; days with rain, 121; rainfall, 45 inches. Average temperature of San Remo, 62·6; days with rain, 45; rainfall, 3·15 in.

[79] Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared (including coasting vessels):—1861, 1,936,764; 1867, 2,330,000; 1875, 3,109,796 tons. In the last-named year 3,144 sailing vessels and 970 steamers entered in the coast trade, 1,462 sailing vessels and 860 steamers from abroad.

[80] Annual produce of olive oil in the province of Porto Maurizio, which includes San Remo, 778,500 gallons.

[81] Population of the principal towns of Liguria (1871):—Genoa (Genova), 132,521; Savona, 24,851; Spezia, 15,636; San Pier d’Arena, 15,568; Sestri Ponente, 9,605; San Remo, 9,017; Chiavari, 8,414; Oneglia, 7,944.

[82] Area of Tuscany, 9,287 square miles; population (1871), 1,983,810; density, 214.

[83] Altitudes (in English feet):―

_Apennines._—Alps of Succiso, 6,625; Alps of Camporaghena (Garfagnana), 6,565; Monte Cimone, 7,111; Monte Falterone, or Falterona, 5,407.

_Passes._—Pass of Pontremoli, or La Cisa (Sarzana to Parma), 3,410; Pass of Fiumalbo (Lucca to Modena), 3,940; Pass of Futa, or Pietramala (Florence to Bologna), 3,002; Pass of Camaldoli, 3,290.

_Anti-Apennines._—Pisanino (Alpe Apuana), 6,608; Pietra Marina (Monte Albano), 1,886; Prato Magno, 5,183; Alpe di Catenaja, 4,595 feet.

[84] 134,000 tons of marble were quarried in 1873, valued at nearly £500,000 sterling.

[85] In 1873 5,466 vessels of 920,626 tons entered: 5,314 vessels of 901,533 tons cleared, inclusive of coasting vessels.

[86] Area, 85 square miles; population, 21,722 souls.

[87] Population of the principal towns of Tuscany (in 1871):—Florence (Firenze), 167,093; Leghorn (Livorno), 89,462; Pisa, 41,796; Siena, 22,965; Lucca, 21,286; Prato, 15,924; Carrara, 10,848; Pistoja, 12,966; Arezzo, 11,151; Viareggio, 9,983; Pontedera, 7,991; San Casciano, 6,862; Fojano della Chiana, 6,127; Empoli, 5,949; Volterra, 5,796; Massa Maritima, 5,766; Porto Ferrajo, 5,779; Fucecchio, 5,755; Figline Valdarno, 5,673; Montalcino, 5,186; Pontassieve, 5,141; Pontelungo, 5,039; Buti, 5,029; Massa, 4,786; Orbetello, 4,674; Pontremoli, 4,473.

[88]

Area, Square Population Density.
Miles. (1871).

Rome 4,552 836,700 184 Umbria 3,720 549,600 148 Marches 3,751 915,420 244 Abruzzos 4,898 918,770 188 ―――――― ――――――――― ――― 16,921 3,220,490 190 ══════ ═════════ ═══

[89] VOLCANIC LAKES:—_Bolsena_: area, 42 sq. m.; height, 995 ft.; depth, 460 ft. _Bracciano_: area, 22 sq. m.; height, 495 ft.; depth, 820 ft. _Albano_: area, 2·3 sq. m.; height, 1,000 ft.; depth, 466 ft. _Nemi_: area, 0·8 sq. m.; height, 1,108 ft.; depth, 164 ft. SHALLOW LAKES:—_Trasimeno_: area, 46 sq. m.; height, 843 ft.; depth, 21 ft. _Fucino_ (in 1860): area, 61 sq. m.; height, 2,300 ft.; depth, 92 ft.

[90] Basin, 6,475 square miles; length, 260 miles, of which 60 are navigable.

[91] Annual rainfall at Rome, 30·7 inches; at the foot of the Apennines, 43·3 in.; on the summits, 94·5 in. Volume of the Tiber: average 10,180 cubic ft.; maximum, 60,400 cubic ft.; minimum, 4,650 cubic ft., a second.

[92] Water supply of some leading cities (in gallons):―

Per Second. Per Day. Per Inhabitant. Rome (1869) 481 41,580,000 208 Paris (1875) 904 78,100,000 44 London (1874) 1,262 110,000,000 27·5 Glasgow (1874) 373 32,482,500 52 Washington (1870) 741 66,000,000 660

[93] Value of exports and imports, 1863, £1,348,000; 1868, £999,660.

[94] Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared at the ports of Latium in 1873:—Cività Vecchia, 520,000 (1875, 600,351); Fiumicino, 63,000; Porto d’Anzio, 30,900; Terracina, 335,000 tons.

[95] Towns of Latium (1871):—Rome, 229,356 (1876, 264,280); Viterbo, 16,326; Velletri, 14,798; Cività Vecchia, 10,484; Ferentino, 8,360; Tivoli, 7,730; Frosinone, 7,714; Subiaco, 6,990; Sezze, 6,659; Alatri, 6,393 inhabitants.

[96] Population of the principal towns of Umbria (1871):—Perugia, 16,708; Rieti, 12,905; Terni, 12,419; Foligno, 8,471; Spoleto, 7,490; Orvieto, 7,423; Città di Castello, 6,588; Assisi, 6,225; Gubbio, 5,343.

[97] Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared from Ancona in the coast and foreign trade; 258,292 tons in 1858, 372,877 tons in 1867, 751,689 tons in 1875.

[98] Towns of the Marches having over 10,000 inhabitants:—Ancona, 35,111; Jesi, 13,472; Sinigaglia, 11,173; Ascoli-Piceno, 11,373; Fermo, 15,862; Macerata, 11,194; Pesaro, 12,375; Urbino, 10,194.

_Abruzzos_:—Lanciano, 15,432; Chieti, 14,321; Aquila, 13,513; Campobusso, 13,345; Solmona, 12,583; Vasto, 10,093.

[99] Area of San Marino, 24 square miles; population (1874), 7,816.

[100] Area, exclusive of the Abruzzos, 28,002 square miles; population, 6,251,750.

[101] Mean annual temperature of Naples, 62° F.; extremes, 23° and 104°; rainfall, 37 inches.

[102] In 1868 69 per cent. of the men and 88 per cent. of the women married in the Campania, the most educated province of Naples, were not able to sign their names. In the Basilicata the proportions were 85 and 96 per cent. !

[103] In 1873 there were 363 fishing-boats, and 90,000 lbs. of coral, valued at £92,000, were obtained.

[104] In 1864 10,694 vessels, of 1,496,500 tons burden, entered and cleared the port of Naples; in 1875 11,288 vessels, of 2,923,922 tons.

[105] In 1862 1,100 vessels, of 75,000 tons, entered and cleared at Brindisi; in 1875, 1,342 vessels, inclusive of 396 steamers, of 771,096 tons, in the foreign trade.

[106] Towns of Naples having over 10,000 inhabitants (in 1870):—Naples (Napoli), 421,803; Bari, 49,423; Foggia, 34,181; Andria, 32,678; Reggio, 29,854; Barletta, 27,444; Molfetta, 26,516; Corato, 26,018; Trani, 24,026; Bitonto, 23,087; Taranto, 22,858; Castellamare di Stabia, 22,037; Cerignola, 21,739; Lecce, 21,081; Salerno, 20,611; Aversa, 19,734; Bisceglia, 19,007; Torre del Greco, 18,950; Catanzaro, 18,781; Potenza, 18,513; Gaeta, 18,385; Avellino, 18,260; Gerlizzi, 18,175; Maddaloni, 17,578; Afragola, 17,541; Francavilla Fontana, 17,457; Benevento, 17,370; Altamura, 17,004; Santa Maria di Capua Vetere, 16,785; San Severo, 16,545; Torre dell’ Annunziata, 15,321; Ruvo di Puglia, 15,055; Monte Sant’ Angelo, 14,902; Rossano, 14,818; San Marco in Lamis, 14,540; Cosenza, 14,522; Caserta, 14,578; Canosa di Puglia, 14,458; Ostuni, 14,422; Ariano di Puglia, 14,347; Matera, 14,262; Monopoli, 13,800; Minervino Murge, 13,630; Martina Franca, 13,440; Campobasso, 13,345; Brindisi, 13,194; Lucera, 13,064; Acerra, 12,858; Ceglia Messacapio, 12,582; Gioja del Colla, 12,442; Pagani, 12,208; Fasano, 12,190; Capua, 12,174; Cittanova, 12,137; Palo di Colla, 11,887; Mola di Bari, 11,775; Pozzuoli, 11,751; Rionera in Voltara, 11,520; Amalfi, 11,225; Resina, 11,132; Sarno, 10,933; San Giovanni del Teduccio, 10,898; Nola, 10,771; Giugliano in Campania, 10,751; Lauria, 10,609; Frattamaggiore, 10,486; Corigliano Calabro, 10,481; Nicastro, 10,418; Cairano, 10,081; Montecorvo, 10,020; Conversano, 10,012.

[107] Minimum width of the Strait of Messina, 10,330 feet; maximum depth, 1,090 feet; average depth, 246 feet.

[108] Area of Sicily, 11,290 square miles; population in 1870, 2,565,300 souls; density, 227.

[109] Mean annual temperature at Palermo and Messina, 64° F.; at Catania and Girgenti, 68° F.; rainfall at Palermo, 26 inches.

[110] The salt marshes of the province of Trapani cover an area of 2,100 acres, and yielded, in 1865, 55,000 tons of salt, valued at £24,200.

[111] In 1862 27,596 vessels, of 1,825,232 tons burden, entered and cleared from Sicilian ports; in 1869 34,989 vessels, of 2,869,327 tons; in 1873 70,974 vessels, of 5,942,700 tons. In 1875 the number of vessels and tonnage which entered and cleared was—at Messina, 9,213 vessels, of 2,335,144 tons; at Palermo, 11,692 vessels, of 1,812,195 tons; at Catania, 5,137 vessels, of 529,539 tons; and at Trapani, 5,407 vessels, of 288,475 tons.

[112] Towns of Sicily having more than 10,000 inhabitants (in 1871):—Palermo, 186,406; Messina, 71,921; Catania, 84,397; Marsala, 34,202; Modica, 33,169; Trapani, 28,052; Acireale, 26,692; Caltagirone, 25,978; Ragusa Superiore, 21,494; Caltanissetta, 21,464; Canicatti, 20,908; Alcamo, 20,890; Castelvetrano, 20,420; Partinico, 20,098; Syracuse (Siracusa), 20,035; Termini Imerese, 19,646; Girgenti, 19,603; Sciacca, 18,896; Piazza Armerina, 18,252; Vittoria, 17,528; Giarre, 17,414; Comiso, 16,694; Corleone, 16,150; Licata, 15,966; Favara, 15,233; Vizzini, 14,942; Terranova di Sicilia, 14,911; Paterno, 14,790; Noto, 14,767; Aderno, 14,673; Bronte, 14,589; Nicosia, 14,544; Castrogiovanni, 14,511; Barcellona or Pozzo di Gotto, 14,471; Salemi, 14,096; Palma di Montechiaro, 13,497; Monreale, 13,496; Gangi, 13,057; San Cataldo, 12,899; Biancavilla, 12,631; Partana, 12,467; Mazzara del Valle, 12,155; Leonforte, 12,010; Mazzarino, 11,951; Avola, 11,912; Agira, 11,876; Bagheria, 11,651; Riesi, 11,548; Agosta, 11,382; Castellamare del Golfo, 11,280; Mistretta, 11,218; Racalmuto, 11,012; Niscemi, 10,750; Sciecli, 10,724; Lentini, 10,578; Cefalù, 10,194; Froina, 10,193; Grammicheli, 10,192; Pietraperzia, 10,149; Palazzolo Acreide, 10,132.

[113] Area and population of the Liparic Islands:—Lipari, 12·4 square miles, 14,000 inhabitants; Vulcano, 9·7 square miles, 100 inhabitants; Panaria and neighbouring islets, 7·7 square miles, 200 inhabitants; Stromboli, 7·7 square miles, 500 inhabitants; Salina, 10·8 square miles, 4,500 inhabitants; Felicudi, 5·9 square miles, 800 inhabitants; Alicudi, 3 square miles, 300 inhabitants. Total, 57·2 square miles, 18,400 inhabitants.

[114] Pantellaria, 39·7 square miles, 6,000 inhabitants; Linosa, 4·6 square miles, 900 inhabitants; Lampedusa, 3 square miles, 600 inhabitants.

[115] The tonnage of vessels which enter and clear annually from foreign ports amounts to 4,300,000 tons; the value of dutiable articles imported is nearly £9,000,000 sterling, and the value of the exports about the same.

[116] Area of Malta, Gozzo, and Comino, 146 square miles; population 149,084, inclusive of 7,309 military and their families.

[117] Area, 9,440 square miles; population (1871), 636,500.

[118] In 1873 11,256 vessels, of 1,080,000 tons, entered and cleared the five ports of the island. In 1875 2,516 vessels, of 504,756 tons, entered and cleared at Cagliari alone, the increase since 1861 having been nearly 100 per cent.

[119] Population of the principal towns of Sardinia (1871):—Cagliari, 31,9 5; Sassari, 30,542; Alghero, 8,769; Ozieri, 7,965; Iglesias, 7,191; Oristano, 6,963; Terranova, 1,976.

[120] Agricultural statistics of Italy, 1869 (according to Maestri):—_Distribution of Area_:—Fields, vineyards, and orchards, 27,267,360 acres; olive plantations, 1,371,400 acres; chestnut plantations, 1,445,000 acres; forests, 10,240,400 acres; meadows, 2,900,000 acres; pastures, 13,337,000 acres. _Annual Produce_:—Cereals, 206,300,000 bushels (value £84,000,000); potatoes, 27,500,000 bushels (£2,000,000); wines, 880,000,000 gallons (£44,000,000); raw silk, 6,889,437 lbs. in 1873, 6,305,214 lbs. in 1874; tobacco, 7,235,000 lbs.; oil, 3,747,850 lbs. (£8,800,000); chestnuts, 14,860,000 bushels. _Domesticated Animals_ (1868):—1,196,128 horses, 3,489,125 heads of cattle, 8,674,527 sheep and goats, 1,553,582 pigs.

[121] Annual mineral produce of Italy (in tons):—Iron, 85,000; copper, 13,000; lead, 32,250; zinc, 30,000; coal, 110,750; sulphur, 285,611; salt, 388,000; besides small quantities of silver, nickel, mercury, &c.

[122] _Occupations_:—Amongst every 1,000 inhabitants there are 342 agriculturists; 163 miners and artisans; 29 commercial men; 23 artists and scientific men; 7 priests; 6 officials; 1 soldier; 31 “proprietors;” 21 domestic servants; 13 paupers; and 382 without occupation.

[123] In 1874 there were 10,929 vessels (including 138 steamers), of a burden of 1,031,889 tons; 37,560 vessels, of 7,580,317 tons, entered from or cleared for foreign ports; 197,896 vessels, of 16,500,000 tons, entered and cleared in the home trade. Of every 1,000 tons engaged in the foreign commerce, 368 sailed under the Italian, 266 under the English, and 173 under the French flag. The commerce with France engaged 1,779,672 tons; that with England 1,388,300 tons; and that with Austria 998,740 tons.

[124] In 1876 4,791 miles of railway had been opened for traffic, and 460 miles were building. There were also 1,858 miles of canals and navigable rivers, and 77,140 miles of public roads.

[125] _Public Schools_ (1872):—58,322 elementary and evening schools, 2,274,999 pupils; 1,082 superior schools, 64,044 pupils; 21 universities, 10,000 students; 651 professional, technical, and art schools, 33,311 students. Total, 60,076 schools, &c., with 2,382,354 pupils and students.

[126]

1861. 1873. 1875. Expenditure £24,206,920 £61,704,000 £56,618,600 Revenue £18,332,880 £52,384,000 £55,499,800 ─────────── ─────────── ─────────── Deficit £5,874,040 £9,340,000 £1,118,800 National Debt £100,000,000 £402,400,000 £460,000,000

[127] _Authorities_:—Marmocchi, “Géographie de la Corse;” Gregorovius, “Corsica;” Pr. Mérimée, “Voyage en Corse.”

[128] Area of Corsica, 3,378 square miles; length from north to south, 114 miles; width, 52 miles; development of coast-line, 300 miles.

[129] From north to south:—Monte Padro, 7,846 feet; Monte Cinto, 8,878 feet; Paglia Orba, 8,283 feet; Rotondo, 8,607 feet; Monte d’Oro, 7,890 feet; Incudine, 6,746 feet.

[130] Mean annual temperature at Bastia, 66·7° F.; rainfall, 23 inches.

[131] Area, 3,378 square miles; population in 1740, 120,380; in 1872, 259,861.

[132] _Average annual produce_:—Cereals, 2,613,000 bushels; oil, 3,300,000 gallons; wine, 6,600,000 gallons.

[133] Towns of Corsica (1872):—Bastia, 17,950; Ajaccio, 16,550; Corte, 5,450; Sartène, 4,150; Bonifacio, 3,600; Bastelica, 2,950; Calenzana, 2,600; Calvi, 2,175 inhabitants.

[134] Authorities:—Coello, F. de Luxan y A. Pascual, “Reseñas Geográfica, Geológica y Agrícola de España;” Baron Davillier et Gust. Doré, “Voyage en Espagne;” De Laborde, “Itinéraire Descriptif de l’Espagne;” Bory de Saint-Vincent, “Résumé Géographique de la Péninsule Ibérique;” De Verneuil et Collomb, “Mémoires Géologiques sur l’Espagne;” Ford, “Handbook for Travellers in Spain;” Fern. Garrido, “L’Espagne Contemporaine;” Cherbuliez, “L’Espagne Politique;” Ed. Quinet, “Mes Vacances en Espagne;” Th. Gautier, “Tras los Montes,” “Voyage en Espagne;” M. Willkomm, “Die Pyrenäische Halbinsel,” “Strand- und Steppengebiete der iberischen Halbinsel;” George Sand, “Un Hiver à Majorque;” Ludw. Salvator, “Balearen in Wort und Bild;” Bladé, “Études Géographiques sur la Vallée d’Andorre;” W. von Humboldt, “Urbewohner Spaniens;” Eug. Cordier, “Organisation de la Famille chez les Basques;” Paul Broca, “Mémoires d’Anthropologie.”

[135] Area of the Iberian peninsula, exclusive of the Balearic Islands, 225,605 square miles; area of Spain, 191,104 square miles; of Portugal (without the Azores), 34,501 square miles. Average height, according to Leipoldt, 2,300 feet.

[136] Contour of peninsula, 2,015 miles, of which 1,301 are on the Atlantic, and 714 on the Mediterranean. Width of the isthmus of the Pyrenees, 260 miles.

[137]

Area. Population (1870). Density.
Basin of the Duero (Leon and Old
Castile, exclusive of Logroño
and Santander) 36,593 sq. m. 2,550,000 69

Basins of the Tajo and the
Guadiana 44,719 sq. m. 2,276,000 51

[138] Average rainfall at Madrid, 10·7 inches; evaporation, 72·6 inches.

[139] Mean annual temperature, 57·9°; extremes, 104° and 14° F.

[140] Population of the principal towns of the Castiles (1870):—_Old Castile_: Valladolid, 60,000; Burgos, 14,000; Salamanca, 13,500; Palencia, 13,000; Zamora, 9,000; Segovia, 7,000; Leon, 7,000; Ávila, 6,000. _New Castile_: Madrid, 332,000; Toledo, 17,500; Almagro, 14,000; Daimiel, 13,000; Ciudad Real, 12,000; Val de Peñas, 11,000; Almaden, 9,000; Manzanares, 9,000; Cuenca, 7,000; Talavera de la Reyna, 7,500; Guadalajara, 6,000. _Estremadura_: Badajoz, 22,000; Don Benito, 15,000; Cáceres, 12,000; Villanueva de la Serena, 8,000; Plasencia, 6,000; Mérida, 6,000.

[141] Area of the basin of the Guadalquivir, 21,000 square miles; area of Andalusia, 28,370 square miles; population (1870), 2,749,629; density, 91.

[142]

Mean Annual Rainfall. Rainfall. Rainfall. Temp., °F. Year, in. Oct.–March, in. April–Sept., in. Granada 66 48·5 40·3 8·2 Seville 68 26·1 23·1 3·0 Gibraltar 70 28·9 20·3 8·6

[143] Export of wine from Cádiz and Santa María:—1858, 3,597,000 gallons; 1862, 5,115,000 gallons; 1873, 10,446,480 gallons, valued at £2,937,000.

[144] In 1873 600,000 tons of pyrites were exported from the district of Huelva, of which 340,000 tons came from the mine of Tharsis.

[145] In 1874 3,639 vessels, of 616,060 tons burden, entered; the imports had a value of £633,700, the exports (consisting for the most part of wine) of £3,116,000.

[146] Approximate population of the principal towns of Andalusia:―

Cádiz, 62,000; Jerez, 35,000; Chiclana, 22,000; Puerto de Santa María, 18,000; San Fernando, 18,000; Sanlúcar de Barrameda, 17,000; Puerto Real, 14,000; Arcos de la Frontera, 12,000; Algeciras, 18,000; Medina Sidonia, 10,500.

Huelva, 10,000.

Seville (Sevilla), 80,000; Ecija, 24,000; Carmona, 18,000; Osuna, 16,000; Utrera, 14,000; Lebrija, 12,000; Marchena, 12,000.

Córdova, 45,000; Lucena, 16,000; Montilla, 15,500; Montoro, 12,000; Aguilar, 12,000; Baena, 14,500; Cabra, 11,500.

Jaen, 18,000; Linares, 40,000; Ubeda, 15,000; Baeza, 15,000; Alcalá la Real, 11,500; Andújar, 9,500.

Granada, 65,000; Loja, 15,000; Motril, 13,500; Baza, 13,500.

Málaga, 92,000; Antequera, 30,000; Velez Málaga, 15,000; Ronda, 14,000.

Almería, 27,000; Velez Rúbio, 13,000.

[147] Gibraltar in 1871 had 16,454 inhabitants, exclusive of the military: its annual revenue exceeds £40,000, and the burden of the vessels which enter and clear annually amounts to 3,500,000 tons.

[148]

Murcia 10,450 square miles. 660,040 inhabitants, or 63 to a sq. m.

Valencia 8,896 square miles. 1,401,833 inhabitants, or 158 to a sq. m.

[149] 82,000 tons of esparto grass are estimated to have been collected in 1873, of which 67,000 tons were exported to England.

[150] Value of exports and imports in 1867, £2,707,000.

[151] Population of the principal towns of the Mediterranean slope between Cabo de Gata and the Ebro:—Valencia, 108,000; Murcia, 55,000; Lorca, 40,000; Alicante, 31,000; Cartagena, 25,000; Orihuela, 21,000; Castellon de la Plana, 20,000; Alcoy, 16,000; Albacete, 15,000; Játiva, 13,000; Alcira, 13,000; Almansa, 9,000.

[152] Towns of Majorca:—Palma, 40,000; Manacor, 15,000; Felanitx, 10,500; Lluchmayor, 8,800; Pollenza, 8,000; Inca, 8,000; Soller, 8,000; Santañia, 8,000.

[153] Catalonia, 12,483 square miles, 1,778,408 inhabitants; Aragon, 17,676 square miles, 928,718 inhabitants.

[154] Area of the basin of the Ebro, 25,100 square miles; discharge during floods, 175,000 cubic feet, average, 7,100 cubic feet; during summer, 1,750 cubic feet; annual rainfall, 18 inches; surface drainage, 1·4 inches; proportion between the two, 13 : 1.

[155] _Zaragoza_:—Mean temperature, 61°; extremes, 106° and 21°; difference, 85°; rainfall, 13·6 inches. _Barcelona_:—Mean temperature, 63°; extremes, 88° and 32°; difference, 56°; rainfall, 15·7 inches.

[156] In 1873 there were 700 cotton-mills, with 104,000 hands and 1,400,000 spindles, consuming 67,200,000 lbs. of cotton.

[157] Value of exports and imports in 1867, £10,691,000.

[158] Population of the principal towns:—_Aragon_: Zaragoza, 56,000; Calatayud, 12,000; Huesca, 10,000; Teruel, 7,000. _Catalonia_ (Cataluña): Barcelona, 180,000; Reus, 25,000; Tortosa, 22,000; Mataró, 17,000; Sabadell, 15,000; Manresa, 14,000; Tarragona, 13,000; Lérida, 12,000; Vich, 12,000; Badalona, 11,000; Igualada, 10,500; Olot, 10,000; Tarrasa, 9,000; Gerona, 8,000; Figueras, 8,000.

[159] Navarra and Basque provinces, 6,828 square miles, 790,676 inhabitants; Logroño, 1,945 square miles, 182,941 inhabitants.

[160] In 1875 Basque was spoken by 556,000 individuals, viz. by 116,000 in France, by 340,000 in the three Basque provinces of Spain, and by 100,000 in Navarra.

[161] Population of principal towns (approximately):—Biscay (Vizcaya): Bilbao, 30,000. _Guipúzcoa_ St. Sebastian, 15,000; Tolosa, 8,000. _Alava_: Vitoria, 12,500. _Navarra_: Pamplona, 22,000; Estella, 6,000. _Logroño_: Logroño, 12,000; Calahorra, 7,000.

[162]

Santander 2,113 sq. m. 241,581 inhabitants 114 to a sq. m. Asturias 4,091 sq. m. 610,883 inhabitants 152 to a sq. m. Galicia 11,344 sq. m. 1,989,281 inhabitants 176 to a sq. m.

[163] Climate in 1858:—_Oviedo_: 750 feet above the sea-level, mean temperature, 49·46° F.; extremes, 23·9° and 82°; rainfall, 81·3 inches. _Santiago_: 720 feet above sea-level, mean temperature, 59·07°; extremes, 28° and 95°; rainfall, 42·7 inches.

[164] Area of Length of Average Average Surface Drainage Catchment Main Rainfall. Discharge. in Proportion to Basin. Branch. Rainfall. Sq. m. Miles. Inches. Cub. ft. Per cent. per sec.

Miño (and Sil) 9,650 190 47 17,700 50 Duero 38,610 507 20 22,950 40 Tajo (Tagus) 28,960 556 16 11,600 33 Guadiana (and Záncara) 23,170 553 14 5,680 25 Guadalquivir 21,240 348 19 9,220 30 Segura 8,500 217 12 710 10 Júcar 5,800 318 13 880 15 Ebro 25,100 466 18 7,100 20 ――――――― ―― ―――――― ―― Total 161,030 16 75,810 33

[165] Imports (1873), £2,348,720; exports, £2,341,360.

[166] Imports (1873), £310,227; exports, £210,532.

[167] Imports (1873), £873,286; exports, £381,636.

[168] Population of towns:—Santander, 21,000; Oviedo, 9,000; Gijon, 6,000; Santiago de Compostela, 29,000; La Coruña, 20,000; Ferrol, 17,000; Lugo, 8,000; Vigo, 6,000; Orense, 5,000; Pontevedra, 4,200.

[169] Of the total area 26·1 per cent. consists of arable land, 2·8 of vineyards, 1·7 of olive plantation, 13·7 of meadows and pasture, 16·3 per cent. of woods: 39·4 per cent. are uncultivated. The total value of agricultural produce is estimated at £80,000,000.

The produce of the mines in 1871 represented a value of £6,271,000.

In 1865 there were enumerated 680,373 horses, 1,020,512 mules, 1,298,334 asses, 2,967,303 heads of horned cattle, 22,468,969 sheep, 4,531,736 goats, 4,531,228 pigs, and 3,104 camels.

The products of manufactures are estimated by Garrido at £63,480,000. Imports (1871), £22,780,000, (1874) £15,280,000; exports (1871), £17,688,000, (1874) £16,120,000.

Commercial marine (1874), 2,836 sea-going vessels (inclusive of 212 steamers), of 625,184 tons, besides 6,498 lighters (26,000 tons) and 12,000 fishing-boats.

Railways, 3,602 miles in 1876.

[170] Educational statistics (1870):―

Men. Women. Total.

Able to read and write 2,414,000 716,000 3,130,000 Able to read only 317,000 389,000 706,000 Illiterate 5,035,000 6,803,000 11,838,000

[171] Revenue (1876–7), £26,300,069; estimated expenditure, £26,251,518, of which more than half is for army and navy; national debt, £420,322,000.

[172] Link und Hoffmannsegg, “Voyage en Portugal;” Minutoli, “Portugal und seine Kolonien;” Vogel, “Le Portugal et ses Colonies;” Lady Jackson, “Fair Lusitania;” Latouche, “Travels in Portugal.”

[173] Temperature of Coimbra (according to Coello):—Year, 61·1°; winter, 52·2; spring, 63; summer, 68·9, autumn, 62·3; coldest month (January), 50·2; hottest month (July), 69·4; difference, 19·2 F. Temperature of Oporto (according to De Luiz, mean of eight years):—Year, 60·2; winter, 51·1; spring, 58·6; summer, 69·8; autumn, 61·2; coldest month (January), 50·2; hottest month (August), 70·3; difference, 20·1 F.

[174] Production of wine in Portugal before the appearance of oidium, in 1853, 105,600,000 gallons. Average annual produce of the vineyards of Alto-Douro (Oporto) in 1848, 11,726,000; in 1870, 11,374,000 gallons. Exports to England, 3,718,000 gallons; Brazil, 994,000 gallons. In 1874 Oporto alone exported 6,623,000 gallons, or more than ever before.

[175] Imports and exports about £4,000,000.

[176] Towns of over 5,000 inhabitants in Northern Portugal (1864):—_Entre Douro e Minho_: Oporto, 86,257; Braga, 19,512; Pavoa de Varzim, 10,110; Guimarães, 7,865; Villanova de Gaia, 7,517; Vianna do Castello, 6,049; Mattozinhos, 5,089. _Traz os Montes_: Chaves, 6,382; Bragança, 5,111; Villa Real, 5,097. _Beira_: Coimbra, 18,147; Ovar, 10,374; Covilhã, 9,022; Lamego, 8,638; Ilhavo, 8,215; Murtoza, 7,666; Vizeu, 6,815; Castello Branco, 6,583; Avéiro, 6,557; Mira, 6,014; Soure, 5,855; Lavos, 5,837; Miranda do Corvo, 5,261; Paião, 5,097.

[177] In 1874 Lisbon exported 5,900 tons of potatoes, 447,450 gallons of olive oil, 4,400,000 gallons of wine, 157,200 bushels of salt, 200,000 tons of copper ore, figs, almonds, oranges, &c.: 4,092 vessels entered the harbour.

[178] Mean temperature of July, 90·6° F.; extremes of temperature, 27·5° and 102° F.; cloudless days, 150.

[179] In 1870 Portugal produced 320,000 tons of salt, of which 184,000 tons were from Setúbal.

[180] Towns of Estremadura having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—Lisbon, 224,063; Setúbal, 13,134; Santarem, 7,820; Torres Novas, 6,878; Caparica, 6,311; Palmella, 6,260; Cezimbra, 5,797; Abrantes, 5,590; Cartaxo, 5,218; Louriçal, 5,182.

[181] Towns of Southern Portugal having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—_Alemtejo_: Evora, 11,965; Elvas, 11,086; Estremoz, 7,274; Beja, 7,060; Portalegre, 6,731; Serpa, 5,595; Móura, 5,489; Castello de Vido, 5,285; Campo Maior, 5,277. _Algarve_: Loulé, 12,156; Tavira, 10,903; Faro, 8,361; Lagos, 7,771; Olhão, 7,025; Alportel, 6,043; Villanova de Portimão, 5,531; São Bartholomeu de Messires, 5,318; Monchique, 5,251; Silves, 5,103.

[182] For a list of Portuguese colonies see p. 500.

[183] In 1874 there were 2,649 elementary and middle-class schools, attended by 122,004 pupils, besides a university and nine special schools, with 4,300 students.

[184] In 1875, 2,237 miles of royal high-roads, 600 miles of railroads.

[185] Value of exports and imports in 1840, £4,016,320; in 1856, £8,127,400; 1875, £12,916,020. The commercial marine consisted in 1875 of 433 vessels (inclusive of 23 steamers), measuring 111,260 tons.

INDEX.

Abrántes, 490

Abruzzos, 258

Achelous, 48

Adrianople, 106

Ægadian Islands, 334

Ægean Sea, 69, 95

Ægina, 56

Ægium, 67

Æolian Islands, 331

Ætolia, 53

Ætoliko, 49, 53

Aitone, 366

Ajaccio, 365, 369

Albacete, 420

Albania, 115

Albanians, 44, 119, 120; in Italy, 295

Albano, 260

Alcalá, 393

Alcántara, 391

Alcóy, 420

Alecsandria, 170

Alemtejo, 490

Algarve, 490

Alhama, 422

Alhambra, 407, 408

Alicante, 417, 422

Almaden, 392

Almagro, 391

Almeida, 481

Almería, 412

Alpheus, 61, 63

Alps, 10

Alpujarras, 397

Amarante, 479

Anadoli-kavak, 104

Ancona, 282

Andalusia, 394

Andorra, 438

Andros, 72

Anio, 273

Antequera, 412

Antimilos, 71

Antiparos, 71

Apennines, 257

Aquila, 284

Aragon, 427

Aragon Steppes, 436

Arán, 438

Aranjuez, 393, 394

Arcadia, 58, 65

Arezzo, 252

Argentaro, Monte, 243

Argolis, 59, 65

Argos, 68

Argostoli, 79

Ariano, 305

Armenians, 102

Arno, 240

Arosa, 459

Arta, Gulf of, 48, 53

Aspromonte, 288

Astorga, 387

Asturias, 448

Astypalæa, 94

Athens, 54

Athos, Mount, 108

Attica, 53

Avéiro, 476, 481

Ávila, 389

Azcoitia, 447

Azof, Sea of, 25

Badajoz, 391

Baéza, 407

Balagna, 365

Balearic Islands, 423–427

Balkans, 133

Baragan, 159

Barcellos, 479

Barcelona, 436

Bari, 306

Barletta, 306

Basque Provinces, 439

Basques, 372, 442

Bastelica, 366

Bastia, 368

Batalha, 489

Batuecas, 387

Bayona, 459

Beja, 495

Belem, 487

Belgrad, 174

Bellas, 488

Benevento, 305

Berda, 179

Berici, 193

Berlingas, 483

Bessarabia, 164

Bidassoa, 437

Bientina, 245

Biguglia, 368

Bilbao, 446

Biscay, Bay of, 441

Black Sea, 25

Bœotia, 53

Bologna, 228

Bolsena, 259

Bomfica, 488

Bonifacio, 369

Bosnia, 127

Bosphorus, 98

Botosani, 169

Braga, 479

Bragança, 481

Braila, 170

Brenner, 222

Brindisi, 306

Bucharest, 168

Bulgaria, 131

Bulgarians, 138

Búrgos, 388

Bussaco, 481

Butrinto, 76

Buyukdere, 103

Cabo da Roca, 488

Cáceres, 391

Cádiz, 401, 410

Calabria, 287, 295, 296, 308

Calahorra, 448

Calamata, 67

Calatayud, 434

Calvi, 369

Caminha, 479

Campania, 289

Campo dell’ Oro, 365

Campo de Ourique, 492

Candia, 90

Canea, 92

Cantabrian Pyrenees, 451

Capri, 302

Capua, 304

Carcavellos, 487

Cardona, 431

Carghese, 366

Casabianda, 365

Cascães, 487

Caserta, 304

Casino, 304

Castelfollit, 431

Castel-Gandolfo, 361

Castiles, 377

Castro Marim, 495

Catalonia, 427

Catania, 325

Catanzari, 309

Celtiberians, 372

Celts, 372

Cephalonia, 78

Cephissus, 51

Cerigo, 69

Cezimbra, 490

Chalcidice, 107

Chalcis, 70, 71

Chaves, 481

Chiana, 244

Cintra, 483

Circassians, 142

Cithæron, 47

Ciudad Real, 391

Civita Vecchia, 281

Coimbra, 481

Columbretes, 424

Comacchio, 220

Como, 198

Constantinople, 88, 98, 150

Copais, 51, 52

Corcubion, 459

Córdova, 406, 408

Corfu, 75

Corinth, 57, 66

Corsica, 363

Corte, 366, 369

Corunna, 459

Cosenza, 309

Cotrone, 309

Cranz, 65

Crato, 495

Crete, 90

Cuenca, 392

Cyclades, 70

Cyllene, 57

Cythera, 69

Cythnos, 71

Daimiel, 391

Danube, 136, 159

Dardanelles, 105

Dede Aghach, 107

Delos, 71, 74

Delphi, 47

Despeñaperros, 395, 396

Dobruja, 134, 142

Dodona, 118

Dolomites, 192

Dora Baltea, 197

Dóuro, 473

Drin, 115

Drina, 174

Duero, 383

Durango, 447

Durazzo, 125

Ebro, 427

Ebro Delta, 432

Ecija, 402

Elba, 255

Elche, 417–419

Eleusis, 55

Elis, 59

El Torcal, 398

Élvas, 495

Etna, 311

Epakto, 53

Epidaurus, 68

Epirus, 115, 117

Erasinus, 61

Erymanthus, 57

Escorial, 393

Espinho, 479

Espozende, 479

Estrella, 483

Estremadura, 377

Estremoz, 495

Etruscans, 248

Eubœa, 70, 71

Euganean Hills, 193

Euripus, 70

Eurotas, 62, 67

Euskarians, 442

Evora, 495

Falticeni, 169

Farilhãos, 483

Faro, 495

Ferdinandea, 316

Ferrara, 228

Ferrol, 459

Figuéira da Foz, 481

Fiumicino, 271, 273

Florence, 251

Foggia, 306

Fontibre, 432

Fucino, 262

Fuenterrabia, 447

Gaeta, 304

Gaia, 479

Galaxidi, 53

Galatz, 169

Galicia, 448

Gallipoli, 106, 308

Gastuni, 63, 64

Gata, Sierra de, 381

Gaytanos, 399

Genoa, 234

Gerania, 48

Gerona, 437

Gibraltar, 400, 413

Gibraltar, Strait of, 26

Gijon, 459

Gipsies, 373

Girgenti, 329

Giurgevo, 170

Giurgiu, 170

Golden Horn, 98

Golfolino of Arno, 240

Granada, 407

Grand Paradis, 191

Gráo de Valencia, 424

Grédos, Sierra de, 380

Greece, 36

Greeks in Turkey, 102, 114, 141, 153

Guadalajara, 393

Guadalaviar, 415, 417

Guadalquivir, 395, 399

Guadarrama, 378

Guadiana, 395, 383

Gubbio, 282

Guernica, 447, 453

Guetaria, 447, 452

Guimarães, 479, 480

Guipúzcoa, 446

Gythion, 65

Hagio Rumeli, 91

Helicon, 47

Hellenes, 41

Hellespont, 105

Hercules, Tower of, 459, 463

Hermopolis, 74

Herzegovina, 127

Huelva, 406

Hydra, 60

Hylice, 51

Hymettus, 48

Iberia, 369

Iberians, 372

Ibiza, 425, 427

Ile Rousse, 369

Illyria, 127

Imbro, 96

Insua, 479

Ionian Isles, 75

Iri, 62

Ischia, 291

Iseo, 200

Isker, 132

Ismail, 169

Italy, 183

Ithaca, 78

Iviza, 425, 427

Jarama, 394

Jaizquibel, 439, 445

Jerez, 405, 410

Júcar, 415, 417

Katavothras, 48

Kilia, 169

Kraguyevatz, 174

Kraina, 129

Krushevatz, 173

Kutzo-Wallachians, 44

Laconia, 69

La Coruña, 459

Lago Maggiore, 198

Lagoons of Venice, 202, 207

La Mancha, 378, 385, 391

Lamego, 478, 481

Lamia, 56

Larouco, 480

Laurium, 48

Lebrija, 409

Leça, 479

Lecco, 308

Leghorn, 255

Leiria, 489

Lemnos, 97

Lentini, 316

Leon, 377, 387

Lepanto, 53

Lerida, 435

Leucadia, 77

Lezirias, 482

Liébana, 450

Liguria, 230

Lima, 475

Limans, 161

Limia, 475

Lináres, 405, 407

Lipari, 331

Lisbon, 484

Livadia, 56

Logroño, 439, 448

Lorca, 417

Loreto, 283

Loulé, 495

Lucca, 253

Lugo, 459

Lycæus, 58

Maccalubas, 317

Macedonia, 98

Madrid, 392, 393

Maffia, 321

Mafra, 488

Magra, 254

Mainotes, 43

Majorca, 425

Málaga, 412

Malaria, 247

Malea, 57

Mallorca, 425

Malta, 335

Malvoisie, 67

Mancha Real, 402

Manfredonia, 306

Mantinea, 61, 62

Mantua, 227

Marathon, 56

Marathonisi, 65

Marchena, 409

Marches, 257

Maremma, 246

Mariana, 367, 368

Maritza, 136

Marmara, Sea of, 104

Marsala, 326

Matapan, 59

Mataró, 437

Mattozinhos, 479

Medina del Campo, 389

Mediterranean, 23

Megara, 56

Mega-Spileon, 57

Menorca, 426

Mérida, 391

Merinos, 385

Messenia, 65, 68

Messina, 325

Messina, Strait of, 309

Meteora, 113

Methone, 59

Milan, 225

Milos, 72

Minho, 455, 473

Miño, 455

Minorca, 426

Mirdits, 116, 123

Missolonghi, 49, 53

Mistra, 68

Moldavia, 157

Moncayo, 429

Monchique, 495

Mondego, 473

Monjuich, 436

Monserrat, 431

Monte Cinto, 363

Monte Gargano, 287

Montemor, 495

Montenegro, 179

Monte Pellegrino, 316

Montepulciano, 253

Monte Viso, 189

Montieri, 242

Montilla, 409

Moors in Spain, 372

Morava, 127, 173

Morea, 56

Múrcia, 413, 417–420

Mycenæ, 68

Naples, 286, 300

Narenta, 128

Naupactus, 53

Navarino, 67

Navarra, 439

Navas de Tolosa, 395

Naxos, 71, 74

Nea Kaimeni, 72

Negroponte, 71

Nemea, 68

Nicosia, 326

Nish, 143

Noya, 459

Numancia, 379

Numantia, 387

Oeiras, 487

Okhrida, 116

Olite, 448

Olivença, 495

Olot, 437

Olto, 158

Olympus, Mount, 110

Oporto, 478

Orense, 459

Orezza, 368

Orihuela, 417, 419

Orvieto, 282

Ostia, 271, 273

Osuna, 409

Otranto, 306

Ovar, 481

Oviedo, 459

Pæstum, 303

Paiz do Vinho, 477

Palatine Hill, 277

Palencia, 387

Palermo, 322

Palma, 429

Palmanova, 229

Pamisus, 63

Pantellaria, 334

Parnassus, 47

Parnes, 47

Parnon, 57

Paros, 71

Patones, 394

Patras, 66

Pelasgians, 41

Peloponnesus, 56

Pelorus, 315

Peñagache, 473

Peñas de Europa, 449

Peneus, 64, 113

Penha de Cintra, 489

Peniche, 483

Pentelicus, 47

Pergusa, 317

Perugia, 263, 282

Pesaro, 283

Pezo da Régoa, 477

Phanar, 102

Phenea, 63

Pheneus, 60

Phigalia, 68

Phlegrean Fields, 290

Phonia, 60

Piave, 191, 205

Pietra Mala, 194

Pindus, 45, 116

Pirnatza, 63

Pizzighettone, 360

Plasencia, 391

Po, River, 210

Po, Valley of, 189

Pomarão, 495

Pompeii, 301

Ponte de Lima, 479

Pontevedra, 459

Pontine Marshes, 267

Poros, 69

Portalegre, 495

Port Mahon, 427

Porto, 478

Portugal, 469

Potenza, 308

Pozzuoli, 290

Prato, 253

Prevesa, 125

Prisrend, 125

Procida, 291

Pruth, 159

Puigcerda, 435

Pylos, 66

Pyrenees, 429

Pyrgos, 67

Pytiuses, 424, 425

Queluz, 488

Rascia, 129

Ravenna, 228

Reggio, 294, 309

Reinosa Pass, 454

Reni, 169

Reno, 208

Rhium, 53

Rhodope, 135

Rias of Galicia, 454

Rimini, 222

Rioja, 448

Rio Tinto, 405

Riviera, 230

Rocca d’Anfo, 360

Rodosto, 108

Roman Campagna, 265

Rome, 274

Ronda, 413

Rosas, 437

Rota, 405

Rumania (Roumania), 155

Rumanians, 162

Rumili-kavak, 104

Ruphia, 63

Sado, 492

Sagres, 493

Saguntum, 423

Salamanca, 388, 389

Salamis, 56

Salerno, 302

Saloniki, 109

Salpi, 305

Salvaterra, 482

Samothrace, 96

San Fernando, 410

Sanlúcar, 400, 410

San Marino, 284

Santa Maura, 77

Santander, 448, 458

Santarem, 490

Santiago de Compostela, 460

Santoña, 458

Santorin, 72

São João da Foz, 479

Saragossa, 434

Sarayevo, 130

Sarno, 303

Sciacca, 330

Scutari, 115, 125, 180

Scyros, 70

Sebino, 200

Segovia, 389, 390

Segre, 431

Segura, 416, 417

Serbelloni, 201

Serchio, 242, 253

Serena, 391

Sereth, 159

Serra da Estrella, 474

Serra de Monchique, 492

Serra do Gerez, 474

Servia, 172

Servians, 119

Setúbal, 490

Seville, 409

Shil, 158

Sicily, 309

Sierra Morena, 395

Sierra Nevada, 396

Sil, 455

Silves, 495

Sobrarbe, 430

Sofia, 143

Soria, 387

Spain, 369

Spaniards, 373

Sparta, 68

Spartans, 65

Sperchius, 50

Spezia, 69, 237

Sphakiotes, 92

Spoleto, 282

Sporades, 70

St. Florent, 369

Stromboli, 333

Strymon, 136

St. Sebastian, 446

Stymphalus, 61

St. Yuste, 381

Styx, 57

Sulina, 138

Suliotes, 119

Sybaris, 308

Syra, 74

Syracuse, 327

Tafalla, 447

Tagliamento, 191, 205

Tagus, see Tajo and Tejo

Tajo, 383, 482

Talavera de la Reina, 391

Taranto, 307

Tarragona, 436

Tavira, 495

Tavogliere of Puglia, 286, 299

Taygetus, 58

Tejo, 482

Tempe, 111

Terni, 270, 282

Tharsis, 405

Thasos, 94

Thebes, 56

Thera, 72

Therapia, 103

Thermia, 71

Thermopylæ, 50

Thessaly, 98, 111

Thomar, 489

Thracia, 98

Tiber, 257, 268

Tierra de Campos, 385

Tirgovist, 170

Tirnova, 133

Tivoli, 271

Toledo, 390, 393

Tolosa, 447

Topino, 269

Torres Vedras, 483

Tortosa, 435

Trajan’s Wall, 161

Trani, 306

Transylvanian Alps, 157

Trapani, 326

Trasimeno, 264

Trichonis, 48

Tripolis, 66

Tripolitza, 66

Trujillo, 391

Tudela, 448

Turin, 224

Turkey in Europe, 87

Turkish Empire, 151

Turks, 147

Turnu Severinu, 170

Tuscans, 248

Tuscany, 239

Tuy, 459

Tyrrhenian Sea, 248

Ubeda, 407

Urbino, 283

Utrera, 409

Valdeon, 450

Valdoniello, 366

Valencia, 413, 419, 422

Valladolid, 388

Vardar, 135

Vendetta, 367

Venice, 202, 207, 229

Verbano, 197

Vergara, 447

Verona, 229

Vesuvius, 288, 291

Vianna do Castello, 479

Vigo, 459

Vilkof, 169

Villa do Conde, 479

Villanova de Portimão, 494

Villa Real, 480

Villa Real de Santo Antonio, 495

Vitosh, 132

Vizéu, 481

Vostitza, 67

Vóuga, 476

Vulcano, 332

Wallachians, 120, 162

Yalomitza, 161

Yanina, 116, 125

Yassy, 168

Yuruks, 107

Zamora, 388

Zante, 79

Zaragoza, 434

Zezere, 482

Zinzares, 114, 119

Zyria, 57

END OF VOL. I.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Original spelling and grammar have generally been retained, with some exceptions noted below. Footnotes have been converted to endnotes, inserted ahead of the Index, and renumbered 1–185. Original printed page numbers are shown like this: {52}. Original small caps are now uppercase. Italics look _like this_. Enlarged curly brackets } or { used as graphic devices to combine information on two or more lines of text have been eliminated. Ditto marks have been eliminated. The transcriber produced the cover image and hereby assigns it to the public domain. Illustrations originally printed within paragraphs of text have been moved to nearby locations between paragraphs. Original page images are available from archive.org — search for “earthitsinhabita01recl”.

Page 5. There are two pages numbered 5, which are the last page of the Introductory Remarks—the latter is now {5a}—and the first page of Chapter I.

Page 86. The number 44,557 at the end of the table was not printed clearly, and so could be erroneous in this edition.

Page 93, Fig. 29. “1 : 2 470,000” to “1 : 2,470,000”.

Page 104n. The note beginning “Length of the Bosphorus” had no anchor in the text. A new one has been placed on page 103, after “shores of Europe and Asia.”

Page 152n. In the table, the row headings in the left columns were indented in the printed book in an unhelpful fashion. Of the three rows headed “Turkey in Europe”, “Turkey in Asia”, and “Tripoli, &c.”, the first represents the sum of the rows above, while the next two are independent, but all three were indented the same. In this edition, the row heading indents have been modified to more helpfully reflect the structure of the table.

Page 166n. Changed the phrase “52,500 foreigners 30,000 Austrians, 10,000 Greeks, 5,000 Germans, 1,500 French)” to “52,500 foreigners (30,000 Austrians, 10,000 Greeks, 5,000 Germans, 1,500 French)”.

Page 223. “Quadilateral” to “Quadrilateral”.

Page 238n. “Chiavari, 8 414” to “Chiavari, 8,414”.

Page 280n. The number printed for the water supply of Washington, per inhabitant, is not clear, but might be 660, as rendered herein.

Page 283n. “foriegn” to “foreign”.

Page 284n. “Pesaro, 12, 75;”, where the blank shown here was not quite blank in the print, is changed to “Pesaro, 12,375;”, on weak evidence.

Page 352n. “Cagliari, 31,9 5” is retained from the printed book.

Page 470, Fig. 191. In the caption, the name rendered herein as “Jelinek” was not printed clearly.

Page 491, Fig. 203. In the caption, “THOMAH” to “THOMAR”.

Page 500. In the second table, the number “47·223” means forty-seven thousand two hundred twenty-three. This may be the only instance in this book of a middle dot used as a digit grouper, instead of a decimal mark.