Chapter CIII: Part VII: The Dialects of the English Language (3)

... s[^i]n ta piqueme,
Das er towian scal,
Wanta s[^a]r so sih dui s[^e]la
In dem sind arhevit,
Ente si den l[^i]hhamun
Likkan l[^a]zzit;
So quimith ein heri
Fona himilzungalon;
Daz andar fona pehhe:
{584}
Dar p[^a]gant siu umpi.
Sorg[^e]n mac diu s[^e]la,
Unzi diu suona arg[^e]t,
Za wideremo herie,
Si gihalot werde.
Wanta ipu sia daz Satanazsses
Kisindi giwinnit,
Das leitet sia s[^a]r
Dar iru leid wirdit,
In fiur enti in finstri,
Dazu ist reht virinlih ding.
Upi sia avar kihalont die,
Die dar fona himile quemant,
Enti si dero engilo eigan wirdit,
Die pringant sia s[^a]r [^u]f in himilo r[^i]hhi,
Dar[^i] est l[^i]p [^a]no t[^o]d, lioht [^a]no finstri,
Selida [^a]no sorgun; dar nist neoman suih.
Denne der mar in pard[^i]su
P[^u] kiwinnit,
H[^u]s in himile,
Dar quimit imu hilfa kinuok
Pidiu ist durft mihhil allero manno welilihemo
Daz in es s[^i]n muot kispane,
Daz er kotes willun
Kerno tuo,
Ente hella fuir
Harto w[^i]s[^e],
Pehhes pina,
Dar piutit den Satanaz altist
Heizzan lauc. So mac huckan za diu,
Sorg[^e]n dr[^a]to
Der sih suntigen weiz.
W[^e] demo in vinstr[^i] scal
S[^i]no virina stuen,
Prinnan in pehhe;
Daz ist rehto palwig ding--
Daz man den har[^e]t ze gote,
Ente imo helfa ni quimit;
W[^a]nit sih kin[^a]da
{585}
Diu w[^e]naga s[^e]la
Ni ist in kihuctin
Himiliskin gote,
Wanta hiar in werolti
After ni werk[^o]ta.
So denne der mahtigo khuninc
Daz mahal kipannit
Dara scal queman
Chunno kil[^i]hhaz
Denne ni kitar parno nohhein
Den pan furisizzan,
D[^i] allero manno wel[^i]h
Ze demo mahale sculi,
Der scal er, vora demo ricche,
Az rahhu stantan,
P[^i] daz er, in werolti,
Kiwerkota hap[^e]ta.
Daz h[^o]rt ih rahhon
Dia werolt-rehtw[^i]son,
Daz sculi der Antichristo
Mit Eliase p[^a]gan.
Der warch ist kiw[^a]fanit;
Denne wirdit untar in w[^i]k arhapan;
Khensun sind so kreftic,
Diri kosa ist so mihhil.
Elias str[^i]t[^i]t
P[^i] den ewigon l[^i]p,
Wili den rehtkernon
Daz r[^i]hhi kistarkan;
Pidiu scal imo halfan
Der himiles kiwaltit.
Der Anticristo st[^e]t
P[^i] dem Altfiante
St[^e]t p[^i] demo Satanase,
Der inan farsenkan scal;
Pidiu scal er in der w[^i]csteti
Wunt pivallan,
Enti in demo sinde
Sigalos werdan.
{586}
Doh w[^a]nit des vila gotmanno,
Daz Elias in demo w[^i]ge arwartit (werdit).
S[^a]r so daz Eliases pluot
In erda kitruifit,
So inprinnant die perga,
Poum ni kistentit
Einic in erdu,
Aha artrukn[^e]nt,
Muor varsuilhet sih,
Suilizot lougui der himil
M[^a]no vallit,
Prinnit mittilagart,
Stein ni kistentit einik in erdu.
Verit denne stuatago in lant,
Verit mit diu viuriu
Viriho w[^i]s[^o]n,
Dar ni mai denne m[^a]k andremo
Helfan vora dema Muspille.
Denne daz preita wasal
Allaz varprinnit,
Enti viur enti luft
Iz allaz arfurpit,
War ist denne diu marha,
Dar man dar eo mit s[^i]nem magon
(Diu marha ist farprunnan
Diu s[^e]la st[^e]t pidungan),
Ni weiz mit win puoze;
S[^a]r verit si za w[^i]ze.
Pidui ist dem manne so guot,
Denne er ze demo mahale quimit,
Daz er rahhono welihha
Rehto arteile;
Denne ni darf er sorg[^e]n,
Denne er ze deru suonu quimit.
Denne varant engila;
Uper dio marho,
Wecchant diota,
W[^i]ssant ze dinge;
Denne scal manno gel[^i]h
{587}
Fona deru moltu arsten;
L[^o]ssan sih ar dero l[^e]uuo vazzon
Scal imo avar s[^i]n l[^i]p piqueman,
Daz er s[^i]n reht allaz
Kirahhon muozzi,
Enti imo after s[^i]nen t[^a]tin
Arteilet werde.
Denne der gisizzit,
Der dar suonnan scal,
Enti arteillan scal,
T[^o]ten enti quekken,
Denne st[^e]t darumpi
Engilo menigi,
Quotero gomono girust so mihhil.
Dara quimit ze deru rightungu so vilo dia dar arstent,
So dar manno nohhein
Wiht pim[^i]dan ni mak;
Dar scal denne hant sprehhan,
Houpit sag[^e]n,
Allero lido wehh
Unsi id den luzigun vinger.
Ni weiz der w[^e]nago man
Wielihhan urteil er hab[^e]t;
Denne er mit den miaton
Marrit daz rehta,
Daz der tiuval darp[^i]
Kitarnit stentit;
Der hab[^e]t in ruovu
Rahhono welihha,
Daz der man er enti s[^i]d
Upiles kifrumita,
Daz er iz allaz kisag[^e]t,
Denne or ze deru suonu quimit.
* * * * * *

{588}

III.

ANGLO-SAXON.

Evangelium Nicodemi, xxi.

_From Thwaite's Heptateuch._

Hyt waes dha swithe angrislic, dha dha Satanas, dhaere Helle ealdor and
thaes deathes heretoga, cwaeth to thaere Helle; "Gegearwa the sylfe,
that dhu maege Chryst onfon; se hyne sylfne gewuldrod haefdh, and ys
Godes sunu and eac man, and eac se Deadh ys hyne ondraedende, and myn
sawl ys swa unrot thaet me thincth thaet ic alybban ne maeg, for thig
he ys mycel wydherwynna and yfel wyrcende ongean me, and eac ongean
the: and faela, the ic haefde to me gewyld and to atogen, blynde and
healte, gebygede and hreoslan, eallo he fram dhe atyhdh." Seo Hell tha,
swithe grymme and swithe egeslice, answarode dha Satanase dham ealdan
deofle, and cwaedh: "Hwaet is se the ys swa strang and swa myhtig, gif
he man is, thaet he ne sig thone Deadh ondraedende, the wyt gefyrn
beclysed haefdon, for tham ealle tha the on eorthan anweald haefdon thu
hig myd thynre myhte to me getuge, and ic hig faeste geheold; and, gif
thu swa mihhtig eart swa thu aer waere, hwaet ys se man and se Haelend
the ne sig thone Deadh and thyne mihte ondraedende? to fordhan ic wat,
gif he on mennyscnysse swa mihtig ys, thaet he nather ne unc ne thond
Deadh ne ondraet, thonne gefohdh he the and the byth aefre wa to ecere
worulde." Satanos tha, thaes cwicsusles ealdor thaere Helle andswarode,
and thus cwaed: "Hwaet twynedh the, oththe hwaet ondraedst thu the
thone Haelend to onfonne, mynne wytherwynnan and eac thynne; Ac fordhon
ic his costnode, and ic gedyde him thaet eal thaet Iudeisce folc thaet
hig waeron ongean him myd yrre and mid andan awehte, and ic gedyde
thaet he waes mid spere gesticod, and ic gedyde thaet hym man dryncan
mengde myd eallan and myd ecede, and ic gedyde thaet man hym treowene
rode gegearwode, and hyne thaer on aheng, and hyne mid naeglum
gefaestnode and nu aet nextan ic wylle his deadh to the gelaedan, and
he sceal beon undertheod agwhaer ge me ge the." Seo Hell tha swythe
angrysenlice thus cwoeth; "Wyte thaet dhu swa do thaet he dha deadan
fram me ateo, for tham the her faela syndon geornfulle fram me mig,
thaet hig on me wunian noldon; ac ic wat thaet hig {589} fram mig ne
gewytath thurh heora agene myhte, butan hig se Aelmytiga God fram me
ateo, se the Lazarum of me genam, thone the ic heold deadne feower nyht
faestne gebunden, ac ic hyne aeft cwicne ageaf thurh his bedodu." Da
andswarode Satanas and cwaeth: "Se ylca hyt is se the Lazarum of unc
bam genam." Seo Hell hym tha thus to cwaep. "Eala hic halgige the thuhr
thyne maegenu, and eac thuhr myne, thaet thu naefre ne gethafige paet
he on me cume, for tham tha ic gehyrde, thaet worde his bebodes, ic was
myd miclum ege afyriht, and ealle mynne arleasan thenas waeron samod
myd me gedrehte and gedrefede, swa thaet we ni myhton Lazarum
gehealdan, ac he waes hyne asceacende eal swa earn thonne he myd
hraedum flythe wyle fordh afleon, and he swa waes fram us raefende, and
seo eorthe the Lazarus deadan lichaman heold, heo hyne cwycne ageaf,
and thaet ic nu wat thaet se man the eall thaet gedyde thaet he ys on
Gode strang and myhtig, and gif thu hyne to me laedest, ealle tha the
her syndon on thysum waelhreowan cwearterne beclysde, and on thysum
bendum myd synnum gewrydhene, ealle he myd thys godcundnysse fram me
atyhdh, and to lyfe gelaet."

IV.

_From Schmid's Anglo-Saxon Laws._

This syndon tha domas the Aelfred se cyning geceas.

Drihten waes precende thaes word to Moyse and thus cwaedh:

1. Ic eam drihten thin god. Ic the utgelaedde of Aegypta land and of
heora theowdome; ne lufa thu odhre fremde godas ofer me.

2. Ne minne naman ne cig thu on idelnesse, forthon the thu ne bist
unscyldig widh me, gif thu on idelnesse cigst minne naman.

3. Gemine thaet thu gehalgie thone raestedaeg. Wyrceadh eow syx dagas,
and on tham seofadhan restadh eow, thu and thin sunu and thine dohter
and thin theowe and thine wylne and thin weorcynten and se cuma the
bidh binnan thinan durum. Fortham on syx dagum Crist geworhte heofenas
and eordhan, saeas and ealle gesceafta the on him sint and hine gereste
on tham seofadhan daege, and forthon drihten hine gehalgode.

4. Ara thinum faeder and thinre meder, tha the drihten sealde the,
thaet thu sy thy leng libbende on eordhan.

5. Ne slea thu.

{590} 6. Ne stala thu.

7. Ne lige thu dearnunga.

8. Ne saege thu lease gewitnesse widh thinum nehstan.

9. Ne wilna thu thines nehstan yrfes mid unrihte.

10. Ne wyrc thu the gyldene godas odhdhe seolfrene.

11. This synd tha domas the thu him settan scealt. s. 1. Gif hwa
gebycge Christenne theow, VI gear theowige he, the seofodhan beo he
freoh orceapunga. s. 2. Mid swylce hraegle he ineode, mid swilce gange
he ut. s. 3. Gif he wif sylf haebbe, gange heo ut mid him. s. 4. Gif se
hlaford thonne him wif sealde, sy heo and hire beam thaes hlafordes.
s. 5. Gif se theowa thonne cwaedhe: nelle ic fram minum hlaforde, ne
fram minum wife, ne fram minum bearne,--breng hine thonne his hlaford
to thaere dura thaes temples and thurhthyrlige his eare mid eale to
tacne, thaet he sy aefre sydhdhan theow.

* * * * *

13. Se man the his gewealdes monnan ofslea, swelte se deadhe. Se-the
hine thonne neades ofsloge odhdhe unwillum odhdhe ungewealdes, swylce
hine god swa sende on his honda and he hine ne ymb syrede, sy he his
feores wyrdhe and folcrihtre bot, gif he frydhstowe gesece. Gif hwa
thonne of gyrnesse odhdhe gewealdes ofslea his thone nehstan thurh
syrwa, aluc thu hine fram minum weofode, to tham thaet he deadhe
swelte.

14. Se-the slea his faeder odhdhe his modor, ne sceal deadhe sweltan.

15. Se-the frione forstaele and he hyne bebycge and hit onbetaeled sy,
thaet he hine bereccan ne maeg, swelte se deadhe. s. 1. Se-se wyrge his
faeder odhdhe his modor, swelte se deadhe.

16. Gif hwa slea his thone nehstan mid stane odhdhe mid fyste, and he
theah utgangan maege be stafe, begyte him laece and wyrce his weorc tha
hwile, the he sylf ne maege.

17. Se-the slea his agenne theowne esne odhdhe mennen, and he ne sy thy
daeges dead, theah he libbe twa niht odhdhe threo, ne bidh he ealles
swa scyldig, forthon the hit waes his agen feoh. Gif he thonne sy
idaeges dead, thonne sitte seo scyld on him.

18. Gif hwa on ceast eacniend wif gewerde, bete thone aefwyrdlan swa
him domeras gereccan. Gif heo dead sy, sylle sawle widh sawle.

19. Gif hwa odhrum his eage odhdo, sylle his agen for; todh for todh,
handa for handa, fet for fet, baerning for baerning, wund widh wund,
lael widh laele.

{591} 20. Gif hwa ofslea his theowe odhdhe his theowenne thaet eage ut,
and he thonne hi gedo aenigge, gefreoge hi forthon. Gif he thonne todh
ofslea, do thaet ylce.

21. Gif oxa ofhnite wer odhdhe wif, thaet hy deade synd, sy he mid
stanum ofweorpod and ne sy his flaesc geeton and se hlaford bidh
unscyldig. s. 1. Gif se oxa hnitol waere twam dagum aere odhdhe thrym
and se hlaford hit wist and hine inne betynan nolde, and he thonne were
odhdhe wif ofsloge, sy he mid stanum ofworpod and sy se hlaford
ofslegen odhdhe forgolden, swa thaet witan to riht findan. s. 2. Sunu
odhdhe dohtor gif he ofstinge, thaes ylcan domes sy he wyrdhe. s. 3.
Gif he thonne theow odhdhe theowe mennen ofstynge, gesylle thaem
hlaford XXX scill. seolfres and se oxa sy mid stanum ofworpod.

22. Gif hwa adelfe waeterpytte odhdhe betynedne untyne and hine eft ne
betyne, gyld swylc neat swa thaer on befealle and haebbe him thaet
dead.

23. Gif oxa odhres mannes oxan gewundige and he thonne dead sy,
bebycggen thone oxan and haebben him thaet weordh gemaene and eac thaet
flaesc swa thaes deadan. Gif se hlaford thonne wiste, thaet se oxa
hnitol waere and hine healdan nolde, sylle him odherne oxan fore and
haebbe him ealle thaet flaesc.

24. Gif hwa forstaele odhres oxan and hine ofslea odhdhe bebycge, sylle
twegen widh and feower sceap widh anum. Gif he haebbe hwaet he sylle,
sy he sylf beboht widh tham feoh.

25. Gif theof brece mannes hus nihtes and he wyrdhe thaer ofslaegen, ne
sy he na manslaeges scyldig, the him sloge. Gif he sydhdhan aefter
sunnan upgonge this dedh, he bidh mansleges scyldig and he thonne sylfa
swylte, butan he nyddaeda waere. Gif mid him cwicum sy funden thaet he
aer stale, be twyfealdum forgylde hit.

26. Gif hwa gewerde odhres monnes wingeard odhdhe his aeceras odhdhe
his landes awuht, gebete swa hit man geeahtige.

27. Gif fyr sy ontended ryt to baernenne, gebete thone aefwerdelsan se
thaet fyr ontendedh.

28. Gif hwa odhfaeste his friend feoh, gif he hit sylf stael, forgylde
be twyfealdum. s. 1. Gif he nyste, hwa hit staele, geladige hine
sylfne, thaet he thaer nan facn ne gefremede. s. 2. Gif hit thonne cucu
feoh waere and he secge, thaet hit here name odhdhe thaet hit sylf
acwaele, and he gewitnesse haebbe, ne thearf he thaet gyldan. s. 3. Gif
he thonne gewitnesse naebbe, and he him ne getriewe ne sy, swerige he
thonne. {592}

* * * * *

30. Tha foemnan the gewunniadh onfon galdorcraeftigan and scinlaecan
and wiccan, ne laet thu tha libban.

* * * * *

32. And se the godgeldum onsaecge ofer god aenne, swelte deadhe.

33. Utancumene and aettheodige ne geswenc thu no, forthon the ge waeron
aeltheodige on Aegypta land.

34. Tha wudewan and tha steopcilde ne sceadhdhadh ne hi nawer deriadh.
Gif ge thonne elles dodh, hi cleopiadh to me and ic gehire hi, and ic
eow thonne slea mid minum sweorde and ic gedo paet eowra wif bidh
wudewan and eowre bearn bydh steopcilde.

35. Gif thu feoh to borh gesylle thinum geferan, the mid the eardian
wille, ne nide thu hine swa nidling and ne gehene thu hine mid thy
eacan.

36. Gif man naebbe butan anfeald hraegle hine mid to wreonne and to
werianne and he hit to wedde sylle, aer sunnan setlgange sy hit agyfen.
Gif thu swa ne dest, thonne cleopadh he to me and ic hine gehyre,
forthon the ic eom swidhe mildheort.

37. Ne tael thu thinne drihten, ne thone hlaford thaes folces ne werge
thu.

38. Thine teodhan sceattas and thine frumripan gangendes and weaxendos
agyfe thu gode.

39. Ealle thaet flaesc thaet wilddeor laefan, ne etan ge thaet ac
sylladh hit hundum.

40. Leases mannes word ne recce thu no thaes to gehyranno, ne his domas
ne gethafa thu, ne naene gewitnysse aefter him ne saga thu.

41. Ne wend thu the na on thaes folces unraed and on unriht gewillon
hiora spraece and gecleps ofer thin riht, and on thaes unwisestan lare
thu ne gethafa.

42. Gif the becume odhres mannes gymeleas feoh on hand, theah hit sy
thin feonde, gecydhe hit him.

43. Dem thu swidhe emne; de dem thu odherne dom paem welegan odherne
tham earman, ne odherne tham leofran odherne tham ladhran ne deme thu.

44. Onscuna thu a leasunga.

45. Sodhfaestne man and unscildigne, ne acwele thu thone aefre.

46. Ne onfo thu naefre medsceattum, forthon hi ablendadh ful oft wisra
manna gethoht and hiora word onwendadh.

{593} 47. Tham aeltheodigan and utancumenan ne laet thu na uncudhlice
widh hine, ne mid nanum unrihtum thu hine ne drecce.

48. Ne swerigen ge naefre under haedhene godas, ne on nanum thingum ne
cleopien ge to him.

V.

OPENING OF BEOWULF.

_Edited and Translated by J. M. Kemble._

Hwaet we G['a]r-Dena,
in gear-dagum,
the['o]d-c[.y]ninga,
thr[.y]m ge-frunon--
h[^u] dha aethelingas
ellen fremedon--
oft Sc[.y]ld Scefing,
sceathen(a) thre['a]tum,
moneg[=u] maegthum,
meodo-setla of-te['a]h--
egsode eorl--
s[.y]dhdhan ['ae]rest weardh
fe['a]-sceaft funden;
he thaes fr['o]fre ge-b['a](d),
we['o]x under wolcnum,
weordh-m[.y]ndum th['a]h;
odh [=th] him ['ae]g-hwl[.y]c
th['a]ra ymb-sittendra,
ofer hron-r['a]de,
h['y]ran scolde,
gomban g[.y]ldan--
[=th] w['ae]s g['o]d c[.y]ning--
dhaem eafera w['ae]s
aefer cenned,
geong in geardum,
thone g['o]d sende
folce to fr['o]fre;
f[.y]ren-thearfe on-geat,
[=th] h['i]e ['ae]r drugon,

aldor-(le)['a]se.
lange hw['i]le,
him thaes l['i]f-fre['a],
wuldres wealdend,
worold-['a]re for-geaf--
Be['o]-wulf w['ae]s breme,
bl['ae]d w['i]de sprang,
Sc[.y]ldes eafera,
Scede-landum in--
swa sceal (wig-fru)ma
g['o]de ge-wircean--
fromum feo-giftum,
on faeder-(feo)rme;
[=th] hine, on [.y]lde,
eft ge-wunigen
wi(l)-ge-s['i]thas,
thonne wig cume.
le['o]de ge-l['ae]sten,
lof-d['ae]d[=u] sceal,
in maegthage-hwaere,
man ge-the['o]n----
him, dh['a] Sc[.y]ld ge-w['a]t
t['o] ge-scaep hw['i]le
fela-hror feran
on fre['a]n wae re--
h['i] h[.y]ne th['a] aet-b['ae]ron
t['o] brimes farodhe,
sw['ae]se ge-s['i]thas,
sw['a] he selfa baed;
{594}
thenden wordum we['o]ld
wine Sc[.y]ldinga
le['o]f land-fruma
lange ['a]hte----
thaer aet h['y]dhe st['o]d
hringed-stefna,
isig and ['u]t-f['u]s,
aethelinges faer;
['a]-ledon th['a]
le['o]fne the['o]den,
be['a]ga br[.y]ttan,
on bearm scipes,
m['ae]rne be m['ae]ste:
thaer w['ae]s m['a]dma fela
of feor-wegum
fraetwa ge-l['ae]ded.
Ne h['y]rde ic c[.y]mlicor
ceol ge-g[.y]rwan,
hilde-waepnum
and headho-w['ae]dum,
billum and b[.y]rnum
him on bearme laeg
m['a]dma menigo,
tha him mid scoldon
on fl['o]des aeht
feor ge-w['i]tan.
Nalaes h['i] hine laessan
l['a]cum te['o]dan,
the['o]d-ge-stre['o]num,
thon th['a] d[.y]don
the hine, aet frum-sceafte,
fordh on-sendon,
['ae]nne ofer ['y]dhe,
umbor-wesende.
th['a] g[.y]t h['i]e him ['a]-setton
segen (g[.y]l denne,
he['a]h ofer he['a]fod--
leton holm ber(an)
geafon on g['a]r-secg:
him w['ae]s geomor-sefa
murnende m['o]d----
men ne cunnon
secgan, t['o] s['o]dhe,
s['e]le raedenne,
haeledh under heofen[=u]
hw['a] thaem hlaeste on-feng.

VI.

THE BATTLE OF BRUNANBURG.

_From Warton's History of English Poetry,_ _Ed._ 1840. Vol. I. p. lxvii. _Translated_ by R. Taylor.

Aethelst['a]n cyning,
eorla drihten,
boorna be['a]h-gyfa,
and his br['o]ther eac,
Eadmund aetheling,
ealdor langne tir,
geslogon aet secce,
sweorda ecgum,
ymbe Brunanburh.
Bord-weal clufon,
heowon heatho-linda,
hamora lafum,
e['a]foran Eadweardes.
Swa him geaethele waes
from cneo-maegum
thaet h['i]e aet campe oft,
{595}
with lathra gehwaene,
land ealgodon,
hord and h['a]mas,
hettend crungon.
Scotta leode,
and scip-flotan,
faege feollon.
Feld dennade,
secga swate,
sith-than sunne ['u]p,
on morgen-t['i]d,
maere tuncgol,
gl['a]d ofer grundas,
Godes candel be orht,
['e]ces Drihtnes;
oth-thaet sio aethele gesceaft,
s['a]h t['o] setle.
Thaer laeg secg monig,
g['a]rum ageted,
guman northere,
ofer scyld scoten.
Swylc Scyttisc eac,
werig wiges saed.
West-Seaxe forth,
ondlangne daeg
eorod-cystum,
on last laegdon
lathum theodum.
Heowon here-flyman,
hindan thearle,
mecum mylen-scearpum.
Myrce ne wyrndon
heardes hand-plegan,
haeletha nanum,
th['a]ra the mid Anlafe,
ofer ear-geblond,
on lides bosme,
land gesohton,
faege to feohte.
Fife laegon,
on th['a]m campstede,
cyningas geonge,
sweordum aswefede.
Swylc seofen ['e]ac
eorlas Anlafes;
unr['i]m heriges,
flotan and Sceotta.
Thaer geflymed wearth
Northmanna bregu,
nyde gebaeded,
to lides stefne,
litle werede.
Cread cnear on-flot,
cyning ut-gewat,
on fealowe flod,
feorh generede.
Swylc thaer ['e]ac se froda,
mid fleame c['o]m,
on his cyththe north,
Constantinus,
har hylderinc
Hreman ne th['o]rfte
meca gemanan.
Her waes his maga sceard,
freonda gefylled,
on folc-stede,
beslaegen aet secce;
and his sunu (he) forlet
on wael-stowe,
wundum-forgrunden,
geongne aet guthe.
Gylpan ne th['o]rfte,
beorn blanden-feax,
bill-geslehtes,
eald inwitta;
ne Anl['a]f thy m['a],
mid heora here-lafum,
hlihan ne thorfton,
{596}
thaet h['i] beadu-weorca
beteran wurdon,
on camp-stede,
cumbol-gehnastes,
g['a]r mittinge,
gumena gemotes,
waepen-gewrixles,
thaes the h['i]e on wael-felda
with Eadweardes
e['a]foran plegodon.
Gewiton hym tha Northmen,
naegledon cnearrum,
dreorig daretha l['a]f,
on dinges mere,
ofer deop waeter,
Dyflin secan,
eft Yraland,
aewisc-mode.
Swylce th['a] gebrother,
begen aet samne,
cyning and aetheling,
cyththe sohton,
West Seaxna land,
wiges hremige.
Laeton him behindan,
hr['a] brittian,
salowig padan,
thone sweartan hraefn,
hyrned-nebban;
and thone hasean padan,
earn aeftan hwit,
aeses brucan,
graedigne guth-hafoc;
and thaet graege deor,
wulf on wealde.
Ne wearth wael m['a]re,
on thys igland,
aefre gyta,
folces gefylled,
beforan thissum,
sweordes ecgum,
thaes the us secgath b['e]c,
ealde uthwitan,
sith-than eastan hider
Engle and Seaxe
['u]p becomon,
ofer brade brimu
Brytene sohton,
wlance wig-smithas,
Weales ofer-comon,
eorlas ['a]rhw['a]te,
eard begeaton.

VII.

HILDIBRAND AND HATHUBRAND.

TEXT OF GRIMM. TRANSLATION IBID.

Also in--_Langue et Lit['e]rature des Anciens Francs, par G. Gley_.

Ih gihorta that seggen, that sie urhetton aenon muotin
Hildibraht enti Hathubrant untar heriuntuem,
Sunu fatar ungo; iro saro rihtun,
Garutun se iro guthhamun, gurtun sih iro suert ana,
Helidos, ubar ringa, do sie to dero hiltu ritun.
{597}
Hiltibraht gimahalta, Heribrantes sunu, her was heroro man,
Ferahes frotoro, her fragen gistuont,
Fohem wortum: wer sin fater wari;
Fires in folche, eddo weliches cnuosles du sis?
Ibu du mi aenan sages, ik mideo are-wet,
Chind in chuninchriche, chud ist min al irmindeot.
Hadubraht gimahalti Hiltibrantes sunu: Dat sagetun mi
Usere liuti alte anti frote, dea erhina warun,
Dat Hilbrant haetti min fater, ih heittu Hadubrant.
Forn her ostar gihueit, floh her Otachres nid
Hina miti Theotriche enti sinero degano filu;
Her furlach in lante luttila sitten
Prut in bure; barn unwahsan,
Arbeolosa heraet, ostar hina det,
Sid delriche darba gistuontum, fatereres mines,
Dat was so friuntlaos man, her was Otachre unmettirri,
Degano dechisto, unti Deotriche darba gistontum;
Her was eo folches at ente, imo was eo feheta ti leop.
Chud was her chonnem mannuma, ni wanin ih, in lib habbe.
Wittu Irmin-Got, quad Hiltibraht, obana ab havane,
Dat du neo danahalt mit sus sippan man dinc in gileitos!
Want her do ar arme wuntane bouga,
Cheiswringu gitan, so imo seder chuning gap
Huneo truhtin; dat ih dir it un bi huldi gibu!
Hadubraht gimalta, Hiltibrantes sunu:
Mit geru scal man geba infahan,
Ort widar orte, du bist dir, alter Hun, ummet,
Spaher, spenis mi mit dinem wortema,
Wilihuh di nu speru werpan,
Pist al so gialtet man, so du ewin inwit fortos;
Dat sagetun mi Sacolidante
Westar ubar Wentilsaeo, dat man wic furnam,
Tot ist Hiltibraht Heribrantes suno,
Hildibrant gimahalta Heribrantes suno: wela gisihu ih,
In dinem hrustim, dat du habes heine herron goten,
Dat du noh bi desemo riche reccheo ni wurti,
Welaga, nu waltant Got, quad Hiltibrant, we wurt skihit!
Ih wallota sumaro enti wintro sehstick urlante.
Dar man mih eo scerita in folc scestantero.
{598}
So man mir at burc einigeru banun ni gifasta;
Nu scal mih suasat chind suertu hauwan,
Bieton mit sinu billiu, eddo ih imo t['i] banin werden.
Doh maht du nu aodlicho, ibu dir din ellent aoc,
In sus heremo man hrusti girwinnan;
Rauba bi hrahanen ibu du dar enic reht habes.
Der si doh nu argosto, quad Hildibrant, ostarliuto,
Der dir nu wiges warne, nu dih es so wel lustit.
Gudea gimeirum niused emotti.
Wer dar sih hiutu dero prel-zilo hrumen muotti,
Erdo desero brunnono bedero waltan.
Do laettun se aerist asckim scritan
Scarpen scurim, dat in dem sciltim stout;
Do stoptun tosamene, starmbort chludun,
Hewun harmilicco huitte scilti
Unti im iro lintun luttilo wurtun--

VIII.

OLD SAXON.

FROM THE TEXT OF A. YPEIJ.

_Taalkundig Magazijn._ P. 1, No. 1.--_p. 54._

_Psalm_ LIV.

2. Gehori got gebet min, in ne furuuir bida mina; thenke te mi in gehori mi.

3. Gidruouit bin an tilogon minro, in mistrot bin fan stimmon fiundes, in fan arbeide sundiges.

4. Uuanda geneigedon an mi unreht, in an abulge unsuoti uuaron mi.

5. Herta min gidruouit ist an mi, in forta duodis fiel ouir mi.

6. Forthta in biuonga quamon ouer mi, in bethecoda mi thuisternussi.

7. In ic quad "uuie sal geuan mi fetheron also duuon, in ic fliugon sal, in raston sal."

8. Ecco! firroda ic fliende, inde bleif an eudi.

9. Ic sal beidan sin, thie behaldon mi deda fan luzzilheide geistis in fan geuuidere. {599}

10. Bescurgi, herro, te deile tunga iro, uuanda ic gesag unriht in fluoc an burgi.

11. An dag in naht umbefangan sal sia ouir mura ira, unreht in arbeit an mitdon iro in unreht.

12. In ne te fuor fan straton iro prisma in losunga.

13. Uuanda of fiunt flukit mi, is tholodit geuuisso; in of thie thie hatoda mi, ouir mi mikila thing spreke, ic burge mi so mohti geburran, fan imo.

14. Thu geuuisso man einmuodigo, leido min in cundo min.

15. Thu samon mit mi suota nami muos, an huse gode giengon uuir mit geluni.

16. Cum dot ouir sia, in nithir stigin an hellon libbinda. Uuanda arheide an selethe iro, an mitdon ini.

17. Ic eft te gode riepo, in herro behielt mi.

18. An auont in an morgan in an mitdondage tellon sal ic, in kundon; in he gehoron sal.

19. Irlosin sal an frithe sela mina fan then, thia ginacont mi, uuanda under managon he uuas mit mi.

20. Gehorun sal got in ginetheron sal sia; thie ist er uueroldi.

21. Ne geuuisso ist ini uuihsil; in ne forchtedon got. Theneda hant sina an uuitherloni.

IX.

MODERN DUTCH OF HOLLAND.

_Mark_, _Chap._ I.

1. Het begin des Evangelies van JEZUS CHRISTUS, den Zoon van God.

2. Gelijk geschreven is in de Profeten: ziet, Ik zend mijnen Engel voor uw aangezigt, die uwen weg voor u heen bereiden zal.

3. De stem des roependen in de woestijn: bereidt den weg des Heeren, maakt zijne paden regt!

4. Johannes was doopende in de woestijn, en predikende den doop der bekeering tot vergeving der zonden.

5. En al het Joodsche land ging tot hem uit, en die van Jer[^u]zalem; en werden allen van hem gedoopt in the rivier de Jordaan, belijdende hunne zonden.

6. En Johannes was gekleed met kemelshaar, en met eenen {600} lederen gordel om zijne lendenen, en at sprinkhannen en wilden honig.

7. En hij predikte, zeggende: na mij komt, die sterker is dan ik, wien ik niet waardig ben, nederbukkende, den riem zijner schoenen te ontbinden.

8. Ik heb ulieden wel gedoopt met water, maar hij zal u doopen met den Heiligen Geest.

9. En het geschiedde in diezelve dagen, dat Jezus kwam van N['a]zareth, _gelegen_ in Galil['e]a, en werd van Johannes gedoopt in de Jordaan.

10. En terstond, als hij uit het water opklom, zag bij de hemelen opengaan, en den Geest, gelijk eene duive, op hem nederdalen.

11. En er geschiedde eene stem nit de hemelen: gij zijt mijn geliefde Zoon, in denwelken Ik mijn welbehagen heb!

12. En terstond dreef hem de Geest uit in de woestijn.

13. En hij was aldaar in de woestijn vertig dagen, verzocht van den Satan; en was bij de wilde gedierten; en de Engelen dienden hem.

14. En nadat Johannes overgeleverd was, kwam Jezus in Galil['e]a, predikende het Evangelie van het Koningrijk Gods,

15. En zeggende: de tijd is vervuld, en het Koningrijk Gods nabij gekomen; bekeert u, en gelooft het Evangelie.

16. En wandelende bij de Galil['e]sche zee, zag hij Simon en Andr['e]as, zijnen broeder, werpende het net in de zee (want zij waren visschers);

17 En Jezus zeide tot hen: volgt mij na, en ik zal maken, dat gij visschers der menschen zult worden.

18. En zij, terstond hunne netten verlatende, zijn hem gevolgd.

19. En van daar een weinig voortgegaan zijnde, zag hij Jacobus, den zoon van Zebed['e]ues, en Johannes, zijnen broeder, en dezelve in het schip hunne netten vermakende.

20. En terstond riep hij hen; en zij, latende hunnen vader Zebed['e]ues in het schip, met de huurlingen, zijn hem nagevolgd.

21. En zij kwamen binnen Kapernauem; en terstond op den Sabbatdag in de Synagoge gegaan zijnde, leerde hij.

22. En zij versloegen zich over zijne leer: want hij leerde hen, als magt hebbende, en niet als de Schriftgeleerden. {601}

23. En er was in hunne Synagoge een mensch, met eenen onreinen geest, en hij riep uit,

24. Zeggende: laat af, wat hebben wij met u _te doen_, gij Jezus Nazar['e]ner! zijt gij gekomen, om ons to verderven? Ik ken u, wie gij zijt, _namelijk_ de Heilige Gods.

25. En Jezus bestrafte hem, zeggende: zwijg stil, en ga nit van hem.

26. En de onreine geest, hem scheurende, en roepende met eene groote stem, ging uit van hem.

27. En zij werden allen verbaasd, zoodat zij onder elkander vraagden, zeggende: wat is dit? wat nieuwe leer is deze, dat hij met magt ook den onreineen geesten gebiedt, en zig hem gehoorzaam zijn!

28. En zijn gerucht ging terstond uit, in het geheel omliggen land van Galil['e]a.

29. En van stonde aan uit de Synagoge gegaan zijnde, kwamen zij in het huis van Simon en Andr['e]as, met Jacobus en Johannes.

30. En Simons vrouws moeder lag met de koorts; en terstond zeiden zij hem van haar.

31. En hij, tot haar gaande, vattede hare hand, en rigtte ze op; en terstond verliet haar de koorts, en zij diende henlieden.

32. Als het nu avond geworden was, toen de zon onderging, bragten zij tot hem allen, die kwalijk gesteld, en van den duivel bezeten waren.

33. En de geheele stad was bijeenvergaderd omtrent de deur.

34. En hij genas er velen, die door verscheidene ziekten kwalijk gesteld waren; en wierpe vele duivelen uit, en liet de duivelen niet toe te spreken, omdat zij hem kenden.

35. En des morgens vroeg, als het nog diep in den nacht was, opgestaan zijnde, ging hij uit, en ging henen in eene woeste plaats, en bad aldaar.

36. En Simon, en die met hem _waren_, zijn hem nagevolgd.

37. En zij hem gevonden hebbende, zeiden tot hem: zig zoeken u allen.

38. En hij zeide tot hen: laat ons in de bijliggende vlekken gaan, opdat ik ook daar predike: want daartoe ben ik uitgegaan.

39. En hij predikte in hunne Synagogen, door geheel Galil['e]a, en wierp de duivelen uit.

40. En tot hem kwam een melaatsche, biddende hem, en vallende {602} voor hem op de knieen, en tothem zeggende: indien gij wilt, gij kunt mij reinigen.

41. En Jezus, met barmhartigheid innerlijk bewogen zijnde, strekte de hand uit, en raakte hem aan, en zeide tot hem: ik wil, word gereinigd.

42. En als hij _dit_ gezegd had, ging de melaatschheid terstond van hem, en hy werd gereinigd.

43. En als hij hem strengelijk verboden had, deed hij hem terstond van zich gaan;

44. En zeide tot hem: zie, dat gij niemand iets zegt; maar ga heen en vertoon u zelven den Priester, en offer voor uwe reiniging, hetgeen Mozes geboden heeft, hun tot eene getuigenis.

45. Maar hij vitgegaan zijnde, begon vele dingen te verkondigen, en dat woord te verbreiden, alzoo dat hij niet meer openbaar in de stad kon komen, maar was buiten in de woeste plaatsen; en zij kwamen tot hem van alle kanten.

X.

OLD NORSE.

THE DESCENT OF ODIN.

_From the Edda of Saemund. Copenhagen Edition._

2.

Upp reis ['O]dhinn
alda gautr,
ok hann ['a] Sleipni
soedhul um lagdhi;
reidh hann nidhr thadhan
Niflheljar til,
moetti hann hvelpi
theim er or helju kom.

3.

S['a] var bl['o]dhugr,
um brj['o]st framan,
ok galdrs foedhur
g['o]l um lengi.
Framm reidh ['O]dhinn,
foldvegr dundi,
hann kom at h['a]fu
Heljar ranni.

4.

Th['a] reidh ['O]dhinn
fyr austan dyrr,
thar er hann vissi
voelu leidhi.
Nam hann vittugri
valgaldr kvedha,
unz naudhig reis,
n['a]s ordh um kvadh:

{603}
5.

"Hvat er manna that
m['e]r ['o]kunnra,
er m['e]r hefir aukit
erfit sinni?
var ek snivin snj['o]fi
ok slegin regni
ok drifin doeggu,
daudh var ek lengi.

6.

"Vegtamr ek heiti,
sonr em ek Valtams,
segdhu m['e]r or helju,
ek mun or heimi:
hveim eru bekkir
baugum s['a]nir,
flet fagrlig
fl['o]dh gulli?

7.

"H['e]r stendr Baldri
of brugginn mjoedhr,
skirar veigar,
liggr skjoeldr yfir;
en ['a]smegir
['i] ofvaeni;
naudhug sagdhak
n['u] mun ek thegja.

8.

"Thegiattu voelva!
thik vil ek fregna,
unz alkunna,
vil ek enn vita:
hverr mun Baldri
at bana verdha,
ok Odhins son
aldri raena?

9.

"Hoedhr berr h['a]fan
hr['o]dhrbarm thinnig;
hann mun Baldri
at bana verdha,
ok ['O]dhins son
aldri raena;
naudhug sagdhak,
n['u] mun ek thegja.

10.

"Thegiattu voelva!
thik vil ek fregna,
unz alkunna,
vil ek enn vita:
hverr mun heipt Hedhi
hefnt of vinna
edha Baldrs bana
['a] b['a]l vega?

11.

"Rindr berr
i vostrsoelum,
s['a] mun Odhins sonr
einnaettr vega;
bond um thvaer
n['e] hoefudh kembir
['a]dhr a b['a]l um berr
Baldrs andskota;
naudhug sagdhak,
n['u] mun ek thegja.

12.

"Thegiattu voelva!
thik vil ek fregna,
unz alkunna,
vil ek enn vita:
hverjar 'ro thaer meyjar,
er at muni gr['a]ta
ok ['a] himin verpa
h['a]lsa skautum?

{604}
13.

"Ertattu Vegtamr,
sem ek hugdha,
heldr ertu ['O]dhinn,
aldinn gautr."
"Ertattu voelva
n['e] vis kona,
heldr ertu thriggja
thursa m['o]dhir.

14.

"Heim ridh th['u], ['O]dhinn!
ok ver hr['o]dhigr!
sv['a] komit manna
meir aptr ['a] vit,
er lauss Loki
lidhr or boendum,
ok ragna roek
rj['u]fendr koma."

XI.

ICELANDIC.

_From Snorro's Heimskringla. Translated by Laing._

Y'NGLINGA SAGA.

KAP. I.

_Her Segir fr['a] Landa Skipan._

Sva er sagt, at kringla heimsins, s['u] er mannf['o]lkit byggir, er mjoek vag-skorin: g['a]nga hoef st['o]r ['u]r ['u]tsj['a]num inn ['i] jordina. Er that kunnigt, at haf gengr af Njorvasundum, ok allt ['u]t til J['o]rsala-lands. Af hafinu gengr l['a]ngr hafsbotn til landnordrs, er heitir Svartahaf: sa skilr heims thridj['u]ngana: heitir fyrin austan Asia, en fyrir vestan kalla sumir Evr['o]pa, en sumir Enea. En nordan at Svartahafi gengr Svithjod in mikla eda in kalda. Sv['i]thj['o]d ena miklu kalla sumir menn ecki minni enn Serkland h['i]t mikla; sumir jafna henni vid Bl['a]land hit mikla. Hinn neyrdri lutr Sv['i]thj['o]dar liggr ['o]bygdr af frosti ok kulda, swa sem hinn sydri lutr Bl['a]lands er audr af s['o]larbruna. I Sv['i]thj['o]d eru st['o]r h['e]rut moerg: thar eru ok margskonar thjodir undarligar, ok margar t['u]ngur: thar eru risar, ok thar eru dvergar: thar eru ok bl['a]menn; thar eru d['y]r ok drekar furdulega st['o]rin. Ur Nordri fr['a] fjoellum theim, er fyrir utan eru bygd alla, fellr ['a] um Sv['i]thj['o]d, s['u] er at rettu heitir Tanais; h['u]n var fordum koellut Tanaqv['i]sl edr Vanaqu['i]sl; h['u]n k['e]mur til sj['a]var inu i Svarta-haf. I Vanaqlv['i]slum var tha kallat Vanaland, edr Vanheimr; s['u] ['a] skiir heimsthridj['u]ngana; heitir fyrir austan Asia, en fyrir vestan Evr['o]pa. {605}

KAP. II.

_Fr['a] As['i]a Moennum._

Fyrir austan Tanaqv['i]sl ['i] As['i]a, var kallat Asa-land edr Asaheimr; en hoefutborgina, er ['i] var landinu, koelludu their Asgard. En ['i] borginni var hoefd['i]ngi s['a] er Odinn var kalladr, thar var bl['o]tstadr mikill. Thar var thar sidr at 12 hofgodar v['o]ru aeztir; skyldu their r['a]da fyrir bl['o]tum ok d['o]mum manna ['i] milli; that eru Diar kalladir edr drottnar: theim skyldi thj['o]nustu veita allr folk ok lotn['i]ng. Odinn var hermadr mikill ok mjoek vidfoerull, ok eignadiz moerg riki: han var sva Sigrfaell, at ['i] hvoerri orustu feck hann gagn. Ok sva kom at hans menn tr['u]du thv['i], at hann aetti heimilann sigr ['i] hverri orustu. That var h['a]ttr hans ef ann sendi menn s['i]na til orustu, edr adrar sendifarar, at hann lagdi adr hendur ['i] hoefut theim, ok gaf theim bjanak; tr['u]du their at th['a] mundi vel faraz. Sva var ok um hans menn, hvar sem their urdu ['i] naudum staddir ['a] sj['a] edr ['a] landi, th['a] koelludu their ['a] nafn hans, ok th['o]ttuz jafnan f['a] af thvi fro; thar thottuz their ega allt traust er hann var. Hann f['o]r opt sva l['a]ngt ['i] brot, at hann dvaldiz ['i] ferdinni moerg misseri.

XII.

SAGA ['O]LAFS KON['U]NGS TRYGGVASONAR.

_Bardagi ['i] Stordh_.

H['a]kon kon['u]ngr hafdhi th['a] fylkt lidhi s['i]no, ok segja menn at hann steypti af s[`e]r brynjunni ['a]dhr orrostan taekist; H['a]kon kon['u]ngr valdi mjoek menn medh s[`e]r ['i] hirdh at afli ok hreysti, sv[^a] sem gert hafdhi Haraldr kon['u]ngr fadhir hans; thar var th['a] medh kon['u]ngi Thor['a]lfr hinn sterki Sk['o]lmsson, ok gekk ['a] adhra hlidh kon['u]ngi; hann hafdhi hj['a]lm ok skjoeld, kesju ok sverdh that er kallat var Fetbreidhr; that var maelt at their H['a]kon kon['u]ngr vaeri jafnsterkir; thessa getr Th['o]rdhr Sj['a]reksson ['i] dr['a]pu theirri er hann orti um Th['o]r['a]lf:

Thar er bavdhbardhir boerdhust
bands j['o] draugar landa
lystr gekk herr til hjoerva
hnitz ['i] Stordh ['a] Fitjum:
ok gimsloengvir g['a]nga
g['i]frs hl[`e]m['a]na dr['i]fu
nausta blaks hit naesta
Nordhmanna gram thordhi.

{606} En er fylk['i]ngar gengu saman, var fyrst skotit spj['o]tum, thv['i]naest brugdhu menn sverdhum; Gerdhist th['a] orostan ['o]dh ok mannskjaed; H['a]kon kon['u]ngr ok Th['o]r['a]lfr gengu th['a] fram um merkin ok hjoeggu til beggja handa; H['a]kon kon['u]ngr var audhkendr, meiri enn adhrir menn, l['y]sti ok mjoek af hj['a]lmi hans er s['o]lin shein ['a]; th['a] vardh vopnaburdhr mikill at kon['u]ngi; t['o]k th['a] Eyvindr Finnsson hatt einn, ok setti yfir hj['a]lm kon['u]ngsins; th['a] kalladhi h['a]tt Eyvindr Skreyja: leynist hann n['u] Nordhmanna kon['u]ngr, edhr hefir hann fl['y]it, thv['i]at horfinn er n['u] gullhj['a]lmrinn? Eyvindr ok ['A]lfr br['o]dhir hans gengu th['a] hart fram sv[^a] sem ['o]dhir ok galnir vaeri, hjoeggu til beggja handa; tha maelti H['a]kon kon['u]ngr h['a]tt til Eyvindar: haltu sv[^a] fram stefnunni ef th['u] vill finna hann Nordhmanna kon['u]ng, Var th['a] skampt at b['i]dha at Eyvindr kom thar, reiddi upp sverthit ok hj['o] til kon['u]ngs; Th['o]r['a]lfr skaut vidh honum Eyvindi skildinum, sv[^a] at hann stakadhi vidh; kon['u]ngr t['o]k th['a] tveim hoendum sverthit Kvernb['i]t, ok hj['o] til Eyvindar, klauf hj['a]lminn ok hoefudhit alt ['i] herthar nidhr; ['i] thv['i] bili drap Th['o]r['a]lfr ['A]lf Askmann. Sv[^a] segir Eyvindr Sk['a]ldaspillir:

Veit ek at beit enn bitri
byggv['i]ng medhal dyggvan
b['u]lka skidhs or b['a]dhum
benvoendr kon['u]ngs hoendum:
['u]faelinnklauf ['a]la
eldraugar skoer hauga
gullhjaltadhum galtar
grandr['a]dhr Dana brandi.

Eptir fall theirra braedhra gekk H['a]kon kon['u]ngr sv[^a] hart fram at alt hravkk fur honum; sl['o] th['a] felmt ok fl['o]tta ['a] lidh Eir['i]ks sona, en H['a]kon kon['u]ngr var ['i] oendverdhri sinni fylk['i]ng, ok fylgdhi fast fl['o]ttamoennum, ok hj['o] t['i]dt ok hart; th['a] fl['o] oer ein, er Fleinn er kalladhr, ok kom ['i] hoend H['a]koni kon['u]ngi uppi ['i] m['u]sina firir nethan oexl, ok er that margra manna soegn at sk['o]sveinn Gunnhildar, s['a] er Kisp['i]ngr er nefndr, lj['o]p fram ['i] thysinn ok kalladhi: gefi r['u]m kon['u]ngs bananum, ok skaut th['a] fleinnum til kon['u]ngs; en sumir segja at engi vissi hverr skaut; m['a] that ok vel vera, firir thv['i] at oervar ok spj['o]t ok oennur skotv[^a]pn flugu sv[^a] thykkt sem dr['i]fa; fjoeldi manns f[`e]ll thar af Eir['i]ks sonum, en hon['u]ngarnir allir komust ['a] skipin, ok r[`e]ro thegar undan, en H['a]konar menn eptir theim; sv[^a] segir Th['o]rdhr Sj['a]reksson: {607}

Vardhi v['i]ga myrdhir
v['i]dt sv['a] skal fridh sl['i]ta
joefur vildo thann eldast
oendvert f['o]lk ['a] loendum:
starf h['o]fst upp, th['a] er arfi
['o]tta vanr ['a] fl['o]tta
gulls er gramr var fallinn
Gunnhildar kom sunnan.

Thr['o]t var s['y]nt th['a] er settust
sinn r['o]dhr vidh thraum stinna
madhr l[`e]t oend ok annarr
['u]f['a]r baendr s['a]rir
afreks veit that er joefri
allr['i]kr ['i] styr sl['i]kum
goendlar njoerdhr s['a] er gerdhi
gekk naest hugins drekku.

XIII.

MODERN SWEDISH.

FRITHIOFS SAGA.

XI.

_Frithiof hos Angantyr._

1.

Nu aer att saega huru
Jarl Angantyr satt aen;
Uti sin sal af furu,
Ock drack med sina maen;
Han var s[oa] glad i h[oa]gen,
S[oa]g ut [oa]t bl[oa]nad ban,
Der solen sjunk i v[oa]gen,
Allt som aen gyllne svan.

2.

Vid foenstret, gamle Halvar
Stod utanfoer p[oa] vakt;
Hann vaktade med allvar,
Gaf ock p[oa] mjoedet akt.
En sed den gamle hade;
Hann jemt i botten drack;
Ock intet ord hann sade;
Blott hornett i hann stack.

3.

Nu slaengde han det vida
I salen in och qvad,
"Skepp ser jag boeljan rida;
Den faerden aer ej glad.
Maen ser jag doeden naera,
Nu laegga de i land:
Ock tvenne jaettar baera
De bleknade p[oa] strand."

{608}
4.

Utoefver boeljans spegel,
Fr[oa]n salen Jarl s[oa]g ned:
"Det aer Ellidas segel,
Och Frithiof, tror jag, med.
P[oa] g[oa]ngan och p[oa] pannan,
K[oa]nns Thorstens son igen:
S[oa] blickar ingen annan
I Nordens land som den."

5.

Fr[oa]n dryckesbord held modig
Sprang Atle Viking d[oa]:
Svartsk[oa]ggig Berserk, blodig
Ock grym at se upp[oa].
"Nu, sad' han, vil jag proefva,
Hvad rycktet ment dermed,
At Frithiof svaerd kann doefva;
Och alldrig ber om fred."

6.

Och upp med honom sprungo
Hanns bistra kaempar tolf:
Med forhand luften stungo,
Och svaengde svaerd ock kolf.
De stormade mot stranden,
Hvor troettadt drakskepp stod.
Men Frithiof satt [oa] sanden
Ock talte kraft och mod.

7.

"Laett kunde jag dig faella,"
Shrek Atle med stort gny.
"Vill i ditt val dock staella,
Att kaempa eller fly.
Men blott on fred du beder
Fastaen aen kaempe h[oa]rd,
Jag som aen vaen dig leder,
Allt up til Jarlens g[oa]rd."

8.

"Vael aer jag troett af faerden;"
Genmaelte Frithiof vred,
"Dock m[oa] vi proefva svaerden,
Foerr aen jag tigger fred."
D[oa] s[oa]g man st[oa]len ljunga,
I solbrun kaempehand;
P[oa] Angurvadels tunga,
Hvar runa stod i brand.

9.

Nu skiftas svaerdshugg dryga,
Och dr[oa]pslag hagla nu;
Och begges skjoeldar flyga,
P[oa] samma g[oa]ng itu.
De kaempar utan tadel
St[oa] dock i kredsen fast;
Men skarpt bet Angurvadel,
Och Atles klinga brast.

10.

"Mod svaerdloes man jag svaenger,"
Sad Frithiof, "ei mitt svaerd."
Men lyster det dig laenger,
Vi proefva annan faerd.
Som v[oa]gor d[oa] on hoesten,
De begge storma an;
Ock st[oa]llbeklaedda broesten,
Sl[oa] taett emot hvarann.

11.

De brottades som bjoernar,
Upp[oa] sitt fjaell af snoe;
De spaende hop som oernar,
Utoefver vredgad sjoe.
Rodfaestad klippa hoelle
Vel knappast ut att st[oa];
Ock lummig jernek foelle
Foer mindre tag aen s[oa].

{609}
12.

Fr[oa]n pannan svetten lackar,
Och broestet haefves kallt;
Och buskar, sten, ock backar,
Uppsparkas oefver allt.
Med baefvaen slutet bida
St[oa]llklaedde maen [oa] strand;
Det brottandet var vida
Beroemdt i Nordens land.

13.

Til slut dock Frithiof faellde
Sin fiende til jord,
Hann knaet mod broestet staellde,
Och tallte vredens ord,
"Blott nu mitt svaerd jag hade,
Du svarte Berserksskaegg,
Jag genom lifvet lade,
P[oa] dig den hvassa aegg.

14.

"Det skal ei hinder bringa,"
Sad Atle stolt i h[oa]g,
"G[oa] du, ock ta din klinga,
Jag licgar som jag l[oa]g.
Den ena, som den andra,
Skal eng[oa]ng Valhall se:
Idag skal jag vael vandra;
I morgon du kanske."

15.

Ei lange Frithiof droejde;
Den lek han sluta vill:
Han Angurvadel hoejde;
Men Atle l[oa]g dock still.
Det roerde hjeltens sinne;
Sin vrede d[oa] hann band;
Hoell midt i huggett inne,
Ock tog den fallnes hand.

THE END.

LONDON:
Printed by SAMUEL BENTLEY & CO.,
Bangor House, Shoe Lane.

* * * * *

NOTES

[1] Qu. the people of _Euten_, in Holstein.

[2] Zeus, p. 591.

[3] From Zeuss, _v. v. Frisii, Chauci_.

[4] The chief works in the two dialects or languages.

[5] Probably, for reasons, too long to enter upon, those of Grutungs and Tervings; this latter pointing to Thuringia, the present provincial dialect of which tract was stated, even by Michaelis, to be more like the Moeso-Gothic than any other dialect of Germany.

[6] Nearly analogous to _Ostro_-goth, and _Visi_-goth.

[7] The meaning of these terms is explained in s. 90-92. The order of the cases and genders is from Rask. It is certainly more natural than the usual one.

[8] Compare with the Anglo-Saxon adjectives in s. 85.

[9] Compare with the Anglo-Saxon adjectives in s. 85.

[10] The syllables _vulg-_, and _Belg-_, are quite as much alike as _Teuton-_, and _Deut-sch_; yet how unreasonable it would be for an Englishman to argue that he was a descendant of the _Belgae_ because he spoke the _Vulgar_ Tongue. _Mutatis mutandis_, however, this is the exact argument of nine out of ten of the German writers.

[11] Tacitus, De Mor. Germ. 40.

[12] And on the west of the Old Saxons is the mouth of the river Elbe and Friesland; and then north-west is the land which is called _Angle_ and Sealand, and some part of the Danes.

[13] He sailed to the harbour which is called Haedhum, which stands betwixt the Wends (_i.e._ the Wagrian Slaves, for which see s. 42) and Saxons, and _Angle_, and belongs to Denmark ... and two days before he came to Haedhum, there was on his starboard Gothland, and Sealand, and many islands. On that land lived _Angles_, before they hither to the land came.

[14] Zeus, in _voc_.

[15] Zeus, in _voc._

[16] Zeus, in _voc._

[17] See G. D. S. Vol. ii. II.

[18] Zeus, p. 492.

[19] As in _Amherst_ and _inherent_.

[20] The meaning of the note of interrogation is explained in s. 148.

[21] Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine.

[22] Natural History of Man.

[23] This list is taken from Smart's valuable and logical English Grammar.

[24] As in _Shotover Hill_, near Oxford.

[25] As in _Jerusalem artichoke_.

[26] A sort of silk.

[27] _Ancient Cassio_--"Othello."

[28] This class of words was pointed out to me by the very intelligent Reader of my first edition.

[29] V. Beknopte Historie van't Vaderland, i. 3, 4.

[30] Hist. Manch. b. i. c. 12.

[31] Dissertation of the Origin of the Scottish Language.--JAMIESON'S Etymological Dictionary, vol. i. p. 45, 46.

[32] Sir W. Betham's Gael and Cymry, c. iii.

[33] Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae Monumenta, iv. 3.

[34] To say, for instance, _Chemist_ for _Chymist_, or _vice vers[^a]_; for I give no opinion as to the proper mode of spelling.

[35] Mr. Pitman, of Bath, is likely to add to his claims as an orthographist by being engaged in the attempt to determine, inductively, the orthoepy of a certain number of doubtful words. He collects the pronunciations of a large number of educated men, and takes that of the majority as the true one.

[36] Gesenius, p. 73.

[37] Write one letter twice.

[38] Rev. W. Harvey, author of Ecclesiae Anglicanae Vindex Catholicus.

[39] Murray's Grammar, vol. i. p. 79.

[40] Used as adverbs.

[41] Used as the plurals of _he_, _she_, and _it_.

[42] Different from _ilk_.

[43] Guest, ii. 192.

[44] Or _call-s._

[45] _Thou s_a_ngest_, _thou dr_a_nkest_, &c.--For a reason given in the sequel, these forms are less unexceptionable than _s_u_ngest_, _dr_u_nkest_, &c.

[46] Antiquated.

[47] As the present section is written with the single view of illustrating the subject, no mention has been made of the forms [Greek: tupo] (_typ[^o]_), and [Greek: etupon] (_etypon_).

[48] Obsolete.

[49] Obsolete.

[50] Obsolete.

[51] The forms marked thus^{[51]} are either obsolete or provincial.

[52] Obsolete.

[53] Sounded _wun_.

[54] Obsolete.

[55] Praeterite, or Perfect.

[56] Philological Museum, ii. p. 387.

[57] Vol. ii. p. 203.

[58] Found rarely; bist being the current form.--Deutsche Grammatik, i. 894.

[59] _Over, under, after._--These, although derived forms, are not prepositions of derivation; since it is not by the affix _-er_ that they are made prepositions. _He went over_, _he went under_, _he went after_--these sentences prove the forms to be as much adverbial as prepositional.

[60] In the first edition of this work I wrote, "Verbs substantive govern the nominative case." Upon this Mr. Connon, in his "System of English Grammar," remarks, "The idea of the _nominative_ being _governed_ is contrary to all received notions of grammar. I consider that the verb _to be_, in all its parts, acts merely as a connective, and can have no effect in governing anything." Of Mr. Connon's two reasons, the second is so sufficient that it ought to have stood alone. The true view of the so-called verb substantive is that it is no verb at all, but only the fraction of one. Hence, what I wrote was inaccurate. As to the question of the impropriety of considering nominative cases fit subjects for government it is a matter of definition.

[61] The paper _On certain tenses attributed to the Greek verb_ has already been quoted. The author, however, of the doctrine on the use of _shall_ and _will_, is not the author of the doctrine alluded to in the Chapter on the Tenses. There are, in the same number of the Philological Museum, two papers under one title: first, the text by a writer who signs himself T. F. B.; and, next, a comment, by the editor, signed J. C. H. (Julius Charles Hare). The _usus ethicus_ of the future is due to Archdeacon Hare; the question being brought in incidentally and by way of illustration.

The subject of the original paper was the nature of the so-called second aorists, second futures, and preterite middles. These were held to be no separate tenses, but irregular forms of the same tense. Undoubtedly this has long been an opinion amongst scholars; and the writer of the comments is quite right in stating that it is no novelty to the learned world. I think, however, that in putting this forward as the chief point in the original paper, he does the author somewhat less than justice. His merit, in my eyes, seems to consist, not in showing that real forms of the _aoristus secundus_, _futurum secundum_, and _praeteritum medium_ were either rare or equivocal (this having been done before), but in illustrating his point from the English language; in showing that between double forms like [Greek: sunelechthen] and [Greek: sunelegen], and double forms like _hang_ and _hanged_, there was only a difference in degree (if there was that), not of kind; and, finally, in enouncing the very legitimate inference, that either we had two preterites, or that the Greeks had only one. "Now, if the circumstances of the Greek and English, in regard to these two tenses, are so precisely parallel, a simple and obvious inquiry arises, Which are in the right, the Greek grammarians or our own? For either ours must be wrong in not having fitted up for our verb the framework of a first and second preterite, teaching the pupil to say, 1st pret. _I finded_, 2d pret. _I found_; 1st pret. _I glided_, 2d pret. _I glode_: or the others must be so in teaching the learner to imagine two aorists for [Greek: heurisko], as, aor. 1, [Greek: heuresa], aor. 2, [Greek: heuron]; or for [Greek: akouo], aor. 1, [Greek: ekousa], aor. 2, [Greek: ekoon]."--p. 198.

The inference is, that of the two languages it is the English that is in the right. Now the following remarks, in the comment, upon this inference are a step in the wrong direction:--"The comparison, I grant, is perfectly just; but is it a just inference from that comparison, that we ought to alter the system of our Greek grammars, which has been drawn up at the cost of so much learning and thought, for the sake of adapting it to the system, if system it can be called, of our own grammars, which are seldom remarkable for anything else than their slovenliness, their ignorance, and their presumption? Is the higher to be brought down to the level of the baser? is Apollo to be drest out in a coat and waistcoat? Rather might it be deemed advisable to remodel the system of our own grammars."

This, whether right or wrong as a broad assertion, was, in the case in hand, irrelevant. No _general_ superiority had been claimed for the English grammars. For all that had been stated in the original paper they might, as compared with the Greek and Latin, be wrong in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred. All that was claimed for them was that they were right in the present instance; just as for a clock that stands may be claimed the credit of being right once in every twelve hours. That the inference in favour of altering the _system_ of the Greek grammars is illegitimate is most undeniably true; but then it is an inference of the critic's not of the author's. As the illustration in question has always seemed to me of great value,--although it may easily be less original than I imagine,--I have gone thus far towards putting it in a proper light.

Taking up the question where it is left by the two writers in question, we find that the difficulties of the so-called _second_ tenses in Greek are met by reducing them to the same tense in different conjugations; and, according to the current views of grammarians, this is a point gained. Is it so really? Is it not rather the substitution of one difficulty for another? A second conjugation is a second mode of expressing the same idea, and a second tense is no more. Real criticism is as unwilling to multiply the one as the other. Furthermore, the tendency of English criticism is towards the very doctrines which the Greek grammarian wishes to get rid of. _We_ have the difficulty of a second conjugation: but, on the other hand, instead of four past tenses (an imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, and aorist), we have only one (the aorist). Now, when we find that good reasons can be given for supposing that the strong preterite in the Gothic languages was once a reduplicate perfect, we are at liberty to suppose that what is now the same tense under two forms, was, originally, different tenses. Hence, in English, we avoid the difficulty of a second conjugation by the very same process which we eschew in Greek; viz., the assumption of a second _tense_. But this we can do, as we have a tense to spare.

Will any process reconcile this conflict of difficulties? I submit to scholars the following hypotheses:--

1. That the _true_ second future in Greek (_i.e._, the future of verbs with a liquid as a characteristic) is a variety of the _present_, formed by accentuating the last syllable; just as _I be['a]t you_=_I will beat you_.

2. That this accent effects a change on the quantity and nature of the vowel of the penultimate.

3. That the second aorist is an _imperfect_ formed from this secondary present.

4. That the so-called perfect middle is a similar perfect active.

[62] Transactions of Philological Society. No. 90, Jan. 25, 1850.

[63] Notwithstanding the extent to which a relative may take the appearance of conjunction, there is always one unequivocal method of deciding its true nature. The relative is always a _part_ of the second proposition. A conjunction is _no part_ of either.

[64] Unless another view be taken of the construction, and it be argued that [Greek: edoke] is, etymologically speaking, no aorist but a perfect. In form, it is almost as much one tense as another. If it wants the reduplication of the perfect, it has the perfect characteristic [kappa], to the exclusion of the aorist [sigma]; and thus far the evidence is equal. The persons, however, are more aorist than perfect. For one of Mathiae's aorists ([Greek: metheke]) a still better case might be made, showing it to be, even in etymology, more perfect than aorist.

[Greek: Kteinei me chrusou, ton talaiporon, charin]
[Greek: Xenos patroios, kai ktanon es oidm' halos]
[Greek: Methech', hin' autos chruson en domois echei.]
[Greek: Keimai d' ep' aktais.]

Eur. _Hec._