Chapter I

HISTORICAL AND LOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

149. Celtic elements 97
150. Latin of the First Period 98
151. Anglo-Saxon 98
152. Danish or Norse 98
153. Roman of the Second Period 100
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154. Anglo-Norman 101
155. Indirect Scandinavian 101
156. Latin of the Third Period 101
157. Greek elements 102
158. Classical elements 102
159. Latin words 103
160. Greek elements 104
161, 162. Miscellaneous elements 105
163, 164. Direct and ultimate origin of words 106, 107
165. Distinction 107
166-168. Words of foreign simulating a vernacular origin 107-109
169-171. Hybridism 109, 110
172. Incompletion of radical 110
173. Historical and logical analysis 111

CHAPTER II.

THE RELATION OF THE ENGLISH TO THE ANGLO-SAXON AND THE STAGES
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

174. Ancient and modern languages 112
175. English and Anglo-Saxon compared 113
176. Semi-Saxon stage 117
177-179. Old English stage 119, 122
180. Middle English 122
181. Present tendencies of the English 123
182. Speculative question 123

CHAPTER III.

THE LOWLAND SCOTCH.

183-188. Lowland Scotch 124-127
189. Extracts 127
190. Points of difference with the English 130

CHAPTER IV.

ON CERTAIN UNDETERMINED AND FICTITIOUS LANGUAGES OF GREAT
BRITAIN.

191, 192. The Belgae 132-135
193. Caledonians, Iberians 135
194. Supposed affinities of the Irish 135
Extract from Plautus 136
195. Hypothesis of a Finnic race 139

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PART III.

SOUNDS, LETTERS, PRONUNCIATION, AND SPELLING.

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL NATURE OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.

196. Preliminary remarks 141
197. Vowels and consonants 143
198. Divisions of articulate sounds 143
199. Explanation of terms 143
_Sharp_ and _flat_ 143
_Continuous_ and _explosive_ 144
200. General statements 144
201. _H_ no articulation 144

CHAPTER II.

SYSTEM OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.

202. System of vowels 145
_['e]_ ferm['e], ['o] _chiuso_, _ue_ German
145
203. System of mutes 145
Lenes and aspirates 146
204. Affinities of the liquids 147
205. Diphthongs 147
206. Compound sibilants 148
207. _Ng_ 148
208-210. Further explanation of terms 148-150
211. System of vowels 150
212. System of mutes 150
213. Varieties 150
214. Connection in phonetics 151

CHAPTER III.

ON CERTAIN COMBINATIONS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.

215. Unpronounceable combinations 152
216. Unstable combinations 153
217. Effect of _y_ 153
218, 219. Evolution of new sounds 153, 154
220. Value of a sufficient system of sounds 154
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221. Double consonants rare 154
222. Reduplications of consonants rare 155
223. True aspirates rare 155

CHAPTER IV.

EUPHONY; THE PERMUTATION AND TRANSITION OF LETTERS.

224. Euphonic change exhibited 157
225. The _rationale_ of it 157
226. The combinations _-mt_, _-nt_ 158
227. The combination _-pth_ 158
228. Accommodation of vowels 158
229. Permutation of letters 159
230. Transition of letters 160

CHAPTER V.

ON THE FORMATION OF SYLLABLES.

231. Distribution of consonants between two syllables 161

CHAPTER VI.

ON QUANTITY.

232. _Long_ and _short_ 164
233. How far coincident with _independent_ and _dependent_ 164
234. Length of vowels and length of syllables 165

CHAPTER VII.

ON ACCENT.

235. Accent 167
236. How far accent always on the root 168
237. Verbal accent and logical accent 168
238. Effect of accent on orthography 169
239. Accent and quantity _not_ the same 170

CHAPTER VIII.

THE PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOEPY.

240. Meaning of the word _orthoepy_ 172
241. Classification of errors in pronunciation 172
242-244. Causes of erroneous enunciation 172-175
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245. Appreciation of standards of orthoepy 175
246. Principles of critical orthoepy 176

CHAPTER IX.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY.

247. Province of orthography 178
248. Imperfections of alphabets 178
249. Applications of alphabets 180
250. Changes of sound, and original false spelling 181
251. Theory of a perfect alphabet 181
252. Sounds and letters in English 182
253. Certain conventional modes of spelling 187
254. The inconvenience of them 189
255. Criticism upon the details of the English orthography 189-200

CHAPTER X.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH ALPHABET.

256. Bearings of the question 200
257. Phoenician Period 200
258, 259. Greek Period 201-203
260-262. Latin Period 203-205
263. The Moeso-Gothic alphabet 205
264. The Anglo-Saxon alphabet 205
265. The Anglo-Norman Period 207
266. Extract from the Ormulum 208
267. The _Runes_ 209
268. The order of the alphabet 210
269. Parallel and equivalent orthographies 213

PART IV.

ETYMOLOGY.

CHAPTER I.

ON THE PROVINCE OF ETYMOLOGY.

270. Meaning of the term etymology 214

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CHAPTER II.

ON GENDER.

271. Latin genders 217
272. Words like _he-goat_ 217
273. Words like _genitrix_ 217
274. Words like _domina_ 218
275. Sex 219
276. True Genders in English 219
277. Neuters in _-t_ 220
278. Personification 220
279. True and apparent genders 221

CHAPTER III.

THE NUMBERS.

280, 281. Dual number 225
282-284. Plural in _-s_ 226-230
285. The form in _child-r-en_ 230
286. The form in _-en_ 232
287. _Men_, _feet_, &c. 232
288. _Brethren_, &c. 232

CHAPTER IV.

ON THE CASES.

289, 290. Meaning of word _case_ 234
291. Cases in English 237
292, 293. Determination of cases 239
294, 295. Analysis of cases 241
296. Case in _-s_ 241

CHAPTER V.

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

297. True personal pronoun 243
298. _We_ and _me_ 244

CHAPTER VI.

ON THE TRUE REFLECTIVE PRONOUN IN THE GOTHIC LANGUAGES AND ON
ITS ABSENCE IN THE ENGLISH.

299. The Latin _se_, _sui_ 247

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CHAPTER VII.

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, ETC.

300. _He_, _she_, _it_, _this_, _that_, _the_ 249
301. _These_ 251
302. _Those_ 253

CHAPTER VIII.

THE RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND CERTAIN OTHER PRONOUNS.

303. _Who_, _what_, &c. 255
304. Indo-European forms 255
305. Miscellaneous observations 256

CHAPTER IX.

ON CERTAIN FORMS IN -ER.

306, 307. _Eith-er_, _ov-er_, _und-er_, _bett-er_ 260, 261
308. Illustration from the Laplandic 261
309. Idea of alternative 262

CHAPTER X.

THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE.

310. Forms in _-tara_ and _-[^i]yas_ 263
311. Change from _-s_ to _-r_ 263
312. Moeso-Gothic comparative 264
313. Comparison of adverbs 264
314. _Elder_ 265
315. _Rather_ 265
316. Excess of expression 266
317. _Better_, &c. 266
318. Sequence in logic 266
319-325. _Worse_, &c. 267-270

CHAPTER XI.

ON THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE.

326. Different modes of expression 271
327. The termination _-st_ 272

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CHAPTER XII.

THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.

328, 329. Their ethnological value 273
Variations in form 274
10+2 and 10x2 275
330. Limits to the inflection of the numeral 276

CHAPTER XIII.

ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS.

331. _First_ 277
332. _Second_ 277
333. _Third_, _fourth_, &c. 278
334, 335. Ordinal and superlative forms 278-280

CHAPTER XIV.

THE ARTICLES.

336. _A_, _the_, _no_ 281

CHAPTER XV.

DIMINUTIVES, AUGMENTATIVES, AND PATRONYMICS.

337, 338. Diminutives 283
339. Augmentatives 285
340. Patronymics 286

CHAPTER XVI.

GENTILE FORMS.

341. _Wales_ 288

CHAPTER XVII.

ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE NOUN AND VERB, AND ON THE
INFLECTION OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

342-344. Substantival character of verbs 289
345, 346. Declension of the infinitive 290

CHAPTER XVIII.

ON DERIVED VERBS.

347. _Rise_, _raise_, &c. 292

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CHAPTER XIX.

ON THE PERSONS.

348-351. Persons in English 294-298
352. Person in _-t_, _-art_, &c. 298
353. Forms like _spakest_, _sungest_, &c. 299
354. Plurals in _-s_ 299

CHAPTER XX.

ON THE NUMBERS OF VERBS.

355. Personal signs of numbers 300
_Run_, _ran_ 301

CHAPTER XXI.

ON MOODS.

356. The infinitive mood 302
357. The imperative mood 302
358. The subjunctive mood 302

CHAPTER XXII.

OF TENSES IN GENERAL.

359. General nature of tenses 303
360. Latin preterites 304
361. Moeso-Gothic perfects 304
Reduplication 305
362. Strong and weak verbs 305

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE STRONG TENSES.

363. _Sang_, _sung_ 307
364-376. Classification of strong verbs 308-316