Chapter XIII: (1) Vagrancy: (2) Inebriety. 142

(1) Early history of Vagrancy legislation. The Act of 1824. Categories
of Vagrants. The casual pauper. Casual wards. Alleged attractiveness
of prison to workhouse: Commissioners' observations on. Committee of
1906 and need for uniformity in casual wards, &c. Merxplas Colony.
Labour Colonies and the Inquiry of 1903. Identification of habitual
vagrants. Treatment of Vagrancy abroad. Great fall in number
convicted of Vagrancy offences. The way ticket system. Casual Wards
of Metropolis and Metropolitan Asylums Board. High number of
convictions of vagrants. No plan yet adopted by State for dealing
with professional vagrancy.

(2) Committee of 1872. Act of 1879. Inquiry of 1892. Principles of the
Act of 1898. Establishment of State Inebriate Reformatories.
Character of inmates. Control of State Reformatories. Commitments
under the Act. The working of the Act. Committee appointed in 1908
to inquire into Inebriates and Probation. Causes operating against
wider use of powers under Act. Inebriety as a factor of crime.
Dr. Branthwaite's inquiry into a number of cases. Mental deficiency
obvious in many. Condemnation of short sentences of imprisonment.
Habitual inebriety and mental defectiveness. Report of Committee of
1908.

CHAPTER XIV.--"PATRONAGE" OR AID TO DISCHARGED PRISONERS:
ITS EFFECT ON RECIDIVISM. 164

Former system of aid to discharged convicts. Gratuity system
different from '_cantine_' or '_pécule_' system. Early history of aid
to local discharged prisoners. Provisions made by Acts of 1862 and
1865. System under Act of 1877. Inquiry of Committee of 1894 and
recommendations. Scheme of 1897. Formation of 'Central Association.'
Discontinuance of Convict Gratuity System. New scheme for aid of
Local prisoners, 1913. The Central Organization of Aid Societies;
Aid to wives and families of prisoners. Proposed National Society for
Prevention of Crime, and protection of the young offender. Aid on
discharge from Borstal Institutions and Preventive Detention Prisons.

CHAPTER XV.--THE MEDICAL SERVICE. 185

_Personnel_ of the Medical Staff; duties. Sickness and low death rate in
Prisons. Prisons described as the best sanatoria in England. Infectious
disease. Venereal disease. Prison dietary. Insanity and mental
defectiveness, estimated rates of; the Mental Deficiency Act, 1913. The
'Birmingham' experiment for mental investigation of remand prisoners.
The Borstal System and physical development. The clinical laboratory;
"Study-leave" for Medical Officers. The nursing of sick prisoners.

CHAPTER XVI.--A CRIMINOLOGICAL INQUIRY IN ENGLISH PRISONS. 198

The nature of the inquiry. Professor Lombroso and the postulate of
the 'Positive' School. The Lombrosian doctrine founded upon observation
alone. The science of statistics: 'Normal' and 'abnormal'
man. The 'criminal diathesis:' The biometric method of Professor
Karl Pearson. Anthropometry and the existence of a criminal type.
Comparison of statistics of criminals and non-criminal public. Dr.
Goring's conclusion that there is no physical criminal type. 'Selective'
factors and the physique of criminals. No 'mental criminal type.'
Statistics of mental defectiveness. Defective physique and defective
intelligence in selection of criminals. Heredity and other environmental
factors. The relation between education and crime. Alcoholism.
Conclusions as to the causes of crime. The criminal a "defective"
man. His inability to live up to required social standard. The need
for individualization of punishment. The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913.