Chapter XXXI: Section 13: (4) of the Prevention of Crime Act, 1908, shall hold office

for three years. Their powers shall not be affected by vacancies. The Secretary of State shall, as soon as possible, fill any vacancy by making a new appointment. At their first meeting they shall appoint a Chairman. One or more of them shall visit the Prison once a month, and they shall meet as a Board as often as possible. They shall hear and adjudicate on such offences on the part of prisoners as may be referred to them by the Directors, and they shall investigate any complaint which a prisoner may desire to make to them, and, if necessary, report the same to the Directors with their opinion. They shall have free access to every part of the Prison and may see any prisoner in private, inspect the diets and examine any of the books. They shall bring any abuses to the immediate notice of the Directors, and in cases of urgency they may make recommendations in writing which the Governor shall carry out pending the decision of the Directors. They shall keep minutes of their proceedings, and make an annual report to the Secretary of State at the beginning of each year.

(14.) The Committee appointed under Section 14 (4) of the said Act shall meet once a quarter, and shall forward to the Directors such reports as may be required for their assistance in advising the Secretary of State as to the prospects and probable behaviour of prisoners after discharge.

(15.) Any person whose licence has been revoked or forfeited may on his return to Prison be placed and kept in the Disciplinary Grade for such length of time as the Board of Visitors shall think necessary.

THE ENGLISH PRISON SYSTEM.

INDEX TO CHAPTERS

Aged convicts, 41

Ages of prisoners received on conviction, 221

Aid-on-discharge (see 'Borstal,' and 'Central' Associations and
Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies), 164

Alcoholism and crime, 160, 211

America, visits to, 25, 62, 64, 91

Appeal, Court of Criminal, 21

Auburn and Philadelphian Systems, 24, 63

Australia, Transportation to, 27, 31

Aylesbury Borstal Institution, 118

Baker, Dr., Inquiry at Pentonville as to young offenders, 86

Bedford, Adeline, Duchess of, 117

Bermuda, convicts at, 27

Birmingham, Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, 166

Birmingham Juvenile Court, 102

Board, Prison--Constitution of, 18, 46

Borstal Association, 92, 95, 118, 182

Borstal Committees at Local Prisons, 96

Borstal System, 11, 85, 194, 214

" " and age of criminal majority, 87

" " its aims, 11, 83, 98

" " origin of name, 85, 92

" " early stages, 91

" " statutory effect given to, 94

" " since the Act of 1908, 94

" " and the Act of 1914, 100, 121

" " the "Modified", 96, 119, 127

" " for young women, 118

" " for young convicts, 41, 97, 118

" " regulations for, 231

" " remarks of Lord Chief Justice, 95

" " statistics of 'after-care', 95, 117, 119

" " labour of inmates, 141

Branthwaite, Dr., Inquiry into cases of inebriety, 160

Camp Hill Prison, 52

_Cantine_ System, 165

Cells, Certification of, 64, 68

Census of convict population, 1901, 49

" prisoners fit for Hard Labour, 132

" " between the ages of 16 and 21, 85

Central Association for aid of discharged convicts, 54, 56, 174, 182

Central Control Board (Liquor Traffic), 225

Central Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, 179

Centralization of authority, 69

Chaplains of Prisons, 5, 129

Children Act, 1908, 101

Classification (Convict) Inquiry of 1878, 37

" " present, 40

" " "Star" Class, 37, 40

" (Local) Under the Act of 1823, 62

" " " " 1877, 71

" " " " 1898, 78

" " " " 1914, 83

Cockburn, Lord Justice, 31, 89

Commission, Royal, 1863, 30, 34, 43

" " 1879, 37, 41

Commissioners of Prisons, The, 18

Committals to Prison since 1881, 219

Committee on Prisons, 1832 and 1836, 63

" " 1850, 65, 67

" " 1863, 67

" " 1895, Habitual criminals, 39

" " " separate confinement, 42

" " " Weakminded convicts, 42

" " " Local prisons, 75

" " " prisoners 16-21, 76, 86

" " " prison labour, 136

" " " and discharged prisoners, 76

Committees, Visiting &c., 32, 46, 53, 70, 123

"Conditional conviction", 107

Convict Prisons, 18, 131

Corporal Punishment, 34, 47, 70, 80

Correction, Houses of, 59

Courts, The Criminal, and their punishments, 19

Cranks and treadwheels, 67, 77, 134, 137

Crawford, Mr. W., Inspector of Prisons, 25, 62

Crime and its causes, 200

Crime, Prevention of, Act of 1908, 51, 82, 94

Crimes, Prevention of, Act of 1871, 36

Criminal Appeal, Court of, 21

"Criminal Diathesis,", 203

Criminal Justice Administration Act, 1914, 20, 82

" " " changes under, 82

" " " and Borstal System, 100, 121

" " " decrease in committals, 20, 224

Criminal, (clinical), laboratories, 195

Criminal Statistics, 1872 to 1914, 216

Criminal type, The, 203

Criminological Inquiry in English Prisons, 198

Death penalty, The, 21

Death-rate in Prisons, 186

Debating classes in prisons, 8, 128

Defective children, 105

Defectiveness, mental, (See 'Mental')

"Detention, Places of" for Juveniles, 102

Dietaries, Prison, 145, 188

Directors of Convict Prisons, The, 18

Discipline, Progressive Reformatory, and Sir J. Jebb, 29

Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies, early history, 165

" " " " under Act of 1877, 167

" " " " Conference of 1878, 169

" " " " and co-ordination of effort, 15

" " " " scheme of 1896, 171

" " " " " 1913, 175

" " " " Central Committee of, 178

(See also "Borstal Association" and "Central Association")

Dover Harbour, last Public Works, 13

Drunkenness, Habitual, (See also 'Alcoholism' and 'Inebriety'), 154

" " statistics of, 115, 225

Du Cane, Sir E., 71, 73, 75

Earnings of prisoners, 138

Economy in administration, 73

Education in prisons, 6, 121

Elementary Education (Defective & Epileptic Children) Acts
1899 & 1914, 105, 106

Elmira State Reformatory, 91

Employment of prisoners (See 'Labour')

Female prison population, statistics, 114, 223

" " " and recidivism, 115, 122

" convicts, 47

" prisoners in Preventive Detention, 58

" " superintendence by female staff, &c., 114, 122

" under the Borstal System, 118

Fines, committals in default of payment, 20, 224

" release on part-payment, 79, 82

" 'supervision' until payment, 82

First Division prisoners, 71, 78

Gibraltar Prison, 27

Gloucester Refuge for discharged prisoners, 166

Goring, Dr. Chas. "A Criminological Inquiry", 198

Grant-Wison, Sir W., 92, 174

Gratuities, prisoners'--early convict system, 27

" high rate of, condemned, 31

" maximum earnable reduced to £3, 36

" English & continental systems, 165

" abolition of in Local Prisons, 175

" retained for certain classes, 180

Habitual Criminals Act, 1869, 36

Habitual Inebriates (see 'Inebriety')

Habitual Offenders Division, proposed, 39, 50

Hard Labour, definition of phrase, 60, 66, 134

" and Committee of 1863, 67

" and the cellular system, 66

" provisions of Act of 1865, 68,134

" " " 1877, 70

" present methods of enforcing, 77

" and the Act of 1914, 83

Heredity and environment, 209

Holloway Prison, 114

Hospital Staff of Prisons, 197

Howard, John, 23, 60, 62

Hulks, The, 26

Indeterminate sentence, the, 55

Individualization of prisoners, 75, 93

Industrial labour in Prisons, 136

" prosperity and criminal statistics, 160

Inebriety, Committee of 1872, 154

" Act of 1879, 155

" Home Office Inquiry, 1892, 155

" Act of 1898, 155, 157

" Types of inmates in Certified Reformatories, 156

" Infrequent use of Act of 1898, 158

" Committee of 1908, 158, 162

" Mental state of inmates, 161

" Alcohol as a factor in crime, 160

" Analysis of 1,000 cases of, 160

(See also 'Drunkenness')

Infectious disease in prisons, 186

Intermediate Class in Convict Prisons, 40

Irish System, The (1854), 30, 33

Jebb, Sir Joshua, 29

Justices, Visiting, 70

Juvenile-Adult prisoners (see "Borstal")

Juvenile Courts, 102

" Labour Bureaux and Exchanges, 106

" Offenders, commitment of, 101

" " statistics of committals, 220

Labour, Prison, The Act of 1865, 68, 134

" " Recent changes, 138

" " Prior to Act of 1877, 131

" " and the inquiry of 1894, 136

" " revision of labour statistics, 137

" " increase in output, 139

" " Public Works, 26, 35, 131

" " Juvenile-Adults, 140

Labour, Prison, in Convict Prisons, 131

" " in Local Prisons, 133

" " during the Great War, 140

Lectures and addresses, 6, 128

Libraries, prison, 127

Licensing system for convicts, 34, 38, 54

Local Prisons, 18, 59

Lombroso, Professor, 199

London Prison Visitor's Association, 92

Long Sentence Division, 41

Mark System, in Convict Prisons, 31, 34

" " in Local Prisons, 81

Mechanical tasks in Prisons, 68, 72, 137

Medical Officers of Prisons, 185

Mental defectiveness and crime co-operation between Justices
and Police, 16, 193

Mental defectiveness and inebriety, 161

" " duties of prison medical officers, 185

" " special prisons for cases of, 190

" " in prison, estimate of, 191, 207

" " The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913, 16, 105, 192, 215

" " Sir G. Newman, and prevention of, 196

" " Commission on Care and Control of
Feeble-minded, 190, 207

" " Dr. Goring's Inquiry, 207

Merxplas, Labour Colony at, 148

Metropolitan Asylums Board and Casual Wards, 151

Mettray Agricultural Colony, 90

Millbank Prison, 44, 62

Misdemeanants, First Class, 71, 78

Moral and religious influences in prisons, 8, 127

National Society for Prevention of Crime, 15, 180

New South Wales, Transportation to, 24

New York, State Probation Commission, 113

'Normal' and 'abnormal' man, 201

Oakum-picking in prisons, 136

Offences against the law, 19

Officers of Prisons, 10, 197

'Panopticon' (J. Bentham), 62

Parkhurst Prison for young offenders, 88

Part-payment of fines, 79, 82

Patronage (See 'Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies')

Pearson, Professor Karl, 198

_Pécule_ System, 165

Penal Servitude: changes in System since 1894, 39

" " Act of 1853, 28

" " " 1857, 28

" " " 1864, 34

" " " 1891, 38, 39

" " " 1898, 46

" " decrease in committals, 38, 219, 230

" Reformatories for young offenders, 87

Pentonville Prison, 25, 26, 64, 65

Philadelphian and Auburn Systems, 24, 63

Philanthropic Association, 88

Physical criminal type, 203

Police Supervision, 20, 33

Population, prison-fall in (See also 'Statistics'), 46, 73, 114, 219, 223

Positive School of Criminology, 199

Prevention of Crimes Act, 1871, 36

Prevention of Crime Act, 1908, 51, 82, 94

Preventive Detention: the Advisory Committee, 54, 55

" " conditional release, 54

" " definition of, 49, 57

" " extension to penal servitude system, 14

" " objects of, 12, 51, 52

" " Memo, explanatory of Act of 1908, 51

" " 'parole' lines, 53

" " rules for, 53, 265

" " statistics of men discharged, 54

Prison Act 1778, 23, 24, 61

" " 1781, 61

" " 1823, 62

" " 1824, 25

" " 1835, 59, 66

" " 1839, 64

" " 1844, 66

" " 1865, 67, 134

" " 1877, 18, 69, 136

" " 1898, 46, 78

Prison Commission, The, 18

Prisons, &c. description of, 18, 60

Prisons Reform, meaning of, 1

" " in the future, 12

Probation, Act of 1887, and Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1879, 110

" " 1907, 21, 111

" New York State Probation Commission, 112

" indispensable to criminal justice, 113

" English and Foreign systems, 107

" national system of, 13

" statistics of, 111

Professional criminals, 49, 50

Progressive Stage System, 28, 34, 39

Punishments for prison offences (See also 'Corporal
Punishment'), 34, 47, 68, 70

Public Works, 26, 35, 131

Recidivism, statistics of, &c., 115, 183, 221, 229

Recidivist class in convict prisons, 41, 57, 230

Reform, prison, 1

Reformatory Schools Act, 1854, 89

Remission of sentence, 38, 81

Reporting to police, 36, 38

Rules for the government of Prisons, 66, 67, 71, 78

Sanitary condition of prisons, 186

Second Division prisoners, 38

Secondary Punishments, 36

Sentences to penal servitude, decrease in number, 38

" " " increase after Act of 1871, 36

" " " minimum term reduced, 31, 38

Separate Confinement--and Pentonville Prison, 25, 26, 64

" " Reports of Commissioners of Pentonville, 26, 64

" " History of, 42

" " present terms for convicts, 46

'Separate' and 'Silent' Systems, 24, 63

Short sentences, 73, 83, 224

Silence, the law of, 7

'Special' class of convicts, 40

Spike Island, 29

Staff of Prisons, 10, 197

Stages, Progressive, 28, 34, 39

'Star' Class, 37, 40

State, transfer of prisons to, 18, 69, 71

Statistics, Criminal, Comparison of 1872-1914, 216

" showing committals of young offenders since 1848, 220

" prison, during the Great War, and since, 223

" " in times of industrial prosperity, 160, 226

" " decrease in recidivism, 183, 222, 229

Stipendiary Magistrates, 20

Stretton Colony for young offenders, 87

Study-leave for Medical Officers, 196

Study in prison, facilities for, 8

Summary Jurisdiction, Courts of, 20

Supervision of young offenders, 82

"Sursis," law of, 107, 112

Surveyor-General of Prisons, 66

Talking in prisons, 7

"Temporary Refuge for distressed criminals", 165

Ticket-of-leave (See also 'Licensing'), 26, 28, 33

Transportation, history of, 23

_Travaux forces_ and Hard Labour, 30

Treadwheels and cranks, 67, 77, 134, 137

Triple Division of offenders in Local Prisons, 78

Tubercular disease in prisons, 187

Uniformity of system, 66, 67, 69, 72

Unconvicted prisoners, 71, 194

Vagrancy, early history of, 142

" the Act of 1824, 20, 142

" "Begging and Sleeping-out", 143

" and Labour Colonies, 148

" Colony at Merxplas, 148

" and Way-ticket system, 150

" and Casual Wards, 144, 151

" Committee of 1906, 147

" incorrigible rogues, 143

" Previous convictions and statistics, 149, 153, 222

Van Dieman's Land, 24, 27

Visitors, Boards of, 46

Visiting Committees of Prisons &c., 32, 53, 70, 123

Wakefield Industrial Home, 166

War, criminal statistics and the, 223

" employment of prisoners, 140

" closing of prisons during, 227

Weakminded prisoners (See 'Mental Defectiveness')

Whipping, 20

Works, Public, 26, 35, 131

Young Offenders, alternatives to committal to prison, 101, 109

" " at Parkhurst, 88

" " decrease in commitments to prison, 220

" " concentration of effort upon, 76, 106

" " supervision until fine is paid, 82

" " under sixteen years of age, 20, 101

(See also under "Borstal" and "Juvenile")

Printed at His Majesty's Convict Prison Maidstone.