Chapter XXXI: Section 3 (1)

This amendment shall not be construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

RATIFICATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION.

The Constitution was adopted by a Convention of the States September 17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several States, in the following order, viz.:

Delaware, December 7, 1787.
Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787.
New Jersey, December 18, 1787.
Georgia, January 2, 1788.
Connecticut, January 9, 1788.
Massachusetts, February 6, 1788.
Maryland, April 28, 1788.
South Carolina, May 23, 1788.
New Hampshire, June 21, 1788.
Virginia, June 26, 1788.
New York, July 26, 1788.
North Carolina, November 21, 1789.
Rhode Island, May 29, 1790.

The State of Vermont, by convention, ratified the Constitution on the 10th of January, 1791, and was, by an act of Congress of the 18th of February, 1791, “received and admitted into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States of America.”

RATIFICATIONS OF THE AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

The first ten articles of amendment (with two others which were not ratified by the requisite number of States) were submitted to the several State Legislatures by a resolution of Congress which passed on the 25th of September, 1789, at the first session of the First Congress, and were ratified by the Legislatures of the following States:

New Jersey, November 20, 1789.
Maryland, December 19, 1789.
North Carolina, December 22, 1789.
South Carolina, January 19, 1790.
New Hampshire, January 25, 1790.
Delaware, January 28, 1790.
Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790.
New York, March 27, 1790.
Rhode Island, June 15, 1790.
Vermont, November 3, 1791.
Virginia, December 15, 1791.

The acts of the Legislatures of the States ratifying these amendments were transmitted by the governors to the President, and by him communicated to Congress. The Legislatures of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Georgia, do not appear by the record to have ratified them.

The eleventh article was submitted to the Legislatures of the several States by a resolution of Congress passed on the 5th of March, 1794, at the first session of the Third Congress; and on the 8th of January, 1798, at the second session of the Fifth Congress, it was declared by the President, in a message to the two Houses of Congress, to have been adopted by the Legislatures of three fourths of the States, there being at that time sixteen States in the Union.

The twelfth article was submitted to the Legislatures of the several States, there being then seventeen States, by a resolution of Congress passed on the 12th of December, 1803, at the first session of the Eighth Congress; and was ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the States, in 1804, according to a proclamation of the Secretary of State dated the 25th of September, 1804.

The thirteenth article was submitted to the Legislatures of the several States, there being then thirty-six States, by a resolution of Congress passed on the 1st of February, 1865, at the second session of the Thirty-eighth Congress, and was ratified, according to a proclamation of the Secretary of State dated December 18, 1865, by the Legislatures of the following States:

Illinois, February 1, 1865.
Rhode Island, February 2, 1865.
Michigan, February 2, 1865.
Maryland, February 3, 1865.
New York, February 3, 1865.
West Virginia, February 3, 1865.
Maine, February 7, 1865.
Kansas, February 7, 1865.
Massachusetts, February 8, 1865.
Pennsylvania, February 8, 1865.
Virginia, February 9, 1865.
Ohio, February 10, 1865.
Missouri, February 10, 1865.
Indiana, February 16, 1865.
Nevada, February 16, 1865.
Louisiana, February 17, 1865.
Minnesota, February 23, 1865.
Wisconsin, March 1, 1865.
Vermont, March 9, 1865.
Tennessee, April 7, 1865.
Arkansas, April 20, 1865.
Connecticut, May 5, 1865.
New Hampshire, July 1, 1865.
South Carolina, November 13, 1865.
Alabama, December 2, 1865.
North Carolina, December 4, 1865.
Georgia, December 9, 1865.

The following States not enumerated in the proclamation of the Secretary of State also ratified this amendment:

Oregon, December 11, 1865.
California, December 20, 1865.
Florida, December 28, 1865.
New Jersey, January 23, 1866.
Iowa, January 24, 1866.
Texas, February 18, 1870.

The fourteenth article was submitted to the Legislatures of the several States, there being then thirty-seven States, by a resolution of Congress passed on the 16th of June, 1866, at the first session of the Thirty-ninth Congress; and was ratified, according to proclamation of the Secretary of State dated July 28, 1868, by the Legislatures of the following States:

Connecticut, June 30, 1866.
New Hampshire, July 7, 1866.
Tennessee, July 19, 1866.
[503]New Jersey, September 11, 1866.
[504]Oregon, September 19, 1866.
Vermont, November 9, 1866.
New York, January 10, 1867.
[505]Ohio, January 11, 1867.
Illinois, January 15, 1867.
West Virginia, January 16, 1867.
Kansas, January 18, 1867.
Maine, January 19, 1867.
Nevada, January 22, 1867.
Missouri, January 26, 1867.
Indiana, January 29, 1867.
Minnesota, February 1, 1867.
Rhode Island, February 7, 1867.
Wisconsin, February 13, 1867.
Pennsylvania, February 13, 1867.
Michigan, February 15, 1867.
Massachusetts, March 20, 1867.
Nebraska, June 15, 1867.
Iowa, April 3, 1868.
Arkansas, April 6, 1868.
Florida, June 9, 1868.
[506]North Carolina, July 4, 1868.
Louisiana, July 9, 1868.
[506]South Carolina, July 9, 1868.
Alabama, July 13, 1868.
[506]Georgia, July 21, 1868.
Mississippi, January 17, 1870.
Texas, February 18, 1870.

[506]Virginia ratified this amendment on the 8th of October, 1869, subsequent to the date of the proclamation of the Secretary of State. Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky rejected the amendment.

The fifteenth article was submitted to the Legislatures of the several States, there being then thirty-seven States, by a resolution of Congress passed on the 27th of February, 1869, at the first session of the Forty-first Congress; and was ratified, according to a proclamation of the Secretary of State dated March 30, 1870, by the Legislatures of the following States:

Nevada, March 1, 1869.
West Virginia, March 3, 1869.
North Carolina, March 5, 1869.
Louisiana, March 5, 1869.
Illinois, March 5, 1869.
Michigan, March 8, 1869.
Wisconsin, March 9, 1869.
Massachusetts, March 12, 1869.
Maine, March 12, 1869.
South Carolina, March 16, 1869.
Pennsylvania, March 26, 1869.
Arkansas, March 30, 1869.
[507]New York, April 14, 1869.
Indiana, May 14, 1869.
Connecticut, May 19, 1869.
Florida, June 15, 1869.
New Hampshire, July 7, 1869.
Virginia, October 8, 1869.
Vermont, October 21, 1869.
Alabama, November 24, 1869.
Missouri, January 10, 1870.
Mississippi, January 17, 1870.
Rhode Island, January 18, 1870.
Kansas, January 19, 1870.
[508]Ohio, January 27, 1870.
Georgia, February 2, 1870.
Iowa, February 3, 1870.
Nebraska, February 17, 1870.
Texas, February 18, 1870.
Minnesota, February 19, 1870.

[509]The State of New Jersey ratified this amendment on the 21st of February, 1871, subsequent to the date of the proclamation of the Secretary of State.

The States of California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Oregon, and Tennessee rejected this amendment.

The sixteenth article was passed by a resolution of Congress July 12, 1909; proclaimed by the Secretary of State, Philander C. Knox, as part of the Constitution February 25, 1913, there then being forty-eight States. The article was ratified by the States as follows:

Alabama, August 17, 1909.
Kentucky, February 9, 1910.
South Carolina, February 19, 1910.
Illinois, March 1, 1910.
Mississippi, March 7, 1910.
Oklahoma, March 14, 1910.
Maryland, April 8, 1910.
Georgia, August 3, 1910.
Texas, August 17, 1910.
Ohio, January 19, 1911.
Idaho, January 20, 1911.
Oregon, January 23, 1911.
Washington, January 26, 1911.
Montana, California, January 31, 1911.
Indiana, February 6, 1911.
Nevada, February 8, 1911.
Nebraska, North Carolina, February 11, 1911.
Colorado, February 20, 1911.
North Dakota, February 21, 1911.
Michigan, February 23, 1911.
Iowa, February 27, 1911.
Missouri, March 16, 1911.
Maine, March 31, 1911.
Tennessee, April 7, 1911.
Arkansas, April 22, 1911.
Wisconsin, May 26, 1911.
New York, July 12, 1911.
South Dakota, February 3, 1912.
Arizona, April 9, 1912.
Minnesota, June 11, 1912.
Delaware, Wyoming, February 3, 1913.
New Jersey, New Mexico, February 5, 1913.

The States of Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Kentucky and Utah rejected this amendment.

The seventeenth article was passed by a resolution of Congress June 12, 1911; proclaimed by the Secretary of State, William J. Bryan, as part of the Constitution May 31, 1913, there then being forty-eight States. The article was ratified by the States as follows:

Massachusetts, May 22, 1912.
Arizona, June 3, 1912.
Minnesota, June 10, 1912.
New York, January 13, 1913.
Kansas, January 17, 1913.
Oregon, January 23, 1913.
North Carolina, January 25, 1913.
Michigan, California, January 28, 1913.
Idaho, January 31, 1913.
West Virginia, February 4, 1913.
Nebraska, February 5, 1913.
Iowa, February 6, 1913.
Washington, Montana, Texas, February 7, 1913.
Wyoming, February 11, 1913.
Illinois, Colorado, February 13, 1913.
North Dakota, February 18, 1913.
Nevada, Vermont, February 19, 1913.
Maine, February 20, 1913.
New Hampshire, February 21, 1913.
Oklahoma, February 24, 1913.
Ohio, February 25, 1913.
South Dakota, February 27, 1913.
Indiana, March 6, 1913.
Missouri, March 7, 1913.
Tennessee, April 1, 1913.
Arkansas, April 14, 1913.
Pennsylvania, Connecticut, April 15, 1913.
Wisconsin, May 9, 1913.

CASES CITED

A

Addystone (The), Pipe & Steel Co. _v._ U. S., 175 U. S., 211, (87)

American Insurance Company _v._ Canter, 1 Peters, 511, (15, 47, 127,
159, 193)

Ames _v._ Kansas, 111 U. S., 449, (139)

Arndt _v._ Griggs, 134 U. S., 316, (96)

B

Baldwin _v._ Hale, 1 Wallace, 223, (37, 38)

Bank of Commerce _v._ New York City, 2 Black, 620, (51, 52, 122)

Barbier _v._ Connolly, 113 U. S., 27, (207, 209)

Barron _v._ Baltimore, 7 Peters, 243, (11, 32, 47, 156, 161)

Bartemeyer _v._ Iowa, 18 Wallace, 129, (98)

Battle _v._ U. S., 209 U. S., 36, (43)

Beck _v._ Perkins, 139 U. S., 628, (137)

Bedford, _v._ U. S., 192 U. S., 217, (100)

Beef Trust, Swift and Co. _v._ U. S., 196 U. S., 375, (84)

Beer Co. _v._ Massachusetts, 97 U. S., 25, (92)

Blake _v._ McClung, 172 U. S., 239, (150, 151, 198)

Börs _v._ Preston, 111 U. S., 252, (120, 137)

Boyd _v._ Alabama, 94 U. S. 645, (92)

Boyd _v._ U. S., 116 U. S., 616, (203, 225)

Brewer Brick Co. _v._ Brewer, 62 Maine, 62, (60)

Brig Wilson _v._ U. S., 1 Brockenbrough, 437, (63)

Brimmer _v._ Rebman, 138 U. S., 78, (68, 79)

Briscoe _v._ Bank of Kentucky, 11 Peters, 257, (41)

Brown _v._ Houston, 114 U. S., 622, (80)

Brown _v._ Maryland, 12 Wheaton, 419, (66, 75, 76)

Brown _v._ U. S., 8 Cranch, 110, (47)

Brown _v._ Walker, 161 U. S., 591, (162, 226)

Bucher _v._ Cheshire, R. R. Co., 125 U. S., 555, (145)

Buckner _v._ Finley, 2 Peters, 590, (148, 149)

Burgess _v._ Seligman, 107 U. S., 20, (145)

Buttfield _v._ Stranahan, 192 U. S., 470, (88)

C

Calder _v._ Bull, 3 Dallas, 386, (32, 224)

Callan _v._ Wilson, 127 U. S., 540, (160)

Capitol Traction Co. _v._ Hof, 174 U. S., 1, (210)

Central Bridge Corporation _v._ City of Lowell, 4 Gray (Mass.), 474,
(99)

Chicago, etc., Ry. Co. _v._ Wellman, 143 U. S., 339, (186)

Chisholm _v._ Georgia, 2 Dallas, 419, (114, 141 [note])

Cincinnati, Wilmington, etc., R. R. Co. _v._ Commissioners, 1 Ohio
St., 88, (169)

Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S., 3, (17, 24, 94, 217, 218, 220)

Clark Distilling Co. _v._ Am. Ex. Co., and State of W. Va., (64)

Clark Distilling Co. _v._ W. Md. R.R. Co., (64)

Coe _v._ Errol, 116 U. S., 525, (73)

Cohens _v._ Virginia, 6 Wheaton, 382, (13, 119, 121, 138, 162)

Collector (The) _v._ Day, 11 Wallace, 113, (54, 55)

Commissioners of Immigration _v._ North German Lloyd, 92 U. S., 259,
(32)

Commonwealth _v._ McCloskey, 2 Rawle (Pa.), 374, (186)

Cook _v._ Marshall Company, 196 U. S., 261, (10)

Corfield _v._ Coryell, 4 Washington C. C., 371, (200, 213)

Cooley _v._ Board of Port Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia, 12
Howard, 299, (74)

Corporation Tax Cases, 220 U. S., 611, (62)

Cotting _v._ Kansas City Stock Yards Co., 183 U. S., 79, (198)

County of Mobile _v._ Kimball, 102 U. S., 691, (32)

Crandall _v._ Nevada, 6 Wallace, 36, (214)

Crutcher _v._ Kentucky, 141 U. S., 47, (78, 79)

Cunningham _v._ Macon & Brunswick R. R. Co., 109 U. S., 446, (141)

Cunnius _v._ Reading School District, 198 U. S., 458, (97)

D

Dalby _v._ Wolf, 14 Iowa, 228, (31)

Dale Tile Mfg. Co. _v._ Hyatt, 125 U. S., 46, (44)

Danbury Hatters’ Case, Loewe _v._ Lawler, 208 U. S., 274, (85)

_Daniel Ball_ (The), 10 Wallace, 557, (71)

Darrington _v._ Bank of Alabama, 13 Howard, 12, (41)

Davis _v._ Beason, 133 U. S., 333, (195)

Davis _v._ Packard, 7 Peters, 276, (120)

Dent _v._ West Virginia, 129 U. S., 114, (207)

Dooley _v._ U. S., 183 U. S., 151, (49)

Dorr _v._ U. S., 195 U. S., 138, (49, 163)

Douglas _v._ Kentucky, 168 U. S., 488, (92, 93)

Downes _v._ Bidwell, 182 U. S., 244, (14, 49, 50, 160, 162, 163, 201)

Drake _v._ U. S., _ex rel._ Bates, 30 App. D. C., 312;
36 Wash. Law Rep., 140, (111)

E

East Hartford _v._ Hartford Bridge Co., 10 Howard, 511, (93)

Escanaba Company _v._ Chicago, 107 U. S., 678, (74)

_Ex parte_ Boyer, 109 U. S., 629, (138)

_Ex parte_ Garland, 4 Wallace, 333, (107)

_Ex parte_ Griffiths, 118 Indiana, 83, (136, 222)

_Ex parte_ Milligan, 4 Wallace, 2, (198)

_Ex parte_ Reggel, 114 U. S., 642, (17, 151, 152)

_Ex parte_ Siebold, 100 U. S., 37, (138, 156, 218)

_Ex parte_ Wall, 107 U. S., 265, (205)

_Ex parte_ Watkins, 7 Peters, 568, (143)

_Ex parte_ Yarbrough, 110 U. S., 651, (157, 177, 215, 216, 223)

F

Field _v._ Clark, 143 U. S., 649, (25, 169, 190)

Fish _v._ Jefferson Police Jury, 116 U. S., 131, (91)

Florida Central R. R. Co. _v._ Reynolds, 183 U. S., 476, (60)

Fong Yue Ting _v._ U. S., 149 U. S., 698, (156)

Foster _v._ Kansas, 112 U. S., 201, (98)

Fox _v._ Ohio, 5 Howard, 410, (42)

Franklin Needle Co. _v._ Franklin, 65 N. H., 177, (60)

Frees _v._ Ford, 6 New York, 176, (186)

French _v._ Barber Asphalt Paving Co., 181 U. S., 324, (62)

Ft. Leavenworth R. R. Co. _v._ Loewe, 114 U. S. 525, (48)

G

Gaines _v._ Fuentes, 92 U. S., 10, (143)

Garfield _v._ U. S., _ex rel._ Frost, 30 App. D. C., 165;
35 Wash. Law Rep., 771, (111)

Gelpoke _v._ City of Dubuque, 1 Wallace, 175, (144)

Georgia R. R. and Banking Co. _v._ Smith, 128 U. S., 174, (93)

Georgia _v._ Stanton, 6 Wallace, 57, (107)

Gibbons _v._ Ogden, 9 Wheaton, 1, (32, 67, 68, 184)

Gilman _v._ Philadelphia, 3 Wallace, 713, (32)

Green _v._ Neal’s Lessee, 6 Peters, 291, (144)

Griffin _v._ U. S., _ex rel._ Le Cuyer, 30 App. D. C., 291;
36 Wash. Law Rep., 103, (111)

Guinn and Beal _v._ U. S., 238 U. S., 347, (223)

Gunn _v._ Barry, 15 Wallace, 610, (94)

H

Hanley _v._ Donaghue, 116 U. S., 1, (147, 148)

Hanley _v._ Kansas City Southern Railroad Co., 187 U. S., 617, (70,
88)

Hans _v._ Louisiana, 134 U. S., 1, (141)

Harman _v._ Chicago, 147 U. S., 396, (75)

Harris _v._ People, 128 Illinois, 585, (225)

Hartell _v._ Tilghman, 99 U. S., 558, (44)

Hawaii _v._ Mankichi, 190 U. S., 197, (94, 163)

Hayburn’s Case, 2 Dallas, 409, note, (222)

Henderson _et al._ Mayor of the City of New York _et al._ (32)

Henderson _v._ Mayor of New York, 92 U. S., 259, (68)

Hepburn _v._ Ellzey, 2 Cranch, 445, (47, 126)

Hepburn _v._ Griswold, 8 Wallace, 603, (39)

Herdic _v._ Roessler, 109 N. Y., 127, (44)

Hill and Co. Lmtd. _v._ Hoover, 220 U. S., 329, (44)

Holden _v._ Hardy, 169 U. S., 366, (207)

Hollinger _v._ Davis, 146 U. S., 314, (225)

Hooe _v._ Jamieson, 166 U. S., 395, (142)

Hope _v._ U. S., 227 U. S., 308, (88)

Hull _v._ De Cuir, 95 U. S., 485, (32)

Hurtado _v._ California, 110 U. S., 514, (205, 220)

I

Inman S. S. Co., _v._ Tinker, 94 U. S., 238, (81)

_In re_ Debs, 158 U. S., 564, (87)

_In re_ Neagle, 135 U. S., 1, (85, 106, 116)

_In re_ Rapier, 143 U. S., 110, (43)

J

Juilliard _v._ Greenman, 110 U. S., 421, (38, 39, 95)

K

Kelly _v._ Pittsburgh, 104 U. S., 78, (62)

Kendall _v._ U. S., 12 Peters, 524, (107)

Kentucky Railroad Tax Cases, 115 U. S., 321, (62)

Kidd _v._ Pearson, 128 U. S., 1, (73)

Kimmish _v._ Ball, 129 U. S., 217, (10)

Kingman _v._ City of Brockton, 153 Mass., 255, (61)

Kirtland _v._ Hotchkiss, 100 U. S., 491, (53, 54)

Knox _v._ Lee, 12 Wallace, 554, (40)

Kohl _v._ U. S., 91 U. S., 367, (100)

Kring _v._ Missouri, 107 U. S., 221, (224)

L

Lamar _ex_ _v._ Browne _et al._, 92 U. S., 187, (47)

Lascelles _v._ Georgia, 148 U. S., 537, (152, 153, 154)

Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wallace, 457, (156)

Leisy _v._ Hardin, 135 U. S., 100, (68, 79, 81)

License Cases (The), 5 Howard, 504, (10, 32, 97)

Loan Association _v._ Topeka, 20 Wallace, 655, (52, 61)

Lockner _v._ New York, 198 U. S., 45, (198, 209)

Lord _v._ S. S. Co., 102 U. S., 541, (88)

Lottery Cases, 188 U. S., 321, (83)

L. S. & M. S. Railway Co. _v._ Ohio, 173 U. S., (68, 79)

Luria _v._ U. S., 231 U. S., 9, (221)

Luther _v._ Borden, 7 Howard, 1, (128, 131, 154, 155)

M

Marbury _v._ Madison, 1 Cranch, 177, (16, 18, 24, 64, 107, 119, 125,
129, 131, 135, 143 [note], 176 [note], 185)

Martin _v._ Hunter’s Lessee, 1 Wheaton, 304, (4, 125, 143, 188)

Mattingly _v._ District of Columbia, 97 U. S., 687, (97)

Mattox _v._ U. S., 156 U. S., 237, (226)

Maxwell _v._ Dow, 176 U. S., 606, (220)

Mayor (The) _etc._, of the City of New York _v._ Miln, 11 Peters,
102, (32)

McCrackin _v._ Hayward, 2 Howard, 608, (89, 94)

McCulloch _v._ Maryland, 4 Wheaton, 316, (3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 19, 26, 31,
34, 38, 51, 52, 53, 54, 66, 156, 187)

McElmayle _v._ Cohen, 13 Peters, 312, (147)

Metropolitan R. R. Co. _v._ District of Columbia, 132 U. S., 1, (48)

Minor _v._ Happersett, 21 Wallace, 162, (155, 215)

Mississippi _v._ Johnson, 4 Wallace, 475, (107, 110, 111)

Missouri Pacific Ry. _v._ Nebraska, 164 U. S., 403, (95)

Mitchell _v._ Clark, 110 U. S., 633, (94, 95)

Moore _v._ Houston, 3 S. and R. (Pa.), 179, (36)

Morgan S. S. Co. _v._ La. Board of Health, 118 U. S., 455, (68, 79)

Morley _v._ L. S. & W. S. R. R., 146 U. S., 162, (93)

Mormon Church _v._ U. S., 136 U. S., 1, (47)

Mugler _v._ Kansas, 123 U. S., 623, (98, 209)

Munn _v._ Illinois, 94 U. S., 113, (209)

Murray _v._ Charleston, 96 U. S., 432, (90)

Murray’s Lessee _v._ The Hoboken Land and Improvement Co., 18 Howard,
272, (205)

N

National Bank _v._ County of Yankton, 101 U. S., 129, (159, 160)

Neal _v._ Delaware, 103 U. S., 170, (223)

New Orleans Gas Co. _v._ Louisiana Light Co., 115 U. S., 650, (93)

Nishimura Ekin _v._ U. S., 142 U. S., 651, (221)

Northern Securities Co. _v._ U. S., 193 U. S., 197, (84)

Norton _v._ Shelby County, 118 U. S., 425, (188)

O

Ogden _v._ Saunders, 12 Wheaton, 332, (188)

Ohio (The) and Mississippi R. R. Co. _v._ Wheeler, 1 Black, 286,
(142)

Osborn _v._ Bank of the U. S., 9 Wheaton, 738, (136, 137)

P

Packet Co. _v._ Keokuk, 95 U. S., 80, (81)

Pana _v._ Bowler, 107 U. S., 529, (144)

Parker _v._ Davis, 12 Wallace, 79, (39)

Passenger (The) Cases, 7 Howard, 283, (81)

Patterson _v._ Kentucky, 97 U. S., 501, (44)

Paul _v._ Virginia, 8 Wallace, 168, (71, 149, 198, 213)

Pembina Mining Co. _v._ Pennsylvania, 125 U. S., 181, (207)

Pennoyer _v._ Neff, 95 U. S., 714, (96, 151)

Pennsylvania College Cases, (Washington and Jefferson Colleges), 13
Wallace, 190, (91)

Pensacola Telegraph Co. _v._ Western Union Telegraph Co., 96 U. S.,
1, (32, 67, 70)

People _v._ Ruggles, 8 Johns (N.Y.), 290, (196)

Pfeiffer _v._ Board of Education, 77 N. W. Rep., 250, (196, 203)

Philadelphia and Southern S. S. Co. _v._ Pa., 122 U. S., 325, (59)

Pierce _v._ Drew, 136 Mass., 75, (100)

Pollock _v._ Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co., 158 U. S., 601, (190)

P. R. Co. _v._ Pa., 15 Wallace, 300, (52, 53)

Presser _v._ Illinois, 116 U. S., 252, (220)

Prize (The) Cases, 2 Black, 635, (46)

Pullman Car Co., 64 Fed. Reporter, 724, (85)

Pumpelly _v._ Green Bay Co., 13 Wallace, 166, (99)

R

Railroad Co. _v._ Huson, 95 U. S., 465, (79, 81)

Railroad Co. _v._ Tennessee, 101 U. S., 337, (141)

Rasmussen _v._ U. S., 197 U. S., (49, 163)

Rex _v._ Dawson, 5 State Trials, (45)

Reynolds _v._ U. S., 98 U. S., 145, (195, 203)

Rhodes _v._ Iowa, 170 U. S., 412, (81)

Riggs _v._ Johnson County, 6 Wallace, 166, (143)

Robbins _v._ Shelby County Taxing District, 120 U. S., 489, (78)

Robertson _v._ Baldwin, 165 U. S., 275, (204)

Robertson _v._ Cease, 97 U. S., 646, (118)

Rogers _v._ Alabama, 192 U. S., 226, (17)

S

Salt Co. _v._ E. Saginaw, 13 Wallace, 373, (91)

Sands _v._ Manistee River Improvement Co., 123 U. S., 238, (75, 157)

Savings and Loan Society _v._ Multnomah County, 169 U. S., 421, (54)

Schellenberger _v._ Pa., 171 U. S., 1, (68, 81)

Scott _v._ Sandford, 19 Howard, 393, (58)

Secretary (The) _v._ McGarrahan, 9 Wallace, 298, (189)

Security Mutual Life Insurance Co. _v._ Prewitt, 202 U. S., 246, (143)

Shreveport (The) Case (Houston East and West Texas Railway Co. _v._
U. S.;
Texas and Pacific Railway Co. _v._ U. S.), 234 U. S., 342, (88)

Sinnot _v._ Davenport, 22 Howard, 227 (32)

Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wallace, 77, (150, 156, 200, 212, 214, 215)

Smith _v._ Alabama, 124 U. S., 465, (145)

South Carolina _v._ U. S., 199 U. S., 437, (62)

South Dakota _v._ North Dakota, 192 U. S., 286, (139)

Southern Pacific Railroad Co. _v._ California, 118 U. S., 109, (137)

Spaulding _v._ Vilas, 161 U. S., 483, (107)

Spring Valley Water Works _v._ Schottler, 110 U. S., 347, (209)

Sproule _v._ Fredericks, 69 Miss., 898, (3)

Stanley _v._ Schwalby, 162 U. S., 255, (138)

State _ex rel._ _v._ Simons, 32 Minn., 540, (136)

State _ex rel._ _v._ Stone, 120 Missouri, 428, (111, 131, 189)

State _ex rel._ Weiss _v._ District Board, 76 Wis., 177, (196)

Steamboat (The) _Magnolia_, 20 Howard, 296, (137)

Stone _v._ City of Charleston, 114 Mass., 214, (32)

Strander _v._ West Virginia, 100 U. S., 303, (218)

Sturgis _v._ Crowningshield, 4 Wheaton, 122 (188)

Supervisors of Elections (Case of), 114 Mass., 247, (135)

T

Talbot _v._ Seeman, 1 Cranch, 38, (148)

Taylor _v._ Place, 4 R. I., 324, (19, 31)

Telegraph Co. _v._ Texas, 105 U. S., 460, (80)

Texas _v._ White, 7 Wallace, 700, (156)

Thompson _v._ Utah, 170 U. S., 343, (160, 163, 224)

Thompson _v._ Whitman, 18 Wallace, 457, (146)

Transportation Co. _v._ California Railroad Commission, 236 U. S.,
151, (88)

Transportation Co. _v._ Wheeling, 99 U. S., 273, (52, 82)

Trebilcock _v._ Wilson, 12 Wallace, 687, (39)

Trustees of Dartmouth College _v._ Woodward, 4 Wheaton, 518, (91)

Turner _v._ Maryland, 107 U. S., 38, (81)

Twining _v._ State of New Jersey, 211 U. S., 78, (221)

U

U. S. _v._ Aaron Burr, Cotton’s Constitutional Opinions of John
Marshall, i., 100, (188)

U. S. _v._ Black, 128 U. S., 40, (107, 111, 112, 189)

U. S. _v._ Blaine, 139 U. S., 306, (107, 189)

U. S. _v._ Boyd, 116 U. S., 616, (198)

U. S. _v._ Cruikshank, 92 U. S., 542 (156, 197, 217)

U. S. _v._ Del. & Hudson Ry., 213 U. S., 366 (88)

U. S. _v._ E. C. Knight Co., 165 U. S., 1, (72)

U. S. _ex rel._ Daly, 28 App. D. C., 552;
35 Wash. Law. Rep., 81, (111)

U. S. _ex rel._ _v._ Duell, 172 U. S., 576, (222)

U. S. _ex rel._ Newcomb Motor Co., 30 App. D. C., 464;
36 Wash. Law Rep., 150, (111)

U. S. _v._ Fisher, 2 Cranch, 396, (26, 27)

U. S. _v._ Freight Association, 166 U. S., 290, (127)

U. S. _v._ Holliday, 3 Wallace, 407, (88)

U. S. _v._ Lee, 106 U. S., 196, (133, 141)

U. S. _v._ Louisville and Nashville R. R. Co., 236 U. S., 318, (198)

U. S. _v._ Marigold, 9 Howard, 560, (42)

U. S. _v._ Rauscher, 119 U. S., 407, (153)

U. S. _v._ Rodgers, 150 U. S., 249, (46, 222)

U. S. _v._ R. R. Co., 17 Wallace, 322, (59)

U. S. _v._ Smith, 5 Wheaton, 153, (45)

U. S. _v._ Texas, 143 U. S., 621, (139)

U. S. _v._ Villato, 2 Dallas, 373, (221)

U. S. _v._ Windom, 137 U. S., 636, (107, 189)

U. S. _v._ Wong Kim Ark, 169 U. S., 649, (221)

V

Vanini _et al._ _v._ Paine _et al._, 1 Harr. (Del.) 65, (44)

Veazie Bank _v._ Fenno, 8 Wallace, 533, (62)

W

Walker _v._ Sauvinet, 92 U. S., 90, (220)

Walton _v._ Missouri, 91 U. S., 275, (76, 77)

Ward _v._ Maryland, 12 Wallace, 418, (150)

Weaver _v._ Fegely, 29 Pa. St., 27, (36)

Weeks _v._ U. S., 232 U. S., 383, (198)

Weems _v._ U. S., 217 U. S., 394, (49)

Wellington, Petitioner, 16 Pickering (Mass.), 96, (186)

Wells _v._ Bain, 75 Pa. St., 39, (3)

West _v._ Cabell, 153 U. S., 78, (198)

West _v._ Louisiana, 194 U. S., 258, (220)

Western Union Telegraph Co. _v._ Call Publishing Co., 181 U. S., 92,
(145)

Weston _et al._ _v._ City of Charleston, 2 Peters, 466, (13)

Wheaton _v._ Peters, 8 Peters, 591 (43)

Whitten _v._ Tomlinson, 160 U. S., 231, (143)

Wiley _v._ Sinkler, 179 U. S., 58, (157, 177, 216)

Williamette Iron Bridge Co. _v._ Hatch, 125 U. S., 1, (32)

Williamson _v._ Berry, 8 Howard, 540, (147)

Wilson _v._ New Ferris, Receivers Mo. Ok. and G. Railway Co., (64)

Wisconsin Central R. R. Co. _v._ Price County, 133 U. S., 496, (60)

Wisconsin _v._ Pelican Insurance Co., 127 U. S., 265, (140)

Woodruff _v._ Trapnall, 10 Howard, 190, (89, 90)

Y

Yick Wo _v._ Hopkins, 118 U. S., 356, (206, 211)

INDEX

A

Aliens, as citizens and allegiance of, 1

Allegiance, 222

Ambassadors, 119, 120, 137

Amendments, protect fundamental rights, 22;
the Sixteenth, 23, 24, 57, 61;
I.-XVII., 28, 29, 57, 58, 61;
Fourteenth, 96, 97;
Eleventh, the, 114, 115;
first ten, 173–175, 199, 200;
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, 175;
Thirteenth, 176, 198, 200;
Fourteenth, 176, 198, 200, 206, 207, 216, 217;
Fifth, 198;
Fifteenth, 222, 223;
Ninth, 200;
Tenth, 200, 203;
Fourth, 203;
Seventh, 210

Anti-Trust Act, 83, 84, 85

Appropriations, 22, 171;
of Representatives and Senators, 179

Arizona, admission of, 158

Army, 171

Asylum, right of, 152, 153

Attainder, bill of, 22, 171, 172

B

Bank, State, 89, 90

Bankruptcies, 36, 37

Bible, in public schools, 202, 203

Bill of credit, 41

Bill of Rights, 173–175;
the Constitution a, 187, 210, 211

Bonds, 90

Boycott, 84

C

Cabinet, the, 105, 106

California, law of, held constitutional, 220

Carriers, Common, 87

Charters, 91

Checks and balances, 164, 165;
on the Executive, 166–169;
on Congress, 170–177, 178;
on the States, 176–181

Checks on Congress, 27

Chief Justice, in Court of Impeachment, 103, 108, 109

Cities, jurisdiction over, 48

Citizen, of a territory, of a State, 141, 142;
privileges and immunities of, 149, 150, 212, 215, 220;
as participant in the federal government, 182;
as elector, 216

Citizens, privileges and immunities of, 149, 150, 163 (note)

Citizenship, defined, 212;
two citizenships, 212, 213, 226–229

Civil Rights Bill, 218, 219

Comity, the law of State, 146–163

Commerce, regulation of interstate, 22;
law of, 63–88;
regulation of, belongs to sovereignty, 63, 64;
defined, 67;
State and interstate, 63–88;
unlawful restraint of, 72;
when an article is of, 73;
distinguished from manufacture, 73;
“taxation of commerce,” meaning of, 75;
principal of regulation of, 76, 77, 78;
interstate, 78, 88;
intrastate, 79, 80, 88;
“foreign commerce,” 87, 88

Confederation, a league, 7;
unable to regulate commerce, 66

Congress, law making by, 2, 18–50;
determines extent of taxation, regulates commerce, protects
citizens, determines jurisdiction of federal courts,
assigns duties and powers to the President, 25;
powers of, political, 26;
abuse of powers by, 27;
checks on, 27;
test of authority of, 30, 31;
powers of, derived, 34, 35;
war power of, 46;
power over territory, 48, 49, 50;
power of, over commerce, 63–88;
limitation of powers of, as to commerce, 69–88;
debates in, as evidence in court, 127;
decides political questions, 128;
governs territory, 158–163;
power over outlying possessions, 161, 162, 163;
checks on, 170–176;
unconstitutional legislation, 218, 219

Constitution, the supreme law, 1;
essential to sovereignty, 2;
ordained by the people, 2;
a practical instrument, 19, 20;
provides only for judicial interpretation, 24;
relative rank with act of Congress, 24, 25;
unwritten, 27;
how amended, 180, 181;
administrative provisions in, 191, 192;
essential features of, 194

Constitutions, State, 1776–1787, 21;
limit Legislatures, 22, 23

Consuls, 119, 120, 137

Contracts, between citizens of different States, 37, 38;
obligation of, 37;
a lawful, 40;
law of, the, 89–101;
obligation of, under the Constitution, 93, 94;
constitutional use of the word, 98

Convention, 107, 108

Convention (federal), 6;
to amend Constitution, 180, 181

Cooley, quoted, 205

Copyrights, 36, 43

Corporations, municipal, 59;
as citizen, 139, 142;
rights of, 139, 140, 149

Counterfeiting, 36, 41, 42

Counties, jurisdiction over, 48

Courts, inferior, 122 _et seq._

Courts, Territorial, 125

Courts, Supreme and inferior, 113, 122, 123;
jurisdiction of federal, 115 _et seq._;
Territorial, 125;
political questions and the, 126;
do not decide political questions, 128;
province and duty of, 129;
judicial supremacy, 129–131;
essential power of the Supreme Court, 142, 143;
federal sitting as State, 144, 145;
limitation of federal, 178

D

Debts, of the U. S., 40

Domain, eminent, exercise of, by U. S. or the States, 95, 97, 98,
99, 100

“Due process of law,” charitable institutions not entitled to, or
a person, 60;
a fundamental right, 95, 204, 220

Duties, export, 22; uniform, 40, 171

Duty, a ministerial, 110, 111, 112

E

Election, disputed, of President or Vice-President, 180

Elections, disputed presidential, 167

Electors, denial of right of, 179

England, as sovereign, 2

Excises, 40, 171

Executive, law of, 102–112;
checks on, 166–169

Exemption, from taxation (Churches, Schools, etc.), 60;
from income tax, 61

Expatriation, 222

Expenditures, public statement of, 22

_Ex post facto_ law, 22, 171, 177, 224

F

_Federalist, The_, quoted or cited, 4, 8, 12, 13, 17, 33, 34,
35, 36, 116, 117, 118, 187

Fee, license, 74

Felonies, 44

Florida, as a territory, status in U. S., 127

France, as sovereign, 2

Fugitives from justice, 151, 152;
political, 153, 154

Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation, 48

G

Gallatin, Albert, on Louisiana purchase, 14, 15

Government, representative, 2;
republican form guaranteed, 6;
a unit, 19;
distinguished from sovereignty, 23;
limited, affected by Sixteenth Amendment, 23, 24;
national, when supreme, 34;
nature of national, 38;
Marshall’s differentiation between State and federal, 51;
of the U. S., distinct from the State, 116;
what constitutes a lawful State, 128;
principal of separation of powers of, 135, 136;
of the U. S. power of, 137, 138;
what is a republican form of? 154, 155, 156

Governor, power of extradition, 151, 152;
issues writs of election, 179

H

Habeas Corpus, 21, 143

Hamilton, on National and State systems, 13;
as interpreter of the Constitution, 28;
as to State and federal sovereignty 35, 36;
on residuary sovereignty, 177;
on the Constitution as a Bill of Rights, 187

Hayes, President, on power of the President, 109, 110

House of Representatives (U. S.) members, 103, 172, 179;
election of, 182, 216.
(_See also_ _Congress_, _Powers_.)

I

Impeachment, 107

Imports, 40

Imposts, 171

Information, prosecution by, 220

Interstate commerce, testimony before, 225, 226

J

Jefferson, on Louisiana purchase, 13;
as interpreter of the Constitution, 28

Johnson, President, 103

Judges, bound by the Constitution, 1

Judiciary Act, 141

Judiciary, as agent, 3, 4;
law of judicial power, the, 113–145;
supremacy of, 129–133

Jurisdiction, of congress and legislatures, 18–50;
principle of, 38;
of the U. S., 45, 58, 63;
of a State, 48;
State and federal compared, 51, 68, 72, 73, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86,
91, 92, 95, 97;
the test, 53;
of the Executive, 102–112;
of the Judiciary, 113–145;
of Supreme and of inferior federal courts, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123;
admiralty, 121;
federal and State distinguished, 124, 125;
as to political questions, 126, 127;
original of Supreme Court, 136, 137;
national commercial, 137;
principal of State, 146, 147;
no new conferred by the constitution, 146;
determines citizenship, 151

_Jury_, as used in the Constitution, 209, 210;
indictment of, 220

Justice, principles of natural, 50

K

Kansas, jurisdiction over Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation, 48

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 17 (note)

L

Law, presumption of, 31;
test of constitutionality, 30, 31;
bankrupt, insolvent, 37, 38;
postal, 42;
patent, 44;
common, 45;
inspection, 81;
due process of, 95;
what is constitutional? 132, 135;
_ex post facto_, 22, 171, 224

Legislatures, State, powers of, 22, 35–37, 53, 90;
discretion of, 54, 79;
appoints presidential electors, 167;
office of, 218

Limitations, the law of, 164–190

Lincoln, Levi, on Louisiana purchase, 14

Lincoln, President, on law of limitations, 166;
on tenure of Cabinet officers, 105

Liquors, 97, 98

Louisiana, power to purchase, 13, 14, 15

M

Madison, defines a republic, 4, 5;
on power of national government, 12, 13

Mails, 42;
and lottery tickets, 43, 85, 86

Mandamus, 111

Manufacture, distinguished from commerce, 73;
right to, 98

Marque and reprisal, 37

Marshall, Chief Justice, defines U. S. government, 6, 7;
on taxing power, 9, 10;
on war and treaty-making powers, 15;
enthrones Hamilton’s ideas, 28;
on sovereignty, 34;
distinction by, between State and federal, 51;
on regulation of commerce, 63, 119;
on international law, 148;
lays down principle of constitutional interpretation, 186, 187

Massachusetts, constitution of 1780, 5

Measures, 36, 37

Ministers, public, 119, 120, 137

Monopolies, 72, 83, 84

N

Naturalization, 221

Nobility, title of, 172

Nuisance, 97

Nullification, 17

O

Oath, 2

Office, legal right to, 91;
constitutional meaning of, 103

P

Package, original, 75

Parliament, 21

Parties, political, interpret the Constitution, 27, 28

Patent rights, 36, 43

People, The, sovereign, 2;
author of supreme law, 5, 6;
power to amend constitution, 7;
sovereignty of, 12, 13

Piracies, 44, 45

Polygamy, 203

Possessions, outlying, power of Congress over, 161, 162, 163

Post offices, 42

Post roads, 42

Powers, derivative 2;
original and derivative distinguished, 5;
taxing, 9;
legislative, 18–50;
defined, 18;
character of, 18–50;
separation of, 19, 20;
of respective Houses, 20, 21, 22;
limitations of, 18, 22, 23, 24;
American doctrine of, 19;
parliamentary, 20, 21;
nature and extent of Constitutional, 21;
of Congress reflect eighteenth century ideas, 25, 26;
of Congress derivative, 34, 35;
implied, 36;
conflict between State and federal, 36–39;
implied or expressed, 38, 39, 55;
police, 42–45, 73, 74, 79, 81, 91, 92, 98, 121, 205–208;
of Congress as to crime or immorality, 42;
taxing, 52, _et seq._;
of State governments, 55, 56;
judicial review of taxing, 57, 58;
police powers of U. S. and States distinguished, 68;
residuary of States, 73;
taxing by State and U. S. defined, 76;
law of executive, 102–112;
law of judicial, 113–145;
the U. S. Government, 137–139;
exact division between State and federal unknown, 183;
delegated, 191

Preamble, 26, 76

President, veto of, 2;
military and naval power, 46;
executes U. S. laws, 46;
character of his decisions, 46, 47;
nature of powers of, 102–112;
oath of, 102;
trial of, 103;
test of execution of office of, 103;
Johnson, 103;
impeachment of, 102, 103, 107, 108

Principles of Constitutional law, as to sovereignty, 9, 39, 217;
separation of powers, 19;
limitations, 22, 27;
learned from judicial decisions, 30;
as to adequate federal powers, 33, 34, 54;
of natural justice, 50;
as to commerce, 70;
as to the police power, 92;
as to obligation of contracts, 93;
consequentive damages, 99;
of judicial power, 130; 136;
of federal judicial jurisdiction, 142, 143;
of State comity, 147, 150;
as to powers of Congress, 183;
constitutional interpretation, 186, 187;
fundamental rights, 191–211;
equality of citizens, 217;
due process of law, 219, 220;
of citizenship, 221

Prohibition, 97, 98

R

Receipts, publication of, 22

Residuary sovereignty, 12

Revenue, bills of, 172

Rights, the law of fundamental, 190–211;
religious liberty, 191, 195;
freedom of speech, of the press, 196, 197;
right of petition, 197;
exemption from searches and seizures, 197, 198, 225;
life, liberty, property, 199;
realized through the Judiciary, 201;
relation to Constitutional limitations, 202;
trial by jury, 209, 210;
bills of, 210, 211

S

Senate (U. S.) members, 103, 172, 179;
treaties, 104;
as Court of Impeachment, 108;
represents the States, 180;
election of, 216.
(_See also_ _Congress_, _Powers_.)

Services, Constitutional meaning of, 103

Sovereignty, agent of, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12;
delegated to Congress, 19, 20;
of the people, 34;
Hamilton on State and federal, 35, 36;
national, 38, 39, 41, 100;
possessed by U. S. and by States, 47;
State distinguished from federal, 51;
as to commerce, 63;
of Congress over outlying possessions, 161–163

State (in the Union), quasi-sovereign, 2;
Legislature, 2;
sovereignty of, 6–9, 55, 100;
supremacy of, 34;
powers of Legislatures derivative, 35, 36

State, powers of legislature extinguished by Congress, 36;
implied powers of, 36;
power to punish counterfeiting, 41, 42;
police power of, 43, 44, 45, 79, 81, 91, 92, 98, 121, 205, 206,
207, 208;
meaning of “State” in the Constitution, 47, 48, 141;
and U. S. possess sovereignty, 47;
subdivisions of, 48;
system of State government distinguished from federal, 51;
power of, over commerce, 64, 67;
limitation of jurisdiction of, 82;
may be petitioned, not suable, 114, 115;
what constitutes a republican form of, 128;
suability, 140;
the word “States” in the Constitution, 141;
jurisdiction of, determined, 147;
principle of relation of State to State, 147, 148;
law of in federal courts, 148;
the States mutually foreign to one another, 148;
rights of citizens of, 149;
admission of a, 156, 157;
the States indestructible, 158;
new States, 173;
limitation of power of, 176–181;
the States as limitations on the U. S., 179, 180;
appoints presidential electors, 179;
subdivision of, 180;
guaranteed a republican form of government, 180;
States and amendment of the Constitution, 180, 181;
citizenship, 213

Suffrage, 223

Supreme Court of the U. S., Marshall’s decisions, 28;
principle of interpretation, 31, 34, 39, 186;
on boundary between the federal and State systems, 51;
part of the judicial department, 56;
powers not delegated, 59;
has not defined power over commerce, 63;
nature of power of U. S. over commerce, 65, 76, 77;
decisions on Anti-Trust Act, 83, 84;
on obligation of contracts, 93;
adequacy of its authority, 106;
on executive and ministerial powers, 112;
judicial power of, 113, 114 _et seq._;
jurisdiction, original and appellate, 119–136;
on the war power, 127;
nature of jurisdiction, 129–142;
determines constitutional law, 133–135;
jurisdiction under the Judiciary Act, 141;
relation to State tribunals, 144, 145;
as to republican form of government, 155, 156;
decision of as to power of Congress over Territories and
possessions, 160–163, 183, 184, 201;
on delegated powers, 175;
jurisdiction when a State is a party, 178;
function of the Judiciary, 185;
power of U. S. to acquire territory, 193;
power vested in, 194;
on the nature of American institutions, 210, 211;
on citizens’ rights, 214;
on “due process of law,” 220;
on the Fifteenth Amendment, 222, 223

“Sweeping Clause,” 26

T

Tax, export, 22, 52;
essentials of a good, 52, 60, 61;
income, 58 (_and see under_ Amendment);
exemptions, 60;
direct, indirect, 61

Taxation, law of, 51–62;
by a State, 52–56;
national, 54;
power of U. S. over, 65, 66

Tender, legal, 38, 39

Territory, when sovereign, 47;
power of Congress over, 48, 141, 183;
the law of, and of territories, 146–163;
becoming a State, 157, 158;
governed by Congress, 159, 160, 162, 163

Texas, law of, regulating commerce, 80

Tickets, lottery, 43, 83, 85

Treason, 172

Treaties, 104;
in the Senate, 180

U

United States, supreme law of, 2 _et seq._;
laws of, by whom made, 2;
guarantees republican form of government, 6;
sovereignty of, 8–13;
organization of, reflects popular will, 18;
governmental functions of, 19, 20;
powers of, 20 _et seq._;
admiralty, jurisdiction of, 45, 46;
war power of, 46;
and States possess sovereignty, 47;
civil system of, distinguished from State, 51;
powers of, as to States, 54–57;
power over commerce, 63–88;
the peace of, 85;
police power of, 95;
citizenship, 214, 216, 217

V

Veto, 2

Vice-President, 108

W

Waite, Chief Justice, quoted, 92

Waters, navigable, 46

Webster, Daniel, his definition of law, 205

Weights, 36, 37

Wilson, James, on the Constitution a Bill of Rights, 187, 188

FOOTNOTES

[1] Art. vi., 2, 3, and Preamble.

[2] Art. i., 7: 2.

[3] The Supreme Court of Mississippi in Sproule _v._ Fredericks, 69 Miss. 898 (1892), decided that the Constitutional Convention of that State (1890) “wielded the powers of sovereignty specially delegated to it, for the purpose and the occasion, by the whole electoral body, for the good of the whole Commonwealth.” The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in Wells _v._ Bain, 75 Pa. St. 39 (1874), decided that the Convention of 1872 was “not a co-ordinate branch of the government,” and possessed only “delegated powers.” The Supreme Court of the United States, through Marshall, C. J., decided in McCulloch _v._ Maryland, 4 Wheaton, 316 (1819), that the Constitution which came from the hands of the Federal Convention of 1787 “was a mere proposal, without obligation, or pretensions to it. By the Convention, by Congress, and by the State Legislatures, the instrument was submitted to the people. They acted upon it, in the only manner in which they can act safely, effectively, and wisely, on such a subject, by assembling in convention. It is true they assembled in their several States; and where else should they have assembled? No political dreamer was ever wild enough to think of breaking down the lines which separate the States, and of compounding the American people into one common mass. Of consequence when they act, they act in their States. But the measures they adopt do not, on that account, cease to be the measures of the people themselves, or become the measures of the State governments. From these conventions the Constitution derives its whole authority. The government proceeds directly from the people; is “ordained and established” in the name of the people; and is declared to be ordained, “in order to@ form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and to their posterity.” The assent of the States in their sovereign capacity is implied in calling a convention, and thus submitting that instrument to the people. But the people were at perfect liberty to accept or reject it; and their act was final. It required not the affirmance, and could not be negatived by the State governments. The Constitution when thus adopted was of complete obligation, and bound the State sovereignties.” The character of the Constitution, its purport and principles, is examined in Martin _v._ Hunter’s Lessee, 1 Wheaton, 304 (1816). Decision by Story, J.

[4] No. xxxix.

[5] Art. v.

[6] Constitution (1780 to date) Pt. I. Art. iv. The words “substitutes and agents” may be considered equivalent to the modern words “administrative officers.”

[7] Art. iv., 4.

[8] McCulloch _v._ Maryland, note, _supra_.

[9] McCulloch _v._ Maryland, note, _supra_.

[10] _Idem._ (The language of the Court slightly paraphrased.)

[11] Art. v.

[12] _The Federalist_, No. lxii.

[13] McCulloch _v._ Maryland.

[14] Art. i., 8: 1; but see Amendment XVI.

[15] McCulloch _v._ Maryland.

[16] Articles i., 8: 5; ii., 2: 2; i., 10: 3; i., 8: 2.

[17] The License Cases, 5 Howard, 504 (1846); Kimmish _v._ Ball, 129 U. S., 217 (1889); Cook _v._ Marshall Company, 196 U. S., 261.

[18] Discussed at length in the chapters on State Comity, and Commerce.

[19] Art. iv. (and preceding note).

[20] See also Chapters XII and XIII.

[21] Barron _v._ Baltimore, 7 Peters, 243 (1833).

[22] No. xxxix.

[23] Cohens _v._ Virginia, 6 Wheaton, 382 (1821). Madison’s thought is incorporated into Weston _et al._ _v._ the City of Charleston, 2 Peters, 466 (1829.)

[24] _The Federalist_, No. lxxxii.

[25] Gallatin’s _Writings_, i., 11.

[26] Sustained by Downes _v._ Bidwell, 182 U. S., 244 (1901).

[27] The American Insurance Company _v._ Canter, 1 Peters, 511 (1828).

[28] Compare the Preamble. The entire discussion in _The Federalist_ is of the conformity of the Constitution to a republican government and of the necessity of governmental powers adequate to governmental purposes.

[29] Art. x.

[30] Marbury _v._ Madison, 1 Cranch, 176 (1803).

[31] Every question in constitutional law, in the United States, sooner or later leads back to a question of sovereignty. What that sovereignty is can be known only by its operation,—that is, by political experience. What powers are delegated by the Constitution is the question answered (at least in part) by courts of law and legislatures, by publicists and by the actual administration of government. Widely divergent interpretations of that sovereignty and that law have been held throughout our history as a nation. These divergent opinions are recorded in the Debates during the formation and ratification of the Constitution; in the discussions incident to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798; in the discussions relating to Nullification, in 1833; again in 1860 and immediately prior; and in various decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. Chief Justice Marshall’s decisions (some thirty-six in number), the opinion of that Court in his time, remain the classic interpretation of national sovereignty. _The Federalist_ remains the classic contemporaneous interpretation of the Constitution.

The issue involved is, fundamentally, one of _functions_, and is viewed at different times with different understandings. As a practical question, it is one of _jurisdiction_ as legally understood, but as a question of _service_ as politically understood. Here enter many and diverse factors as morals, industry, communal interest, public safety, social needs, and the like. Questions growing out of these are not and cannot be decided finally by any generation. Each generation interprets these factors. Thus constitutional interpretation becomes, not a fixed quantity, but an adjustment to reason and necessity. Prudence dictates that interpretation be conservative. The constitutional and political history of America must be read along with its constitutional law. In addition to cases already cited in this chapter, the following may advantageously be read, though each contains matter of special application to other aspects of the subject: _Ex parte_ Siebold, 100 U. S., 371 (1879); The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S., 3 (1883); Rogers _v._ Alabama, 192 U. S., 226 (1904).

[32] Marbury _v._ Madison, 1 Cranch, 177.

[33] Art. i., 1.

[34] Art. vi., 2.

[35] A typical formulation in Massachusetts, (1780) Pt. I., xxx. Discussed in Taylor _v._ Place, 4 R. I., 324 (1856.)

[36] McCulloch _v._ Maryland, 4 Wheaton, 316.

[37] Art. i., v.; Amendment XII.

[38] “The Sources and Authorship of the Constitution,” in the author’s _Constitutional History of the United States_, iii., 464–515.

[39] Art. i., 8: 1.

[40] Art. i., 9: 2.

[41] _Id._, 3.

[42] _Id._, 5.

[43] _Id._, 6.

[44] _Id._, 7.

[45] See the Chapters on _The Law of Limitations_, and _The Law of Fundamental Rights_.

[46] _Pennsylvania_, 1873, Art. i., 26.

[47] Thus annulling Art. i., 2: 3.

[48] It will be profitable to compare this amendment with the doctrine laid down in Marbury _v._ Madison, 1 Cranch, 137. See also _The Reconciliation of Government and Liberty_, J. W. Burgess (1915).

[49] The fundamental principle of judicial interpretation is laid down in Marbury _v._ Madison; the principle is examined in the Chapter on _The Law of Judicial Power_.

[50] Art. iii.

[51] This point is elaborated and examined by the Supreme Court in the decision declaring the Civil Rights Bill of April 9, 1866, unconstitutional. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S., 3 (1883). The doctrine annunciated is that Congress has no power to legislate _generally_ upon subjects, power over which is reserved to the States by the Tenth Amendment.

[52] See authorities at close of preceding Chapter; also Chapter XI.

[53] In this connection as to the President see Field _v._ Clark, 143 U. S., 649 (1892).

[54] Art. i., 8: 18.

[55] Preamble. As to “necessary and proper,” see United States _v._ Fisher, 2 Cranch, 396; McCulloch _v._ Maryland, 4 Wheaton, 421.

[56] U. S. _v._ Fisher, _supra_.

[57] The great opinions interpretative of the Constitution have each their historical setting. Illustration of this is given in the annotated editions of Marshall’s decisions, _e. g._, J. P. Cotton’s edition, 2 vols. 1905.

[58] For a detailed history of the first fifteen amendments see the author’s _Constitutional History of the United States_; the social and political history from 1789 to 1870 are related, respectively, by John Bach McMaster in his _History of the People of the United States_, and by James Schouler in his _History of the United States_. J. F. Rhodes in his _History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850_, 7 vols. (1850–1877), gives the history of congressional legislation and of judicial interpretation during the period. Much of the history relevant to the great decisions of the Court is given in the decisions.

[59] McCulloch _v._ Maryland, 4 Wheaton, 316 (1819). Many later decisions apply this principle.

For an examination of the character and scope of the Legislative Department, see

Taylor _v._ Place, 4 R. I., 324 (1856); Dalby _v._ Wolf, 14 Iowa, 228 (1862); Stone _v._ City of Charleston, 114 Mass., 214 (1873); Barrno _v._ Baltimore, 7 Peters, 243 (1833); Calder _v._ Bull, 3 Dallas, 386 (1798).

The powers of Congress over taxation, commerce, the currency, war, territories, outlying possessions, etc., are particularly examined under appropriate headings in later chapters.

In addition to cases cited in the present Chapter, and to the above, and relating to the powers of Congress, see Gibbons _v._ Ogden, 9 Wheaton, 1 (1824); The Mayor, etc., of the City of New York _v._ Miln, 11 Peters, 102 (1837); The License Cases, 5 Howard, 504 (1847); Sinnot _v._ Davenport, 22 Howard, 227 (1859); Gilman _v._ Philadelphia, 3 Wallace, 713 (1865); Henderson _et al._ Mayor of the City of New York, _et al._ Commissioners of Immigration _v._ North German Lloyd, 92 U. S., 259 (1875); Hull _v._ De Cuir, 95 U. S., 485 (1877); Pensacola Telegraph Co. _v._ Western Union Telegraph Co., 96 U. S., 1 (1877); County of Mobile _v._ Kimball, 102 U. S., 691 (1880); Williamette Iron Bridge Co. _v._ Hatch, 125 U. S., 1 (1888).

The best brief treatise on the legislative in America is _American Legislatures and Legislative Methods_, by Paul S. Reinsch, 1907; the most exhaustive and authoritative treatise is _Constitutional Limitations_, by Thomas M. Cooley. The general powers of Congress are discussed by Justice Story in his _Commentaries on the Constitution_, and by Chancellor Kent in his _Commentaries on American Law_.

See also the authorities cited in the present work on _The Law of the Judicial Power_.

[60] No. xvi.

[61] No. xxxi.

[62] McCulloch _v._ Maryland, 4 Wheaton, 316 (1819).

[63] _The Federalist_, xxxii.

[64] _Idem._ and Weaver _v._ Fegely, 29 Pennsylvania State, 27 (1857).

[65] Moore _v._ Houston, 3 S. and R. (Pa.), 179, and the cases cited in Weaver _v._ Fegely.

[66] See cases as under preceding note.

[67] Baldwin _v._ Hale, 1 Wallace, 223 (1863).

[68] Baldwin _v._ Hale, _supra_.

[69] Juilliard _v._ Greenman, 110 U. S., 421 (1884), citing and quoting McCulloch _v._ Maryland.

[70] Art. i., 8: 1, 2, 5.

[71] Distinctions as to United States notes, coin, currency, legal tender, etc., are brought out in Juilliard _v._ Greenman, _supra_; Hepburn _v._ Griswold, 8 Wallace, 603 (1869); Parker _v._ Davis, 12 Wallace, 79 (1871); Trebilcock _v._ Wilson, 12 Wallace, 687 (1871).

[72] Knox _v._ Lee, Parker _v._ Davis, 12 Wallace, 554 (1871).

[73] An account of the struggles of political parties, and of the successive decisions of the Supreme Court as to Legal Tender Acts belongs to the history of the law rather than to a statement of the essentials of present constitutional law. Accounts of this struggle, available in histories of the United States, may be compared with Justice Stephen J. Field’s account in J. Norton Pomeroy’s _Some Account of the Work of Stephen J. Field as a Legislator, State Judge, and Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States_ (1881), (Edition by George C. Gorham, 1895) pp. 65–86. Mr. Justice Field’s dissenting opinions from the decisions of the Supreme Court which sustain the constitutionality of the Acts are based largely on his conception of the principle of the obligation of a contract as contained in the Constitution respecting “gold and silver coin.” For the history of the Acts, the decision of the Court invalidating them (1869); the increase of the membership of the Court (1870); the reversal of the earlier decisions (1871), and the final decision in Juilliard _v._ Greenman (1883), consult Rhodes, vi., 268, 270–273, and Note.

[74] Art. i., 10: 1.

[75] Briscoe _v._ Bank of Kentucky, 11 Peters, 257 (1837).

[76] Darrington _v._ The Bank of Alabama, 13; Howard, 12 Briscoe _v._ Bank of Kentucky, _supra_.

[77] Art. i., 8: 6.

[78] _Id._ 5, 10: 1.

[79] United States _v._ Marigold, 9 Howard, 560 (1849); Fox _v._ Ohio, 5 Howard, 410.

[80] _In re_ Rapier, 143 U. S., 110 (1892); Battle _v._ U. S., 209 U. S., 36.

[81] Wheaton _v._ Peters, 8 Peters, 591 (1834).

[82] Vanini _et al._ _v._ Paine _et al._ 1 Harr. (Del.) 65, quoted in Patterson _v._ Kentucky, 97 U.S., 501 (1878).