Chapter II: Introduction: 11

I. FACTORS OF CLIMATE AND THE CAUSES OF CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS 15

II. THE CLIMATIC RECORD AS A WHOLE 32

III. CONDITIONS BEFORE THE QUATERNARY ICE AGE 42

IV. THE GREAT ICE AGE 47

V. THE GLACIAL HISTORY OF NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE 55

VI. THE MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS DURING THE GLACIAL PERIOD 68

VII. ASIA DURING THE GLACIAL PERIOD 76

VIII. THE GLACIAL HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA 86

IX. CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA 97

X. AFRICA 103

XI. AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 109

XII. THE GLACIATION OF ANTARCTICA 114

XIII. THE CLOSE OF THE ICE AGE—THE CONTINENTAL PHASE 118

XIV. THE POST-GLACIAL OPTIMUM OF CLIMATE 127

XV. THE FOREST PERIOD OF WESTERN EUROPE 136

XVI. THE “CLASSICAL” RAINFALL MAXIMUM, 1800 B.C. TO A.D. 500 140

XVII. THE CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS SINCE A.D. 500 149

XVIII. CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS AND THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 159

XIX. CLIMATE AND HISTORY 162

APPENDIX—THE FACTORS OF TEMPERATURE 166

INDEX 169