Chapter LI: Part 51

The acclivity of the generality of stalls is also a very serious objection to them, for they occasion a horse to stand unequally, and an undue proportion of weight is thrown on the hinder extremities: the declivity also puts the flexor tendons of both the hind and fore legs on a continual stretch, and by it probably many horses are injured. The smallest possible slope only should be allowed: neither is the central grating a remedy for this inconvenience; for it not only is useless as regards mares, but it is rather injurious, because it retains the urine, which thus continues to diffuse at every moment the effluvia it should be so much our study to avoid. It is much better that each stall should be furnished with a grating placed over a small drain at the foot of the stall, which should be so constructed, as to carry off the urine or washings from each horse into one common out-door cesspool perfectly secured against the access of the external air, that an injurious effluvia may not pass up through the gratings. Professor Peal, in his excellent _Observations_, has entered largely into the injurious effects of the ammoniacal exhalations arising from the urine: to these he attributes, in a great measure, the ophthalmia by which so many valuable horses are ruined. This separation of volatile alkali is not confined to the urinary secretion alone—it extends to the fæces also, and to both the sensible, and to the insensible perspiration. The urine, from the experiments of that able chemist, Dr. Egan, begins to separate ammonia in a few hours after its evacuation from the body, and there is reason to suppose that the fæces as readily fall into this early decomposition; therefore a necessity exists for their speedy removal also.

There is much contrariety of opinion relative to the propriety of permitting horses to stand during the day on litter; and there are cogent arguments for and against it. Litter entices horses to lie down during the day, which relieves fatigue, and is favourable to the recovery of over-strained limbs: it also prevents an uneven or hurtful pressure on the feet when it is cobble-paved. On the other hand, gross feeding horses are apt to eat their litter, which is not desirable. It is, likewise, too apt to retain the urine, and thereby to generate the acrid salts we have described. Constantly standing on straw makes many horses’ legs swell, which is proved by removing it, when such legs immediately return to their proper size: the warmth and moisture retained in it, likewise, are very apt to occasion cracks and swelled legs. Litter retained is probably injurious to the feet also; for if horn has a tendency to contract by the application of heat, the horn of the feet being placed so many hours within it, must be subjected to this additional stimulus to contraction. In my own stables no litter is ever suffered to remain under the fore feet during the day: on the contrary, the horses stand on the bare bricks, which in summer are watered to make them more cool. Behind, a little straw is strewed, because horses are apt to kick and break the bricks with their hinder feet, and because, when no gratings exist, or no slope is present, the litter thus placed sucks up the moisture of the urine, which would be detrimental to the hinder feet, which are more liable to thrushes than contraction.

The box is a necessary appendage to every good stable; indeed, it may, with great propriety, form a part of the stable: and I would advise that, whenever a new one be erected, so to frame it, that every standing may, by a moveable partition, be readily made into a distinct and separate box. It would be well, were in-door horses more generally accustomed to spend their leisure time in boxes than stalls: boxes are advantageous to the jaded horse, by encouraging him to lie down during the day; they are advantageous to the idle horse, by encouraging him to exercise himself. By means of boxes, the evils of long frosts to the hunter are avoided; and the unrestrained enjoyment of freedom is relished by all. A loose box wholly unconnected with the stable is also a valuable appendage to a gentleman’s establishment: it may thus with impunity be the receptacle of a contagious case. The detached box should be so constructed as to be capable of being cooled to nearly the temperature of the external air, or, when necessary, to be made as warm as requisite for some cases of sickness. No projections should be allowed in its walls to hurt the hips, in cases of falling from weakness, staggers, &c. It should, also, have a grate in the centre communicating with an outer cesspool, with a general slight bearing of the flooring to the grating: into a large box of this description, every horse taken up from grass should be first put, to prevent the access of the worst colds to which horses are liable, which are those caught on the sudden remove from a cool into a heated temperature.—_White_—_Blaine’s Outlines of the Veterinary Art._

LONDON:
PRINTED BY BRADBURY AND EVANS, WHITEFRIARS.

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Transcriber’s note:

Variations in hyphenation and spelling, excepting clear outliers, have been retained.

Out of place entries have been moved into alphabetical order, respecting the original's combined sorting of i/j and u/v.

Receipt formatting has been regularized.

All instances of ‘N. B.’ have been regularized to ‘N.B.’

Age of a Horse, ‘maxiliary’ changed to ‘maxillary,’ “the sub-maxillary space is”

Age of a Horse, comma struck after ‘back,’ “the back sinks”

Alum, ‘diabates’ changed to ‘diabetes,’ “diarrhœa, diabetes, &c.”

Angling, quotes regularized.

Arm, ‘arm’ changed to ‘hand,’ “the hand to the shoulder”

Babillard, ‘Vide’ italicized, “the white-throat. (_Vide_ Montagu”

Bacon, ‘of’ inserted after ‘flesh,’ “The flesh of a hog”

Balling-Iron, comma changed to full stop after ‘horses,’ “balls to horses. It is”

Balsam, full stop inserted after ‘Peru,’ “Balsam of Peru.”

Barrel, double quote inserted before ‘I,’ ““I saw the process of”

Bearward, ‘Bearward’ changed to small caps, “BEARWARD, s. A keeper of”

Belly-bound, ‘Belly-bound’ changed to small caps, “BELLY-BOUND, a. Costive.”

Billiards, full stop changed to comma after ‘same,’ “behind the same, and the”

Bird, s., double quote inserted after ‘days,’ “Africa, in a few days.””

Birdlime, ‘mistleto’ changed to ‘misletoe,’ “The misletoe affords a”

Birds, Method of Preserving, double quote inserted after ‘solution,’ “the sublimate solution.””

Bitch, full stop changed to comma after ‘cunning,’ “very cunning, and often”

Blackbird, double quote inserted after ‘snares,’ “and all sorts of snares.””

Cartouch, ‘it’ changed to ‘is,’ “It is fired out of”

Castrate, ‘D’Arboval’ changed to ‘d’Arboval,’ “and as Hurtrel d’Arboval”

Certificate for killing Game, full stop changed to comma after ‘6d.,’ “3l. 13s. 6d., and one”

The Charmer, comma changed to full stop after ‘required,’ “was required. In his”

Cinnamon, comma changed to full stop after ‘colour,’ “should hurt your colour.”

Clipping, double quote inserted after ‘lungs,’ “ramifications of the lungs.””

Clipping, ‘god’ changed to ‘got,’ “got rid of the latter”

Cob, ‘difficulty’ changed to ‘difficult,’ “more difficult than if”

Cob, ‘disheatening’ changed to ‘disheartening,’ “be almost disheartening”

Cock, s., ‘1664’ changed to ‘1654,’ “Cromwell, March 31, 1654.”

The Cocker, full stop changed to comma after ‘extrarius,’ “Canis extrarius, Var. B.”

Colic, ‘Tinture’ changed to ‘Tincture,’ “Tincture of opium”

Condition, ‘heath’ changed to ‘health,’ “respect out of health”

Coot, full stop inserted after ‘Linn,’ “Fulica aterrima, Linn.”

Cormorant, ‘dispsition’ changed to ‘disposition,’ “their disposition, it seems”

Cough, v., ‘pereverance’ changed to ‘perseverance,’ “require a steady perseverance”

Coulterneb, double quote inserted before ‘the,’ ““the raven makes bold”

Crack, ‘plainful’ changed to ‘painful,’ “are very painful, often”

Cram, ‘sheeps’’ changed to ‘sheep’s,’ “and suet, sheep’s plucks”

Cricket, ‘D’Urfey’ changed to ‘d’Urfey,’ “songs published by d’Urfey”

Cricket, ‘bails’ changed to ‘bales,’ “and the bales must be”

Cricket, ‘middle wicket’ changed to ‘middle-wicket,’ “between the middle-wicket and”

Decoy, v., ‘skreens’ changed to ‘screens,’ “sides, screens formed of”

Detonating Powder, comma changed to full stop after ‘potash,’ “of oxymuriate of potash.”

Distemper, quotes surrounding passage from Darwin regularized.

Dog, comma changed to full stop after ‘Foxhound’ in synopsis, “Foxhound.”

Dotterel, ‘Dottrel’ changed to ‘Dotterel,’ “Dotterel, (Charadrius morinellus”

Dotterel, ‘a’ changed to ‘à,’ “Le Petit Pluvier à collier”

Duck, full stop inserted after ‘shell-fish,’ “chiefly upon shell-fish.”

Duck, ‘Golden Eye’ changed to ‘Golden-Eye,’ “Vide Golden-Eye”

Eagle, second ‘his’ struck, “next to his throat”

Ecarté, ‘9’ changed to ‘8,’ “8. When the pack”

Enter, full stop inserted after ‘hounds,’ “To enter hounds.”

Feet, double quote inserted after ‘branch,’ “adhere to the branch.””

Feet, ‘swim,ming’ changed to ‘swimming,’ “the action of swimming”

Feet, ‘pressnre’ changed to ‘pressure,’ “bear much pressure; and”

Feet, ‘regidity’ changed to ‘rigidity,’ “So severe a rigidity”

Fish, v., double quote inserted after ‘ratio,’ “in an equal ratio.””

Fish, v., quotes surrounding maxims regularized.

Fit, comma changed to full stop after ‘hunting,’ “has fits when hunting.”

Fly, s., comma changed to full stop after ‘of,’ “disapprove of. Without”

Fly, s., full stop changed to semi-colon after ‘summer,’ “the summer; light rail”

Fox, ‘sportman’ changed to ‘sportsman,’ “the sportsman in question”

Foxhound, full stop changed to comma after ‘said,’ “distich it is said,”

Gallinaceous Birds, double quote inserted after ‘favourite,’ “the cock’s greatest favourite.””

Gannet, ‘&c’ changed to ‘&c.,’ “his pole-hook, &c.; and”

Garganey, second ‘and’ struck, “most agreeable and sprightly”

Garganey, ‘marked’ changed to ‘mark,’ “obscure white mark over”

Godwit, ‘distaace’ changed to ‘distance,’ “at a great distance”

Goose, ‘nevers’ changed to ‘never,’ “and never fires till”

Gravitating Stops, substantive type ‘s.’ added, “Gravitating Stops, s.”

Greyhound, double quote inserted after ‘white,’ “black and white.””

Grouse, ‘not’ struck after ‘is,’ “it is to be met”

Guaiacum, ‘Guiacum’ changed to ‘Guaiacum,’ “called Guaiacum officinale”

Guernsey Partridge, ‘linular’ changed to ‘linear,’ “linear streaks of black”

Gun, full stop struck after ‘Hawker,’ “Daniel—Hawker—Wild Sports.”

Hammer, ‘extinquished’ changed to ‘extinguished,’ “they are extinguished”

Haul, s., full stop inserted after ‘s,’ “Haul, s. Pull, violence”

Hazard, s., ‘3’ inserted before ‘2,’ “7 [to] 5 [is] 3 [to] 2”

Hazard, s., ‘4’ inserted before ‘3,’ “9 [to] 4 [is] 4 [to] 3”

Heron, ‘he’ changed to ‘the,’ “is on the ground”

Horse, s., ‘tendo’ changed to ‘tendon,’ “the tendon Achillis prominent”

Hunt, double quote inserted after ‘more,’ “sunk to rise no more.””

Hunter, ‘sime’ changed to ‘time,’ “previously to that time”

Hunter, ‘mangement’ changed to ‘management,’ “and good stable management”

Hydrophobia, ‘Darw’ changed to ‘Darwin,’ “Gilman—Darwin—Marochetti”

Iron, s., ‘drams’ changed to ‘drachms,’ “No. 6, 2 drachms to 4. No. 7, 2 drachms to 4”

Jackdaw, comma changed to apostrophe after ‘partridges,’ “fond of partridges’ eggs”

Kennel, s., ‘knowlenge’ changed to ‘knowledge,’ “of his practical knowledge”

Kilderkin, comma changed to apostrophe after ‘gallons,’ “eighteen gallons’ capacity”

Kingfisher, ‘enable’ changed to ‘enabled,’ “eye is enabled to follow”

Landrail, ‘maks’ changed to ‘makes,’ “It makes its appearance”

Linnet, double quote inserted before ‘I,’ ““I have even,””

Lock, ‘turn-screw’ changed to ‘turnscrew,’ “the turnscrew should on no”

Lock, ‘pntting’ changed to ‘putting,’ “and putting on the feather”

Lure, full stop changed to comma after ‘it,’ “flying towards it, but so”

Mange, ‘Oxmuriate’ changed to ‘Oxymuriate,’ “No. 8. Oxymuriate of quicksilver”

Mange, parenthesis inserted after ‘sulphur,’ “potash (liver of sulphur)”

Mastication, second ‘of’ struck, “outside of the higher grinders”

Mastiff, ‘iuvariable’ changed to ‘invariable,’ “whose invariable practice”

Minnow, ‘appers’ changed to ‘appears,’ “The minnow appears first”

Minnow, ‘so’ changed to ‘to,’ “so essential to be seen”

Muscovy, comma inserted after ‘Buff.,’ “Le Canard Musque, Buff.), s.”

Orbits, substantive type ‘s.’ added after ‘Linn.,’ “Linn.) s. In ornithology”

Owl, full stop inserted after ‘Linn,’ “Strix Bubo, Linn.”

Perch, second ‘be’ struck, “hook may be varied”

Pigeons, ‘monoganous’ changed to ‘monogamous,’ “The pigeon is monogamous”

Pike, ‘a-year’ changed to ‘a year,’ “four pounds a year”

Plover, ‘Oetober’ changed to ‘October,’ “in the marshes in October”

Plumage, ‘’ changed to ‘,’ “weather stops its progress”

Poison, ‘immediatel yat’ changed to ‘immediately at,’ “are not immediately at”

Pond, ‘Flat fish’ and ‘flounders’ italicized, “_Flat fish_ or _flounders_”

Pond, comma changed to full stop after ‘years,’ “fifty-eight years. Carp and”

Pug Dog, ‘bebecoming’ changed to ‘becoming,’ “now becoming very scarce”

Punt, ‘alloted’ changed to ‘allotted,’ “period allotted for it”

Redwing, full stop inserted after ‘Linn,’ “Turdus Iliacus, Linn.”

Rifle, ‘ther’ struck after ‘whether,’ “that whether one or two”

Rifle, ‘follow’ changed to ‘follows,’ “shots were as follows”

Rifle, ‘manufactury’ changed to ‘manufactory,’ “to the manufactory, did”

Ringdove, ‘semcircular’ changed to ‘semicircular,’ “a semicircular line of white”

Roach, second ‘to’ struck, “a May or ant-fly is to be sunk”

Roaring, ‘cirstances’ changed to ‘circumstances,’ “be regulated by circumstances”

Rod, parenthesis inserted before ‘some,’ “for use; (some, however”

Ruff, ‘whisp’ changed to ‘wisp,’ “with a wisp of straw”

Salmon, full stop inserted after ‘fishing,’ “Salmon fishing.”

Sandpiper, ‘tbe’ changed to ‘the,’ “black; the belly white”

Sandpiper, comma changed to full stop after ‘breadth,’ “nineteen in breadth. The”

Sculk, ‘hidingplaces’ changed to ‘hiding-places,’ “To lurk in hiding-places”

Sea-fishing, ‘phosporic’ changed to ‘phosphoric,’ “bait of phosphoric brilliancy”

Shoeing, comma changed to full stop after ‘diligent,’ “and diligent. He should likewise”

Shoeing, ‘difficulty’ changed to ‘difficult,’ “exceedingly difficult to introduce”

Sleep, ‘day light’ changed to ‘day-light,’ “even in broad day-light”

Sling, v., ‘to’ inserted after ‘not,’ “is not to be had”

Song, hyphen changed to space after ‘billed,’ “the hard-billed species”

Staghound, ‘snccession’ changed to ‘succession,’ “the keepers in succession”

Stern, s., first entry, full stop inserted after ‘s,’ “Stern, s. The hinder”

Surfeit, s., ‘ever’ changed to ‘over,’ “universally over the body”

Surfeit, s., full stop inserted after ‘Blaine,’ “the same.—The Horse—Blaine.”

Swallow, s., second entry, semi-colon changed to comma after ‘wings,’ “forked; wings, legs short”

Teal, ‘tranverse’ changed to ‘transverse,’ “white transverse waved lines”

Tench, comma changed to full stop after ‘Shoemaker,’ “the Shoemaker. They take”

Tench, second ‘or’ struck, “and No. 9 or 10 hook; fish”

Tennis, ‘chance’ changed to ‘chace,’ “case it is a chace at 1, 2, &c.”

Terrier, comma struck after ‘variety,’ “Canis terrarius, variety α.”

Throughbred changed to Thoroughbred, entry re-located.

Tooth, full stop changed to comma after ‘tendency,’ “its septic tendency, and”

Training, ‘gradudually’ changed to ‘gradually,’ “his weight was gradually reduced”

Trespasser, full stop changed to comma after ‘Trespasser,’ “Trespasser, s. An offender”

Vingt-un, ‘twenty one’ changed to ‘twenty-one,’ “number less than twenty-one”

Water Dog, second ‘to’ struck, “much attached to his master”

Water Ousel, comma changed to full stop after ‘Linn,’ “Sturnus Cinclus, Linn.”

Whimbrel, semi-colon changed to comma after ‘colour,’ “the same colour, but the”

White, ‘albuginous’ changed to ‘albuminous,’ “the albuminous part of eggs”

Wild Dog, ‘chace’ changed to ‘chase,’ “During the chase, which occupied”

Wing, s., comma inserted after ‘primores,’ “primary quills, (primores, Linn.)”

Worm, full stop inserted after ‘Linn,’ “Cowhage (dolichos pruriens, Linn.)”

Yacht, ‘Southhampton’ changed to ‘Southampton,’ “to Cowes and to Southampton”

Yacht, ‘for-forfeit’ changed to ‘forfeit,’ “shall forfeit all claim to the prize”

Yacht, ‘regrad’ changed to ‘regard,’ “with regard to the sailing”

Yarwhip, ‘twelves’ changed to ‘twelve,’ “weight about twelve ounces”

Zoology, double quote inserted after ‘body,’ “and move the body.””