Chapter XII: Appendix: The Sources of the Fragments (2)

§ 16. Fortunately we are in a position to say what was the beginning of that style of composition of which the work of Aetios is an example. Aristotle, as we have seen, paid considerable attention to the earlier thinkers and often stated their opinions as the introduction to his own position. A list of the works of his pupil and successor Theophrastos is given by Diogenes Laertios (v. 46, 48), and in the list there is mentioned a book in eighteen chapters περὶ τῶν φυσικῶν, and a little later another book in sixteen chapters of φυσικῶν δόξων. We have a long fragment _de sensibus_ which Diels has edited in connection with the later doxographists (_Dox._ pp. 499 f.), and from this we can learn something of his method. In this fragment he discusses the opinions of his predecessors as to sense-perception, grouping them by affinity, and not chronologically or by schools. The work is done conscientiously, and is based on a study of the original writings of the thinkers he treats (_v. supra_, pp. 230 f.). Other fragments from the first book have been pointed out by Brandis and Usener (_Analecta Theophrastea_) in Simplicius’ Commentary on Aristotle’s _Physics_; while we have also several pages preserved in Philo _de incorrupt. mundi_. In the first book, to judge from the fragments in Simplicius, Theophrastos arranged the earlier thinkers by schools and accompanied his statements with brief biographical notices (e.g. pp. 11, 257 _supra_). Such a work was of the greatest convenience to later writers, and especially to the compilers who were so numerous in the age of the decadence. In fact the whole doxographic tradition may be traced back to this work of Theophrastos.

In the last centuries of the pre-Christian era there was an unusual interest in the biographies of famous men. Apocryphal anecdotes were gathered from popular gossip, deduced from the works of these writers, or made up with no foundation at all. In the second century several writers of the peripatetic school wrote the lives of the philosophers after this fashion. We hear of βίοι by Hermippos and by Satyros, and of the διαδοχαὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων of Satyros; and we are told that Herakleides of Lembos worked over what his immediate predecessors had collected. Phanias of Eresos is one of the ‘authorities’ of this school. Much of this material has come down to us in the work of Diogenes Laertios.

On the book of Theophrastos, and on the ‘Lives’ or the ‘Successions of the philosophers,’ as they were often called, the later doxographic writers based their work. Even in Diogenes Laertios there is material from both sources, and we can define some fragments almost in Theophrastos’ own words. In the _Philosophumena_ of Hippolytos the two sources are pretty clearly distinguished: chapters 1-4 and 10 (on Thales, Pythagoras, Empedokles, Herakleitos and Parmenides, see III. English Index under ‘Hippolytos’) are made up of personal anecdotes such as writers of the lives were eager to collect and to repeat; chapters 6-8 and 11 (on Anaximandros, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Xenophanes) come indirectly from the work of Theophrastos. The _Stromateis_ attributed by Eusebios to Plutarch (see III. English Index under ‘Plutarch,’ and _Dox._ pp. 579 f.) are like the last-mentioned chapters of Hippolytos, though the language is often more careless.

A comparison of Aetios with Hippolytos, the _Stromateis_, and the doxographic material in Cicero and Censorinus (from Varro) makes it clear that the _Placita_ of Aetios are not based directly on the work of Theophrastos. Indeed (_Dox._ p. 100, and pp. 178 f.) it is evident from an examination of the work of Aetios by itself that much of his material is drawn from Stoic and Epicurean sources. As the main source for what remains after Stoic and Epicurean passages have been cut out, Diels postulates an earlier _Placita_ (_Vetusta placita_, pp. 215 f.). He finds traces of this in the work of Varro as used by Censorinus, in Cicero’s _Tusculan Disputations_, and in some later writers.

§ 17. Résumé. The doxographic tradition starts with the work of Theophrastos on the opinions of his predecessors. On this work is based immediately the _Vetusta placita_; on the _Vetusta placita_ is based the _Placita_ of Aetios, and there are traces of its use by later writers; the _Placita_ of Aetios may be partially reconstructed from Plutarch’s Placita and Stobaeos’ _Eclogae_. Again, using Theophrastos and gathering anecdotes from every side, writers of the second century B.C. wrote the lives of the philosophers. A line of tradition probably independent of the _Placita_ just considered appears in the work of Hippolytos, who used now the work of Theophrastos, now the lives; in Diogenes Laertios, where material from most various sources is indiscriminately mixed; and in the _Stromateis_ attributed to Plutarch by Eusebios, which are related to the better material of Hippolytos. Simplicius used Theophrastos directly. Finally in the fragments of Philodemos and the related material in Cicero’s _Lucullus_ and _De natura deorum_ we find traces of a use of Theophrastos either by Philodemos himself, or in a common source of both Cicero and Philodemos—probably a Stoic epitome of Theophrastos made by the Phaedros whom Cicero mentions.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Cf. Herm. _I. G. P._ 10 (_Dox._ 653).

[2] In references to Simpl. in Arist. _de Anima_ and _Physica_, the first numbers give folio and line, the second, page (and line) in the edition published by the Berlin Academy.

[3] Cf. Plato, _Theaet._ 174 A; Diog. Laer. i. 34.

[4] Epiphan. iii. 1; _Dox._ 589; Herm. _I. G. P._ 10; _Dox._ 653.

[5] The fragment is discussed at length by Ziegler, _Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Philos._ i. (1883) p. 16 ff.

[6] Cf. Theophrastos (_Dox._ 478) under Anaxagoras, _infra_.

[7] Cf. Theophrastos, _Dox._ 494, _infra_, p. 12.

[8] _Archiv f. d. Geschichte d. Phil._ i. p. 16 sqq.

[9] Aet. iii. 16; _Dox._ 381.

[10] Aet. iii. 10; _Dox._ 376. Cf. Plut. _Strom._ 2; _Dox._ 579.

[11] κύκλος, the circle or wheel in which the stars are set, and in which they revolve. The circle of the moon is farther from the earth, and last comes the circle of the sun.

[12] Cf. Aet. ii. 15-25, _infra_.

[13] Aet. iii. 6; _Dox._ 374.

[14] Cf. Aet. iii. 3; _Dox._ 367.

[15] Epiphan. iii. 2; _Dox._ 589.

[16] _Rhein. Mus._ xxxi. 27.

[17] For a discussion of the above fragment, v. _Archiv f. d. Geschichte d. Phil._ i. 315.

[18] Cf. Arist. _Phys._ i. 4; and _de Coelo_ iii. 5.

[19] V. Epiph. _adv. Haer._ iii. 3; _Dox._ 589.

[20] Aet. iii. 15; _Dox._ 380.

[21] Aet. ii. 13; 342; ii. 20; 348; ii. 25; 356.

[22] Aet. ii. 22; 352.

[23] Aet. ii. 13; 342.

[24] Aet. ii. 16; 346.

[25] Aet. iii. 4; 370.

[26] Aet. iii. 3; 368.

[27] Aet. iii. 5; 373,

[28] Cf. Aet. iii. 15; 379 _infra_ and Arist. _Meteor._ ii. 7, _supra_.

[29] Aet. i. 7; 302.

[30] I keep Bywater’s numbers, though I omit some of his fragments. Such omissions are referred to in the critical notes.

[31] Cf. Galen. _Hist. Phil._ 64; _Dox._ 626.

[32] The text follows in the main the edition of Bergk-Hiller, _Poet. Lyr. Graec._, Leipzig, 1890.

[33] Zeller, _Vorsokratische Philosophie_, p. 530, n. 3.

[34] Zeller, 526, n. 1. No author is given in the context; Karsten follows Fabricius in accrediting it to Xenophanes.

[35] Zeller, 524, n. 2. Cf. Arist. _Rhet._ ii. 23; 1399 b 6.

[36] Zeller, 525, n. 2. Diog. Laer. iii. 16; Cic. _de nat. Deor._ i. 27.

[37] Zeller, 525, n. 3. Cf. Diog. Laer. ix. 18; Sext. Emp. _Pyrrh._ i. 224.

[38] Cf. Stob. _Ecl. Phys._ ii. 282, ἐκ πυρὸς γὰρ τὰ πάντα καὶ εἰς πῦρ τὰ πάντα τελευτᾷ, which Karsten does not assign to Xenophanes.

[39] Zeller, 541, n. 1. Cf. Sext. Emp. _Pyrrh._ ii. 30.

[40] Cf. Arist. _de Coelo_ ii. 13; 294 a 21.

[41] Zeller, 549, n. 2. Burnett, ‘All are free to guess.’

[42] Bergk⁴ interprets φροντίδα by _carmen_.

[43] Hiller, _Deut. Litt. Zeitg._, 1886, Coll. 474-475, suggests ‘(Men know the wanderings of Odysseus) from the beginning as Homer tells them, since all have learned them.’

[44] Cf. Plutarch, _Amat._ p. 763 D; _Is. et Os._ p. 379 B.

[45] Cf. Theod. _Graec. Aff. Cur._ iii. p. 49.

[46] Two passages from the _Rhet._ ii. 23 are translated above, p. 78. Extracts from the book ordinarily called _De Xenophane, Zenone, Gorgia_, and ascribed to Aristotle, are in part translated below, p. 80, n. 2 ff., in connection with the fragment of Theophrastos which covers exactly the same ground.

[47] V. Zeller, _Vorsokr. Phil._ i. 513, n. 1; Diels’ _Dox._ p. 110; Teichmüller, _Studien_, p. 607.

[48] Cf. Arist. _Xen. Zen. Gorg._ 977 a 23. It is natural that god should be one; for if there were two or more, he would not be the most powerful and most excellent of all.... If, then, there were several beings, some stronger, some weaker, they would not be gods; for it is not the nature of god to be ruled. Nor would they have the nature of god if they were equal, for god ought to be the most powerful; but that which is equal is neither better nor worse than its equal.

[49] Cf. Arist. _X. Z. G._ 977 a 19. He adds: For even if the stronger were to come from the weaker, the greater from the less, or the better from the worse, or on the other hand the worse from the better, still being could not come from not-being, since this is impossible. Accordingly god is eternal.

[50] Cf. Arist. _X. Z. G._ 977 b 6. The second part reads: But if there were several parts, these would limit each other. The one is not like not-being nor like a multiplicity of parts, since the one has nothing by which it may be limited.

[51] Arist. _X. Z. G._ 977 b 13. He adds: Nothing, however, can be moved into not-being, for not-being does not exist anywhere. But if there is change of place among several parts, there would be parts of the one. Therefore the two or more parts of the one may be moved; but to remain immovable and fixed is a characteristic of not-being. The one is neither movable nor is it fixed; for it is neither like not-being, nor like a multiplicity of being.

[52] Arist. _X. Z. G._ 977. Since god is a unity, he is homogeneous in all his parts, and sees and hears and has other sensations in all his parts. Except for this some parts of god might rule and be ruled by one another, a thing which is impossible. Being homogeneous throughout he is a sphere in form; for it could not be spheroidal in places but rather throughout.

[53] Epiph. _adv. Haer._ iii. 9; _Dox._ 590.

[54] Zeller, _Vorsokr. Phil._ 543, n. 1.

[55] Zeller, _Vorsokr. Phil._ p. 526, n. 4; _Arch. f. d. Gesch. d. Phil._ ii. 1889, pp. 1-5.

[56] Epiph. _adv. Haer._ iii. 9; _Dox._ 590.

[57] _Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Phil._ iii. p. 173.

[58] Stein, _Symbol_. p. 782; Bernays, _Rhein. Mus._ vii. 115; Zeller, 738 and n. 1.

[59] Following Karsten and Preller; Stein rejects the interpretation.

[60] Cf. _Soph._ 217 C.

[61] V. Parmenides, Frag. v. 104.

[62] Karsten understands ‘heat and cold,’ Diels ‘perceiving and thinking.’

[63] V. Herm. _Irr. Gen. Phil._ 6; _Dox._ 652.

[64] Cf. vv. 123-131.

[65] V. Simpl. _Phys._ 8: 34, 14.

[66] Cf. Arist. _Metaph._ ii. 4; 1001 b 8.

[67] Cf. Diels, _Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Phil._ i. 245; Zeller, i.⁵ 593 n. 1.

[68] Arist. _Phys._ vii. 5, 250ᵃ, 20.

[69] Reading πρὸς ταῦτα λυθήσεται, which, as Mr. G. D. Lord suggests to me, is probably the source of the corruption προστανλυθήσεται. The Vatican vulgate combines both readings.

[70] The paraphrase above (Fr. 3) gives the argument in fuller form.

[71] Zeller i.⁵ 613 n. 1 suggests ὑπ’ ἰοῦ ῥέων, ‘passing away because of rust.’

[72] Cf. Galen, 27; _Dox._ 615 sq.

[73] Cf. Epiph. _Haer._ i. 7; _Dox._ 589.

[74] Cf. 25; _Dox._ 574.

[75] Stein omits 312 from his numbering of the lines.

[76] Cf. _Dox._ p. 90, n. 3.

[77] Cf. Parmenides v. 112.

[78] In Empedokles’ verses, αἰθὴρ regularly means _air_.

[79] θνητά, ‘perishable things’ in contrast with the elements, might almost be rendered ‘things on the earth.’

[80] φύσις here seems to mean ‘nature,’ and not ‘origin.’

[81] θάμνος, ‘bush,’ I have rendered regularly ‘plant.’

[82] Cf. Aet. v. 19; _Dox._ 430.

[83] Cf. Cicero, _Tusc._ I. 9: ‘Empedocles animum esse censet cordi suffusum sanguinem.’

[84] Cf. p. 119, note 1.

[85] Cf. Galen, _Hist. Phil._ 118; _Dox._ 642.

[86] Reading κινούμενον with Diels.

[87] I.e. things are called after the element or elements (homoeomeries) which predominate in their make-up.

[88] Cf. Herakleitos, Fr. 68.

[89] Cf. 265 b 22.

[90] Cf. _Met._ 989 b 15.

[91] Cf. iii. 4; 429 b 24.

[92] Cf. iv. 4; 1007 b 25.

[93] Cf. Theophr. _Phys. op._ Frag. 19; _Dox._ 493.

[94] I translate the suggestion of Diels in his notes.

[95] Cf. Aet. iv. 1, _supra_, p. 256.

[96] Cf. the consideration of this topic by Zeller in the _Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Philos._ Bd. V. (1892) p. 165 f.

[97] See I. Index of Sources, ‘Plato.’ Cf. _Krat._ 401 D, 402 A, 412 D, 439 B, 440 C, _Theaet._ 152 D.

[98] _Phaed._ 97 B, _Gorg._ 465 C, _Phaed._ 72 C, _Legg._ 595 A.

[99] _Parm._ 52, 53 ap. _Soph._ 237 A, 258 D; 98 ap. _Theaet._ 180 E; 103-105 ap. _Soph._ 244 E; 132 ap. _Symp._ 178 B.

[100] Cf. Simpl. _Phys._ 7 r 29, 42 and 19 87, 1.

[101] _Theaet._ 183 E, _Soph._ 237 A.

[102] _Phaedr._ 261 D.

[103] _Parm._ 128 B.

[104] _Apol._ 26 D, _Krat._ 400 A, 409 A, 413 A, _Legg._ 967 B.

[105] See _supra_, p. 133 f.; also _Phileb._ 16 C, 23 C, _Pol._ 530 D, 600 A.

[106] _Die Einheitslehre Heraklits_, p. 17 f.

[107] See I. Index of Sources, under ‘Aristotle.’

[108] Emminger, _Die vorsokratische Philosophie der Griechen nach den Berichten des Aristoteles_. Würzburg 1878.

[109] _Meta._ 1078 b 12.

[110] _Meta._ 1036 b 18.

[111] _Meta._ 987 a 1.

[112] Herakl. 46; Parm. 146-149; Emped. 182-183, 219.

[113] Herakl. 84; Emped. 191-192, 314-315, 336-337, 423-424.

[114] See Index of Sources under ‘Kleanthes.’

[115] E.g. 78 ap. _Moral._ 106 E; 95 ap. 166 C.

[116] E.g. Emped. 272 ap. _Moral._ 917 C; 369 ap. _Moral._ 996 B.

[117] Emped. 232 ap. _Moral._ 745 C; 154-155 ap. _Moral._ 925 B; Parmen. 29-30 ap. _Moral._ 1114 D.

[118] _Transactions of American Philol. Assoc._ XXVIII. pp. 82-83.

[119] Simplicius copies the same error in line 78, probably finding it in his copy of Empedokles.

[120] Diels, _Doxographi Graeci_, p. 112, shows that Simplicius used the work of Alexander of Aphrodisias.

[121] Cf. the correct form Simp. _Phys._ 159, 15; it is not unlikely that lines 52, 53 _ap._ 135, 21, and 132 _ap._ 39, 18 were also taken from Plato.

[122] Four out of the six quotations from Herakleitos are given either in Plato or Aristotle, or both; Frag. 20 comes directly or indirectly from a Stoic source.

INDEXES

I. _INDEX OF SOURCES_

The references are to the critical notes. Anaximandros (Ad.), Herakleitos (H.), Zeno (Z.), Melissos (M.), and Anaxagoras (A.), are referred to by fragments; Parmenides (P.) and Empedokles (E.) by lines. Other references are by pages (p.)

Achilles (commonly called Tatius) in Petavii _de doctrina
temporum_. Antwerp 1703. H. 119; Z. 12; E. 138, 154

Aelian _de natura animalium_, ed. Hercher. E. 257-260, 438-439

Aeneas Gazaeus, _Theophrastos_, ed. Wolf. Turici 1560. H. 82

Albertus Magnus _de vegetabilibus_, ed. Meyer. H. 51

Alexander of Aphrodisias, _Commentaries on Aristotle_. H. 32, 84,
121

Amelius in Eusebios, _Praeparatio evangelicae_. H. 2

Ammonius on Aristotle _de interpretatione_. P. 60; E. 347-351

_Anecdota Graeca_, ed. Bekker. Berlin 1821. E. 156

Apollonius, _Epistolae_, in Hercher, _Scriptores epistolographi_.
Paris 1873. H. 130, 133

Apuleius _de mundo_, ed. Goldbacher. Wien 1876. H. 55, 59

Aristides Quintilianus _de musica_, ed. Meibomius. Amst. 1652. H.
68, 74

Aristokles in Eusebios, _Praeparatio evangelicae_. M. 17

Aristotle (Edition of the Berlin Academy), Ad. 1; H. 2, 32, 37, 41,
43, 46, 51, 55, 57, 59, 105; Z. 12, 25; P. 52-58, 103-104, 132,
146-149; E. 36-39, 48-50, 69-73, 92, 98, 100, 104-107, 139-141,
145, 146-148, 165, 166-167, 168, 175, 182-183, 197-198, 199-201,
208, 219, 221, 236-237, 244, 270, 273-274, 279, 280, 287-311,
313b, 316-325, 326, 330-332, 333-335, 425-427

Arius Didymus in Eusebios, _Praeparatio evangelicae_. H. 42

Athenaeos, _Deipnosophistae_. H. 16, 54; Z. 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23; E.
214, 383-384, 405-411

Athenagoras, _Legatio_ in Migne, _Patrologia Graeca_, vol. vi. E.
34-35

Aulus Gellius, _Noctes Atticae_. H. 16; E. 441

Caelius Aurelianus _de moribus acutis et chronicis_, ed. Wetstein.
Amst. 1709. P. 150-155

Cedrenus, _Chronicles_ in _Scriptores historiae Byzantinae_. Bonn
1838. E. 355

Censorinus _de die natali_, ed. Hultsch. Lips. 1867. H. 87

Cicero, _opera_. H. 113, 114

Clement of Alexandria (references are to the pages of Potter’s
edition, Oxford 1715). H. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20,
21, 23, 27, 31, 49, 54, 60, 64, 67, 68, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 86,
101, 102, 104, 110, 111, 116, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130;
Z. 1, 5, 6; P. 29-30, 40, 59-60, 90-93, 133-139; E. 26-28, 33,
55-57, 74, 78, 81, 130-133, 147-148, 165, 342-343, 344-346,
366-368, 383-384, 385, 390-391, 400-401, 404, 445-446, 447-451

Columella _de re rustica_, ed. Ernesti. 1774. H. 53

Cornutus, _Compendium graecae theologiae_. E. 397-399

Cyrillus _adversum Julianum_ in Migne, _Patrologia Graeca_. E.
412-414

Didymos, _Geoponica_ in Niclas, _Geoponicorum libri xx_. Lips.
1781. E. 441

Dio Cassius, _Historia Romana_. H. 67

Dio Chrysostom, _Orations_, ed. Reiske. H. 80

Diodorus Siculus, _Bibliotheca historica_. E. 354

Diogenes Laertios _de vitis philosophorum_. H. 4, 16, 17, 19, 22,
33, 48, 62, 69, 71, 80, 103, 112, 113, 114, 119, 131, 132; Z. 14,
18, 24; P. 28-30, 54-56; E. 1, 6, 24-32, 34-35, 67-68, 352-363,
383-384, 415, 417

Draco Stratoniceus _de metris poeticis_, ed. Hermann. Lips. 1812.
Z. 28

Elias Cretensis, p. 54

Epicharmos in Mullach, _Fragmenta Philos. Graec._ H. 81

Epictetus, _Dissertationes_. H. 85

_Etymologicum Magnum_. H. 66; Z. 18; E. 150

Eusebios, _Praeparatio evangelicae_. H. 2, 3, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25,
110, 122, 124, 125; Z. 1, 5, 6; M. 17; P. 60; E. 33-35, 377-380,
412-414, 450-451

Eustathios, _Commentaries on Homer_. H. 48, 66, 74, 119; Z. 13, 17; E.
168, 182-183, 405-407

_Florilegium Monacense_, ed. Meineke. H. 132, 134, 135

Gaisford, _Poetae minores Graeci_. P. 151-153; E. 169-185, 210-213,
240-242, 244-246

Galen, in _Scriptores medici_, ed. Kuhn. H. 58, 74, 113; Z. 14; P.
150; E. 91, 98, 100, 151, 276-278

Glykas, _Annales_, ed. Bekker, Bonn 1836, in _Corpus script.
Byzant._ H. 74

Gregory Nazianzen, _Orations_. H. 130

Hephaestion, _Enchiridion_, ed. Gaisford. Lips. 1832. E. 164

Herakleitos (pseudo-), _Epistolae_ in Bywater’s _Heraclitus_. H.
12, 39, 40, 60, 121

Herakleitos (Herakleides), _Allegoriae Homericae_. H. 22, 67, 81; E.
34-35

Hermeias _on Plato’s Phaedros_, ed. Ast. H. 74

Herodian, _Reliquiae_, ed. Lentz. Lips. 1870. Z. 28, 29, 30, 31

Hesychius, _Lexicon_. H. 80

Hierokles, _Commentary on the Carmen aureum_, in Mullach,
_Fragmenta Philos. Graec._ vol. i. E. 385-386, 389

Hippokrates, in Bywater’s _Heraclitus_. H. 39, 61, 66, 69, 70, 82

Hippolytos, _Refutatio omnium haeresium_, ed. Duncker, Schneidewin.
Göttingen 1859. H. 1, 2, 13, 21, 24, 26, 28, 29, 35, 36, 44,
45, 47, 50, 52, 57, 58, 67, 68, 69, 71, 79, 101, 123; Z. 14; E.
33-35, 110-111, 333-335, 338-341, 348-349, 369-370

Iamblichos _de mysteriis_ &c. H. 11, 12, 29, 69, 79, 82, 83, 95,
105, 114, 128, 129; E. 415-420

Iohannes Lydus _de mensibus_, ed. Bekker. Berlin 1837, in _Corpus
scriptorum historiae Byzantinae_. H. 87

Iohannes Siceliotas in Walz, _Rhetores Graeci_. Stuttgart 1836. H. 2

Julian, _Orations_, ed. Spanheim. Lips. 1696. H. 10, 16, 68, 80, 85;
E. 388

Kleanthes’ Hymn to Zeus, in Heeren’s _Stobaei Eclogae Physicae_.
1792. H. 19, 28, 91

Kleomedes περὶ μετεώρων, ed. Bakius. Lips. 1832. H. 69

Linos (pseudo-) in Mullach, _Fragmenta Philos. Graec._ vol. i. H. 19

Lucian, _Dialogues_. H. 14, 44, 67, 79, 114; E. 355

Macrobius, on _Somnium Scipionis_, and _Saturnalia_. H. 31; E. 150

Marcus Antoninus, _Commentaries_. H. 25, 34, 69, 73, 84, 90; E. 138

Maximus Confessor, _Sermones_, ed. Combefisius. Paris 1675. H. 34,
136, 137

Maximus Tyrius, _Dissertationes_. H. 25, 67, 69

Musonius in Stobaeos, _Florilegium_. H. 69, 74, 114
(Cf. H. 27, 67, 74 in Clement, _Paedagogos_)

Numenius in Chalcidius on the _Timaeos_, in Mullach, _Fragmenta
Philos. Graec._ vol. ii. H. 43
(Cf. H. 72 in Porphyry, _de antro nympharum_)

Olympiodoros (cf. p. 17), _Commentaries on Plato and Aristotle_. H.
20, 32, 68

Origen _contra Celsum_. H. 62, 85, 130; Z. 74; E. 374-375

_Orphica_, ed. G. Hermann. Lips. 1805. E. 438-439

Philo Judaeus, _Opera_, ed. Mangey. H. 1, 2, 10, 22, 24, 64, 67,
68, 69, 70, 74, 79, 82, 85, 87, 134; E. 48-49, 386-387

Philodemos _de pietate_, ed. Gomperz. H. 28

Philoponos, _Commentaries on Aristotle_. Z. 10; P. 60-61, 81; E. 98,
100, 219, 244, 270-271, 280, 284-285, 380-332, 333-335

Philostratos, _vita Apollonii_, ed. Kayser. E. 355, 383-384

Plato (Stephanus’ pages). H. 32, 41, 45, 58, 69, 79, 98, 99; P. 52-53,
98, 103-105, 132

Plotinos, _Enneades_. H. 32, 54, 69, 80, 82, 83, 85, 99; P. 40, 81; E.
381-382

Plutarch, _Moralia_ and _Lives_. H. 11, 12, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29,
31, 34, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 62, 70, 74, 78, 79, 80, 85,
87, 105, 108, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 127, 138; Z. 14,
15; P. 60, 132, 144, 145; E. 5, 8-9, 33-35, 36-39, 40-44, 45-47,
51-54, 58-59, 60, 78, 79, 80-81, 98, 100, 135-136, 143-144, 149,
151, 153, 155, 157-159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 208, 209, 220, 221,
238-239, 243, 257-260, 261, 272, 279, 281, 282-283, 313, 373-381,
390, 393-396, 402, 403, 423-424, 430-431, 440, 444

Pollux, _Onomasticon_. H. 85

Polybios, _Historia_. H. 14-15

Porphyry, _de antro nympharum_, &c. H. 67, 70, 74; P. (1-30); Z.
10; E. 165-392, 401, 405-420, 436-437

Probus, _Comment. in Virgilii Bucol. et Geor._ E. 33, 35

Proklos, _Commentaries on Plato_. H. 16, 32, 44, 68, 79, 80, 111; P.
29-30, 33-42, 65, 81, 85, 103-105; Z. 14; E. 3, 18, 138, 162,
386-387

Satyros in Diogenes Laertios. E. 24-32

Scholia to Aristophanes. Z. 27

Scholia to Aristotle. P. 140-143; M. 17; E. 169-185, 210-213, 244,
246, 240-242, 381-382

Scholia to Euripides. H. 138; Z. 13; E. 275

Scholia to Homer. H. 39, 43, 61, 66, 85, 119; Z. 8, 11, 13; E. 168,
182-183, 405-407, 67-68

Scholia to Nicander, _Theriaca_. E. 421-422

Scholia to Plato, ed. Ast. E. 60

Seneca, _Epistolae_. H. 77, 81, 113, 120

Sextus Empiricus, _adv. Mathematicos_, ed. Bekker. H. 2, 4, 42, 52,
54, 78; Z. 2, 7, 8, 14; P. 1-30, 53-58, 132; E. 2-10, 33, 35, 77,
80, 333-335, 355, 364-365, 428-429

Simplicius _de caelo_. M. 17; Z. 28-32, 60, 62-65, 77, 110-113,
140-143, 151-153; E. 67-73, 114-115, 128, 169-185, 178, 181,
210-213, 215-218, 240-242, 244-246, 254, 256

Simplicius, _Commentary on the Physics_. H. 20, 41, 43, 56, 57, 58; X.
3, 4; Z. 1-16; M. 1-16; P. 35-40, 43b-51, 52-58, 57-70, 82-89,
94-112, 110-121, 122-125, 126-128, 132; E. 61-73, 74-95, 96, 109,
112-118, 119-129, 135, 138, 139, 141, 152, 171-185, 186-194,
195-196, 199-202, 203-207, 218, 247-253, 262-269

Stobaeos, _Florilegium_ and _Eclogae physicae_. H. 4, 11, 18, 59,
63, 67, 73, 74, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 134; Z. 8, 11, 16; P.
103-105, 132; E. 67-68, 71, 91, 138, 175, 237-239, 269-270, 390,
402

Suidas, _Geography_. H. 30, 85, 114; E. 326

Symmachus, _Epistolae_. H. 113

Synesius, _Epistolae_, ed. Hercher. Paris 1873. E. 386-388;
_De insomnia_, 474

Suidas, _Lexicon_. H. 9, 80; E. 24-32, 150

Tatianus, _Oratio ad Graecos_ in Otto, _Corpus apologet._ vi. Jena
1851. H. 80

Tertullian, in Migne, _Patrologia latina_ i.-iii. H. 69, 71

Themistius, _Orationes_, ed. Truncavellus. Venet. 1534. H. 10;

Themistius, _Paraphrases Arist. libr._ ed. Spengel. Lips. 1866. H.
122; E. 330

Theodoret, _Ecclesiastica historia_. H. 3, 7, 8, 101, 102, 104, 122;
Z. 5, 6; P. 60, 90; E. 56-57, 91, 334-336

Theodoros, _Prodromus_, v. _supra_, p. 50

Theon Smyrnaeus, _Arithmetica_, ed. Hiller. 1878. E. 442-443

Theophrastos, _Opera_, ed. Wimmer. H. 46, 84; P. 146-149; E. 182-183,
219, 314-315, 336-337, 423-424; Ad. 2; Z. 2, 3

Timon of Phlius in Eusebios, _Praeparatio evangelicae_. E. 400-401

Tzetzes, _Chiliades_, and _Exeget. in Iliadum_. H. 66, 78; E. 24-32,
66-68, 244, 347-351, 396

Xenophon, _Memorabilia_. H. 58

II. _GREEK INDEX_

Parmenides (P.) and Empedokles (E.) are referred to by lines; Anaximandros (Ad.), Herakleitos (H.), Xenophanes (X.), Zeno (Z.), Melissos (M.), and Anaxagoras (A.), by the number of the fragment in which the word occurs. Occasional references to pages are indicated by p.

ἀγαθός, H. 57, 61, 111

ἄγαλμα, H. 130; E. 408

ἀγχιβασίη, H. 9

ἄγων, H. 119; X. 19

ἀδικία, Ad. 2

ἄεθλον, X. 19

ἀήρ, pp. 17, 63; M. 17; E. 132; A. 1, 2, 6; P. 24; E. 450

ἀθάνατος, E. 425; H. 67

ἀθρέω, E. 4, 19, 156

ἀίδιος, M. 17; E. 370

αἰθέριος, E. 377

αἰθήρ, X. 11; P. 133, 141; E. 31, 40, 78, 133, 146, 166, 198, 204,
211, 216, 291, 293, 299, 304, 310, 334, 379, 427; A. 1, 2, 6

αἴθρη, E. 158

αἴθριος, H. 30

αἷμα, E. 207, 292, 308, 327

αἶσα, P. 127; E. 113, 231, 266

αἴσιμος, E. 301, 307

αἰσχρή, E. 395

αἴων, H. 79; E. 71, 111, 224, 389, 420

ἀκίνητος, P. 82

ἄκος, H. 129

ἀκούη, H. 13; P. 55; E. 20, 21

ἀκούω, H. 2, 6; X. 2; M. 17; E. 14, 33

ἄκρητος, E. 144, 183, 410, 412

ἀληθείη, P. 29, 36, 111; E. 366

ἀληθής, P. 73, 84, 99; M. 17

ἀμβλύνω, E. 3, 228

ἄμβροτος, E. 99, 181, 355

ἀμηχανίη, P. 47

ἀμοιβή, p. 60

ἀμπλακίη, E. 371

ἀνάγκη, P. 72, 86, 138; E. 232

ἀνάπαυσις, H. 104

ἀναπαύω, H. 83, 86

ἀναπνέω, E. 287

ἀνεμός, X. 11

ἀνόητος, P. 73

ἀντίχθων, pp. 136, 148

ἀξύνετος, H. 2, 3

ἀοιδός, H. 111; X. 22

ἄπειρος, H. 2; X. 12; A. 1, 6; Z. 1, 3; M. 7, 8, 9, 11

ἀπογίνομαι, Z. 1

ἀποκρίνομαι, E. 43; A. 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16

ἀπόκρισις, A. 10

ἀπόλειψις, E. 63

ἀπόλλυμι, M. 11, 12, 17; A. 17; E. 93

ἀπορροή, E. 281

ἄραιος, p. 102; M. 14; E. (196); A. 6, 8

ἄρθρον, E. 82

ἄρκτος, H. 30

ἁρμονίη, H. 45, 46, 47; E. 122, 137, 202

ἀρχή, H. 70; M. 7, 9; E. 130; A. 16

ἄσπετος, E. 111, 128

ἀστεμφής, E. 398

αὐγή, E. 99, 152, 153, 157, 427

αὐτοκρατής, A. 6

βάκχοι, H. 124; X. 27

βάρβαρος, H. 4

βασανίζω, H. 58

βίος, H. 66, 67; E. 249, 251, 373

βληστρίζω, X. 24

βόρβορος, H. 53-54

βρότειος, P. 111; E. 10, 35

βροτός, X. 5; P. 46, 99, 109, 121; E. 54, 147, 247, 303, 347

βωμός, X. 21; E. 412

γένεσις, P. 77, 83; E. 63

γέννη, P. 62; E. 87, 192, 194, 230

γῆ, γαῖα, H. 21, 25, 68; X. 8, 9, 10, 12; P. 140, 144; M. 17; E. 26,
78, 132, 146, (152), 154, 158, 160, 165, 211, 333, 378, 391; A.
4, 9, 10

γηρείς, X. 26

γίνομαι, P. 69, 100; M. 6, 11, 17; E. 46, 48, 71, 95

γινώσκω, H. 18, 35, 106, 115, 130; X. 18; P. 39; A. 14; E. 281

γλαυκῶπις, E. 159

γναφεύς, H. 50

γνωμή, H. 19, 96; P. 113, 121

γνωρίζω, p. 250

γόμφος, P. 20; E. 241, (279)

γυῖον, E. 2, 23, 142, 249, 260, 269 308, 347, 371, 414

δαίμων, H. 97, 121, 131; P. 3, 128; p. 145; E. 254, 373

δαΐφρων, E. 1

δείλαιος, E. 446

δειλός, E. 3, 53, 228, 343, 400, 441

δέμας, P. 115, 119; E. 198, 268

δημιουργός, p. 61

δῆμος, H. 100

διακοσμέω, A. 6

διάκοσμος, P. 120

διακρίνομαι, A. 6, 7, 14, 17

διάλλαξις, E. 38

διάμορφα, E. 102

διαφέρω, H. 45, 46, 59, 93

δίζημι, H. 80; P. 62

δίζησις, P. 34, 45, 53

δίκαιος, H. 61; X. 19, 21

δίκη, H. 60, 62, 118; P. 14, 28, 70; E. 5

δίνη, E. 378

δολιχαίων, E. 107, (126)

δόξη, H. 133; P. 30, (31), 111, 151; E. 343

δύναμις, P. 123

ἔθος, P. 54

εἶδος, M. 17; E. 123, 135, 192, 207, 266, 375

εἱμαρμένα, H. 63, p. 60

ἐκπνέω, E. 287, 294, 311

ἔλεγχος, P. 56

ἔμπαιος, E. 3

ἕν, H. 19, 59, 91; M. 11, 17; E. 62, 67, 118, 70, 76, 248

ἐξανατέλλω, E. 258, 265

ἐξευρίσκω, H. 7

ἐξόλλυμι, E. 47

ἐπανίστημι, H. 123

ἐπίσταμαι, H. 6, 19, 35

ἐπιχθόνιος, E. 448

ἐργάτης, H. 90

ἔρις, H. 43, 46, 62

εὕδω, H. 2

εὐνομίη, X. 19

εὐσεβής, X. 25; E. 408

εὐφρόνη, H. 31, 36, 77

εὔχομαι, X. 21

ἐφημερίοι, E. 14, 338

ζάω, H. 56, 78, 123

ζωή, E. 4

ἦθος, H. 96, 121; E. 88, 226

ἥλιος, H. 29, 31, 32, 135; P. 134, 140, 145; E. 98, 130, 135, 149,
164, 211, 379; A. 6, 10

ἧμαρ, P. 11; E. 436

ἡμέρη, H. 32, 35, 36

ἥρως, H. 130

θάλασσα, H. 21, 23; X. 11; E. 136, 187

θάμνος, E. 41, 252, 384

θάνατος, H. 25, 64, 68

θελημά, E. (101), 174

θέμις, P. 28, 88; E. 14, 44

θεμιτός, E. 425

θεός, H. 12, 43, 44, 61, 67, (91), (96), 102, 130, 130a; X. 1, 5, 6,
7, 16, 21, 29; P. 22; E. 11, 107, 129, 142, 341, 343, 355, 369,
405, 449

θνήσκω, H. 78

θνητός, H. 67, 111; X. 1, 16, 31; E. 17, 37, 63, 82, 86, 115, 128,
182, 184, 188, 212, 355, 365, 375, 391, 400

θρίξ, E. 237; M. 11; A. 18

θυμός, H. 105; P. 1; E. 414, 436, 446

ἰατρός, H. 58

ἰδέα, A. 3

ἱερός, E. 350

ἱλάειρα, E. 149, 152

ἱστορίη, H. 17

ἵστωρ, H. 49

καθαίρω, H. 130

καθαρμός, E. 352

καθαρός, H. 52; X. 21; P. 134; E. 12, 223, 273

καθεύδω, H. 78, 90, 94

κακοτεχνίη, H. 17

καμασῆνες, E. 163, 214

κάματος, H. 82, 104

καπνός, H. 37

καταθνῄσκω, E. 47

κέλευθος, P. 11, 36, 51; E. 183, 376

κενεός, M. 14; E. 91

κεραυνός, H. 28

κεφαλή, E. 347

κινέω, M. 8, 14; A. 7

κλεψύδρη, E. 295

κόπριος, H. 85

κόρος, H. 24, 36, 104, (111)

κορυφή, E. 58

κόσμος, H. 20, 90, 95; P. 92, 112, pp. 146, 148; E. 116, 351; A. 13

κρᾶσις, E. 189, 192

κρίσις, P. 72; M. 14

κρούνωμα, E. 35

κυβερνάω, Ad. 1; H. 19; P. 128

κυκεών, H. 84

κύκλος, P. 7; E. 73, 112, 133, 153, 178

κύων, H. 115

κωφός, H. 3; P. 49

λαμπάς, P. 135

λεσχηνεύω, H. 130

λήγω, E. 66, 72, (89)

λῆναι, H. 124, (127)

λιβανωτός, X. 21

λίθος, A. 9

λόγος, H. 1, 2, 92, 116, 117; X. 18; P. 15, 56, 110; M. 12, 17; E.
57, 59, 86, 170, 341

λύρη, H. 45

μάγοι, H. 124

μαίνομαι, H. 12, 127, 130

μάρτυς, H. 4, 15, 118

μέγεθος, Z. 1, 3; M. 8

μέλεα, P. 146, 148; E. 139, 179, 238, 247, 268, 270, 312

μελεδήμων, E. 353

μελέτη, E. 223, 339

μέμηλε, E. 343

μένω, P. 85, 86

μερίμνη, E. 3, 45, 228

μέρος, E. 112, 186, 200

μεταβάλλω, H. 83

μετακοσμέω, M. 11, 12

μεταπίπτω, H. 78; M. 12, 17

μετρέομαι, H. 23

μέτρον, H. 20, 29

μητίομαι, P. 131; E. 437

μῆτις, E. 10, 120, 330

μιαίνω, H. 130

μῖγμα, pp. 9, 11, 122

μίγνυμι, P. 130; E. 38, 259; A. 6

μίμνω, X. 4

μῖξις, P. 129; E. 38, 40

μίσγω, E. 184, 254

μοῖρα, P. 26, 97; A. 5, 6, 16

μόρος, H. 86, 101

μόρφη, P. 113; E. 97, 430

μουνογενής, P. 60

μῦθος, P. 33, 57; E. 58, 74, 75, 129, 264, 367

μύστη, H. 124

μυστήρια, H. 125

νεῖκος, E. 68, 79, (117), 139, 171, 175, 177, 194, 335, 382

νεκρός, H. 123

νέκυς, H. 85

νοέω, X. 2; P. 34, 40, 43, 64, 94, 96; E. 22, 23, 316, p. 250

νόημα, X. 1; P. 53, 94, 110, 149; E. 328, 329

νοητός, P. 64

νόμος, H. 91, 100, 110; E. 44

νοῦς, H. 91, 111; X. 3; P. 48, 90, 147; E. 9, 81, 429; A. 5, 6, 7, 12

νοῦσος, H. 104

νυκτιπόλος, H. 124

ὄγκος, E. 247

ὁδός, H. 69, 71, 137; P. 2, 27, 34, 45, 54, 57, 74

ὄζος, E. 315

οἰακίζω, H. 30

οἶδα, X. 14, 24; P. 3, 46; E. 417

οἶδμα, E. 293, 310, 367, 415

οἴησις, H. 132, 134

οἶνος, X. 17, 21

ὄλεθρος, P. 77, 83

ὄλλυμι, P. 70, 100

ὄμβρος, E. 100, 204, 215, 298, 304

ὅμιλος, H. 111

ὅμου πάντα, p. 11; A. 1, 16

ὀρειλεχής, E. 253, 438

ὅσιος, E. 12, 17

ὄστεα, E. 201

οὐλόμενος, E. 37, 79

οὐλοφυής, E. 265

οὔρανος, P. 137; E. 150, 187

ὄφθαλμος, H. 4, 15, 326, 344

ὄψις, H. 13; E. 20, 272

πάθος, M. 16

παίζω, H. 79; E. 295

παίς, H. 73, 79, 86, 97; E. 294

παλάμη, E. 2, 19, 218, 242

παλίντονος, H. 45 (note)

παλίντροπος, H. 45; P. 51

πειθώ, P. 36; E. 346

πεῖραρ, H. 71; X. 12; P. 82, 87, 102, 109, 139; E. 75

πελέκης, A. 13

πέρας, H. 70

περιέχω, A. 2, 12

περιχωρέω, A. 7, 11

περιχώρησις, A. 6

πεσσεύω, H. 79

πηλός, H. 130

πίθανος, pp. 133, 214

πίθος, pp. 133, 214

πίστις, P. 30, 68, 84; E. 20, 23, 210, 368

πίστωμα, E. 56

πίσυνος, E. 382

πλάζω, P. 47; E. 251

πλάσματα, X. 21

πλῆθος, A. 1, 4, 15, 16

πνεῦμα, p. 21, E. 301, 307, 319

πνοίη, E. 314

πόλεμος, H. 36, 44, 62

πολύδηρις, P. 56

πολυμαθίη, H. 16-17

πολυφθερής, E. 365

πομπή, H. 127

πράπιδες, E. 222, 342, 417, 418

πρήστηρ, H. 21, p. 63

προσγίνομαι, Z. 1; M. 12

πυκνός, p. 102, M. 14; E. 217

πύλη, P. 11; E. 305

πυνθάνομαι, E. 10, 25

πῦρ, H. 20, 21, 22, 25, 26; P. 116, 126; M. 17; E. 78, 197, 216, 263,
267, 317, 322, 334

ῥιζώματα, E. 33, 55

ῥόος, E. 300

σάρξ, E. 207, 402, 435; A. 18

σελήνη, P. 136, 140; E. 149, (153); A. 6, 10

σῆμα, P. 58, 115, 134

σημαίνω, H. 11

σιβύλλα, H. 12

σκύλαξ, X. 18

σμικρότης, A. 1

σοφίη, H. 107; X. 19; E. 18

σοφός, H. 1, 18, 19, 74; E. 51, 416

σπέρμα, A. 3, 4

σπλάγχνος, E. 57

στεινωπός, E. 2

στεφάνη, pp. 108, 109

στοργή, E. 335

στρογγύλη, p. 151

στυφελίζω, X. 18

συγγραφή, H. 17

συγκρίνομαι, A. 3

συγχωρέω, A. 8

σύμμιξις, A. 4

συμμίσγω, A. 17

συμπήγνυμι, A. 9, 10

συμφέρω, H. 46, 59

συνέρχομαι, E. 173, 175, 248

συνίστημι, P. 93; E. 174

σφαίρη, P. 103

σφαῖρος, E. 134, 138

σχεδύνη, E. 209

σῶμα, M. 16; E. 249

σωφρονέω, H. 106-107

ταχύτης, A. 11

τεθηπώς, P. 49; E. 81

τελευτάω, H. 122; P. 152

τελευτή, M. 7; E. 37

τέλος, M. 9

τέρμα, E. 178

τιμή, E. 16, 88

τίσις, Ad. 2

τόξον, H. 45

τόπον, P. 101; Z. 4

τρήματα, E. 299

τύχη, E. 195

ὕβρις, H. 103; X. 21

ὑγρός, H. 72, 73

ὕδωρ, H. 25, 68; X. 9, 10, 11; M. 17; E. 78, 208, 211, 221, 266, 284,
297, 301, 302, 307, 324, 333; A. 9

φαντασία, p. 62

φάος, P. 10, 144; E. 40, 72, 320

φάρμακα, E. 24, 121

φιλόσοφος, H. 49

φιλότης, E. 67, 80, 103, (116), 172, 181, 209, 248

φλόξ, E. 152

φόνος, E. 371, 384, 412, 428

φρήν, H. 111; X. 3; E. 51, 74, 127, 346, 350, 368

φρονέω, H. 5, 90; P. 148; E. 195, 332, 337

φρόνησις, H. 92; E. 231

φροντίς, X. 24; E. 339, 351

φύλλον, E. 237, 440

φῦλον, P. 49; E. 163

φύσις, H. 2, 10, 107; P. 133, 137, 148; E. 36, 39, 226, 270

φύω, X. 10; P. 66, 138, 151; E. 69, 182, 188, 242, 257, 375; A. 10

χάρις, H. 136

χείρ, P. 22; E. 296, 306, 345, 441, 443

χθών, E. 166, 187, 198, 199, 203, 215, 235, 378, 403

χόανος, E. 199

χρέος, P. 65, 96

χρεών, Ad. 2; P. 28, 37, 67, 105, 116

χρησμοσύνη, H. 24

χροιή, A. 3, 4

ψεῦδος, H. 118, (132)

ψυχή, H. 4, 38, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 105, 131, 136; X. 18; A. 10

ᾠοτοκέω, E. 219

ὥρη, H. 34; E. 374

III. _ENGLISH INDEX_

The references are to pages; a star * indicates the important reference in a series.

Achilles argument, the, 116, 118

Aether, 110, 149, 183, 223, 237, 261

Aetios, 5, 6, 7, 14 ff., 21 f., 83 f., 109 f., 119, 129, 143, 146
f., 223 f., 253 f.

Aetna, 78

Aidoneus, 161, 223

Air, 17, 19, 179, 223, 237, 248

Akragas, 203

Alexandros, 12, 81

Alkmaeon, 138

All, the, 78, 105, 108;
one, 57

Anaxagoras, 18, 215, 216, 220, *235 f.

Anaximandros, *8, 215, 257

Anaximenes, *17, 81

Animals, 13, 171;
origin of, 189, 191, 228, 261;
from moisture, 16;
souls of, 150

Anthropomorphism, 67, 77

Aphrodite, 167, 181, 185

Apollodoros, 17, 23, 151

Archilochos, 53

Archippos, 154

Archytas, 132

Ares, 209

Aristotle, 2, 8, 9, 18, 57 f., 78, 104, 129, 134 f., 145, 215 f.,
247

Aristoxenos, 153

Arius Didymus, 151

Arrow argument, 116

Astronomy, 5

Ate, 207

Athletic contests _vs._ wisdom, 71

Banquet, sacrificial, 75

Beginning of the universe, 124 f., 129

Being, 91 f., 108, 124 f., 173, 243;
not moved, 95;
not generated, 95;
not divided, 95, 126

Bias, 51

Blood, seat of thought, 214, 234

Blyson, 23

Body, the tomb of the soul, 133, 214;
subject to change, 146;
infinitely divisible, 146

Breathing, Empedokles on, 195, 227

Cause, active, 22

Change, constant, 35, 165;
impossibility of, 127, 129

Chariot of Parmenides, 87

Chrysippos, 60

Chthonie, 207

Cicero, 7, 16, 21, 108, 151, 233

Circles of the heavens, 99

Clouds, 19, 256

Comets, 84, 255

Community of gods and men, 133

Condensation of matter, 9, 21, 60 f., 125

Counter-earth, 136, 148

Cube, 152 f.

Cycles of the universe, 179, 216

Darkness as first principle, 99

Day and night, 89

Death, 45, 53, 229

Decad, 144, 152

Delphi, oracle at, 27

Demokritos, 18, 33, 248, 250, 254

Destruction of things, 10, 13, 14, 82, 93 f., 119, 124, 165, 222,
245

Diodoros, 153

Diogenes Laertios, 63, 64, 120

Discord, 39

Divisibility of matter, infinite, 115

Dyad, 144, 152

Earth, the, 31, 67 f., 83;
a heavenly body, 13;
form of, 13, 14, 22, 106;
is infinite, 78;
once covered by the sea, 82;
rests on water, 3, 4;
rests on air, 20;
is sinking into the sea, 83

Earthquakes, 7, 18, 22, 261

Eclipses, 7, 15, 63, 84, 148

Ecliptic, 6

Egyptian wisdom, 154

Eleatic school, 64 f.;
unity, 79, 103, 105, 119

Elements, 41, 161, 167, 183, 221, 224;
imperishable, 169, 230;
indivisible, 142;
motion of, 215;
separation of, 12

Embryo, 228

Empedokles, 57, 60, *157 f., 247, 249;
reverenced as a god, 203

Enquiry, ways of, 89

Epikouros, 85

Epiphanius, 108, 119, 129, 154 f., 234

Equality, geometrical, 133

Erinnyes, 33

Esoteric class, 154

Eudemos, 116

Euripides, 257

Eurystratos, 17, 19, 21

Eye, Empedokles on the, 197

False assumptions of Melissos, 129

Fate, 39, 62, 97, 163

Fire, 19, 99, 155, 191;
central Pythagorean, 136;
ever-living, 29;
periodic, 61;
transformations of, 31

First principle, 2, 5, 67, 218, 230, 234, 260;
are ten, 138;
heat and cold as, 104;
is eternal, 13;
is fire, 58;
is water, 4, 67

Flame, sphere of, 14

Flesh forbidden, 205, 213

Fossils, 82

Friendship, 222

Galen, 81, 83, 119

Gate of Parmenides, 89

Generation, 10, 13 f., 20, 82, 93 f., 119, 124, 129 f., 163, 245

Genesis, 165

God, 33, 39, 47, 65, 79, 147, 151, 173, 201, 222, 254

Gods, 2, 3, 7, 21, 41, 58, 201, 233;
anthropomorphic, 67, 77;
are born, 16, 171;
Homeric treatment of, 67;
goddess of Parmenides, 89

Good and bad, 39, 57

Habit, 93

Hades, 35

Hail, 20

Harmony, 35, 37, 39, 137, 153;
of the spheres, 135, 151

Heavens, 101, 110, 134, 137;
revolution of, 11, 216

Hekataios, 29, 63

Heliope, 207

Helios, 87

Hephaistos, 183

Hera, 161, 223

Herakleides, 148

Herakleitos, *23 f., 120, 216, 253

Hermeias, 14, 23, 155, 262

Hermodoros, 51

Heroes, 6, 145

Hesiod, 29, 33

Hippasos, 58, 60, 63

Hippolytos, 13, 19, 25, 108, 151, 238, 260 f.

Homer, 35, 53, 57, 103, 223

Homoeomeries, 248 f.

Homogeneous, Being is, 125, 127

Ignorance, 49

Incredulity, 51

Infinite, the, 9, 11, 15, 114, 125, 134, 138, 248;
double, 139

Infinites, 117, 237

Invocation of Empedokles, 159

Ionic school, 5

Justice, 39, 51, 89

Kalliopeia, 201

Klepsydra compared with breathing, 195

Knowledge, 89;
of the gods, 69;
progress of, 69

Kronos, 209

Kypris, 183, 185, 209

Law, 47, 49

Leukippos, 217, 249

Lightning, 14, 16, 20, 31, 63, 84, 226, 256, 261

Lipara, fire at, 78

Loadstone, 3

Love and strife, 167, 171, 179, 215 f., 218, 221, 224, 230

Luxury, 73

Lysis, 132, 154

Many, the, 165

Matter, 6, 15, 145;
eternal, 125;
divisibility of, 6

Melissos, 79, 103, 104, 109, 119, *120 f.;
fallacies of, 129

Men, origin of, 106;
from animals, 14;
from fish, 11, 13;
mind of, 101, 107

Metempsychosis, 71

Meteor, 235

Metrodoros, 82, 259

Milky Way, 101, 110, 148, 255

Mind as first principle, 239 f., 246 f.

Mnesarchos, 29, 132

Monad, 144 f., 151 f.

Moon, 7, 13, 14 f., 20, 62, 84, 101, 110, 148, 175, 177, 226, 246,
255, 261;
phases of, 7;
revolution of, 12

Motion, 119, 126 f., 146, 248, 249;
eternal, 14, 21, 62;
universal, 57, 58, 243

Multiplicity, 114, 128, 217

Muse, invocation of, 159, 201

Mysteries, 53

Necessity, 6, 95, 119, 131, 187, 203

Nestis, 161, 183, 223

Nikolaos, 80

Nile, 256, 260;
rise of, 7

Noise, Zeno on, 116

Not-being, 11, 103, 108, 124, 243, 254

Number, 134 f., 152

Oenopides, 147 f., 246

Olympia, 71

Olympos, 101, 175

Ombros, 183

One, the, 114, 119, 131, 139, 145

One, all are, 57

Opinion of men, 89, 97, 145;
_vs._ truth, 187

Opposites, 35, 37, 58, 138, 247;
separation of, 12

Order, 29

Origination, 163

Orpheus, 133

Parmenides, 23, 62 f., 78, *86 f., 112, 120, 129, 257;
fallacies of, 104;
theory of sensation, 107 f., 110;
theory of thought, 107;
Plato on, 103

Passion, 49

Perception by pores, 230;
by likes, 199

Perikles, 235, 247

Philip the Opuntian, 148

Philodemos, 7

Philolaos, 132, 148

Pisas, the, 71

Place, 146;
existence of, 115;
Zeno on, 117

Plants, 7, 220, 229, 251

Plato, 2, 57, 78, 103 f., 112, 133, 141, 146, 148 f., 214, 245 f.,
262

Plutarch, 5, 11, 14, 21, 82, 108, 119

Polykrates, 132

Poseidon, 209

Praxiades, 13

Progress, 56

Protagoras, 116

Purifications, Empedokles on, 203

Pythagoras, 23, 29, 56, 132 f.;
science of, 151

Pythagoreans, 86, 132 f.

Rainbow, 21, 69, 149, 256

Rarefaction, 9, 21, 60 f., 125

Reason, 47, 62;
authority of, 83;
‘destined,’ 61;
in the universe, 6

Sabinos, 81

Sacrifice, 53, 155, 209

Samian fleet, 120

Science, 58, 145;
of numbers, 143

Sea, the, 12, 37, 69, 179, 218, 226, 259

Sensation, 85;
validity of, 128 f., 131, 159, 226, 256

Sense-perception, 27, 60, 108, 150, 161;
theory of, 214, 217, 258 f.

Senses, Empedokles on, 227, 231

Separation, 217, 237, 239, 245

Sibyl, 27

Simplicius, 114 f., 124 f.

Sky, 22

Sleep, 25, 59, 229, 257

Solstice, 6, 147 f., 225, 255, 261

Soul, 2, 3, 7, 21, 41, 43, 57, 59, 63, 110, 149, 153, 218, 225,
250, 256;
transmigration of, 71, 155, 203 f., 213

Space, 117

Speusippos, 141

Stars, 6, 7, 13 f., 20, 22, 62, 84, 110, 225, 255, 260;
revolution of, 22

Stoics, the, 63, 145 f., 226, 254

Stones, 19

Strife, 35, 37, 39, 60, 167, 171, 175, 179, 215, 218

Sun, 6, 7, 13 f., 22, 33, 61 f., 84, 101, 110, 148, 171, 175, 225,
255, 260;
revolution of, 12;
setting of, 18, 20

Temperance, 49

Tetrad, 144, 152

Tetraktys, 152

Thales, *1 f., 33, 81, 145, 147, 253

Theology of Xenophanes, 65 f., 77

Theophrastos, 4, 11, 19, 59, 79, 81, 106, 155, 230 f., 257 f.

Things eternal, 129

Thought equals being, 91, 97

Thunder, 63

Thunderbolt, 31, 256

Timaios, 56

Time and space, 117

Tomb, the body a, 133, 214

Tortoise, 116

Treatise, first philosophical, 8

Truth, 69, 89 f.;
_vs._ opinion, 106

Tyche, 183

Understanding, common to all, 47;
lacking, 25, 51

Unity, 78, 129;
of being, 103;
is God, 79

Universe, the, 60, 62, 146 f., 153, 224, 255, 262;
structure of, 109

Void, 6, 119, 125, 127, 134, 146 f., 216, 248, 251

Wantonness, 49

War, 35, 39

Water, 2, 67

Weather, control of, 161

Winds, 13, 19, 20, 63, 261

Wisdom, 29, 47

Worlds, 15;
infinite in number, 14, 22

Worship, 209;
popular, 55

Xenophanes, 23, 29, *64 f., 105;
sayings of, 77;
skepticism of, 82 f.;
theology of, 65 f., 77

Zalmoxis, 154

Zaratas, 153

Zeno, 59, *112 f., 120;
arguments of, 114 f.;
on motion, 119

Zeus, 29, 33, 60, 71, 136, 161, 209, 223

Zodiac, 147 f.

Zones, 6, 110, 147, 149

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