Chapter LXVI: Individual States (2)

John Brown, from 1792 to 1805.
John Edwards, ” 1792 ” 1795.
Humphrey Marshall, ” 1795 ” 1801.
John Breckenridge, ” 1801 ” 1805.
Buckner Thurston, ” 1805 ” 1810.
John Adair, ” {1805 ” 1806.
{1806 ” 1807.
{1810 ” 1811.
Henry Clay, ” {1831 ” 1842.
{1849 ” 1855.
John Pope, ” 1807 ” 1813.
George M. Bibb, ” {1811 ” 1814.
{1829 ” 1835.
Jessie Bledsoe, ” 1813 ” 1815.
George Walker, ” 1814 ” 1814.
William T. Barry, ” 1814 ” 1816.
Isham Talbot, ” {1815 ” 1819.
{1820 ” 1825.
Martin D. Hardin, ” {1816 ” 1817.
{1817 ” 1819.
{1835 ” 1841.
John J. Crittenden, ” {1842 ” 1849.
{1855 ” 1861.
Richard M. Johnson, ” {1819 ” 1823.
{1823 ” 1829.
William Logan, ” 1819 ” 1820.
John Rowan, ” 1826 ” 1831.
James T. Moorehead, ” 1841 ” 1847.
Jos’h R. Underwood, ” 1847 ” 1853.
Thomas Metcalf, ” 1848 ” 1849.
Archibald Dixon, ” 1852 ” 1855.
David Meriwether, ” 1852 ” 1852.
J. B. Thompson, ” 1853 ” 1859.
Lazarus W. Powell, ” 1859 ” 1865.
J. C. Breckenridge, ” 1861 ” 1861.
Garrett Davis, ” 1861 ” 1873.
James Guthrie, ” 1865 ” 1868.
Thomas C. McCreery, ” 1868 ” 1879.
John W. Stevenson, ” 1871 ” 1877.

TENNESSEE.

Tennessee belonged to the territory of North Carolina while a colony, and was settled by emigrants from it in 1757. They built Fort Loudon in East Tennessee, but were destroyed, or driven away, by the Indians, in 1760. Settlement was soon resumed, but continually harrassed by Indian attacks. In 1774 Col. Lewis and Capt. Shelby attacked and defeated them. They remained quiet until after the Declaration of Independence, when the Cherokees were stirred up by British emissaries. From 1776 to 1779 three several expeditions were made against them, the Indians being decisively defeated each time. The Cherokees and Shawnees were warlike tribes, and continued, for some years, to make occasional attacks on the settlements, which did not, however, prevent their steady growth.

In 1789 North Carolina renounced her claim to the territory, and in 1790 it became a separate province, being admitted into the Union as a Sovereign State in 1796, making the sixteenth, or the third admitted after the Revolutionary war—Vermont, in 1791, being the first; and Kentucky, in 1792, the second.

This State has an area of 45,600 square miles, or 29,184,000 acres. It had a population in 1870 of 1,257,983.

Tennessee is very agreeably diversified with mountain, hill and dale, containing within its limits fertility of soil, beauty of scenery, and a delightfully temperate climate. The State is generally healthy. The soil in the main is good, and while among the mountains it is not arable, it is favorable for grazing, and stock is largely exported.

Indian corn, tobacco, and cotton are the great staples.

Gold has been found in the south-east portion of the State. Among the other minerals found here are iron in abundance, some lead, silver, zinc, marble of very fine quality, and various others. The State is entitled to ten Representatives in Congress; is in the sixth judicial circuit; has three judicial districts; and has two ports of delivery—Memphis and Knoxville.

Nashville is the capital. The State election is held on the first Monday in August, and the Legislature meets on the first Monday in October, once in two years. The Legislature consists of a Senate of twenty-five members, and a House of Representatives of seventy-five members.

The enacting clause of the laws of this State is: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

William Blount, from 1796 to 1797.
William Cocke, ” {1796 ” 1797.
{1799 ” 1805.
Andrew Jackson, ” {1797 ” 1798.
{1823 ” 1825.
Joseph Anderson, ” 1797 ” 1815.
Daniel Smith, ” 1797 ” 1809.
Jenkin Whiteside, ” 1809 ” 1811.
George W. Campbell, ” 1811 ” 1818.
Jesse Wharton, ” 1814 ” 1815.
John Williams, ” 1815 ” 1823.
John H. Eaton, ” 1818 ” 1829.
Hugh L. White, ” 1825 ” 1840.
Felix Grundy, ” 1829 ” 1840.
Ephraim H. Foster, ” {1838 ” 1839.
{1843 ” 1845.
A. O. P. Nicholson, ” 1840 ” 1843.
Alexander Anderson, ” 1840 ” 1841.
Spencer Jarnagin, ” 1841 ” 1847.
Hopkins L. Turney, ” 1845 ” 1851.
John Bell, ” 1847 ” 1853.
James C. Jones, ” 1851 ” 1857.
Andrew Johnson, ” 1857 ” 1863.
David T. Patterson, ” 1865 ” 1869.
J. S. Fowler, ” 1865 ” 1871.
William G. Brownlow, ” 1869 ” 1875.
Henry Cooper, ” 1871 ” 1877.
Andrew Johnson, ” 1875 ” 1881.

OHIO.

The first permanent settlement in this important State was made on the 7th day of April, 1788. Though this fine territory lay nearest to the most populous and enterprising of the original States, the intrigues of the French before the Revolution, the hostility to which they excited the Indians, and the difficulties arising from the various claims of different States to the lands, which rendered titles insecure, prevented any permanent settlement until about the time when the present Constitution of the United States was originated. All these difficulties were now removed, and emigration, long restrained, rushed like a flood down the Ohio. 20,000 persons, during this year (1788), passed down the river in pursuit of new homes. Cincinnati and many other places were settled about this time. From 1790 to 1795 there was much suffering from the hostility of the Indians; but this period having passed, the settlements multiplied and grew apace.

The settlers were, in large part, from New England; accustomed to wring a thrifty living from a rocky soil; and their industry soon brought great results from this more generous field. The population increased rapidly. In 14 years it amounted to 72,000; and was admitted into the Union with that number Nov. 29th, 1802.

The climate is healthy and mild, the soil generally very fertile, and her inhabitants have made the most of it. Coal, iron, and marble are very abundant. Manufactures have not been much developed in this State, but they are steadily growing. The lake on the north, and the river on the south, with more than 5,000 miles of railway and canals, furnish all the elements of a great and steady growth.

It was, on its admission, the seventeenth State in the Union.

It has an area of 39,964 square miles, equal to 25,576,960 acres. The population in 1870 was 2,622,214, entitling her to twenty Members of Congress.

It is in the sixth judicial circuit, and forms two judicial districts, the Northern and Southern.

This State has three ports of entry—Cleveland, Toledo, and Portland; and four ports of delivery, to be located where the President directs.

The capital of this State is Columbus. The State election is now held on the second Tuesday of October. The Legislature meets on the first Monday of January, biennially.

The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

John Smith, from 1803 to 1808.
Thos. Worthington, ” {1803 ” 1807.
{1810 ” 1814.
Edward Tiffin, ” 1807 ” 1809.
Return J. Meigs, ” 1808 ” 1810.
Stanley Griswold, ” 1809 ” 1809.
Alexander Campbell, ” 1809 ” 1813.
Jeremiah Morrow, ” 1813 ” 1819.
Joseph Kerr, ” 1814 ” 1815.
Benjamin Ruggles, ” 1815 ” 1833.
William A. Trimble, ” 1819 ” 1821.
Ethan A. Brown, ” 1822 ” 1825.
Wm. Henry Harrison, ” 1825 ” 1828.
Jacob Burnett, ” 1828 ” 1831.
Thomas Ewing, ” {1831 ” 1837.
{1850 ” 1851.
Thomas Morris, ” 1833 ” 1839.
William Allen, ” 1837 ” 1849.
Benjamin Tappan, ” 1839 ” 1845.
Thomas Corwin, ” 1845 ” 1851.
Salmon P. Chase, ” 1849 ” 1855.
Benjamin F. Wade, ” 1851 ” 1869.
George Ellis Pugh, ” 1851 ” 1861.
John Sherman, ” 1861 ” 1879.
Allen G. Thurman, ” 1869 ” 1881.

LOUISIANA.

The Spaniards, who found so much gold in other parts of the American continent, made repeated explorations of the region lying near the mouths of the Mississippi in the hope of discovering it there. Failing in this, they made no settlements. The French planned the establishment of a vast empire covering the best territory now in the bounds of the United States, and explored the Mississippi and its tributaries with untiring courage and zeal, both from the Great Lakes and from the mouth of the river. A few years after La Salle had perished in his bold wandering, a French naval officer, Lemoine D’Iberville, formed the first settlement in Louisiana (so named after the French King, Louis XIV., by La Salle.) This was in 1699; but no great progress was made until the Mississippi Company was formed in France, under the idea that Louisiana was rich in gold and diamonds; when, in 1718, eight hundred persons emigrated from France and settled at New Orleans. In 1732 the colony contained, in all, seven thousand five hundred persons, and continued to prosper until 1763, when, by the peace of Paris, all the French possessions in America except the territory west of the Great River, were given up to England. This remnant soon passed to the Spaniards, and again to the French, from whom it was bought by President Jefferson for $15,000,000, in 1803.

This purchase was regarded, even by Jefferson, as probably exceeding the powers of the government, under the Constitution; but it was essential to the development, unity, and greatness of the country. The Mississippi Valley is the heart of North America, and the use of the river as necessary to the value of the prairie States lying east of it, as to the defense and strength of the country. The possession of it could, alone, make the United States a great power among nations. Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul of the French Republic, designed, in ceding it to the United States, to give England, his relentless enemy, a powerful rival; but even his keen foresight could not have anticipated the wonderful growth in which the Louisiana Purchase was so necessary an element.

The surface of Louisiana is low, and the southern part often overflowed by the high water of the rivers. Many islands of great fertility and beauty lie along the coast; one of them consisting of an immense bed or mine of rock salt. Fruits grow to great perfection and orange trees are specially fruitful, a single tree often bearing 5,000 oranges. Cotton and cane sugar are the principal staples. New Orleans has an extensive commerce, and manufactures will sometime find in it a profitable field. The palmy days of this, as of all the other Southern States, is in the future; her most valuable resources having been scarcely touched. New Orleans will naturally become the third great commercial city of the Union, New York and San Francisco, only, being likely to take precedence of her.

Louisiana was admitted into the Union April 8th, 1812, making the eighteenth State.

She has an area of 46,431 square miles, equal to 29,715,840 acres. The population in 1870 numbered 732,731; she has six Representatives in Congress.

Louisiana forms a part of the fifth judicial circuit, and constitutes two judicial districts, viz.: the eastern and western districts of Louisiana. This State has one collection district, denominated the district of New Orleans; which city is the only port of entry. The shores of the river Ohio, and all the rivers emptying into the Mississippi, are attached to the district of New Orleans, though most of them do not lie in the State. Several of the cities and towns on these rivers are made ports of delivery. Collection districts are not always confined to one State.

New Orleans is the capital. The Legislature meets on the first Monday in January, once in two years. The State election is held on the first Monday in November.

The enacting clause of her laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana, in General Assembly convened.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Thomas Posey, October to December, 1812.
James Brown, from {1812 to 1817.
{1819 ” 1824.
Allan B. Macgruder, ” 1812 ” 1813.
Eligius Fromentin, ” 1813 ” 1819.
W. C. C. Claiborne, ” 1817 ” 1818.
Henry Johnson, ” {1818 ” 1824.
{1843 ” 1849.
William Kelly, ” 1822 ” 1825.
Dominique Bouligny, ” 1824 ” 1829.
Josiah S. Johnston, ” 1824 ” 1833.
Edward Livingston, ” 1829 ” 1831.
Geo. A. Waggaman, ” 1831 ” 1835.
Alexander Porter, ” 1833 ” 1837.
Robert C. Nichols, ” 1833 ” 1841.
Alexander Morton, ” 1838 ” 1842.
Alexander Barrow, ” 1841 ” 1847.
Charles M. Conrad, ” 1842 ” 1843.
Pierre Soulé, ” {1847 ” 1847.
{1849 ” 1855.
Solomon W. Downs, ” 1847 ” 1853.
John Slidell, ” 1853 ” 1861.
Judah P. Benjamin, ” 1853 ” 1861.
John S. Harris, ” 1868 ” 1871.
Wm. Pitt Kellogg, ” 1868 ” 1873.
J. R. West, ” 1871 ” 1877.

INDIANA.

1. Indiana was first explored by the enterprising French Jesuits, who highly appreciated the beauty, resources, and grand future of the vast Mississippi valley. Wiser than their sovereign, Louis XIV., they would have taken firm and effectual possession of all this region, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf, but Louis was too much occupied with his palaces, the splendor of his court, the banishment of Protestants, and war with his neighbors to lend a due support to their plans. They explored the region in 1682, formed a settlement at Vincennes in 1730, and made friends of the Indians. The career of the French, in Europe and America, was checked by the extravagance of the Court, and disastrous wars; and this little colony remained for nearly three generations solitary and stationary in the wilderness; fraternizing with the Indians and enjoying life as only the French can under such dreary circumstances.

2. After the Revolution all this region was included in the Northwest Territory. The grim earnestness of the Americans in pushing their fortunes alarmed, without conciliating, the Indians, and for a long time a deadly struggle alone could preserve the growing settlements from total extinction. The brave and talented Tecumseh and his twin brother, the Prophet, made a desperate effort to drive back or exterminate the settlers; but they were conquered, and the Indians retreated, step by step, before the advancing flood of emigration. In 1809 Indiana was erected in to a separate Territory, and admitted into the Union as a separate State on the 11th of Dec., 1816. It is 275 miles long by 135 in width. The surface is mainly level or gently undulating; the irregularities in the southern part, seldom rising more than two hundred feet, but with a rocky foundation to the soil, presenting many advantages to manufactures along the streams; these facilities are increased by the extent and value of bituminous coal deposits which underlie nearly one-fourth of the area of the State.

3. Indiana has a happier mixture of prairie and woodland than any other western State. Its commercial facilities are great. Reaching Lake Michigan on the northwest, Chicago forms a fine metropolis for the northern parts; while the Ohio on the south furnishes cheap transportation to Cincinnati and Pittsburg toward the east, or New Orleans to the southwest. Lying between the fertile and busy regions west and the great eastern markets, it is crossed in all directions by railroads. It is in the centre of the most highly favored part of the Union, and its advantages and resources seem boundless. Its staple in agriculture is corn, but all the grains, vegetables, and fruits of the temperate zone are raised with success. The climate is mild, but it lies in the region of variableness in weather characterizing all the western States in its latitude.

The resources of the State have been in a course of rapid and uninterrupted development for 60 years, but they are so great, and there are so many other inviting fields luring emigrants further west, that a comparatively small part of its wealth has yet been reached. There is a magnificent provision for education, and its intelligent and enterprising citizens are worthy of the Great Republic.

4. Indiana was the nineteenth State in the Union. She has an area of 33,809 square miles, equal to 21,637,760 acres. Her population in 1870 was 1,673,046, which entitles her to thirteen Representatives in Congress. Indiana is the seventh judicial circuit, and forms one judicial district. There is no port of entry in this State; but there are three ports of delivery, to-wit: Evansville, New Albany, and Madison which are attached to the New Orleans collection district.

The capital is Indianapolis. The State election is held on the second Tuesday of October. The Legislature meets only once in two years, on the first Wednesday of January.

The enacting clause of her laws is in these words: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

James Noble, from 1816 to 1831.
W. Taylor, ” 1816 ” 1825.
W. Hendricks, ” 1825 ” 1837.
N. Hanna, ” 1831 ” 1833.
John Tipton, ” 1833 ” 1839.
O. H. Smith, ” 1837 ” 1843.
A. S. White, ” 1839 ” 1845.
E. A. Hannegan, ” 1843 ” 1849.
J. D. Bright, ” 1845 ” 1852.
J. Whitcomb, ” 1849 ” 1855.
C. W. Cathcart, ” 1852 ” 1853.
John Pettit, ” 1853 ” 1855.
G. N. Fitch, ” 1857 ” 1861.
H. A. Lane, ” 1861 ” 1867.
D. Turpee, ” 1863 ” 1863.
J. A. Wright, ” 1862 ” 1863.
T. A. Hendricks, ” ---- ” 1869.
O. P. Morton, ” 1867 ” 1879.
Daniel D. Pratt, ” 1869 ” 1875.
Joseph E. McDonald, ” 1875 ” 1881.

MISSISSIPPI.

This State was explored by De Soto, a companion of Pizarro, in his cruel conquest of Peru, in 1541, and later by the enterprising French governor of Canada, La Salle, in 1684. The first settlement was made by the French, at Natchez, in 1716. It was one of a chain of settlements by which they proposed to connect the basins of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes with the Mississippi valley and the Gulf of Mexico.

The Natchez Indians gave the early colonists great trouble, but were finally so completely conquered that the national name became extinct, the few remnants surviving, becoming incorporated with other tribes. They were supposed to have anciently emigrated from Mexico or South America, some of their customs being similar to those of the Peruvians.

In 1763 the French ceded all this territory to England, except that of Louisiana, which became the possession of Spain.

The Choctaw Indians held possession of the northern part of the State for a long time, and became considerably civilized.

The northern part of the State is prairie, the soil being extremely rich, while the south is sandy. The surface is generally level or undulating. Commerce and agriculture form its principal resources; though neither have been highly developed. Cotton is the principal staple. It is remarkably well adapted to the growth of fruit, though it has been very little cultivated. The State is well supplied with railroads, which, with the Mississippi flowing the whole length of her western boundary, furnish ample transportation for all the produce of her fertile soil.

The Territory of Mississippi became a State in 1817; making the twentieth State. The area is 47,156 square miles, equal to 30,179,840 acres. The population in 1870 numbered 834,170; which entitles her to six Representatives in Congress. The State lies in the fifth judicial circuit, and is divided into two judicial districts, viz.: the Northern and Southern districts of Mississippi. She has three ports of entry, viz.: Natchez, Vicksburg, and one near the mouth of Pearl river, to be established whenever the President may direct; also three ports of delivery, viz.: Grand Gulf, Ship Island and Columbus.

Jackson is the capital. The State election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, and her Legislature meets biennially on the Tuesday after the first Monday in January.

The enacting clause of the laws is in these words: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Mississippi in General Assembly convened.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Walter Leake, from 1817 to 1820.
Thomas H. Williams, ” {1817 ” 1829.
{1838 ” 1839.
David Holmes, ” 1820 ” 1825.
Powhattan Ellis, ” 1825 ” 1833.
Thomas B. Reed, ” 1826 ” 1829.
Robert Adams, ” 1830 ” 1830.
George Poindexter, ” 1830 ” 1835.
John Black, ” 1832 ” 1838.
R. J. Walker, ” 1835 ” 1845.
James F. Trotter, ” 1838 ” 1838.
John Henderson, ” 1839 ” 1845.
Jesse Speight, ” 1845 ” 1847.
Joseph W. Chambers, ” 1845 ” 1847.
Jefferson Davis, ” {1847 ” 1851.
{1857 ” 1861.
Henry S. Foote, ” 1847 ” 1853.
John W. Rea, ” 1851 ” 1851.
Walter Brooks, ” 1852 ” 1852.
Albert G. Brown, ” 1854 ” 1861.
Stephen Adams, ” 1852 ” 1857.
Henry R. Revels, ” 1869 ” 1871.
James L. Alcorn, ” 1871 ” 1877.
Adelbert Ames, ” ---- ” 1875.
Henry R. Pease, ” ---- ” 1877.
Branch K. Bruce, ” 1875 ” 1881.

ILLINOIS.

Illinois was first visited by Europeans in the persons of French Jesuit missionaries in the year 1672, who explored eastern Wisconsin and northern Illinois in that year. The oldest permanent settlement in the valley of the Mississippi was made at Kaskaskia, in this State, in the year 1720, by the French. The name of the State is derived from the aboriginal inhabitants. In the Indian dialect it was “Illini,” and signified a perfectly formed man. The French settlers changed the name to Illinois. This State was formed from what was known as the Northwestern territory, and was the twenty-first of the American Union. It was admitted and became an independent State on the 3d day of December, 1818. It has an area of 55,405 square miles, equal to 35,459,200 acres. Its population in 1870 was 2,539,638. Extending through more than five degrees of latitude, Illinois has quite a variety of climate. The surface is level. The soil is fertile and the agricultural capabilities of this State are not surpassed by any sister State, if indeed by any portion of earth’s surface, of equal extent. Her staple products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, and products of the dairy, besides large quantities of fruit. The State is rich in minerals. A large portion of the lead producing region of the country is in this State. Bituminous coal is found in almost every county in the State. Copper is found in large quantities in the north, and iron in both south and north. Lime, zinc, marble of excellent quality, freestone, gypsum, and other minerals, are found in various parts.

The State is entitled to nineteen representatives in Congress, and forms a part of the seventh judicial circuit. It forms two judicial districts, viz.: northern and southern. It has one port of entry, Chicago, and four ports of delivery, viz.: Alton, Quincy, Cairo, and Peoria. The capital is Springfield. The State election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The legislature meets biennially on the first Monday in January. The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois represented in the General Assembly.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

J. B. Thomas, from 1818 to 1829.
N. Edwards, ” 1818 ” 1824.
John McLean, ” {1824 ” 1825.
{1829 ” 1830.
D. J. Baker, ” 1830 1 month.
E. K. Kane, ” 1825 to 1836.
J. M. Robinson, ” 1830 ” 1841.
W. L. D. Ewing, ” 1835 ” 1837.
R. M. Young, ” 1837 ” 1843.
S. McRoberts, ” 1841 ” 1843.
J. Semple, ” 1843 ” 1847.
Sidney Breese, ” 1843 ” 1849.
S. A. Douglas, ” 1847 ” 1861.
James Shields, ” 1849 ” 1855.
L. Trumbull, ” 1855 ” 1873.
O. H. Browning, ” 1861 ” 1863.
W. A. Richardson, ” 1863 ” 1865.
Richard Yates, ” 1865 ” 1871.
John A. Logan, ” 1871 ” 1877.
Richard J. Oglesby, ” 1873 ” 1879.

ALABAMA.

This State was, at first, held by Georgia under her colonial charter, but was given up to the general government, in 1802, for the sum of $1,250,000. It then became a part of the Mississippi territory, but was separated when Mississippi became a State, in 1817.

It was settled in 1711, at Mobile, by the French, it being a part of the territory explored and claimed for France by La Salle in 1684. The Indian name of Alabama means “Here we rest.” Its soil can scarcely be excelled for fertility in the world. It has every variety of climate, from the high and stern severity of a mountain region in the north, through all gradations, to the heat and luxuriant vegetation of the tropics along the southern coast. The center abounds in coal and iron, and various other minerals are found in abundance. Until the Revolution it was a hunting ground for the Indians. Being then stirred up by British emissaries, and threatening the security of the frontiers, they were severely chastised. After the return of peace, when the growing wealth and population of the original States excited them to enterprise, the territory invited population by its surpassing fertility, and it graduated to the importance of a sovereign State by admission into the Union, Dec. 14th, 1819, forming the twenty-second State.

It has an area of 50,722 square miles, equal to 32,462,080 acres, and had a population in 1870 of 966,988, by which she is entitled to eight Representatives.

It forms a part of the fifth judicial circuit, and is divided into three judicial districts, the Northern, Middle and Southern.

It has one port of entry, (Mobile,) and two ports of delivery, viz.: Tuscumbia and Selma.

The capital of the State is Montgomery.

The State election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The Legislature meets on the third Monday in November.

The enacting clause of its laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Alabama, in General Assembly convened.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

William R. King, from {1819 to 1844.
{1846 ” 1852.
John W. Walker, ” 1819 ” 1822.
Henry Chambers, ” 1825 ” 1826.
Israel Pickens, ” 1826. Superseded the same year by—
John McKinley, ” {1826 ” 1831.
{1837 ” 1841.
Gabriel Moore, ” 1831 ” 1837.
Clement C. Clay, ” 1837 ” 1841.
Arthur P. Bagby, ” 1841 ” 1849.
Dixon H. Lewis, ” 1844 ” 1847.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick, ” 1852 ” 1861.
Jeremiah Clemens, ” 1849 ” 1853.
Clement C. Clay, Jr., ” 1853 ” 1861.
Willard Warner, ” 1868 ” 1871.
George Goldthwaite, ” 1871 ” 1877.
George E. Spencer, ” 1868 ” 1879.

MAINE.

This State forms the northeastern boundary of the Republic; Canada and New Brunswick lying north and east. It was at first a province, granted by charter to Sir Ferdinand Gorges, by the King of England, in 1638; but was united with Massachusetts by purchase in 1652. It was settled by the English, at Bristol, in 1625. It was admitted as a State into the Union March 15th, 1820, being the twenty-third in order of admission. It contains 31,766 square miles, or 20,330,240 acres in area. In 1870 the population was 626,463.

It has now five Representatives in Congress.

The northern part of this State is almost a wilderness, and furnishes large quantities of lumber, which are floated down her large rivers, and supplied, in great abundance, to the Atlantic seaports, and the West Indies. Ship-building is an extensive branch of industry, the great length and irregular line of coast forming numerous harbors. It has extensive fisheries, and a large sea-faring population. Its numerous streams are highly favorable to manufactures, though comparatively little has as yet been done in this direction. The climate is severe and the soil somewhat sterile, so that it ranks low as an agricultural State. It has received comparatively few additions to its population by foreign immigration; and its inhabitants are mainly from the old English stock, and the State ranks high in morality. It depletes itself by furnishing, like many other of the older States, annually, a large number of vigorous, enterprising young men to settle the new and fertile regions of the west.

It forms part of the first judicial circuit, and constitutes one judicial district. It has thirteen ports of entry, and thirty-two ports of delivery.

The capital is Augusta, on the Kennebec river.

The State elections are held on the second Monday of September; and the Legislature meets on the first Wednesday of January in each year.

The enacting clause of its laws is: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in Legislature assembled.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

John Holmes, from 1820 to 1833.
John Chandler, ” 1820 ” 1829.
Albion P. Harris, ” 1827 ” 1829.
Peleg Sprague, ” 1829 ” 1835.
Ether Shepley, ” 1833 ” 1836.
John Ruggles, ” 1835 ” 1841.
Judah Dana, ” 1836 ” 1837.
Reuel Williams, ” 1837 ” 1843.
George Evans, ” 1841 ” 1847.
John Fairfield, ” 1843 ” 1847.
Wynan B. S. Moore, ” 1848 ” 1848.
James W. Bradbury, ” {1847 ” 1853.
{1848 ” 1857.
Hannibal Hamlin, ” {1857 ” 1861.
{1869 ” 1881.
Amos Nourse, ” 1857 ” 1857.
William P. Fessenden, ” {1853 ” 1864.
{1865 ” 1869.
Lot M. Morrill, ” 1861 ” 1877.
Nathan A. Farwell, ” 1864 ” 1865.

MISSOURI.

This State was first settled by the French, at or near the present capital, in the year 1719. Here a fort was established, called Fort Orleans, and the neighboring lead mines were worked the next year. St. Genevieve, the oldest town in the State, was settled in 1755, and St. Louis in 1764. In 1763 it, with all the territory west of the Mississippi, was assigned by treaty to Spain. This territory was ceded back to France in 1801, and with Louisiana was purchased by the United States in 1803. It remained a part of Louisiana until the admission of the State of that name, when the remaining portion of that purchase was called Missouri. In 1821 it was admitted into the Union, forming the twenty-fourth State. This State has an area of 67,380 square miles, equal to 43,123,200 acres.

Her population in 1870 was 1,715,000, entitling her to thirteen Representatives in Congress.

The climate of Missouri is variable; in winter the thermometer sinks below zero; the summers are excessively hot; the air is dry and pure. The State is quite as healthful as any in the west. The soil is good and of great agricultural capabilities. The great staple is Indian corn. The other products cultivated largely are hemp, wheat, oats, tobacco. Sheep and cattle are considerably raised, and fruit culture is successful.

This State is in the eighth judicial circuit; and forms two judicial districts, the Eastern and Western. It has no port of entry, and but one port of delivery, Hannibal.

The capital is Jefferson City. The State election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, and the Legislature meets on the last Monday of December. The enacting clause of the laws is: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri as follows.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Thomas H. Benton, from 1821 to 1851.
David Barton, ” 1821 ” 1831.
Alexander Buckner, ” 1831 ” 1833.
Lewis F. Linn, ” 1833 ” 1843.
David R. Atchison, ” {1843 ” 1849.
{1849 ” 1855.
Gratz B. Brown, ” 1863 ” 1867.
Henry S. Geyer, ” 1851 ” 1857.
Trusten Polk, ” 1857 ” 1861.
James S. Green, ” 1856 ” 1861.
Waldo P. Johnson, ” 1861 ” 1862.
John B. Henderson, ” 1862 ” 1869.
Charles D. Drake, ” 1867 ” 1871.
Carl Schurz, ” 1869 ” 1875.
Francis P. Blair, ” 1871 ” 1873.
Lewis V. Bogy, ” 1873 ” 1879.
Frank M. Cockrell, ” 1875 ” 1881.

MICHIGAN.

The name of this State is a contraction of two words in the Chippewa language, meaning “Great Lake,” and was applied, by the Indians, to the two surrounding the lower peninsula. It was explored by Jesuit missionaries, who established numerous missions among various Indian tribes, and pushed their way, through perils and fatigues, west to the Mississippi, which, they followed far north and south; to be soon outstripped by the adventurous La Salle. Detroit was founded about 1701. The settlements made little progress under French rule; and when, in 1763, it passed under English control, the conspiracy of Pontiac nearly destroyed them. It was not till 1796 that the United States government took possession of the territory. Its growth was much retarded by the war of 1812, when it endured, for two years, all the barbarities of Indian war.

A territorial government was organized in 1805. In 1818 the lands were brought into the market, since which its prosperity has been uninterrupted. It is remarkable in its position, and eminently so by its resources. The southern peninsula is very productive. The northern peninsula contains the richest copper mines in the world, and unlimited supplies of iron, while the quantity of the finest lumber, and the facilities for transporting it are superior. The fish taken in its lakes are excellent and abundant; its people are enterprising and intelligent; and its State authorities have established one of the best Universities in the Union. Its future promises to become equal at least to that of the most favored State.

The Territory of Michigan was changed into a State preliminarily June 15, 1836, and was fully admitted to an equality with all the States January 26, 1837, making the twenty-fifth State (Arkansas was admitted on the same day). Her area is 56,243 square miles, equal to 35,995,520 acres. The population in 1870 was 1,184,296, which entitles her to nine Representatives in Congress. By an act of 1866, Michigan was located in the sixth judicial circuit; and forms two judicial districts, and has four collection districts and four ports of entry, viz.: Detroit, Port Huron, Grand Haven, and Michilimackinac; also five ports of delivery (if the President deem them necessary).

The capital is Lansing. The State election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The Legislature meets biennially on the first Wednesday in January.

The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “The people of the State of Michigan enact.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Lucius Lyon, from 1836 to 1839.
John Norvall, ” 1836 ” 1841.
Augustus S. Porter, ” 1839 ” 1845.
William Woodbridge, ” 1841 ” 1847.
Lewis Cass, ” 1845 ” 1857.
Alpheus Felch, ” 1847 ” 1853.
Thomas Fitzgerald, ” 1848 ” 1849.
Charles E. Stewart, ” 1853 ” 1859.
Zachariah Chandler, ” 1857 ” 1875.
Kinsley S. Bingham, ” 1859 ” 1861.
Jacob M. Howard, ” 1862 ” 1871.
Thomas W. Ferry, ” 1871 ” 1877.
Isaac P. Christiancy, ” 1875 ” 1881.

ARKANSAS.

Arkansas was originally a portion of the Territory of Louisiana. It remained a part of that territory until 1812, when the present State of Louisiana was admitted into the Union. The remainder of the territory was then formed into the Missouri Territory, and so remained until 1821 when Missouri was admitted into the Union, and Arkansas was erected into a separate territory, bearing the present name. In 1836, a State constitution was formed at Little Rock, and Arkansas became a State in the Union. It constituted the twenty-sixth State. It has an area of 52,193 square miles, equal to 33,406,720 acres. The population in 1870 was 483,197, which entitles her to four Representatives in Congress. The eastern portion of the State, extending back one hundred miles from the Mississippi, is generally a vast plain covered with marshes, swamps, and lagoons. The Ozark mountains which enter the northwest part of the State divide it into two unequal parts, of which the northern has the climate and productions of the Northern States, while the southern portion, in climate and productions, resembles Mississippi and Louisiana. The lowlands of Arkansas are unhealthy, while the more elevated portions of the State will compare favorably with the most healthful and invigorating portions of the Northwest. There is a great variety of soil in this State. While some portions, like the river bottoms, are exceedingly fertile, other parts are sterile and barren.

The staple products are Indian corn, cotton and live stock. Arkansas gives indications of rich mineral resources.

This State lies in the eighth judicial circuit, and forms two judicial districts, the eastern and western. It has no ports of entry or delivery.

The capital of the State is Little Rock. She holds her State election the first Monday in November. The Legislature meets but once in two years, on the first Monday in January. The enacting clause of the laws is: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

William S. Fulton, from 1836 to 1844.
Ambrose H. Sevier, ” 1836 ” 1848.
Chester Ashley, ” 1844 ” 1847.
William K. Sebastian, ” 1848 ” 1861.
Solon Borland, ” 1848 ” 1853.
Robert W. Johnson, ” 1853 ” 1861.
Charles B. Mitchell, ” 1861 ” 1861.
Alexander McDonald, ” 1868 ” 1871.
Benjamin F. Rice, ” 1868 ” 1873.
Powell Clayton, ” 1871 ” 1877.
Stephen W. Dorsey, ” 1873 ” 1879.

FLORIDA.

This peninsula was discovered by Ponce de Leon, a companion of Columbus, in 1512, on Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniards Pascua Florida, which, with the profusion of flowers found at this early season in that tropical region, caused him to name it Florida—“the flowery land.” It was first colonized by French Huguenots, for whom Admiral Coligni desired to find an asylum in the new world, from the fierce bigotry of the times. The first settlers (1564) became discouraged and returned; the second colony, established in 1566, was destroyed by the Spaniards. These founded a settlement in 1565 at St. Augustine, which was the oldest town in the United States settled by Europeans. It remained in their hands until 1763, when, by the terms of the “Peace of Paris,” it fell into the hands of the English. It was returned to Spain in 1783.

It was acquired from Spain by treaty made with the United States in 1819, but the American authorities did not take possession until July, 1821. The consideration given by our government was about five million dollars. It is a point running out from the Southeast border of our territory, of but little elevation above the sea level, and swampy, but covered with an exuberant growth of vegetation with a chain of lakes from south to north through the center. The warmth of the climate, where no winter is ever known, promotes the growth of the rarest and most beautiful flowers; the clustering vines and dense foliage render its forests almost impenetrable, and its delicate mosses are the wonder and delight of the naturalist; while the splendid plumage of its tropical birds, flitting among the lemon and orange groves, laden at once with bud, flower and fruit, combine to add the scenery of the equatorial regions to the homely but more useful vegetable growth and beauty of our temperate zone. It is a resort of invalids during the rigors of the northern winter, its otherwise excessive heat being tempered by the sea breezes from either side. With its marshes drained and its vegetable growth subdued and guided by the industrious agriculturist, its supply of the fruits and other production of warm climates would be inexhaustible. It is but partially settled, and its agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing facilities but slightly developed. Its wealth of resources remain to reward the enterprise and industry of the future. The railroad connections between its cities and other States furnish a sufficient basis for improvement.

Florida was admitted into the Union, March 3, 1845; making the twenty-seventh State. This State has an area of 59,268 square miles, equal to 37,931,520 acres. The population in 1870 amounted to 187,756. She has two Representative in Congress.

Florida lies in the fifth judicial circuit, and forms two judicial districts; and has seven ports of entry—St. Augustine, Key West, Apalachicola, Pensacola, Magnolia, St. John’s River, and Fernandina; and two ports of delivery—Palatka and Bay Port.

The capital is Tallahassee. The State election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The Legislature meets on the Tuesday after the first Monday in January.

The enacting clause of the laws is: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Florida, in General Assembly convened.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

David L. Yulee, from 1845 to 1861.
J. D. Wescott, ” 1845 ” 1851.
Jackson Morton, ” 1849 ” 1855.
S. R. Mallory, ” 1851 ” 1861.
A. S. Welch, ” 1868 ” 1869.
Thomas W. Osborn, ” 1868 ” 1873.
Abijah Gilbert, ” 1869 ” 1875.
Simon B. Conover, ” 1873 ” 1879.
Chas. W. Jones, ” 1875 ” 1881.

IOWA.

1. The name of this State in the Indian tongue is said to mean “_This is the Land._” Few States have a surface, soil, and position so uniformly excellent for all their different sections. A high rolling prairie, well drained by streams, of great fertility, and almost no sterile or waste land; beautiful to look upon in its alternations of rise and fall, of prairie, stream, and timber; bounded on its extremes by the two mighty branches of the “Father of Waters,” with numerous smaller rivers hundreds of miles in length within its limits; its southern region underlaid by a vast bed of coal, its northern rich in deposits of lead; a climate free from the severity of Minnesota and Wisconsin winters, and from the intemperate heats of Missouri and Kentucky summers, it is a land to be satisfied with; and justifies the picturesque name given it by its ancient appreciative owners.

2. It was first visited by Europeans in 1673. Marquette and Joliet, two French Jesuit missionaries, whom the vast magnitudes of the North American continent seemed to stimulate like new wine, roamed alone over these immense distances, preserved by their characteristic French cordiality from the suspicion and hostility of the numerous warlike Indian tribes—who everywhere received them with hospitality, treated them with respect, and dismissed them with assistance—passed, in that year, down the Mississippi, and, landing a little above the mouth of the Moingona—which, from the similarity of sound, they corrupted into Des Moines, (Monk’s River)—they fearlessly followed an Indian trail fourteen miles into the interior to an Indian village. Some tradition or prophecy had forewarned the Indians of venerable white visitors, and they were received at once as expected and honored guests. The new religion they announced, and the authority of the king of France which they proclaimed, raised no remonstrance or hostile feeling, and they were sent on their way down the river with the “Pipe of Peace.” The grand visions of the future entertained by these and other French explorers were never realized by that nation. It was more than a hundred years later that the first settlement was made by Julian Du Buque on the site of the present city of that name. He obtained a grant of 180,000 acres from the Indians, established a trading post, and worked the lead mines, with great profit; but the time had not come for dispossessing the Indians, and almost fifty years more passed before any other settlement was attempted.

3. In 1832 the Winnebagoes, Sacs, and Foxes united under the Winnebago chief, Black Hawk, to invade and repossess the lands in Illinois which they had ceded to the government. Gen. Atkinson met and defeated them on the Upper Iowa, taking Black Hawk and his son prisoners. They were taken east, kindly treated, and set at liberty; and in the following year a treaty was made which ultimately extinguished the Indian title to the whole of Iowa, the Indians removing west of the Missouri. In the same year a settlement was made at Burlington. The time for Iowa had come. In 1834 it was joined to the Territory of Michigan, in 1837 was reorganized as part of the Wisconsin territory, and, in 1838, became a separate territory with the capital at Burlington. March 3d, 1845, it was conditionally, and Dec. 28th, 1846, fully admitted into the Union as a Sovereign State. In 1840 it had a population of over 40,000, in 1850 of nearly 200,000. A steady growth followed, and she has now, probably, a million and a half of inhabitants. Four parallel lines of railroad pass entirely across the State from east to west, three from north to south, and various others are in process of building or form intersecting lines. She is scarcely yet fully launched into her career of greatness. When her virgin soil shall all be broken up and its hidden wealth evoked by her intelligent and skillful agriculturists, when the full tide of commerce on her two great rivers shall have set in to supplement her railroads, and mature organization shall have made all her resources available, she will take her proper place in the first rank of States in the Union, and her citizens will repeat with satisfaction and pride the Indian declaration, “This is the Land.”

Iowa was the twenty-eighth State, on its admission, in 1845. It has an area of 55,045 square miles, equal to 35,228,800 acres. The population in 1870 was 1,191,802, which entitles her to nine Representatives in Congress. This State lies in the eighth judicial circuit, and makes one judicial district. She has no port of entry, but has three ports of delivery, to-wit: Burlington, Keokuk, and Dubuque; all of which are attached to the collection district of New Orleans, in the State of Louisiana.

Des Moines is the capital. The State election is held on the second Tuesday of October. The Legislature meets biennially on the second Monday in January.

The enacting clause of her laws is in these words: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

George W. Jones, from 1848 to 1859.
Augustus C. Dodge, ” 1848 ” 1855.
James Harlan, ” {1856 ” 1865.
{1867 ” 1873.
James W. Grimes, ” 1859 ” 1869.
Samuel J. Kirkwood, ” 1866 ” 1867.
James B. Howell, ” 1870 ” 1871.
George G. Wright, ” 1871 ” 1877.
William B. Allison, ” 1873 ” 1879.

TEXAS.

This State forms the southwestern portion of the United States. The first settlement in Texas was made on Matagorda bay, under the French led by La Salle, in 1685. It passed into the possession of the Spanish in the year 1690.

After the independence of Mexico, in 1822, Texas remained a Mexican province until the revolution of 1836, when it gained its independence. It continued an independent republic, modeled on the United States, until 1845, when, the Texan Congress having accepted the conditions imposed by the Congress of the United States, it became the 29th State in the Union. It has an area of 237,504 square miles, equal to 152,002,560 acres. The population in 1870 was 797,500, which entitles her to six members of Congress.

This State embraces every variety of surface; mountain, plain, hill, and desert waste lie within its limits. The climate is free from the extremes of both the temperate and torrid zones, producing, in the north, many of the products of the temperate, and in the south many of those of the torrid zone. The variation in the temperature from the season of winter to that of summer is quite small, giving the State as equable a climate as any in the world. While it shares the genial climate of the “sunny South” it is free from all the deadly swamp exhalations of the lower Mississippi States. The soil, on the whole, is as fertile as any in the world. It furnishes the very best natural pasture all the year round. Cotton in large quantities—Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats and other small grains—tobacco, indigo and rice, are the staple products. The grape, mulberry and the vanilla, are indigenous and abundant. Cayenne pepper is grown in vast quantities. Fruit is no less various and abundant than its other products. The peach, nectarine, fig, plum, quince and a great variety of berries flourish here. Oranges, lemons, limes and melons, grow well. Live stock of all varieties and in vast numbers fatten on the plains, and are shipped in all directions to supply every demand.

Texas abounds in minerals. Rich silver mines are already worked successfully at San Saba. Gold in small quantities has been found west of the Colorado river. Coal is abundant. Iron is found in many parts of the State. There are also salt lakes and salt springs, copper, alum, lime, agates, chalcedony, jasper and a white and red sandstone.

Texas lies in the fifth judicial circuit, and makes two judicial districts, the eastern and the western. There are three collection districts in the State. The respective ports of entry for these districts are Galveston, La Salle, and Brazos Santiago. To these are attached nine ports of delivery.

The capital is Austin. The Legislature is composed of a Senate, elected for four years, and a House of Representatives, elected for two years. The sessions of the Legislature are biennial and are held in December. The Governor is elected for four years.

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Thomas F. Rusk, from 1846 to 1856.
Samuel Houston, ” 1846 ” 1859.
Pinckney J. Henderson, ” 1857 ” 1858.
Matthias Ward, ” 1858 ” 1861.
John Hemphill, ” 1869 ” 1871.
Lewis T. Wigfall, ” 1859 ” 1861.
J. W. Flannagan, ” 1869 ” 1875.
Morgan C. Hamilton, ” 1871 ” 1877.
Samuel B. Maxey, ” 1875 ” 1881.

WISCONSIN.

1. This State was visited and crossed by the early French explorers about 1665, and a settlement was made at Green Bay in 1669 and soon after on the Mississippi, at Prairie du Chien. It was the policy of these enterprising men to connect the French settlements on the lower St. Lawrence by a chain of stations on the lakes and rivers with the mouth of the Mississippi. This would have passed through the heart of the country and have laid open its chief resources at once. It was a bold conception. We see it nowhere among the English explorers and settlers, who seemed not to like to lose sight of their ships; but it is quite in keeping with the grand and rapid genius of the French; and, as in so many other cases, by attempting too much they lost the whole. The English, if slower, were sure, and consolidated their possessions on the coast, gradually pushing westward as they were able to hold their ground.

2. The French explorers have left traces of their untiring activity in the names of rivers and places, and even Indian tribes, but the attention of their home government was soon withdrawn from them. No further extension was given to settlement for near 150 years, notwithstanding it was so easy of access from the south by the Mississippi river, and from the east by the chain of great lakes. Very fortunately, as it now seems, all this vast and valuable territory in the heart of the continent, equal, perhaps in its natural wealth, to the original resources of the whole of Europe, was reserved to reward the labors and consolidate the beneficent power of a Nation of Freemen, carefully trained and adapted to their high destiny.

3. The tide of emigration flowed westward by way of the Ohio river, and the States south were settled and admitted into the Union long before Wisconsin received even a Territorial government. This occurred in 1836, and in 1840 the census gave it but little over 30,000 inhabitants. Population now flowed steadily to it and we find, in 1850, over 300,000 inhabitants. It was admitted into the Union in 1848, making the thirtieth State. Its high latitude probably had something to do with this deferred settlement, the milder winters of the more southern range of States attracting the emigrants first. The climate, however, has important advantages over the States in question, being drier, less changeable, and not so subject to extremes. It is very healthy, and probably the oldest man in the country was living, hale and hearty, in this State, a few years ago, at the patriarchal age of 139. The climate is milder than in the same latitude farther east.