Chapter LXIX: Individual Territories 537

Discovery and early history of each—When
organized—Surface—Climate Agricultural and mineral
resources—Future prospects and desirableness as a
location—Area—Population in 1870.

TERRITORIES. PAGE.

Alaska 547
Arizona 544
Dakotah 543
District of Columbia 549
Idaho 545
Montana 546
New Mexico 537
Washington 540
Wyoming 548
Utah 539

CHAPTER LXX.

THE ANNEXATION POLICY 550

Causes of increase of national area—A traditional
policy—Importance of national unity—The Mexican
War—Causes—Annexation of Territory—Excuses urged—We shall never
do it again—Superior steadiness of American people—The probable
future of annexation.

CHAPTER LXXI.

CENSUS STATISTICS 556

PART THIRD.

THE PEOPLE AND THE GOVERNMENT.

The government for the people alone—Early distrust of the
masses and its causes—Embodied in the Federal party—Causes of
its fall—Absorption of foreigners—Favorable results—Future of
the people.

CHAPTER I.

SUFFRAGE AND CITIZENSHIP 562

Who are citizens—Advance in extent of suffrage—Who are
voters—Citizens of States and of United States.

CHAPTER II.

CITIZENS OF FOREIGN BIRTH 564

Naturalization—Various steps in naturalization—Digest of laws.

CHAPTER III.

ELECTIONS 567

Who are entitled to vote for State officers—For United States
officers—History of general elections—People obtain direct
control.

CHAPTER IV.

RATIO OF REPRESENTATION 569

Changes with each census—Reason for it—Data—Present ratio and
number of Members of Congress.

CHAPTER V.

OATHS AND BONDS 574

Reasons for them—“Iron-clad oaths”—Who give bonds—Amount of
bonds required.

CHAPTER VI.

GOVERNMENT PRISONS 577

Vigor of the government—Mildness in punishment—Why it owns no
prisons.

CHAPTER VII.

PROCLAMATIONS 578

Who make them—Their significance.

CHAPTER VIII.

COMMISSIONERS 580

Various classes of officers of this name.

CHAPTER IX.

OFFICIAL REGISTER 581

Officers and salaries—When published—Where obtained.

CHAPTER X.

THE UNITED STATES FLAG 582

Significance of the Flag—History of its origin—The
“Star-Spangled Banner” and Ft. McHenry.

CHAPTER XI.

THE GREAT SEAL 585

Uses of Seals—How applied—Who keeps the Great Seal—History of
the Great Seal—Jefferson, Adams, etc.—Failure of committees to
please—Efforts of Secretary of Congress—Adams and the English
Baronet—Description of the Seal.

CHAPTER XII.

THE ORIGIN OF LAW 588

Origin of law in various kinds of government—In the U.S. all
law springs from the People—The fundamental law—Legislative
acts—Laws by Treaty—Universal law.

CHAPTER XIII.

LAW OF NATIONS 591

Its origin—Standard authorities on International Law—How it is
enforced—General features of Law of Nations—United States and
England—A future Supreme Tribunal.

CHAPTER XIV.

RELATION OF U. S. GOVERNMENT TO RELIGION 594

Does not support religion—Shows respect to the sentiments of
all its people—Consequent policy.

CHAPTER XV.

CHAPLAINS 596

Why employed—No sect preferred—Salaries—Where employed.

CHAPTER XVI.

COMPROMISES 598

Necessity of them from the commencement—Constitutional
Compromise—Missouri Compromise of 1820—Mason and Dixon’s
Line—Compromises of 1850—Their failure brings on the Civil War.

CHAPTER XVII.

TREASON 602

Defined by the Constitution—The punishment inflicted.

CHAPTER XVIII.

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. 603

Sectional divisions—Their disappearance—Circuit
Courts—States—District Courts—Congressional
Districts—Counties—Towns—School Districts.

CHAPTER XIX.

HISTORY OF THE U. S. FROM 1783 TO 1812 606

Prostration of the country after the war—Congress has no
effective control of finances—Negligence of the States—Shay’s
rebellion in Mass.—Vigorous action of Gen. Lincoln—Virginia
urges call of a Constitutional Convention—Meeting and
result of the Convention—Last acts and dissolution of
Continental Congress—Washington’s first Administration—The
rise of parties, Federal and Anti-federal—Washington’s
second Administration—Difficulties with England—With
France—Country prospers—Adams’ Administration—Naval
war with France—Jefferson’s Administrations—Louisiana
purchased—Increasing trouble with England—Madison’s
Administrations—War declared.

CHAPTER XX.

THE WAR OF 1812 620

Causes of the war—Disasters in Canada—Successes on
the sea—Barbarity of British and Indians—Incompetence
of U. S. officers—Second Campaign—Brilliant naval
successes—Mortification of the British—Political opposition
to the war embarrasses the Government and encourages the
enemy—Third Campaign an American success—Gen. Scott in
Canada—Defeat of the British at Plattsburg, on Lake Erie;
before Baltimore, at New Orleans.

CHAPTER XXI.

HISTORY FROM 1815 TO 1846 629

Results of the war highly favorable to the U. S.—Gains respect
abroad—Party bitterness subsides—Compromise of 1820—Great
prosperity—Florida Purchase—Monroe’s two Administrations—J. Q.
Adams’ Administration—Sections divide on the Tariff—Jackson’s
two Administrations—Nullification of South Carolina—Jackson’s
promptness—Seminole war—Van Buren’s Administration—Financial
disasters—Harrison and Tyler—Admission of Texas—Election of
Polk.

CHAPTER XXII.

THE MEXICAN WAR—FROM 1848 TO 1860 638

Causes of the war—Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la
Palma—Taking of Monterey—Battle of Buena Vista—Gen. Scott
in Mexico—His long succession of victories—Enters the
City of Mexico—Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo—Increase of
territory—Discovery of gold in California—California applies
for admission as a State—Raises the violent opposition of
Slave States—Compromises of 1850—Taylor and Fillmore—Pierce’s
Administration—Repeal of the Missouri Compromise—Troubles
in Kansas—Buchanan’s Administration—Preparation for
Secession—Growth of the Republican party.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE CIVIL WAR 645

Real causes of the Civil War—The elections of Nov., 1860—Made
the pretext for Secession—South Carolina Secedes—Forts and
property of the government seized in the South—Southern States
successively Secede—Southern Confederacy formed—Want of energy
in the Administration—Inauguration of Lincoln—The Union to be
defended.

CHAPTER XXIV.

FIRST PHASE OF THE WAR 651

Firing on Ft. Sumter—It electrifies the North—Call for
troops—General mustering for war—Capture of Harper’s Ferry and
Gosport Navy Yard, Fighting in the border States—Experience
gained in the general skirmishing—Reluctance to join the great
issue—Battle of Bull Run—Washington saved, if the battle
is lost—Immense preparations by sea and land—Confederate
government in Richmond.

CHAPTER XXV.

SECOND PHASE OF THE WAR 658

The large armies have acquired much discipline and
experience—Movement of McClellan on Richmond—Movement flanking
Confederate positions on the upper Mississippi—Severe
battles near Richmond—McClellan’s failure—Success in the
West—The rising fortunes of Grant at Donnelson, Henry, and
Pittsburg Landing—Advance of Lee—Pope’s failure—Battles in
Maryland—Lee’s retreat—Bragg’s advance and retreat—Battle of
Fredericksburg—General results of the Campaign.

CHAPTER XXVI.

CAMPAIGN OF 1863 664

Emancipation proclamation—The year remarkable for the large
number of engagements and formidable character of the
operations—Battle of Chancellorsville and advance of Lee into
Penn.—His defeat at Gettysburg and return to Va.—Capture of New
Orleans—Taking of Vicksburg—Defeat at Chickamauga retrieved by
Grant—General results of the Campaign.

CHAPTER XXVII.

CAMPAIGN OF 1864 670

Struggle of Grant and Lee in Virginia—Sherman’s “March to the
Sea”—“Beginning of the end.”

CHAPTER XXVIII.

CONCLUDING CAMPAIGN 675

General discouragement in the South—Capture of Seaboard
cities—Re-inauguration of the President—Fall of Petersburg and
retreat of Lee—Close of the War—Assassination of Lincoln.

CHAPTER XXIX.

HISTORY FROM 1865 TO 1875 680

Opposed reconstruction policy of Congress and President
Johnson—Financial condition—Patrons of Husbandry—Election and
re-election of Gen. Grant.

CHAPTER XXX.

PARLIAMENTARY RULES 698