Chapter III: Part 3

Jakob Burckhardt (1818-1897), a Swiss historian and humanist, was one of the great individualist philosophers of the nineteenth century. His profound and searching mind foresaw the coming of collectivism. “People today,” he wrote in 1875, “feel lost and they shudder if they are not together in their thousands.” He predicted the coming of the Mussolinis, Hitlers and Stalins: “My mental picture,” he wrote in a letter in 1889, “of those terrible _simplificateurs_ who will one day descend upon our old Europe is not an agreeable one. In my imagination I can visualize these ruffians in the flesh.” The present book is the first English translation of a collection of short pieces. It contains a valuable introduction by James Hastings Nichols. “It is a book which ranks among the classics of historico-political writing, comparable to Edmund Burke, de Tocqueville and Fustel de Coulanges.”--Karl Lowith, in the _Journal of Philosophy_.

BURGESS, JOHN W. _The Reconciliation of Government with Liberty._ Scribner’s. 1915. 394 pp.

A scholarly study of modern constitutional government in Europe and America. The author, who was dean of the faculty of political science at Columbia University, saw in the tendency to increase the authority and functions of those holding public office a very real menace to liberty. “We are further away today from the solution of the great problem of the reconciliation of government and liberty,” he wrote in 1915, “than we were twenty years ago.”

BURGESS, JOHN W. _Recent Changes in American Constitutional Theory._ Columbia University Press. 1923.

Dr. Burgess takes the position that any movement contrary to limiting the powers of government and defining and guaranteeing individual liberty is in the wrong direction. The book traces the development of constitutional law between 1898 and 1918.

BURKE, EDMUND. _Works._ Oxford University Press. 6 vols.

“The man who to me seems to be one of the greatest representatives of true individualism.”--F. A. Hayek. “To do Burke justice, it would be necessary to quote all his works; the only specimen of Burke is, _all that he wrote_.”--William Hazlitt. For individualists, however, the most important and most representative of his works are: _Thoughts on the Present Discontents_ (1770); address _To the Electors of Bristol_ (1774); the speech on _Conciliation with America_ (1775); and _Reflections on the French Revolution_ (1790). Even William Hazlitt, who was vehemently opposed to Burke’s stand on the French Revolution, said: “In arriving at one error, Burke discovered a hundred truths.”

BURNHAM, JAMES. _The Coming Defeat of Communism._ John Day. 1950. 278 pp.

The author believes that communism can and will be defeated, and without large-scale war--if the western nations, and particularly the United States, follow some such plan of action as he presents. Even reviewers who refused to accept this plan acknowledged the skill and brilliance of Burnham’s writing.

BURNHAM, JAMES. _The Web of Subversion._ John Day. 1954. 248 pp.

A study based on examination of the records of Congressional investigations since 1948 of communist underground networks in the U. S. Government. “It would be less than just to call Mr. Burnham’s new book a good digest of an enormous amount of material, deftly arranged, and neatly presented. It is indeed that, to begin with--but it is also a penetrating analysis which reveals the pattern of the fatal web spread for us by traitors and their associates.”--Joseph McSorley, in the _Catholic World_.

BYE, RAYMOND T. _Principles of Economics._ Crofts. 1941. 632 pp.

A well-known college textbook that presents the free enterprise point of view.

CAIRNES, J. E. _The Character and Logical Method of Political Economy._ Macmillan. 1857. 229 pp.

John Elliott Cairnes (1823-1875) in his day held an authority in economics second only to that of John Stuart Mill, and is usually regarded as the last of the English classicists. The book here listed represents the part of his work that is still most alive; it deserves far more study than it gets. Another leading work was _The Slave Power_ (1862), in which Cairnes expounded the inherent disadvantages of slave labor and helped to turn British opinion in favor of the North in the American Civil War. He accepted _laisser faire_ in government economic policy “not as based on a scientific doctrine ... but as the surest and most practical rule of conduct.”

CALHOUN, JOHN C. _A Disquisition on Government._ 1851. (Included in _Calhoun: Basic Documents_. State College, Pa.: Bald Eagle Press. 1952. 329 pp.)

Calhoun (1782-1850) openly defended slavery as a positive good, and frankly repudiated the doctrine of human equality as expressed in the Declaration of Independence. This fact has thrown into undeserved neglect his brilliant defense of States’ rights and the rights of minorities. “Calhoun was concerned with one of the permanent problems of government; and whatever one may think of the practical results of his logic, it should be recognized that the theoretical analysis which he presented in his _Disquisition on Government_ was a contribution to political theory of permanent importance. The protection of minority rights had been one of the main objectives of the American Constitution.... The powers of the Federal government must be limited, and a minority section must be allowed to block action detrimental to its interests.”--Henry Bamford Parkes, in _The United States of America: A History_.

CANNAN, EDWIN. _Wealth._ 1914, etc. Staples Press. 292 pp.

“One of the best expositions of the elements of economics ever published. It is much more than a textbook; it is the result of deliberate and original thought by a master economist able to see his subject in perspective and distinguish the most essential and relevant considerations.... It might well be made a sort of Individualist’s bible, more especially because it does _not_ advocate Individualism or any other system of social organization.... It is nevertheless true that nearly all Collectivist proposals obtain support through the existence of misconceptions which an understanding of this book would dispel.”--PI.

CANNAN, EDWIN. _History of the Theories of Production and Distribution._ London: King. 1924. 422 pp.

“A critical account of the writings of the classical economists. The study of an acute history of economic theory such as this will prove useful to those who wish to acquire the ability to detect the many fallacies that lurk in discussions of economic problems by politicians and popular writers. Apart from this, the book is useful as a work of reference and the summing up in the last chapter should be read by all. The last sentence of the book is worth quoting as representing Prof. Cannan’s views in 1903, when the second edition was published. ‘[The economist] is certain to disagree frequently with both Socialist and Individualist fanatics, who support and oppose changes, not on their merits, but according to the opinion they have formed, often on wholly insufficient grounds, as to their being movements towards or away from their ideal.’”--PI.

CANNAN, EDWIN. _Money._ 1918, etc. Staples Press. 136 pp.

This little work was projected as a supplementary chapter to the same author’s _Wealth_. It is a model of lucidity and economic reasoning, and particularly good in explaining the connection between monetary policy and rising and falling prices. Although I would dissent from one or two of its conclusions, it seems to me to be still the best book on money of its length. It has gone through more than eight editions.

CANNAN, EDWIN. _An Economist’s Protest._ London: King. 1927. 438 pp.

A collection of papers written over fourteen years. “Nothing that has been published in recent years will do so much to clarify doctrine and promote a grasp of essentials in Economics; while amateurs of literature, who are commonly repelled by an economic title, will find in the collection much that will hold its own among the classics of controversial literature.”--London _Times Literary Supplement_.

CANNAN, EDWIN. _A Review of Economic Theory._ London: King. 1929. 448 pp.

A lively but authoritative history of economic theory. It begins with the ideas of ancient and medieval philosophers and discusses the doctrines of the classical economists and others up to the time of the book’s publication.

CANNAN, EDWIN. _The Economic Outlook._ London: Unwin. 1912. 312 pp.

F. A. Hayek writes of the essays in this book, as well as those in _An Economist’s Protest_ (1927), that they “deserve, even now, renewed and wider attention, and translation into other languages. Their simplicity, clarity and sound common sense make them models for the treatment of economic problems, and even some that were written before 1914 are still astonishingly topical.” Among the pupils of Edwin Cannan who have since exerted considerable influence are Sir Theodore Gregory, Lionel Robbins, F. C. Benham, W. H. Hutt and F. W. Paish.

CANNAN, EDWIN. _Coal Nationalisation._ London: King. 1919. 36 pp.

“This is a précis of evidence given before the Sankey Commission. Only parts were read aloud by the Chairman, who obviously failed to grasp its importance and relevance. Professor Cannan concluded that nationalization would not benefit the taxpayer, the consumers of coal or the miners themselves. As he indicated, the Commission and the Government had ‘apparently decided “that something must be done” before finding out whether they knew of any remedy better than the disease.’”--PI.

CARLSON, OLIVER. _Handbook on Propaganda._ Los Angeles: Foundation for Social Research. 1953. 110 pp.

The purpose of this handbook is “To make available to alert citizens in all walks of life ... some basic facts about propaganda--what it is--how it functions--and how to combat it.” There is a discussion of the vehicles of propaganda, and separate chapters on nationalist and internationalist, racist, government, collectivist and communist propaganda.

CARR-SAUNDERS, SIR ALEXANDER M. _The Population Problem._ Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1922. 516 pp.

“This is thought by some to be the most important book dealing with the problem of numbers of mankind that has appeared since the days of Malthus.”--PI.

CARVER, T. N. _The Present Economic Revolution in the United States._ Little, Brown. 1926. 270 pp.

“Professor Carver foresees the beginning of a new economic revolution in the world, which appears to be developing first in the United States of America, as the Industrial Revolution came first in England at the close of the eighteenth century. R. Boeckel and R. S. Brookings had already called attention to this movement, but this is the work of the Professor of Political Economy at Harvard.... ‘It is just as possible [he writes] to attain equality under Capitalism as under any other system,’ and in consequence, ‘The apostles of discontent are being robbed of their thunder....’ This study of an Individualist society is one of the most suggestive writings on Individualism that exists.”--PI.

CARVER, T. N. _Essays in Social Justice._ Harvard University Press. 1915. 429 pp.

----. _Principles of National Economy._ Ginn. 1921. 773 pp.

Other works which expound Professor Carver’s vigorous individualistic free enterprise philosophy.

CASSEL, GUSTAV. _From Protectionism Through Planned Economy to Dictatorship._ London: Cobden-Sanderson. 1934. 26 pp.

This lecture, by an eminent Swedish economist who died in 1945, is included in this list (in violation of my general rule against including pamphlets) because it points out, with a persuasiveness, power and compactness surpassed by no other writer, how “planned economy,” long enough continued, must lead to despotism. “The leadership of the State in economic affairs which advocates of Planned Economy want to establish is, as we have seen, necessarily connected with a bewildering mass of governmental interferences of a steadily cumulative nature. The arbitrariness, the mistakes and the inevitable contradictions of such policy will, as daily experience shows, only strengthen the demand for a more rational coordination of the different measures and, therefore, for unified leadership. For this reason Planned Economy will always tend to develop into Dictatorship.” Cassel explains this process step by step. “If we allow economic freedom and self-reliance to be destroyed,” he goes on to point out, “the powers standing for Liberty will have lost so much in strength that they will not be able to offer any effective resistance against a progressive extension of such destruction to constitutional and public life generally.”

CATLIN, GEORGE. _The Story of the Political Philosophers._ Whittlesey. 1939. 802 pp.

Reviewing this book in _The New York Times_ (Jan. 7, 1940) I wrote: “In dealing with successive political philosophers it presents their biographies and their theories in judicious proportions. It is written with wit and humor and contains some arresting characterizations. It is learned, crowded, discursive, allusive, but it is not always clear.” Felix Morley calls it: “An encyclopedic study, gracefully written and useful to all who are interested in political theory.”

CECIL, LORD HUGH. _Liberty and Authority._ London: Edward Arnold. 1910. 70 pp.

“A brief and thoughtful plea for ordered liberty; the ideal is a society held together not by coercion, but ‘by the spontaneous cohesion of virtuous wills.’”--PI.

CHAMBERLIN, WILLIAM HENRY. _America’s Second Crusade._ Regnery. 1950. 372 pp.

The author describes this work as an attempt “to examine without prejudice or favor the question why the peace was lost while the war was won.” It is a brilliant and well-documented history of the blunders and misconceptions that were responsible for Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam, and led to a “peace” that mainly realized the aims of Russian communism and totalitarianism at the expense of the aims, or of what should have been the aims, of a democratic and freedom-loving America.

CHAMBERLIN, WILLIAM HENRY. _Collectivism: A False Utopia._ Macmillan. 1937. 265 pp.

“Mr. Chamberlin comes vigorously to the defense of democratic institutions, with all their faults. He regards fascism and communism as similar examples of a collectivist state, and argues that progress is possible in the long run only on the basis of political liberty and wisely controlled individual enterprise.”--_Springfield Republican._

CHAMBERLIN, WILLIAM HENRY. _The Russian Revolution._ Macmillan. 1935. 2 vols. 511 pp. 556 pp.

“What Mr. Chamberlin, Moscow correspondent of _The Christian Science Monitor_ from 1922 to 1934, has done with admirable clarity and scrupulous objectivity is not so much to offer sensational new judgments as to knit and co-ordinate a positively staggering amount of information based on source material, much of which had not previously been examined by scholars in this field, and to marshal the confused events of 1917-1921 in orderly fashion, giving chapter and verse for every important statement of fact or opinion.”--_Books._

CHAMBERS, WHITTAKER. _Witness._ Random House. 1952. 808 pp.

This is Whittaker Chambers’ own account of his life, of the Hiss-Chambers trial, and of his connection with the Communist party and his repudiation of it. It is powerfully and eloquently written. Chambers joined the Communist party primarily for emotional and quasi-religious reasons and left it because of his religious conversion. This points to the one serious shortcoming of the book, which is its failure to understand or to explain adequately the _economic_ case against communism and in favor of freedom.

“The name of the author, the theme of his work, the nature of our times all conspire to make this volume one of the most significant autobiographies of the twentieth century.”--Sidney Hook, in _The New York Times_.

“This is a great book; one of the greatest written by a contemporary American.... Whittaker Chambers has composed an ‘_apologia pro vita sua_’ ... [and] also one of the best and most readable accounts of life both in the ‘open’ Communist Party and in its auxiliary underground organizations.... The Communist Party, in America as in every non-Communist country, is a criminal conspiracy, with its members pledged to stop at nothing, espionage or sabotage, murder or treason, which will advance the interests of the foreign power, the Soviet Union, to which Communists everywhere are blindly subservient.”--W. H. Chamberlin, in _Human Events_.

CHANCE, SIR WILLIAM. _The Better Administration of the Poor Law._ London: Sonnenschein. 1895. 260 pp.

“Sir William Chance has written several books on Poor Law administration, all from an emphatically Individualist standpoint. In the above he wrote: ‘The principles which underlie the grant of Poor Relief which it--the Poor Law Relief Report of 1834--lays down are good for all time. Had the Poor Law been administered since 1834 strictly on those principles ... pauperism would probably have been reduced to a negligible quantity.’”--PI.

CHODOROV, FRANK. _One Is a Crowd._ Devin-Adair. 1952. 176 pp.

Reflections of an individualist.

CLAPHAM, J. H. _An Economic History of Modern Britain._ Cambridge University Press. 1926. 623 pp.

“An understanding of the _laissez-faire_ and early industrial period is much needed. In this learned work Dr. Clapham, a leading authority, exposes ‘the legend that everything was getting steadily worse for the working man down to some unspecified date between the drafting of the People’s Charter and the Great Exhibition.’ This legend seems to have been largely responsible for a tendency to a kind of unconscious Socialist bias in economic and social thinking, and it has, with a few exceptions, been spread by economic history textbooks. Knowles’ _Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in the Nineteenth Century_ is the most notable exception. Dr. Clapham’s contribution represents the culmination of a reaction which has come in recent years as a result of modern historical research. (See also: GEORGE. _London Life in the 18th Century._ BUER. _Health, Wealth and Population (1760-1815)._ TALBOT GRIFFITHS. _Population Problems in the Age of Malthus._ VAUGHAN WILKINS. _Sidelights on Industrial Evolution._)”--PI.

(See also in this bibliography T. S. ASHTON, F. A. HAYEK, etc.)

CLARK, COLIN. _Welfare and Taxation._ Oxford: Catholic Social Guild. 1955. 80 pp.

Dr. Clark, the eminent Australian statistician and economist, now Director of the Institute of Research in Agricultural Economics at Oxford, argues in this little book that the tax rate in Britain is reducing incentives, productivity, and national income, and points out that even those with lower incomes are really paying for their own “free” social services. He concludes that we should “give the State, not the maximum, but the minimum of powers and duties.... Concentration of political power is always dangerous.... We should realize that, if we go on building up the power of the State ... giving it more and more control over every detail of our lives ... we create a State which will not merely tax us to excess but eventually enslave us completely.”

CLARK, FRED G. _Magnificent Delusion._ Whittlesey. 1940. 152 pp.

An analysis of present economic and social ills in America, based on the thesis that we are in danger of losing our democracy through over-insistence on humanitarianism, the idea that the government owes all of us a living. “Mr. Clark has made an effective case.”--Nicholas Roosevelt.

CLARK, F. G., AND RIMANOCZY, R. S. _How We Live._ Van Nostrand. 1944. 39 pp.

A short, clear, and vigorous primer on how the capitalist system works. The authors emphasize the importance of capital accumulation--the constant need for more and better tools to increase man’s ability to utilize natural resources and so to increase his material welfare. The same authors have written other primers: _Money, How to Be Popular Though Conservative_, and _How to Think About Economics._

CLARK, JOHN BATES. _The Distribution of Wealth._ Macmillan. 1899. 445 pp.

A work of epoch-making importance: a theory of wages, interest and profits which seeks to show that “free competition tends to give to labor what labor creates, to capitalists what capital creates, and to entrepreneurs what the coordinating function creates.” It is thus indirectly an answer to the socialist contention that under competitive capitalism labor is “exploited” and “workmen are regularly robbed of what they produce.” “It is not too much to say,” wrote the economist Henry R. Seager in 1900, “that the publication of Professor Clark’s _Distribution_ marks an epoch in the history of economic thought in the United States. Its inspiration, its illustrations, even its independence of the opinions of others, are American; but its originality, the brilliancy of its reasoning and its completeness deserve and will surely obtain for it a place in world literature.”

COBDEN, RICHARD. _Speeches on Questions of Public Policy._ London: Unwin. 1908. 2 vols.

“Cobden [1804-1865] was of all English statesmen the most powerful and persuasive exponent of the Individualistic view of Government. See his _Life_ by John Morley.”--PI.

COLE, FRANKLIN P. _They Preached Liberty._ Revell. 1941.

Significant excerpts from the sermons of New England ministers during the late Colonial period.

COLLINGWOOD, R. G. _The Idea of History._ Oxford University Press. 1946. 339 pp.

“With the death of R. G. Collingwood in 1943 British philosophy lost one of its most distinguished minds. His most original work grew out of his reflections on the special characteristics of historical thinking.”--_Manchester Guardian._

COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL. _Blueprint for World Conquest._ Washington: Human Events. 1946. 263 pp.

This is designed to serve as a warning to anti-communists of the plans and tactics that they must learn to combat. It contains the theses and statutes of the Communist International, as adopted at the second world congress at Moscow in 1920; the program of the Communist International as adopted by the sixth world congress at Moscow on Sept. 1, 1928, and the constitution and rules of the Communist International. There is an introduction by William Henry Chamberlin.

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN. _De l’Esprit de Conquête._ 1813. Paris: Librairie de Médicis. 1947. 68 pp.

Benjamin Constant (1767-1830) was the author of a celebrated autobiographical novel, _Adolphe_. He was the lover of the famous Madame de Staël and later acquired an infatuation for Madame Récamier. The literary and amorous side of his career has unfortunately overshadowed his prophetic contributions in support of liberalism and freedom of the press, especially his _De l’esprit de conquête et de l’usurpation_, directed against Napoleon. In 1829 he wrote: “For forty years I have defended the same principle: liberty in everything, in religion, in philosophy, in literature, in industry, in politics; and by liberty I mean the triumph of individuality, as much over the authority that seeks to govern by despotism as over the masses who claim the right to enslave the minority to the majority.” An English translation of _Conquest and Usurpation_ was published by Reynal & Hitchcock in 1941.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1787.

“The American Constitution,” wrote Gladstone, “is the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man.” The first ten amendments, which constitute the Bill of Rights, are a charter of human liberties which has served as a model to mankind. (See HAMILTON, MADISON, FARRAND, NORTON.)

COOLEY, CHARLES HORTON. _Life and the Student._ Knopf. 1927. 273 pp.

A volume of aphoristic wisdom on human nature, society, and letters which deserves to be far more widely known than it is. It recalls the notebooks of Emerson and Thoreau, and will stand comparison with them. It is not a systematic defense or exposition of the philosophy of individualism, but every page breathes the spirit of that philosophy. Some individual paragraphs alone would justify including the book in the present bibliography. For example: “There are three irrefutable reasons why views that seem dangerous, unpatriotic or otherwise abominable should be freely expressed. 1: Discussion is the only way to modify or control them. 2: It is the only way to mobilize conservative views in order to combat them intelligently. 3: They may be right.”

CORNUELLE, HERBERT C. _Mr. Anonymous._ Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers. 1951. 212 pp.

A biography of William Volker, who rose from a penniless German immigrant in 1871 to a millionaire businessman in 1906. What was most remarkable about him, however, was not his rise from “rags to riches” but his determination to live according to the Golden Rule. “A man with money,” he declared, “is to be pitied if he cannot give it away.” So firm was his attitude against any sort of public recognition of his many selfless charities that it was not until after his death in 1947 that “Mr. Anonymous” could be identified as William Volker. Mr. Cornuelle’s story is written with simple directness and has the readability and charm of an Horatio Alger novel. Indeed, the real hero of this story resembles in many respects--in diligence, industriousness, ambition, austere living, kindness, goodness, and belief in the American system of opportunity--one of Alger’s fictional heroes.

CORTNEY, PHILIP. _The Economic Munich._ Philosophical Library. 1949. 262 pp.

Philip Cortney is a prominent businessman (president of Coty, Inc., and of Coty International) who has been a life-long student of economics. This book falls into three main parts. The first is an analysis and a rejection of the International Trade Organization Charter (signed by the United States at Havana) on the ground that its ratification would restrict international trade and undermine the individual competitive system. The second part is an illuminating analysis of the causes of the 1929 depression. The final part is an incisive refutation of Keynesian fallacies. The author is not only an eloquent defender of economic liberty but reveals a rare skill in dissecting the specific policies and ideas that constitute the greatest threat to it.

COUNTS, GEORGE S., AND LODGE, MRS. N. P. _Country of the Blind: The Soviet System of Mind Control._ Houghton Mifflin. 1949. 378 pp.

A study of the way in which the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party controls Russian cultural and intellectual life by rigid surveillance and direction of literature, drama, music, science, and education. Its long quotations from the actual texts of Committee resolutions and directives make it heavy going at times, but supply the authentic source material.

COWLING, DONALD J., AND DAVIDSON, CARTER. _Colleges for Freedom._ Harper. 1947. 180 pp.

A study of the purposes, practices and needs, and an evaluation of the place of the private liberal-arts college in American life, and a program for its independent survival.

COX, HAROLD. _The Capital Levy: Its Real Purpose._ Westminster: National Unionist Association. 1923. 71 pp.

“The Capital Levy has never been definitely renounced by the Labor Party as an item of its program. If a favorable opportunity arises in the future it may yet again become a live political issue. Mr. Harold Cox’s book is largely a criticism of what is perhaps the most formidable defense of the levy, namely, that by Dr. Hugh Dalton. There is also a very useful chapter summarizing the experiences of six foreign countries. The author’s conclusion is that ‘All six countries tell the same story. In each case the levy was tried as a means of escaping from a financial debt which threatened the nation with bankruptcy. In no case have the results achieved justified the departure from sound methods of finance.’”--PI.

COX, HAROLD. _Economic Liberty._ Longmans, Green. 1920. 263 pp.

“A series of lucid essays by a thoroughgoing Individualist. The keynote is found in the preface. The essays, it is claimed, are all inspired by one purpose--the desire to defend economic liberty against the attacks made upon it by men and women who think they can secure progress by various schemes for curtailing freedom. ‘Liberty,’ it is admitted, ‘can be abused, but it is the business of the community to prevent this abuse, not to destroy the liberty.’ And ‘It does not follow that the best form of restraint is the employment of the power of the State.’”--PI.

CREEL, GEORGE. _Russia’s Race for Asia._ Bobbs-Merrill. 1949. 264 pp.

A warning--which proved to be completely in vain--that if the United States, by sins of omission or commission, allowed the Chinese communists to gain a victory over the National government of Chiang Kai-shek, it would put Russia in a position of mastery over half the world’s population.

CROCE, BENEDETTO. _Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx._ Macmillan. 1914. 188 pp.

A collection of essays on the philosophical aspects of Marxism. Marx borrowed a great deal from Hegel, and yet reacted from him. The distinguished Italian philosopher here tries to separate the true from the false in Marx’s particular form of Hegelianism and anti-Hegelianism.

CROCE, BENEDETTO. _Politics and Morals._ Philosophical Library. 1945. 204 pp.

A collection of essays by a distinguished Italian philosopher. Included are: _Liberalism as a Concept of Life_, _Free Enterprise and Liberalism_, and _The Bourgeoisie: An Ill-defined Historical Concept_. The last, a critique of a German book _The Bourgeois Mind in France_, is particularly instructive.

CROSSMAN, RICHARD (ed.). _The God that Failed._ Harper. 1949. 273 pp.

This is a collection of essays by former communists or communist sympathizers explaining the history of their disillusionment. The contributors include former “initiates”--Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Richard Wright--and former “worshippers from afar”--André Gide (presented by E. Starkie), Louis Fischer, and Stephen Spender. Some of the contributions are more interesting psychologically than for any light they throw on economic or political philosophy. Several of the disillusioned communists have remained socialists.

CROWTHER, SAMUEL. _Time to Inquire._ John Day. 1942. 353 pp.

This seeks to answer the question: “How can we restore the freedom, opportunity, and dignity of the average man?”

CUNNINGHAM, W. _The Growth of English Industry and Commerce._ Vol. 1: _Early and Middle Ages_. Fifth edition. 1922. Vol. 2: _Modern Times._ Sixth edition. 1922: Part 1, _Mercantile System_; Part 2, _Laissez-faire. The Industrial Revolution._ 1922. (A reprint of sections from the _Mercantile System and Laissez-faire_.) Cambridge University Press. 3 vols. 1,679 pp.

“Standard works on economic history. Archdeacon Cunningham was one of the founders of economic history as a regular branch of study in the Universities. The most important of his other works are: _Progress of Capitalism in England_ (second impression, 1925); and _Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects._ (1924. Fourth impression. 2 vols.)”--PI.

CURTISS, WILLIAM MARSHALL. _The Tariff Idea._ Irvington, N. Y.: Foundation for Economic Education. 1953. 80 pp.

Dr. Curtiss carefully analyzes the principal arguments for protective tariffs and disposes of them. He also points out that the protective tariff philosophy is the source of a host of other political and economic errors.

DALLIN, DAVID J. _The Real Soviet Russia._ Yale University Press. 1944. 1947. 325 pp.

An acknowledged authority, who was himself a member of the Moscow soviet from 1918 to 1921, analyzes the communist tyranny. The first edition appeared in 1944, when Russia was still America’s “ally” in the war against Germany. Dallin tries to show the workings of the huge apparatus of government, of the secret police, of the Army, and of the party within the party of peasants and workers. He emphasizes the contempt of the Russian leaders for human life and suffering.

DALLIN, DAVID J. _Soviet Espionage._ Yale University Press. 1955. 558 pp.

“Undoubtedly the major work on Soviet spy activities.”--Igor Gouzenko, in _The New York Times_.

DALLIN, DAVID J., AND NICOLAEVSKY, BORIS I. _Forced Labor in Soviet Russia._ Yale University Press. 1947. 331 pp.

“A conscientiously documented and appalling report on slave labor in the corrective camps that the Soviet secret police runs for the government.”--_New Yorker._

DARK SIDE OF THE MOON. Anonymous. With a preface by T. S. Eliot. Scribner’s. 1947. 299 pp.

An account, written anonymously, of what Soviet Russia did to the Polish people when, as a result of the 1939 pact with Germany, the NKVD entered Poland, arrested thousands, and deported them to labor camps in Siberia. “One of the most affecting and important books published in many years.... Revelation of how the Soviet pattern of life is imposed upon a conquered people.”--Harry Schwartz, in the _Political Science Quarterly_.

DAVENPORT, H. J. _The Economics of Enterprise._ Macmillan. 1913. 544 pp.

“One may glean from this book only a moderate reflection of one of the greatest classroom teachers Cornell University ever had--one of those rare persons, able to use the Socratic method masterfully. Before concentrating on Economics, H. J. Davenport had first become accomplished in English, mathematics, law and logic--a rich background from which he taught.

“A jealous guardian of economic discipline founded in logic, his work strongly upheld the precepts of individualism. To him any such concept as the ‘social organism’ was anathema. And from that base he went on to develop the concept of the processes of the market at their best, in terms of human freedom. He defined the science of economics as ‘little more than a study of price and of its causes and its corollaries.’ Price was, to him, central to all economics. And that meant price freedom for _individuals_. Without freedom of pricing, therefore, economics was not operative. He therefore disclaimed all theoretical sympathies with the Socialists, whom he considered to be, in fact, the ultraconservatives.”--F. A. Harper.

DE JAEGHER, RAYMOND J., AND KUHN, IRENE C. _The Enemy Within._ Doubleday. 1952. 314 pp.

An eyewitness account, by a Catholic priest, of the communist conquest of China, covering the period of their methodic climb to power in North China in the long years of war against Japan. “It makes a grisly story and will come as a surprise to those who have the notion that Reds of the Chinese species are less cruel than their cousins to the west; if anything, according to Father de Jaegher, they are worse. The book winds up with a discussion of the ill-fated Marshall mission to China, a chapter that is certainly as depressing as any in the book.”--_New Yorker._

DEWAR, HUGO. _Assassins at Large._ Beacon. 1952. 203 pp.

“This book sounds, in parts, like a collection of detective and mystery stories. Actually it is a well-documented, though far from complete, report on political murder and kidnapping cases perpetrated by Soviet secret agents all over the world that have become known during the last fifteen years.”--Vladimir Petrov, in _Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science_.

DICEY, A. V. _The Law of the Constitution._ Oxford. 1885.

“A classic study of English constitutional law. The eighth (1915) edition (Macmillan), with its comprehensive and luminous introduction, should be utilized. The chapter on ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty and Federalism’ is especially important for American readers.”--Felix Morley. “We are all servants of the laws,” wrote Cicero, “in order that we may be free.” Dicey called attention to the modern threat to freedom in the incursions that were being made into The Rule of Law.

DICEY, A. V. _Law and Public Opinion in England._ 1914. Macmillan. 1948. 506 pp.

“A work of fundamental importance. It traces the transition from the old Toryism or ‘legislative quiescence’ to Benthamism or Individualism, which was characteristic of the middle of the Nineteenth Century, and the subsequent gradual reaction to Collectivism, from about 1870 onwards.”--PI. It also discusses such questions as judicial legislation and the right of association.

DODD, BELLA V. _School of Darkness._ P. J. Kenedy & Sons. 1955. 262 pp.

The repentant ex-communist teacher, Bella V. Dodd, calls communism a “school of darkness.” “This volume of experiences and confession has more value than most books written by former Communists, because it gives the clearest picture yet of how communism was able to recruit intelligent, educated persons during the twenties and thirties.”--Irene Corbally Kuhn, in _The Freeman_.

DOS PASSOS, JOHN. _The Grand Design._ Houghton Mifflin. 1949. 440 pp.

The final volume of a trilogy, the first two volumes of which were _Adventures of a Young Man_ (1939) and _Number One_ (1943). This novel tells the story of the New Deal years in American life. Some of the characters are evidently based on well-known figures. “_The Grand Design_ is ... respectful of the inner core of New-Deal idealism, contemptuous of the politics, confusion, jealousy, corruption, and inefficiency which accompanied it.”--Orville Prescott in the _Yale Review_.

EAST, EDWARD M. _Mankind at the Crossroads._ Scribner’s. 1923. 360 pp.

An authoritative study of the population problem.

EASTMAN, MAX. _Reflections on the Failure of Socialism._ Devin-Adair. 1955. 128 pp.

A lucid and brilliant analysis of the fallacies of Marxian and Fabian socialism. Mr. Eastman argues that socialism has failed over the last century in every nation and in every form in which it has been tried. He explains why political liberty depends upon a democratic competitive market and the price system. His arguments are all the more persuasive because of his personal history. He began as an extreme left-wing Socialist. As editor of the _Masses_ and later of the _Liberator_, he “fought for the Bolsheviks on the battlefield of American opinion with all the influence my voice and magazine possessed.” This book explains the reasons for his gradual disillusionment. The most powerful chapter is “The Religion of Immoralism,” a devastating exposure of the peculiarly mystical but systematic rejection of morality which “is the one wholly original contribution of Karl Marx to man’s heritage of ideas.”

EASTMAN, MAX. _Marxism: Is It Science?_ Norton. 1940. 394 pp.

Mr. Eastman, once a Marxist, here argues that scientific socialism, so-called, is not science but religion. “Max Eastman’s book is, as readers of his earlier philosophical writings would expect, a work of art.”--A. N. Holcombe, in _Books_.

EBON, MARTIN. _World Communism Today._ Whittlesey. 1948. 536 pp.

A useful reference work which attempts to give a survey of communism in every country in which it has been an important political factor.

ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES COMMISSION OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS. _The American Individual Enterprise System._ McGraw-Hill. 1946. 2 vols. 1119 pp.

These two volumes were prepared by a committee of fifteen authors, about evenly divided between professional economists and business executives. They were asked to submit to the National Association of Manufacturers “a thorough analysis of the philosophy, operations and achievements of the American economic system.” There are chapters on the individual enterprise system, employment relations, agriculture, savings and capital formation, money and credit, profit and loss, the role of prices and price determination, competition and monopoly, government regulation, public finance, business fluctuations, etc. Among the authors were W. W. Cumberland, Willford I. King, Harley L. Lutz, Ludwig von Mises, Murray Shields, Bradford B. Smith, Rufus S. Tucker and Ray B. Westerfield.

EDMUNDS, STERLING. _The Struggle for Freedom._ Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co. 1946. 309 pp.

The history of Anglo-American liberty from the charter of Henry I to the present day. “The author was for many years a lecturer on constitutional law at St. Louis University. Professor Edmunds is convinced that the American people have been losing control over their lives and liberties. The Federal Government, in his opinion, with its increasing use of boards and administrative law, constitutes a threat to freedom.... Administrative boards rather than courts of law now direct the lives of the American people.... The background material which he presents in the field of constitutional law is perhaps unsurpassed by that found in any other book.”--_The Commonweal._

EINAUDI, LUIGI. _Greatness and Decline of Planned Economy in the Hellenistic World._ Bern, Switzerland: A. Franke. 1950. 48 pp.

Luigi Einaudi, the former President of Italy, is a distinguished liberal economist. Out of a dozen books written by him, this is the only one, to my knowledge, that has been made available in English.

EKIRCH, ARTHUR E., JR. _The Decline of American Liberalism._ Longmans, Green. 1955. 401 pp.

The author, Professor of History at the American University in Washington, argues that the main trend since the American Revolution has been to augment concentration of economic and state power and thus whittle away individual freedom.

ELLIOTT, W. Y., AND MCDONALD, NEIL A. _The Western Political Heritage._ Prentice-Hall. 1949. 1027 pp.

“An excellent work of reference.”--_Human Events._ “This book ought to find its way into the library of anyone who has any curiosity about the origins and development of the struggle between tyranny and freedom.”--_San Francisco Chronicle._

EMERSON, RALPH WALDO. Essays on _Wealth_ and _Politics_. Many editions.

Emerson was not only a strong individualist in the broadest sense of the word, but a strong advocate of the free enterprise system (although it was not known under that name in his time) and a strong advocate of limited government. These two essays are outstanding illustrations, as the following excerpt from _Politics_ will show:

“This is the history of governments--one man does something which is to bind another. A man who cannot be acquainted with me, taxes me; looking from afar at me ordains that a part of my labor shall go to this or that whimsical end--not as I, but as he happens to fancy. Behold the consequence. Of all debts men are least willing to pay the taxes. What a satire is this on government! Everywhere we think they get their money’s worth, except for these. Hence the less government we have the better--the fewer laws, and the less confided power.”

ERHARD, LUDWIG. _Germany’s Comeback in the World Market._ Macmillan. 1955. 276 pp.

An exposition by the German Economics Minister of Germany’s postwar economic policies. Dr. Erhard describes how the stabilization of the currency and the removal of price controls beginning in June of 1948 brought the “miracle” of German recovery. “It was the initiation of the market economy that awakened entrepreneurial impulses. The worker became ready to work, the trader to sell, and the economy in general to produce. In this way alone the conditions making possible a genuine foreign trade were provided.”

ERNST, MORRIS L., AND LOTH, D. G. _Report on the American Communist._ Holt. 1952. 240 pp.

“The stated purpose of this book is to provide a better understanding of Communism in America and to prevent the growth of party membership. The authors interviewed nearly three hundred former Communists, asking why they joined and why they left the party.”--_Library Journal._

EUCKEN, RUDOLPH. _Socialism: An Analysis._ Scribner’s. 1922. 188 pp.

“A philosophical analysis of Socialism by an eminent German philosopher. This book is in two parts. The first consists of an extraordinarily fair statement and explanation of Socialist ideals, and the second part of an examination and rejection of those ideals. The whole spirit as well as the methods of Socialism are here opposed.”--PI.

EUCKEN, WALTER. _This Unsuccessful Age._ London: Hodge. 1951. 96 pp.

The author, a German thinker of stature, integrity and courage, summarizes the experiences of the first fifty years of the age of economic experiments. He points out the lessons that can be learned, in particular, from the lengthy experiments in planning, government direction, and price-fixing in Germany. He concludes that we can now know at least how _not_ to attempt a solution of the problem of economic power, how _not_ to try to achieve social security, and how _not_ to “plan.” He particularly stresses that a policy of full employment leads directly, through inflation, to a centrally planned and therefore totalitarian society. There is an introduction by John Jewkes of the University of Oxford.

EUCKEN, WALTER. _The Foundations of Economics._ London: Hodge. 1950. 358 pp.

The late Walter Eucken was, among German economists, the foremost opponent of the Historical School. He contributed greatly to the revival in Germany of interest in economic theory. The first German edition of this book appeared in 1940; the present English translation is based on the sixth German edition. The central theme is the dual aspect of economic problems, which has led to a dual approach to them--one historical, the other theoretical. The author attempts to clarify the respective roles of these two methods. The excesses of Nazism and of the early stringent controls in Germany after World War II led Eucken to emphasize more and more the advantages and urgency of a free market system.

FAIRCHILD, F. R., AND SHELLY, T. J. _Understanding Our Free Economy._ Van Nostrand. 1952. 589 pp.

Perhaps the best introduction to economics ever written for high school students, and certainly the best in existence now. Even many adults will find it an ideal elementary introduction to the subject. It is outspoken and unapologetic in its defense of free markets and free private enterprise as against government planning and socialism.

FAIRCHILD, FRED R., BUCK, W. S., AND SLESINGER, R. E. _Principles of Economics._ Macmillan. 1954. 780 pp.

A standard introductory college textbook. The 1954 edition has been “so thoroughly rewritten and revised that, in the opinion of the authors, it is virtually a new book.... It seeks understanding of the working of the modern free economy, while acquainting the student also with other economic systems and certain recent trends toward collectivism.” Especially noteworthy are two chapters on “Government in Industry.” These deal with such matters as price and wage controls, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and agricultural subsidies.

FARADAY, W. B. _Democracy and Capital._ London: Murray. 1921. 314 pp.

“A popular and exhaustive exposure of Socialism. It is argued that Socialist movements are definitely retrogressive, as the trend of social progress has been, in a juristic sense, away from status and towards freedom of contract, and that ‘Our liberty has grown with the idea of the inviolability of property and the increased individuality of the man as opposed to the State.’”--PI.

FARRAND, MAX (ed.). _The Records of the Federal Convention._ Yale University Press. 1937. 4 vols.

“This is the definitive record of the Constitutional Convention, supplementing Madison’s reports and correcting them wherever later evidence warrants; indispensable for thorough study of American governmental origins.”--Felix Morley.

FAWCETT, HENRY. _Manual of Political Economy._ Macmillan. 1883. 631 pp.

“A textbook on the lines of Mill, but more severely individualistic.”--PI.

FEDERALIST, THE. (See HAMILTON.)

FEDERICI, FEDERICO. _Der Deutsche Liberalismus._ Zurich: Artemis-Verlag. 1946.

A study of German liberalism.

FERGUSON, ADAM. _An Essay on the History of Civil Society._ 1767.

“The spontaneous collaboration of free men often creates things which are greater than their individual minds can ever fully comprehend. This is the great theme of Josiah Tucker and Adam Smith, of Adam Ferguson and Edmund Burke, the great discovery of classical political economy which has become the basis of our understanding not only of economic life but of most truly social phenomena.”--F. A. Hayek.

FERGUSON, JOHN M. _Landmarks of Economic Thought._ Longmans, Green. 1938. 295 pp.

A useful, readable and agreeable short history of economic thought, stressing the contributions of the leading thinkers. Reviewing it in _The New York Times_ of Oct. 30, 1938, I wrote: “Professor Ferguson apparently intended his volume to serve both for the general reader and as a textbook.... It has the virtues of ... straightforwardness, balance, impartiality.”

FERRERO, GUGLIELMO. _The Principles of Power._ Putnam. 1942. 333 pp.

This is the last book of a trilogy by the eminent Italian historian of Rome. It contrasts “illegitimate” government, or government by fear (as represented by Bonapartism and Fascism), with “legitimate” government, or government in good faith (as represented by democracy and hereditary monarchy). Ferrero’s thesis is that the “illegitimate” government must seek to keep itself in power by military adventures, neurotic activity, and coercion. Wilhelm Röpke calls this book “a true legacy to us.”

FETTER, FRANK A. _Economics._ Vol. I: _Economic Principles_. 523 pp. Vol. II: _Modern Economic Problems_. 498 pp. Century. 1915. Revised ed., 1922.

Of Frank Fetter, Joseph Schumpeter writes: “Professor Frank A. Fetter rose to a leading position in the first decade of this century. He was primarily, though not exclusively, a theorist.... At that time all serious theoretical endeavor had to start from the bases laid by Jevons, Menger, and Walras ... [but] Fetter erected a building that was his own, both as a whole and in many points of detail, such as the theory of ‘psychic income.’ The vivifying influence upon the American profession’s interest in theory of his critical exploits cannot be evaluated too highly.” Vol. II makes practical application of the theories treated in Vol. I to such matters as money, banking, international trade, labor organizations, agricultural economics, trusts, taxation, insurance, immigration, and similar topics.

FISHER, ALLAN G. B. _Economic Progress and Social Security._ Macmillan. 1945. 362 pp.

“Allan G. B. Fisher, well known New Zealand economist and professor at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, has set himself the difficult task of exploring the double impact of economic change and of the quest for security upon economic policy, national as well as international.... He shows that stability can be achieved amidst change and security without loss of freedom, but the stability as well as the security he offers are relative rather than absolute. He discards the security of slavery as well as the stability of immobility.”--_Weekly Book Review._ “A polished and mature effort in the art of political economy.”--John Jewkes, in the _Manchester Guardian_.

FISHER, ALLAN G. B. _The Clash of Progress and Security._ Macmillan. 1936. 234 pp.

“Professor Fisher’s thesis is briefly this: Material progress means change, involving inconvenience and suffering for certain classes even though it may benefit others. Resistance is generated among those who suffer from change, so that the adjustments necessary, if progress is to develop smoothly, are not made rapidly enough. In short, there is a clash between progress and security.”--_Pacific Affairs._ “An admirable and stimulating book, full of clear and concrete reasoning from start to finish.”--London _Economist_.

FITE, WARNER. _Individualism._ Longmans, Green. 1924. 301 pp.

Four lectures which discuss the conception of the individual, the individual as a conscious agent, individuality and social unity, and individual rights and the social problem.

FLEMING, HAROLD. _Ten Thousand Commandments._ Prentice-Hall. 1951. (Paper-covered edition: Irvington, N. Y.: Foundation for Economic Education. 1952.) 206 pp.

The story of the antitrust laws, their history, their administration, their complexities and contradictions, and the amazing court decisions handed down about them. Mr. Fleming does not directly question either past or present need for antitrust legislation, but he shows by the record that within the framework of these laws there has operated an administrative instrument of arbitrary power and hostility threatening the very life of competitive enterprise in America. “The essential purpose of all the variegated attacks has been to hamper the more successful business for the benefit of the less successful business.... What is left is merely a rule that the bigger companies almost invariably are wrong on some count or other and the little companies almost invariably right. The result is that nobody knows what is legal and what isn’t. The law is what the government lawyers say it is. And they are essentially interested not in _what_ is done, but in _who does it_.”

FLINT, ROBERT. _Socialism._ Lippincott. 1895. 1908. 512 pp.

Examining socialism in 1895, Professor Flint concluded that it “might prove the reverse of a blessing to working men although those who are pressing it on them may mean them well.” Reviewing the first edition, the London _Athenaeum_ declared: “It is impossible for anyone to have tried harder to be fair than Professor Flint.” F. J. C. Hearnshaw declared it to be: “On the whole the ablest and most destructive criticism of socialism ever written. The two editions (first, 1895; second, 1908) differ considerably; both should be read and re-read.”

FLYNN, JOHN T. _The Road Ahead: America’s Creeping Revolution._ Devin-Adair. 1949. 160 pp.

John T. Flynn is one of America’s most powerful pamphleteers. The central thesis of this book is that economic planning, social insurance, deficit financing, and the nationalization of credit lead step by step toward mass enslavement and the totalitarian state. This tendency, he believes, has been shown empirically by the British experience; it follows that the preservation of American freedoms and institutions is inseparable from the preservation of a free capitalism. The Americans for Democratic Action, he holds, are the present equivalent of the British Fabians. They sincerely consider themselves to be anti-communist; but their efforts to achieve the socialized state through a process of gradualism must lead, if successful, to dictatorship and the police state.

FLYNN, JOHN T. _As We Go Marching._ Doubleday. 1944. 272 pp.

“Mr. Flynn’s thesis is that despite the many differences in the character, customs, laws, traditions, and resources of the people of Italy, Germany, and the United States, this country has been drifting on the same currents and experimenting with the same political and economic measures which resulted in the establishment of Fascism abroad. Two-thirds of his book is a scholarly, sober, valuable examination of the rise of Fascism in Italy and Germany, one-third is an attempt to support his thesis by trying to prove that it not only can happen here but already has happened.”--_New Yorker._

FLYNN, JOHN T. _The Epic of Freedom._ Philadelphia: Fireside Press. 1947. 127 pp.

The story of the growth of freedom told simply and briefly for young people of high-school age.

FLYNN, JOHN T. _The Decline of the American Republic._ Devin-Adair. 1955. 224 pp.

The American Republic, as the Founding Fathers conceived it, has been declining with special rapidity, according to the author, since 1930. A large part of this decline he attributes to the sapping of the Constitution by a modern semantics that has distorted the plain meaning of crucial clauses--so that the federal power to regulate commerce between the states may be interpreted to mean the federal power to regulate the pay and hours of an elevator operator who never leaves New York City. “A very necessary book.”--John Chamberlain, in _The Freeman_.

FOERSTER, F. W. _Europe and the German Question._ Sheed. 1940. 474 pp.

An analysis of German history by a Prussian exiled from his native land long before World War I because of his unorthodox views. In his introductory chapter the author declares: “This book is above all intended to acquaint Germans living outside the Third Reich with Germany’s authentic tradition and with its European mission. But it also looks forward to a not too remote day when the Germans of the Third Reich ... may learn from it the chain of sin and doom in German history since Bismarck.”

FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION. _Essays on Liberty._ Irvington, N. Y. Vol. I: 1952. 307 pp. Vol. II: 1954. 442 pp.

Essays on various aspects of liberty. The subjects include government, taxes, inflation, money, monopoly, price controls, subsidies, security, competition, etc. Among the authors are: Maxwell Anderson, Sir Ernest Benn, Arthur Bestor, Spruille Braden, Asa V. Call, Frank Chodorov, Russell J. Clinchy, W. M. Curtiss, Richard L. Evans, Ben Fairless, F. A. Harper, Henry Hazlitt, Bertrand de Jouvenel, Ed Lipscomb, Clarence Manion, Ludwig von Mises, Ben Moreell, W. C. Mullendore, Mario Pei, Sam Pettengill, Leonard E. Read, Dean Russell, Thomas J. Shelly, William Graham Sumner.

FOWLER, THOMAS. _Locke._ Macmillan. 1880. 205 pp.

“A concise biographical sketch. The author calls Locke, ‘Perhaps the greatest, but certainly the most characteristic of English philosophers.’”--PI.

FRIEDMAN, WOLFGANG. _Law and Social Change._ London: Stevens & Sons. 1951. 322 pp.

A legal study from a libertarian point of view.

GANDIL, CHR (ed.). _Moderne Liberalisme._ Copenhagen: Rosenkilde og Bagger. 1948. 132 pp.