Chapter IV: Part 4

In this Danish book, Mr. Gandil has attempted to reply to the question: “What is liberalism?” (in the sense of individual liberty, as the word is still understood on the European continent). “He himself has written an introduction. Thereupon follows a chapter written by Dr. Thorkil Kristensen, a former Danish Secretary of the Treasury. Then follows in reprint form two lectures which were broadcast by Professor Wilhelm Keilhau over the Norwegian radio immediately following the outbreak of the war. In the final chapters a number of young Danish political economists have taken extracts from neo-liberalist literature.... Mr. Gandil’s introduction rates as one of the best chapters of the book.”--Trygve J. B. Hoff, in _Farmand_ (Oslo).

GARRETT, GARET. _The People’s Pottage._ Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers. 1953. 174 pp.

Garet Garrett, because of the accuracy of his knowledge, the quality of his thinking, and the rare distinction of his style, was one of the outstanding pamphleteers of our time. _The People’s Pottage_ is made up of three pamphlets bearing on the same theme. _The Revolution Was_, which appeared in 1944, propounded the thesis that under the New Deal the social revolution, depriving the individual of essential liberties and shifting power to the State, had already taken place. _Ex America_, which appeared in 1951, continued this thesis, and explained in particular how inflation is used to continue a statist regime in power, and how it affects the attitude of the people. _Rise of Empire_, which appeared in the following year, contends that the moral and constitutional restraints on political power which distinguish a republic from an empire have been all but obliterated. Despite this pessimistic theme, the author concludes: “The people know that they can have their Republic back if they want it enough to fight for it and to pay the price. The only point is that no leader has yet appeared with the courage to make them choose.”

GARRETT, GARET. _The Wild Wheel._ Pantheon Books. 1952. 220 pp.

A fascinating but episodic account of the career of Henry Ford. The thesis of the book is that what Ford accomplished in the early decades of the twentieth century under a regime of _laissez faire_ could not be duplicated today because of government interventionism.

“If in this country, for both good and evil, free private enterprise had its logical manifestations in a prodigious manner, so Henry Ford was its extreme and last pure event.... It is easier to imagine other Fords than it is to believe that another would be able to do in this regulated world what Henry Ford did in his free world. He would not be permitted to plow back his profits in that reckless manner as capital.... You may like it better this way.... [But] if _laissez-faire_ had not begotten the richest world that ever existed there would have been much less for the welfare state to distribute.”

GARRETT, GARET. _The American Story._ Regnery. 1955. 401 pp.

This was Garet Garrett’s last book. It is a brilliant historical essay on America which lays special emphasis on the country’s achievements in invention and productivity, but views the course of the last twenty-five years pessimistically, and despairs of the future of personal liberty and growth in the United States if recent political tendencies continue.

GÉBLER, ERNEST. _The Plymouth Adventure._ Doubleday. 1950. 377 pp.

A fictional account of the voyage of the Mayflower from England to Cape Cod and of the first winter spent by the Pilgrims in New England. The story is reconstructed from letters, journals and histories. This account of the first Americans who risked their lives for freedom of opinion will inspire all those who still believe in that ideal.

GEORGE, HENRY. _Protection or Free Trade._ 1886. Robert Schalkenbach Foundation. 1946. 335 pp.

The great majority of economists today regard the central tenet of Henry George--a single tax on land--as untenable. Yet what he _thought_ he was doing is revealed in a sentence in his preface to the fourth edition of his famous _Progress and Poverty_ (1879). It was “to unite the truth perceived by the school of Smith and Ricardo to the truth perceived by the schools of Proudhon and Lasalle; to show that _laissez-faire_ (in its full meaning) opens the way to a realization of the noble dreams of socialism.” His book _Protection or Free Trade_, which appeared seven years later, presents the case for free trade with great eloquence and power: “He who follows the principle of free trade to its logical conclusion can strike at the very root of protection; can answer every question and meet every objection.... He will see in free trade not a mere fiscal reform, but a movement which has for its aim and end nothing less than the abolition of poverty, and of the vice and crime and degradation that flow from it, by the restoration to the disinherited of their natural rights and the establishment of society upon the basis of justice. He will catch the inspiration of a cause great enough to live for and to die for, and be moved by an enthusiasm that he can evoke in others.”

It is only fair to add that the present-day followers of Henry George, still numerous, are (apart from the implications of their single-tax-on-land theory) among the most zealous champions of a free capitalism.

GIDE, CHARLES, AND RIST, CHARLES. _A History of Economic Doctrines from the Time of the Physiocrats to the Present Day._ Heath. 1948. 800 pp.

A standard history by two French economists which first appeared in English in 1915 and has been brought down to date by successive editions and enlargements. Written with great lucidity in the original French, it has also been fortunate in its English translators. A full and very valuable history. Its excellent critical comments on various theories are written from a liberal point of view.

GIFFEN, SIR ROBERT. _Economic Inquiries and Studies._ London: George Bell. 1904. 461 pp.

“A large number of economic essays by a well-known authority. Some of them, such as _Protection for Manufacturers in New Countries_ and _The Dream of a British Zollverein_, bear closely upon our subject. His point of view is strongly Individualistic.”--PI.

GITLOW, BENJAMIN. _I Confess._ Dutton. 1940. 611 pp.

A disillusioned ex-leader of the Communist party in the United States gives a detailed account of its works, its personalities and its relations with Moscow. There is an introduction by Max Eastman. “A personal and political history of the utmost relevance for an understanding of the American Communist party.... A fascinating story for any one, and should be a positive boon for the annual crop of innocents who are drawn into Communist peripheral organizations under false pretenses.”--Sidney Hook.

GITLOW, BENJAMIN. _The Whole of Their Lives._ Scribner’s. 1948. 387 pp.

“A former prominent Communist (head of the American Communist Party in 1929), the author describes world Communism with especial emphasis on American Communism. Showing how it first started in this country among various rival factions, he then demonstrates its penetration of earlier liberal and Socialist groups and its emergence as a well-disciplined party. With considerable attention to personalities, he describes the American Communists, reveals their connection with Moscow, and flatly states that American Communism is directly controlled by Russia. Furthermore, he contends that it respects no American principles or traditions in its zeal to make our country a Soviet vassal.”--_Library Journal._

GLIKSMAN, JERZY. _Tell the West._ Gresham Press. 1948. 358 pp.

“Another eyewitness report on slave labor in the Soviet Union, this time by a Polish lawyer and Socialist who was arrested, for reasons he never fully understood, by the N.K.V.D. shortly after the invasion of Poland and shipped off to a concentration camp to be ‘remolded’ into a useful citizen by ‘productive work and suitable educational approach.’ The remolding, Mr. Gliksman says, consisted of nothing more than systematic starvation, ill treatment, and a losing battle to fill hopelessly high daily work quotas; it killed many of his fellows and would have killed him if amnesty had not been granted Poles willing to fight the Germans.”--_New Yorker._

GODWIN, WILLIAM. _An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice._ 1793. Numerous editions. (Knopf. 1926.) 2 vols. 554 pp.

“Godwin’s book, coming at a time of revolution, created much revolutionary fervor. It was considered so dangerous that the authorities thought of prosecuting the author, but Pitt pointed out that ‘a three-guinea book could never do much harm among those who had not three shillings to spare.’ Godwin says: ‘Since government even in its best state is an evil, the object principally to be aimed at is that we should have as little of it as the general peace of human society will permit.’ Like many ‘anarchists,’ he believes in human perfectibility; the disappearance of government would be no evil, he thought, because the natural goodness of man, enhanced by progress, would serve to keep him in the right way. This theory of human perfectibility led him to demand the abolition of private property and the dissolution of all governments. To us, Godwin is now chiefly interesting for having inspired Shelley with his poetic dreams of innocent man, who has never been perverted and made miserable by the falsehood and tyranny of priests and kings, and who, if given freedom, will be once more happy and innocent.”--PI.

GONZALEZ, VALENTIN R. _El Campesino._ Putnam. 218 pp.

“‘El Campesino’ was a famous Communist Spanish general in Spain’s Civil war. After the war he fled to Russia where he was at first lauded as a hero, later fell into disfavor with the authorities, and spent more than ten years in labor camps in Siberia before he made his escape.”--_Book Review Digest._ “Campesino symbolized the highest reach of communism’s romantic appeal. He suffered the worst horrors of its awful reality. The contrasts make his book an ugly and convincing testament.”--Michael Straight, in the _New Republic_.

GORDON, MANYA. _Workers Before and After Lenin._ Dutton. 1941. 524 pp.

A detailed study of conditions among the laboring classes in Russia from the 1890’s to the present, with statistics wherever they can be obtained. The author, born in Russia and educated in the United States, points out the fact that many Russian statistics are unreliable, and cites discrepancies. Among the subjects covered are insurance, wages, housing, dress, factory conditions, social security, education and the condition of the peasants. “Manya Gordon has performed a genuine service to the cause of historical truth by puncturing almost beyond the possibility of revival the legend that, whatever may be its defects, the Soviet regime represents a vast forward step, especially for the masses.”--W. H. Chamberlin, in _The New York Times_.

GOUGH, G. W. _The Economic Consequences of Socialism._ London: Allan. 1926. 178 pp.

“A keen criticism of current Socialist proposals and particularly of the writings of Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb and Mr. Tawney. Mr. Gough merits the compliment of being compared with Mr. Hartley Withers in the power of dealing with economic complexities in a light and readable style. It is one of the best criticisms of Socialist theories that has appeared in recent years.”--PI.

GOUZENKO, IGOR. _The Iron Curtain._ Dutton. 1948. 279 pp.

Autobiography of the young Russian code clerk, attached to the Canadian Soviet Embassy, who revealed to Canadian authorities the existence of a plot to turn over atomic bomb secrets to Russian spies. “The entire narrative is notable for its simplicity, humility, and candor. ‘We have been impressed,’ said the Royal Commission appointed in Canada to investigate this matter, ‘with the sincerity of the man, and with the manner in which he gave his evidence.’”--Asher Brynes, in _The Saturday Review of Literature_.

GRAHAM, F. D. _Social Goals and Economic Institutions._ Princeton University Press. 1942. 273 pp.

An attempt to describe the ethical, political, and economic policies and institutions that would best embody liberal values.

GRAY, ALEXANDER. _The Socialist Tradition: Moses to Lenin._ Longmans, Green. 1946. 523 pp.

A scholarly, witty and unsympathetic survey, by the professor of political economy at the University of Edinburgh, of socialist thinking. “Professor Gray has made a unique contribution, even to the already voluminous literature about socialism and socialists. The book does not, as the author himself hastens to make clear in the prologue, ‘aim at being a history of socialist thought.’ Still less is it a history of the socialist movement. Rather, it is a series of studies of the ideas of certain individuals who stand high in the socialist tradition.... Students of socialist thought will be interested by the fresh viewpoint and the unquestionable depth of scholarship which Professor Gray brings to his consideration of even the familiar landmarks. His erudition is almost incredible, and he writes with grace and charm enlivened by frequent splashes of wit.”--Hilden Gibson, in the _American Political Science Review_.

GRIFFIN, CLARE E. _Enterprise in a Free Society._ Chicago: Richard D. Irwin. 1949. 573 pp.

“This book is a timely and useful addition to the literature of American capitalism. Within its 573 closely printed pages of text, containing more than 250,000 words, Professor Griffin has given a systematic and scholarly treatment of enterprise in American society--its functions, motivations, consequences and the environmental conditions that facilitate it.”--N. H. Jacoby, in the _American Economic Review_.

GROS, J. M. _Le Mouvement Littéraire Socialiste._ Paris. 1904.

“This well-written book, almost exclusively confining itself to France, deals with the aid which poets and other authors have given to Socialism since 1830.”--PI.

GURIAN, WALDEMAR. _Bolshevism._ University of Notre Dame Press. 1952. 189 pp.

An introduction to Soviet communism. “Some excellent source material--verified citations from the writings of Lenin and Stalin--supplements and completes this highly valuable and instructive work, which is at once scholarly and unpretentious.”--W. H. Chamberlin.

GUYOT, YVES. _Economic Prejudices._ London: Sonnenschein. 1910. 166 pp.

“To a superficial reader this book might leave an impression of M. Yves Guyot as a rather extreme doctrinaire free trader, but on its appearance it received a great deal of praise from the British Conservative Press.... The most valuable part of the book is its analysis of current Socialist and Labor fallacies. It is written in the form of a dialogue.”--PI.

GUYOT, YVES. _La Démocratie Individualiste._ Paris: Giard & Brière. 1907.

“As a champion of liberty M. Yves Guyot is a worthy disciple and successor of Bastiat, although he is a little less optimistic than his master. _La Démocratie Individualiste_ contains an excellent short account of the evolution of Individualism, and a brief statement and explanation of the doctrine.”--PI.

GUYOT, YVES. _Principles of Social Economy._ Scribner’s. 1892. 305 pp.

“A live and original introduction to the study of the subject. It is particularly valuable for its chapters on ‘State Intervention in Economics’ and ‘The Province of the State.’”--PI.

HABERLER, GOTTFRIED VON. _The Theory of International Trade._ London: Hodge. 1936. 408 pp.

“This is a systematic treatise written primarily for the specialist.... The author makes the most devastating attack on the whole paraphernalia of tariffs, quotas, and exchange restrictions that has come from the pen of any living writer.”--_Manchester Guardian._ “The most important and comprehensive study of the subject since Taussig’s _International Trade_.”--_New Statesman and Nation._

HACKER, LOUIS M. _The Triumph of American Capitalism._ Simon & Schuster. 1940. (Columbia University Press. 1947.) 460 pp.

A study of the development of forces in American history to the end of the nineteenth century. “Mr. Hacker has written a remarkable book. It is not a systematic history of the economic development of the American people ... [but] an interpretive study, much of it brilliant and all of it suggestive.... At various points ... the author is tempted into generalizations which will make all but the hardened economic determinist blench ... but these passages ... do not greatly impair the essential merit of his volume.”--Allan Nevins.

HAHN, L. ALBERT. _The Economics of Illusion._ New York: Squier Publishing Co. 1949. 273 pp.

In my introduction to this book I wrote: “Dr. Hahn enjoys an enormous advantage as an analyst of Keynesian fallacies. As he has reminded us himself: ‘All that is wrong and exaggerated in Keynes I said much earlier and more clearly.’... There is no more important task for the economic theorist today than to disentangle the network of confusion and error that now goes under the name of the Keynesian Revolution. Until this work has been thoroughly done, clarity and real progress in economics will not be possible. There is no more sophisticated, penetrating and thorough guide in this task than Albert Hahn.”

HAHN, L. ALBERT. _Wirtschaftswissenschaft des gesunden Menschenverstandes._ Frankfurt-am-Main: Verlag Fritz Knapp. 1954. 280 pp.

The author describes a “model” of the economic process based on neo-classical as opposed to Keynesian thinking. It is written as an introduction to economics for students as well as a “minimum economics” for educated businessmen. A French translation has appeared under the title _Notions Pratiques d’Économie Politique_. (Paris: Librairie de Médicis. 1954.) An American edition is in preparation.

HALÉVY, ÉLIE. _L’Ère des Tyrannies._ Paris: Gallimard. 1938. 249 pp.

A discussion of “the era of despotisms.” English versions of two of the most important essays in this volume will be found in _Economica_, February, 1941, and in _International Affairs_, 1934.

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER; MADISON, JAMES; AND JAY, JOHN. _The Federalist._ 1787. Many editions. (Random House. 1941.) 618 pp.

A collection of eighty-five articles in defense of the American Constitution. All but eight appeared originally in the New York press, between October 1787 and May 1788.

“It remains a classic commentary, not merely on American constitutional law, but on the principles of government generally. Guizot said of it that ‘in its application of elementary principles of government to practical administration’ it was the greatest work he knew, and Chancellor Kent declared it--quite justly--to be ‘equally admirable in the depth of its wisdom, the comprehensiveness of its views, the sagacity of its reflections, and the fearlessness, patriotism, candor, simplicity and elegance with which its truths are uttered and recommended,’”--_Encyclopaedia Britannica._

More than half of the articles were written by Hamilton. Madison’s contributions “advocated a system of government in which democracy should be reconciled with the security of private rights. He saw that the central problem of democracy is not the maintenance of equality but the preservation of liberty.”--William Carpenter in the _Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences_.

HANEY, LEWIS H. _History of Economic Thought._ Macmillan. 1911, etc. 1949. 957 pp.

A critical account of the origin and development of the economic theories of leading thinkers in the leading nations. “Professor Haney, in addressing himself to the truly colossal task of writing of the totality of economic thought, has provided for the student by far the most comprehensive text for the study of this subject now available in the English language. By and large, the subject matter is well chosen and well arranged.”--J. M. Ferguson, on third edition, in _American Economic Review_, 1936.

HANEY, LEWIS H. _How You Really Earn Your Living._ Prentice-Hall. 1952. 282 pp.

This is intended to be “Every Man’s Guide to American Economics.” It is an admirable introductory volume written with great clearness and simplicity. In addition to chapters on such central problems as market value, money, production and distribution, there is a chapter on public vs. private enterprise, and two chapters on “Seven Ways to Lose Freedom or Save It.”

HANEY, LEWIS H. _Economics in a Nutshell._ Macmillan. 1933. 213 pp.

Most of these short discussions appeared originally in the author’s column in the _New York Evening Journal_. They contain a condensed statement of the principles of economics as taught to Professor Haney’s classes in New York University.

HARPER, F. A. _Crisis of the Free Market._ New York: National Industrial Conference Board. 1945. 83 pp.

This study, while aimed particularly at the policy of control during reconversion from a war to a peace basis, provides a simple exposition of some of the fundamental facts and principles that form the framework of a voluntary society and a free economy.

HARPER, F. A. _Liberty: A Path to Its Recovery._ Irvington, N. Y.: Foundation for Economic Education. 1949. 159 pp.

An analysis of the nature of individual liberty, a measurement of how much remains, and a program to regain what has been lost. The author explains how liberty in every other area rests on its preservation in the economic sphere.

HARRIS, S. HUTCHINSON. _Auberon Herbert: Crusader for Liberty._ London: Williams & Norgate. 1943. 382 pp.

The biography of an individualist whose works are discussed in the present bibliography.

HASKELL, HENRY J. _The New Deal in Old Rome._ Knopf. 1939. 269 pp.

In his preface the author, editor of the _Kansas City Star_, says: “To prevent any misconception let me say that this book is neither a criticism nor a defense of the New Deal. It is an attempt to provide an objective survey of instances of government intervention in the ancient world. Many of these were so like experiments tried in the United States in recent years that they may fairly be classed as New Deal measures. I have tried to show what these experiments were, why they were tried, and how they worked. Making allowance for the differences between ancient and modern society, I have ventured to call attention to certain warning signals from the past.”

HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. _The Road to Serfdom._ University of Chicago Press. 1944. 250 pp.

Reviewing this book in _The New York Times_ of Sept. 23, 1944, I wrote: “In _The Road to Serfdom_ Friedrich A. Hayek has written one of the most important books of our generation. It restates for our time the issue between liberty and authority with the power and rigor of reasoning that John Stuart Mill stated the issue for his own generation in his great essay, ‘On Liberty.’ It throws a brilliant light along the direction in which the world has been heading, first slowly, but now at an accelerative rate, for the last half-century. It is an arresting call to all well-intentioned planners and socialists, to all those who are sincere democrats and liberals at heart, to stop, look, and listen.”

“Although,” Hayek writes, “we had been warned by some of the greatest political thinkers of the nineteenth century, by de Tocqueville and Lord Acton, that socialism means slavery, we have steadily moved in the direction of socialism.... We are rapidly abandoning not the views merely of Cobden and Bright, of Adam Smith and Hume, or even of Locke and Milton, but one of the salient characteristics of Western civilization as it has grown from the foundations laid by Christianity and the Greeks and Romans. Not merely nineteenth- and eighteenth-century liberalism, but the basic individualism inherited by us from Erasmus and Montaigne, from Cicero and Tacitus, Pericles and Thucydides, is progressively relinquished.”

HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. _Individualism and Economic Order._ University of Chicago Press. 1948. 271 pp.

A collection of a dozen essays, some on various aspects of the philosophy of individualism, and others on technical economic subjects. For the purposes of this bibliography by far the most important essay is the first: “Individualism: True and False,” which every individualist who desires to avoid or combat confusion should study. Other excellent essays deal with The Use of Knowledge in Society, The Meaning of Competition, “Free” Enterprise and Competitive Order, and Socialist Calculation. All of these essays bring great learning and intelligence to bear upon economic and social issues of central importance to our era. Every open-minded reader of this book will find his own understanding of these questions enriched, clarified and deepened.

HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. _The Counter-Revolution of Science._ Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. 1952. 255 pp.

This book is divided into two parts. The first is an acute and abstract study of the essential differences in method required in the study of the physical sciences on the one hand and the social sciences on the other. An uncritical and slavish imitation in the social studies of the methods, concepts and language of physics or engineering is condemned by Professor Hayek as “scientism.” He goes on to show how “scientism” produces as its logical corollaries collectivism, Marxism and other forms of economic planning through centralized coercion.

The second part of the book is historical. It gives an amusing as well as enlightening account of the common origin of “scientism,” positivism and socialism in the environment of the great engineering school of Paris, the _École polytechnique_. It traces the intellectual histories of Henri de Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, and others, and shows how their ideas gave birth to “the religion of the engineers,” merged with German Hegelianism, led to Karl Marx (who borrowed heavily from the Saint-Simonians as well as from Hegel), and is still seen in the engine-room outlook and pseudo-science which today threaten to reverse the historical trend toward greater freedom.

HAYEK, F. A. _John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor._ University of Chicago Press. 1951. 320 pp.

In his _Autobiography_, John Stuart Mill gave a highly extravagant account of the moral and intellectual qualities of Mrs. Harriet Taylor, who finally became his wife, and of her influence on his writings. Until quite recently, little has been known of the facts behind this tribute. But much of the correspondence between Mill and Mrs. Taylor came into the hands of various libraries in 1922 and 1927, and Professor Hayek (in 1951) gathered and published this material in the present book. It indicates that Mrs. Taylor did exercise considerable influence over the less technical aspects of Mill’s thought. Whether this influence was on net balance for good or ill, the individual reader can decide for himself. But the evidence is clear that it was Harriet Taylor who was largely responsible for Mill’s retraction of most of his opposition to socialism as expressed in the first edition of his _Political Economy_, and for his far more sympathetic attitude in the third edition. It was Michael St. John Packe’s ability to draw heavily on the material in the present book that enabled him to add so much to our knowledge of Mill in his admirable _Life of John Stuart Mill_ (q.v.) published in 1954.

HAYEK, F. A. _The Political Ideal of the Rule of Law._ Cairo: National Bank of Egypt. 1955. 79 pp.

Professor Hayek, although internationally best known as an economist, was by original training a lawyer. This book reprints lectures he delivered at the invitation of the National Bank of Egypt. They begin with an historical survey of the evolution of freedom and the Rule of Law in Britain, France, Germany, and America. They emphasize such safeguards of individual liberty as the generality, equality, and certainty of the law. The final lecture discusses the decline of the Rule of Law, particularly in England and the United States.

HAYEK, F. A. (ed.). _Capitalism and the Historians._ University of Chicago Press. 1954. 194 pp.

A provocative set of essays, several of which are brilliant, which argue that capitalism, even in the days of the Manchester slums and the child worker, was an immediate positive social good. The authors hold--from actual case studies of the English worker, his work, and his times--that the prevalent belief in the immediate evil of the Industrial Revolution is a myth, perpetuated by a few historians and intellectuals. The contributors are F. A. Hayek, T. S. Ashton, Louis Hacker, W. H. Hutt, and Bertrand de Jouvenel.

HAYEK, FRIEDRICH A. (ed.). _Collectivist Economic Planning._ London: Routledge. 1935. 293 pp.

This is a collection of critical studies on the possibilities of socialism by N. G. Pierson, Ludwig von Mises, George Halm, and Enrico Barone. A central subject is the possibility of economic calculation under socialism. Professor Hayek contributes an admirable introduction on the “Nature and History of the Problem” and a final chapter on the “Present State of the Debate.”

HAZLITT, HENRY. _Economics in One Lesson._ Harper. 1946. (Paperbound 1952.) edition: Irvington, N. Y.: Foundation for Economic Education. 222 pp.

“Mr. Hazlitt writes strictly in terms of economics, urging upon his readers to look not merely at the immediate but also at the larger effects of an act or a policy.... [He] resents the travesty that many of his fellow economists have made of their profession. And so he has gone back patiently to first principles, proving once more that public works must be paid for by taxes, that taxes discourage production, that the invention of labor-saving machinery releases men to do other productive things, that soldiers and bureaucrats live off the rest of us, that tariffs make us collectively poorer, that exports must be paid for by imports, that ‘parity’ prices in agriculture do not solve the ‘farm problem,’ that you cannot produce for use except by producing for the profit that will enable you to buy other things for use, that government price-fixing increases the scarcity it is supposed to alleviate, that inflation is a form of taxation that exempts no one, that a still poverty-stricken world needs more ‘saving’ and not more ‘spending,’ that unions defeat themselves when they press for an uneconomic wage, and that the way to be sane is to look for the hidden long-term effects of a proposition on the whole social fabric as well as its effect here and now on Joe Doakes.”--John Chamberlain, in _The New York Times_.

HAZLITT, HENRY. _The Great Idea._ Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1951. 374 pp.

This is written as a novel, set in the future, in a completely communized world, from which every trace of the former capitalist civilization has been removed; but in trying to solve their problems the people of this world rediscover democracy and the free enterprise system. I used this story-and-dialogue form because it seemed to me not only the most effective way to dramatize the contrast between communism and socialism on the one hand and capitalism or a free market economy on the other, but the most effective way to explain some of the fundamental and even abstruse problems involved in the choice.

The theme of the book might also be stated in the form: If capitalism did not exist, it would be necessary to invent it--and its discovery would be rightly regarded as one of the great triumphs of the human mind.

The title of the British edition of the book is _Time Will Run Back_ (London: Ernest Benn).

HAZLITT, HENRY. _Will Dollars Save the World?_ Irvington, N. Y.: Foundation for Economic Education. 1947. 95 pp.

A critical examination of the Marshall Plan, made when it was first proposed. It analyzes the fallacies behind most of the American inter-governmental “foreign-aid” programs, the controlist, statist or socialist assumptions implicit in them, and their consequent tendency to encourage and prolong controls, statism and socialism in the nations receiving aid. A 48-page pamphlet, also by the present author and under the imprint of the same publisher, makes a similar analysis of the _Illusions of Point Four_ (1950).

HEARNSHAW, F. J. C. _A Survey of Socialism: Analytical, Historical, and Critical._ Macmillan. 1929. 473 pp.

“An unusually able student of the literature of liberty speaks of Hearnshaw’s _A Survey of Socialism_ as the only thing of its kind in existence. And were there many competitors, one would expect this to be acclaimed the best. Written by an outstanding British historian in a period when Britain had many and the United States had few, this is a reference book on socialism which anyone fortunate enough to possess a copy will want at his elbow. It treats persons, ideas, and programs from the earliest ancient times. Its depth and thoroughness reflect the forty years study of socialism which preceded its being written. Starting as a socialist sympathizer, his study radically altered his view to one of its most learned historical critics. He makes socialism a tragic drama on a literary stage where important personages from Moses onward take their places in the unfolding events and concepts.”--F. A. Harper.

HEARNSHAW, F. J. C. _Democracy and Labor._ Macmillan. 1924. 274 pp.

“A vigorous attack on Socialism chiefly on the grounds that it is undemocratic. Democracy is held, rather optimistically, perhaps, to be the most effective means of securing freedom. The author, who is an eminent historian, is an Individualist of the Conservative school defending existing society on the grounds that it is based on Individualism. “It is becoming evident that the supreme issue of the day is the issue of Socialism versus Individualism: of Authority versus Freedom ... of the maintenance of the Existing Order versus Utopian and Revolutionary Reconstruction.” The book is a sequel to and in some respects a revision and abridgment of _Democracy at the Cross-Ways_, published in 1918. It is often witty and epigrammatic.”--PI.

HECKSCHER, E. _Mercantilism._ Macmillan. 1935. 2 vols. 472 pp. 419 pp.

An effort has recently been made (e.g., by the late Lord Keynes and some of his disciples) to resuscitate mercantilism and to pretend that the mercantilists were more nearly right than Adam Smith and their other liberal critics. Anyone who is inclined to take this argument seriously, or to believe in modern State “planning” (which is little more than a revival of mercantilism) would do well to read this book by a Swedish economic historian. Here is a passage concerning French mercantilism during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (p. 173): “It is estimated that the economic measures taken in this connection cost the lives of some 16,000 people, partly through executions and partly through armed affrays, without reckoning the unknown but certainly much larger number of people who were sent to the galleys or punished in other ways. On one occasion in Valence, 77 were sent to the galleys, one was set free and none were pardoned. But even this vigorous action did not help to attain the desired end. Printed calicoes spread more and more widely among all classes of the population, in France as everywhere else.”

HEILPERIN, MICHAEL A. _The Trade of Nations._ Knopf. 1947. 1952. 302 pp.

Intended as a book for the intelligent layman interested in the workings of the world economy, as well as a guide and reference for the professional economist. “In contemporary economic literature this book fills a niche that has been empty far too long. Michael Heilperin presents a spirited and intelligent defense of economic internationalism and its twin, free enterprise in international trade and investment, and a refutation of both the traditional and the new collectivist protectionism.”--_Fortune._

HENDERSON, H. D. _Supply and Demand._ Harcourt, Brace. 1922. 181 pp.

“The best short exposition of the standpoint of the modern ‘Cambridge School’ of economists. It is a very clearly written text-book, and the first chapter, ‘The Economic World,’ gets right to the heart of what may be called the _Laissez-faire_-Socialist controversy. The existence of an anti-Individualist bias may be suspected in his allusion to attempts by some persons to glorify the existing system of society whilst ‘plastering over’ such things as wastefulness in production, sweating, unemployment and slums. A reference to Bastiat suggests that Mr. Henderson has in mind those people who believe that the evils referred to are largely caused or aggravated by irrational government interferences with forces that he himself regards as fundamental.”--PI.

HERBERT, AUBERON. _A Politician in Trouble About His Soul._ Chapman & Hall. 1884.

“This publicist, who (as will be acknowledged by all who had the good fortune to meet him) was one of the most charming personalities of his day, deserves considerably more attention than he has received. Accepting Herbert Spencer’s strict Individualist creed, Herbert gave up his political career and devoted himself to its propagation in a form so thorough that to his contemporaries he appeared as a modern Don Quixote tilting at windmills. He long provided funds for a little journal called _Free Life_, whose main tenet was voluntary taxation. Auberon Herbert’s proposals were derided as ‘Anarchy plus a Policeman,’ and they were too extreme for practical politics at a time when Socialism had not become formidable or very mischievous. It may be, however, that the spirit of Auberon Herbert will revive and inspire a new generation in England.

“_A Politician_ is a charmingly written dialogue in which a Member of Parliament announces to his friends his intention of giving up his political career and entering upon a crusade for ‘the perfect creed of liberty which he found in the writings of Herbert Spencer.’ Doubtless, the zeal of the new convert went far beyond that of his master; Herbert admits this with his accustomed candor and urbanity. ‘Would Mr. Spencer, do you think, agree to all these applications of his principle?’ asked Argus. ‘I fear that Mr. Spencer would dissent. You must not regard him as responsible for any corollaries which I have drawn.’”--PI.

HERBERT, AUBERON. _The Voluntarist Creed._ Oxford University Press. 1908. 107 pp.

“The swan-song of Auberon Herbert--the latter half was finished a few days before his death. The first, ‘Mr. Spencer and the Great Machine,’ was delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. The second, ‘The Great Machine,’ was addressed principally to the ‘workers.’ He entreated his audience: ‘Don’t believe in suppressing by force any form of evil--always excepting direct attacks upon person and property.’ He declared that ‘these new bonds and restrictions in which the nations of today have allowed themselves to be entangled’ merely prepare ‘docile and obedient State-material, ready-made for taxation, ready-made for conscription--ready-made for the ambitious aims and ends of the rulers.’ He tells the wage-earners: ‘Property is the great and good inducement that will call out your efforts and energies for the remaking of the present form of society.’ No man has suffered more than Auberon Herbert from his contempt of the Time Spirit, and, undoubtedly, there was in his own day only a small audience for his creed. But the battle is not over, and he showed a way to success. The ‘selfish’ system of Bentham may repel sentimentalists and altruists. Auberon Herbert aimed at giving Individualism a noble spiritual significance. His writings are worthy of careful study, though he underestimated the value and possibilities of the modern State as a means of organizing public-spirited activity. In the eighteenth century the State was regarded, with considerable justification, as hostile to liberty. This was Herbert’s view, and since his death the extension of State functions has made another revival of Individualism imperative in order to save Democracy from itself.”--PI.

HERLING, ALBERT K. _The Soviet Slave Empire._ Funk. 1951. 230 pp.

An exposé of slave labor in the U.S.S.R. and its satellite countries. The report contains reprinted photostats of documents from the files of the Russian secret police. The author is a Unitarian minister who temporarily left his parish to devote himself to investigating this new slavery. He became director of research for the commission of inquiry into forced labor, which was set up in December 1948.

HERMANS, FERDINAND. _Democracy or Anarchy?_ University of Chicago Press. 1940. (University of Notre Dame. 1951). 447 pp.

This study presents the arguments against proportional representation and in favor of majority rule. “What the conservatives have lacked up to now has been a well-documented scholarly analysis of the failure of proportional representation where it has been tried, and of the appalling contribution which this gadget has made to the growth of communism, fascism and other undemocratic phenomena. Professor Hermans, who has long since been regarded as a leading authority in this field, has now filled the gap by an excellent volume entitled _Democracy or Anarchy?_”--Robert Moses, in the _Political Science Quarterly_.

HEWART OF BURY, LORD. _The New Despotism._ London: Ernest Benn. 1929. 311 pp.

By the “new despotism” the author, who at the time of the appearance of this book in 1929 was Lord Chief Justice of England, means the danger which threatens the institutions of self-government through the steady encroachment of the executive upon the powers of the legislative and judiciary. His book is a strong argument against bureaucracy--the practice by which Parliament delegates wide powers of legislation to government departments and commissions. “Lord Hewart’s new book is a political event of first-rate importance.”--_Saturday Review._ “Lord Hewart proves his case. He gives chapter and verse for all his accusations.”--_Spectator._

HEWES, THOMAS. _Decentralization for Liberty._ Dutton. 1947. 238 pp.

“Mr. Hewes’ legal background, his obviously extensive studies of the literature on liberty, much experience in public service, and keen insight have enabled him to see clearly the great problem that Western Civilization must solve if it is to survive. In terms understandable to the layman he has described the principal features of this problem. That accomplishment alone is a meritorious public service.”--American Institute for Economic Research.

HIRST, FRANCIS W. _Early Life and Letters of John Morley._ Macmillan. 1927. 2 vols. 327 pp. 285 pp.

Morley’s “political doctrine,” writes Hirst, “unites the traditions of the philosophical Radicals and of the Manchester School. Disciple of Mill, biographer of Cobden, friend of John Bright, favorite and most trusted colleague of Gladstone in his two last administrations, he held in later years a unique position as the philosophic guide of English Liberals.” As Morley was the disciple of Mill, Hirst was the disciple of Morley; and Hirst has been himself described as “the most distinguished Cobdenite spokesman and political philosopher of his generation.” He died in 1953, in his eightieth year. He was editor of the London _Economist_ from 1907 to 1916, honorable fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and governor of the London School of Economics.

HIRST, FRANCIS W. _Adam Smith._ Macmillan. 1904. 240 pp.

A standard biography.

HIRST, FRANCIS W. _Life and Letters of Thomas Jefferson._ Macmillan. 1926. 588 pp.

A full biography of a great individualist statesman.

HOFF, TRYGVE J. B. _Economic Calculation in the Socialist Society._ 1938. London: Hodge. 1949. 264 pp.

This book by a distinguished Norwegian economist and editor originally appeared in Norway in 1938 and was not translated into English until 1949. In it Dr. Hoff examines the crucial question whether economic calculation is or is not possible in a completely socialist society. He concludes, with Drs. Mises and Hayek, that it is not. “Very balanced and fair.... It is a pleasure to read such a scholarly, clear and patient exposition.”--H. D. Dickenson, in _The Economic Journal_.

HOFF, TRYGVE J. B. _Fred og Fremtid. Liberokratiets vei._ Oslo: H. Aschehoug. 1945. 500 pp.

This is a book by an eminent Norwegian economist, editor of the magazine _Farmand_, published in Oslo. The book was written during World War II, the last chapter in a German concentration camp. It is a homage to Western culture and stresses the necessity of opposition to collectivist and Asiatic ideals, to the extent that the latter are fundamentally aggressive.

The book is also a plea for a new liberalism to which Mr. Hoff gives the name “liberocracy.” In his own words: “Liberocracy is the name of an economic and political system representing the best in liberalism, in democracy and the aristocratic form of rule. It does not pretend to be something new; it is a new name for a new combination of old but revised ideas. Liberocracy means the rule of the free by the free. Its central idea is freedom--freedom for the individual, freedom of press, freedom for science and art, freedom to choose and exchange goods and services within and outside national borders.”

The Norwegian title may be translated as _Peace and Future: The Way of Liberocracy_.

HOFFER, ERIC. _The True Believer._ Harper. 1951. 176 pp.

This carries the subtitle, “Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements.” It is a scholarly, witty, epigrammatic, sometimes flippant but usually penetrating analysis of fanaticism, particularly in the political realm.

HOLYOAKE, G. J. _Self-Help a Hundred Years Ago._ London: Swan, Sonnenschein. 1888. 214 pp.

“Deals with the various elementary forms of self-help, in which the poor with the assistance of the well-to-do engaged during the darkest days of the Industrial Revolution. The spirit of the plucky, self-reliant man in adversity is still valuable, perhaps more necessary than ever. In our time we are too much inclined to scoff at thriftful industry. Yet may we not expect a finer character from one who rises by these means from poverty than from one who applies for the dole as soon as he sees the approach of trouble?”--PI.

HOOK, SIDNEY. _Heresy, Yes, Conspiracy, No._ Day. 1953. 283 pp.

A treatise on the nature of liberal thinking and its place in American life, particularly in academic circles. The author is opposed to communism because it is secret and conspiratorial, but holds that the outspoken leftist critic should not be silenced. “A balanced and incisive contribution.”--E. N. Case, in _The New York Times_.

HOOVER, HERBERT. _American Individualism._ Doubleday. 1922. 72 pp.

A short but vigorous and important book, arguing for American individualism, “our most precious possession,” and against governmental encroachment on personal freedom, initiative and enterprise.

HOOVER, HERBERT. _Challenge to Liberty._ Scribner’s. 1934. 212 pp.

“The challenge to liberty is, briefly, regimentation. This, as Mr. Hoover points out, is close kin to Fascism, Communism, Nazism and Socialism in that it implies that the individual is the pawn of the state.”--_Books._

HOOVER, HERBERT. _Memoirs: The Great Depression._ Macmillan. 1951. 503 pp.

The third volume of ex-President Hoover’s memoirs covers the years 1929 to 1941. In it he reviews the great depression era and gives his defense of his administration in Washington. “Mr. Hoover has turned his pen to a great penetrating analysis of the causes of the great depression, that economic catastrophe that nearly overwhelmed the Western world in 1929 and the years immediately after. Unthinking or malicious people have often dubbed this ‘Hoover’s depression,’ one of the basest slanders of this century. The mountain of facts presented in this book should do much to sound the death knell of this calumny.”--W. H. Baker, in the _San Francisco Chronicle_.

HOPKINSON, AUSTIN. _The Hope of the Workers._ London: Martin Hopkinson. 1923. 104 pp.

“The point of view of one who has himself been successful as an employer and is well known as an Individualist. In form a criticism of the Socialist attitude and an exposure of Socialist fallacies, the book is addressed as much to employers as to the work people of the country. Mr. Hopkinson believes that the survival of Socialist fallacies has been largely due to the fact that those who support the Individualist system have failed to show clearly that ‘they do so, not for their own selfish ends, but because it is the one system under which prosperity and liberty can be secured to the people.’”--PI.

HUGHES, FRANK. _Prejudice and the Press._ Devin-Adair. 1950. 654 pp.

A restatement of the principle of freedom of the press with specific reference to the Hutchins-Luce commission. “_Prejudice and the Press_ cannot be shrugged off. It presents a considerable body of authentic material, with citations and some documentation, which goes to the heart of the issues discussed in _A Free and Responsible Press_ and which upsets many of the too facile generalizations of the group responsible for that ‘report.’”--F. L. Mott, in the _New York Herald Tribune_.

HUME, DAVID. _Essays Moral, Political and Literary._ 1741-2. Numerous editions. 616 pp.

Although Adam Smith referred to David Hume in his _Wealth of Nations_ as “by far the most illustrious philosopher and historian of the present age,” even professional economists seldom seem to recognize the great intellectual debt that Smith owed to his older friend Hume, not merely in general philosophy but in the special realm of economics. These essays, published more than thirty years before _The Wealth of Nations_, embody many important ideas which Adam Smith later expanded and pushed further. The most important economic essays are Of Commerce, Of the Balance of Trade, Of the Jealousy of Trade, Of Money, Of Interest, Of Taxes, and Of Public Credit. In addition there are political essays, Of the Liberty of the Press, Of the Independence of Parliament, and Of Civil Liberty, that stand among the earlier developments of the modern philosophy of individualism. Hume was hardly less distinguished for the excellence of his literary style than for the originality and acuteness of his ideas.

HUNOLD, ALBERT (ed.). _Die Konvertibilität der europäischen Währungen._ Zurich: Eugen Rentsch. 1954. 336 pp.

An anthology on the measures that can be taken to bring about a return to freedom of currency convertibility. The contributors include G. Haberler, P. Jacobson, W. Röpke, G. Carli, F. Collin, H. Germain-Martin, H. Homberger, J. E. Meade, F. W. Meyer, S. Posthuma, and F. A. Lutz.

HUNT, R. N. CAREW. _Marxism: Past and Present._ Macmillan. 1955.

“It is a worthwhile endeavor to put the claims of Marxism through the wringer of factual analysis. This is what a British scholar, Mr. R. N. Carew Hunt, has now done with conspicuous success.... One Marxian dogma after another is fairly stated, examined and dismissed with the reasoned verdict: disproved or unprovable. From this searching examination a very deflated Marx emerges, stripped of all pretension to be recognized as a seer of the shape of things to come, or even as a reasonably accurate guesser.”--William Henry Chamberlin.

The author pronounces this final judgment on utopianism in general and Marxism in particular: “It is easy enough to attack any economic system, as it is certain to contain features which are open to criticism, and to make large promises of replacing it by a new order of ideal harmony. But in an imperfect world no such order is attainable. ‘It is a disease of the soul,’ says a Grecian sage, ‘to be in love with impossible things.’”

HUNT, R. N. CAREW. _The Theory and Practice of Communism._ Macmillan. 1951. 231 pp.

“The book falls into three sections. The first deals with the basis of Communist theory as laid down by Marx and Engels, which is still the official creed of the movement. The second covers the development of the European labor movement in the Nineteenth Century, with special reference to Marxist influence upon it and to the cross-currents of opinion which arose by way of reaction to his doctrines.... The third brings us to the period when the revolutionary movement begins to be shaped by Russia, which has since directed it, and deals with the attempts by Lenin and Stalin to apply Marxist principles to the changed conditions of the present century.”--From the Foreword. “With a single demurrer, I recommend _The Theory and Practice of Communism_ as a book that every man of politics, and every one prone to get into political arguments, ought to carry in his pocket.”--Max Eastman, in _The New York Times_.

HUNTER, EDWARD. _Brain-Washing in Red China._ Vanguard Press. 1951. 311 pp.

The calculated destruction of men’s minds. “One of the largest and most important jobs confronting the initial band of Chinese Communists was to subject their citizens to ‘brainwashing’ in order to rid them of ‘imperialist poison’ and to qualify them for their position in the ‘new democracy.’... The author interviewed at length returnees from the mainland to Hongkong, and his story is a horribly incredible one of exploitation of human nature, destruction of individualism, and intellectual conquest.”--_Library Journal._ “Mr. Hunter points up the basic issue of the struggle between Communism and democracy--that is, that Communism means the end of individual freedom. He says that we must find means of checking the psychological offensive of the Communist world if we ourselves are to be safe from brain washing and brain changing.”--A. T. Steele, in the _New York Herald Tribune_.

HUTT, W. H. _The Theory of Collective Bargaining._ 1930. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. 1954. 150 pp.

This is a short but lucid and penetrating “history, analysis and criticism of the principal theories which have sought to explain the effects of trade unions and employers’ associations upon the distribution of the product of industry.” As Ludwig von Mises writes in his preface to the 1954 edition: “Professor Hutt’s brilliant essay is not merely a contribution to the history of economic thought. It is rather a critical analysis of the arguments advanced by economists from Adam Smith down and by the spokesmen of the unions in favor of the thesis that unionism can raise wage rates above the market level without harm to anybody else than the ‘exploiters.’ As such it is of utmost use not only to every student of economics but to everybody who wants to form a well-founded opinion about one of the most vital as well as most controversial political issues of our age.”

HUTT, W. H. _Plan for Reconstruction._ Oxford University Press. 1943. 328 pp.

Appearing during World War II, this presented Professor Hutt’s project for victory in war and peace. “It is a careful and sound analysis of all forms of restrictionism, and it is a skilful discussion of some of the most important economic evils of our era.”--B. F. Hoselitz, in the _American Journal of Sociology_.

HUXLEY, ALDOUS. _Brave New World._ Doubleday. 1932. 311 pp.

A chilling satirical novel on the “brave new world” of the future, when human liberty, dignity and individuality will have been systematically destroyed by “scientific conditioning.”

HUXLEY, ALDOUS. _Ends and Means._ Harper. 1937. 386 pp.

This book, which combines lucidity and insight with mysticism and confusion, has a mixed value for the individualist. Reviewing it in _The New York Times_ of Dec. 12, 1937, I wrote: “_Ends and Means_ rests on the premise ... that the end cannot justify the means, for the simple reason that the means employed inevitably determine the nature of the ends produced. Hence Huxley is opposed to all efforts to achieve a better world through the method of violence.... He is against the ‘capitalistic system,’ or at least he thinks he is.... Yet he fails to realize how much more opposed he is to the real alternative to capitalism.... ‘State Socialism,’ he recognizes explicitly at one point, ‘tends to produce a single centralized, totalitarian dictatorship, wielding absolute authority over all its subjects through a hierarchy of bureaucratic agents.’ The political road to a better society, he tells us, on the other hand, is ‘the road of decentralization and responsible self-government.’ But this comes pretty close to being a definition of private enterprise in the economic field.”

HYDE, DOUGLAS. _I Believed._ Putnam. 1950. 312 pp.