Chapter XXIII: Appendix

NOTE.--_The following list of books does not profess to be comprehensive. It is a selection of some of the most important for the use of students. Those marked with an asterisk ought alone to give a fairly accurate knowledge of the period._

I. Text-book.

* Mrs. Gardiner's _French Revolution_ (Longmans' Epoch Series, two shillings and sixpence) is decidedly the best and most useful text-book.

II. Complete Histories.

*Carlyle's _French Revolution_ is still unapproached for the dramatic splendour of its narrative and the brilliant portraits which it contains.

Von Sybel's _History of the French Revolution_ (4 vols. tr.) is perhaps the most valuable of the many large histories, but is severely critical, and sometimes unfair to the advanced Revolutionists. It is largely occupied with the history of Germany, Poland and other countries at the time.

Louis Blanc's _Histoire de la Révolution Française_ (12 vols.) is a long and eloquent defence of the Revolution, and especially of Robespierre.

Michelet's _Histoire de la Revolution Française_ (7 vols.) is a brilliant and sympathetic work, rather more critical than that of Louis Blanc.

*Morse Stephens' _History of the French Revolution_ (3 vols.--the last as yet unpublished) is the latest English narrative of the period, and has much valuable biographical information. In tone it is favourable to the Jacobin party.

(The histories of Mignet, of Thiers, of Quinet, of the 'Deux Amis de la Liberté,' and of others are also of considerable value.)

III. Critical and Illustrative Works.

*Rousseau's _Contrat Social_; published at 25 centimes in the Bibliothèque Nationale.

Arthur Young's _Tour in France_.

*De Tocqueville's _L'Ancien Régime_ (tr. as _France before the Revolution_); of the greatest value in studying the condition of France in the eighteenth century.

*Taine's _Les Origines de la France Contemporaine_ (4 vols.); a brilliant work, long, diffuse, and severely critical in its judgments, but, in spite of its bias, full of valuable information, especially in the notes. The first volume deals with the 'Ancien Régime,' the next three with 'La Révolution.'

Burke's _Reflections on the French Revolution_.

Sorel's _L'Europe et la Révolution Française_ (2 vols.); a very able and recent work on the foreign aspects of the Revolution.

Schmidt's _Tableaux de la Révolution Française_ (3 vols.); a collection of papers relating largely to the secret police of Paris, some of which are of great value.

Mortimer-Ternaux's _Histoire de la Terreur_ (8 vols.); a long and careful work, written with great minuteness, and very critical in tone towards the Revolutionary leaders.

IV. Biographies, Memoirs and Correspondence.

Voltaire, Life, by John Morley.

Diderot, Life, by John Morley (2 vols.).

Rousseau, Life, by John Morley (2 vols.). The second volume contains an admirable account of the Social Contract.

*Turgot, an Essay by John Morley (Miscellanies, vol. II).

Bailly, _Mémoires_ (3 vols.); the best original account of the first five months of the Revolution.

*Mirabeau, _Correspondance avec La Marek_ (3 vols.); by far the most important book on Mirabeau's policy and views. Dumont's _Souvenirs sur Mirabeau_ are personal and very interesting.

Ferrières, _Mémoires_ (3 vols.); a good account of events down to the 10th August, from the point of view of an independent Conservative.

*Madame Roland, _Mémoires_.

Marat, Life, by Chèvremont.

Danton, Lives, by Bougeart and Robinet.

*Robespierre, an Essay by John Morley (Miscellanies, vol. I). M. Hamel has published in three long volumes an elaborate _Histoire de Robespierre_, which contains an enthusiastic panegyric of his hero.

St. Just, Life, by Hamel.

Pontécoulant, _Souvenirs historiques et parlementaires_ (4 vols.); valuable for the period after Robespierre's fall.

(The Memoirs of Malouet, Bouillé, Dumouriez, Madame de Campan, Bertrand de Molleville, Mallet du Pan, Garat, Barère and very many others are all of interest and value.)

INDEX.

A.

_Actes des Apôtres_, Royalist newspaper, 111.

Aiguillon, Duc d', 104.

Aix, Archbishop of, 99;
reaction at, 279.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Emigrants at, 160.

Albitte, 216.

Allies, Louis' dealings with the, 173-174;
advance of, in 1792, 177;
retreat of, 180;
renewed advance of, in 1793, 194, 205;
retreat of, 206, 275-277.

Alsace, war in, 276.

Amar, 212, 271.

America, sympathy with, in Europe, 42;
expenses of alliance with, 48;
Lafayette in, 116.

_Ami du Peuple_, Marat's newspaper, 109-111.

_Ami du Roi_, Royalist newspaper, 111.

Amiens, relief works in, 134;
distress at, in 1795, 270.

Amsterdam, French conquest of, 277.

Anjou, Métayers in, 20.

Aranda, 42.

Army, disorderly state of, 80-83, 170;
reorganisation of, under the Terror, 273-276;
power of, 282.
_See_ War.

Arras, Lebon at, 217;
Robespierre at, 249.

Artisans, position of, before the Revolution, 17-18;
distress of, in 1789, 58-61, 68-69;
disappointment of, 131-134, 136-137, 197;
under the Terror, 217, 226, 269, 271.

Artois, one of the Pays d'État, 6;
Comte d', 116, 160, 161.

Assignats, origin of, 90-91;
depreciation of, 91-92, 196-197, 224, 267-270.

Augereau, 274.

Austria, Joseph's reforms in, 156;
policy of, 276-278.
_See_ Leopold _and_ Allies.

Autun, Talleyrand bishop of, 102.

Auvergne, Malouet's fame in, 100.

Avignon, revolutionary excesses at, 141;
reaction at, 279.

B.

Babœuf, 220.

Bailly, Mayor of Paris, 67, 68, 145;
character of, 102;
political views of, 135;
action of, on the 17th July, 1791, 151;
retirement of, 165;
death of, 207.

Bâle, Peace of, 278.

Barbaroux, 184.

Barère, in the Constituent Assembly, 104;
as a journalist, 108;
in the Committee of Public Safety, 214, 220, 221;
fall of, 265, 271.

Barnave, in the Constituent Assembly, 104;
at the Jacobins, 106;
political views of, 126, 135, 150, 152;
death of, 207.

Barras, 217, 274, 281.

Bassano, Maret, Duc de, 108.

Bastille, destruction of, 58, 89.

Bazire, 237.

Béarn, one of the Pays d'État, 6.

Beauharnais, Madame de, 185.

Belgium, war in, 170, 180, 194, 275, 277.

Bernadotte, 274.

Bernard de Saintes, 217.

Besançon, rising at, 61;
relief-works at, 134.

Billaud-Varennes, at the Jacobins, 150, 167;
in the Committee of Public Safety, 214, 215, 234, 240, 259;
retirement of, 262;
fall of, 265, 271.

Bô, 216

Boissy d'Anglas, 263.

Bonaparte, 274, 281, 282.

Bordeaux, trade of, before the Revolution, 43;
connection of, with the Gironde, 184, 205;
under the Terror, 217, 224, 225.

Borie, 217.

Bouchotte, 236, 273.

Bouillé, 82.

Bourbon, Duchesse de, 44.

Bourbotte, 263, 273.

Bourdon, Léonard, 217;
de l'Oise, 237, 259, 263.

Bourgeois. _See_ Middle Class.

Bourges, suggested as meeting-place for Convention, 201.

Brienne, Loménie de, Archbishop of Toulouse, 15;
Comptroller-General, 49-51.

Brissot, as a journalist, 107-108;
political influence of, 150, 164, 167, 184;
death of, 207.

Brittany, one of the Pays d'-État, 6;
the Chouans in, 278.

Broglie, Maréchal de, 58;
Madame de, 185.

Brumaire, 227.

Brunswick, Duke of, 173, 174, 180.

Brussels, journalism in, 107;
taken by the French, 277.

Buffon, 34.

Burgundy, one of the Pays d'État, 6.

Burke, 64, 194.

Buzot, 105, 184.

C.

Cadillac, dearth in, 225.

Caen, rising at, in 1789, 61;
connection with the Gironde, 205, 206;
distress in, in 1795, 270.

Cahiers, the, 51.

Caisse d'Escompte, Necker's loans from the, 88.

Calendar, the New, 227, 228.

Calonne, 48, 160.

Cambacères, 263.

Cambon, 233, 263, 267, 271.

Camus, 103.

Capitaineries, the, 21, 22.

Carnot, in the Committee of Public Safety, 214, 215, 234, 241;
representative on mission with the Army, 274.

Carrier, at Nantes, 217, 232, 236, 278;
Robespierre and, 250;
arrest of, 265.

Catherine of Russia, 42, 156;
designs of, on Turkey, 157, 159;
negotiations with the Comte d'Artois, 160.
_See_ Russia.

Cavaignac, 274.

Cazalés, 99.

Chabot, 143, 237.

Chambon, 190, 193.

Chambonas, Madame de, 185.

Champ de Mars, Massacre of, 151;
Feast of Supreme Being in, 257.

Chaumette, among the Jacobin leaders, 143;
in the Commune of Paris, 190, 212, 227, 229, 236.

Chollet, Battle of, 276.

Chouans, the, in Brittany, 278.

Church, jealousy of local Parlements towards, 6;
relations of, to State under Ancien Régime, 6, 15;
privileges and dignitaries of, 15, 16;
poverty of parish priests in, 16;
tyranny of, 28, 33;
attack on by Encyclopaedists, 33, 34;
property of, declared to belong to the nation, 83, 84;
reorganisation of, by Constituent Assembly, 84-87;
sale of lands of, 90, 132, 133, 140;
disorder caused by attack on, 141;
attitude of Legislative Assembly towards, 165;
attitude of Convention towards, 265.

Civil Code, the, 211.

Civil Constitution of Clergy, the, 84-87.
_See_ Church.

Classical spirit, influence of the, 29.

Clermont-Tonnerre, Comte de, 100, 126.

Clootz, Anacharsis, 143, 236.

Club, des Impartiaux, 106;
Monarchique, 106;
of 1789, 106;
Feuillant, 152;
clubs prohibited by Convention, 280.
_See_ Cordeliers _and_ Jacobin Club.

Coblentz, emigrants at, 161.

Coffinhal, 212.

Collot d'Herbois, among the Jacobin leaders, 143;
elected to Convention, 182;
at Lyons, 217, 232, 241;
in the Committee of Public Safety, 214, 215, 234, 236, 240, 244, 246;
retirement of, 262;
fall of, 265, 271.

Commission of Twelve, appointed, 201;
cancelled, 205.

Committee of General Security, appointed by Convention, 195;
functions of, 212;
Commune and, 236.

Committee of Public Safety, appointed by Convention, 195;
powers and members of, 212-215;
Convention and, 236, 242, 244, 246;
Danton and, 245-247;
Robespierre and, 255, 259;
remodelled in 1794, 262.

Committees of the Convention, work of, 210, 211.

Committees, Revolutionary, in Sections of Paris, 200, 212, 262;
in the provinces, 213.

Commune of Paris, organisation of, 145;
Sections of, 145-147;
Insurrectionary Commune of the 10th August, 174-178;
its attitude towards the September Massacres, 178, 179;
its leaders elected to the Convention, 182, 183;
its dissolution, 189, 190;
the Jacobins regain control of, 193;
action of, in 1793, 197, 199, 202;
Insurrectionary Commune of the 31st May, 204, 205;
power of, under the Terror, 212, 218, 227, 229, 231, 236, 237, 241;
reaction against, 240-245;
fall of, 245, 246;
supports Robespierre, 255, 259, 260;
abolition of, 262.

Compagnies de Jésus, 272.

Compagnies du Sol, 272.

Comptroller-General, powers of, 7, 9, 10.

Condé, Fortress of, taken by the Allies, 205;
Prince of, at Worms, 161.

Condorcet, Madame de, 185, 186;
Marquis de, 184, 193.

Constituent Assembly, constituted, 57;
character of, 64;
early history of, 65-72;
jealous of executive, 71-74;
new system of Local Government, 75-79;
judicial reforms, 79, 80;
passion for electoral contrivances, 74, 75, 79, 82, 83, 85;
military reforms, 80-83;
church reforms, 83-87;
confiscation of church property, 84, 90;
finance, 87-96;
parties in, 98-105;
close of, 153.

Constitution, of 1791, 71-87, 131, 132, 152-154, 278;
of 1793, 208-210, 271;
of 1795, 279-281.

Constitutional Party, the, 135, 150-154.

Contrat Social, doctrine of the, 39-41, 137-140.

Convention, meeting of, 182;
early parties in, 183, 186-190;
demoralisation of, 192;
decrees of, early in 1793, 195, 196-198;
defeat of Girondists in, 201-205;
the rule of the Jacobins in, 208-235;
reforms of, 210, 211;
representatives of, on mission, 215-217;
Jacobin schisms in, 236-260;
struggle with the Commune, 237, 242-246;
struggle with Robespierre, 259, 260;
reaction in, 261-273;
finance of, 218-223, 266-270;
close of, 279-281.

Corday, Charlotte, 186, 206.

Cordeliers Club, 105, 150, 236, 246.

Corvée, the, 22, 45.

Côte-d'Or, the Terror in the, 217.

Council, of the King at Versailles, 7;
of the Ancients and of the Five Hundred, 279-281.

_Courrier de Provence_, Mirabeau's paper, 107.

Couthon, 213, 214, 217, 241, 255.

Custine, 255.

D.

D'Alembert, 34.

Danton, rise of, 105, 143;
in July, 1791, 150, 151;
protests against war, 167;
on the 20th June, 172;
on the overthrow of the Monarchy, 175-180;
views on the September Massacres, 179;
elected to Convention, 182;
policy in Legislative Assembly, 193-201;
during the Terror, 237-241;
final struggle and fall, 242-248.

Dartigoyte, 217, 231.

Dauphin, death of the, 278.

Dauphiné, popular movement in, 50, 100.

Davoût, 274.

De Lessart, 166.

Departments, created by Constituent Assembly, 75;
under Constitution of 1795, 280.

D'Eprémesnil, 99.

Desfieux, 237.

Desmoulins, Camille, rise of, 109, 143;
attacks the Terror, 237-244;
arrest of, 247;
Lucile, 185-186.

Diderot, 31, 34.

Dijon, rising in, 61.

Directory, establishment of, 279-282.

Districts, division of France into, 75,
abolished, 280.

Dom Gerle, 103.

D'Ormesson, 190.

Drouet, 274.

Dubarry, Madame, execution of, 207.

Dubois-Crancé, 275.

Dumont, André, 216, 263.

Dumouriez, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 167-171;
Lafayette and, 171;
wins the battles of Valmy and Jemappes, 180;
defeat of, at Neerwinden, 194;
desertion of, to Austrians, 195.

Duport, 104, 106, 113.

Dutard, reports of, 202-204.

E.

Economists, the, 36.

Elections, of 1789, 52, 53;
small polls at, in 1790 and 1791, 130, 131, 153, 154;
of Mayors of Paris, 165, 190, 193;
to the Legislative Assembly, 153, 154;
to the Convention, 182, 183;
under the Constitution of 1795, 280, 281.

Elégants, the, 264.

Elsinore, sympathy for American Revolution at, 42.

Emigrants, selfish policy of, 159-163, 174, 279;
decrees against, in 1791, 165;
the Reaction and the, 265, 271, 279, 280.

Encylopaedia, the, 33-36.

England, policy of, 194, 277, 278.

Evêché, Section of the, 204.

F.

Fabre d'Églantine, 237, 245.

Fabre d'Hérault, 274.

Farming, system of, before Revolution, 19, 20.

Faubourg St. Antoine, 174, 273.

Fédérés, the, 173, 174, 190.

Fernig, Demoiselles de, 186.

Feudal Privileges, 11, 21, 22;
attacks on, 61, 67.

Feuillants, club of the, 152.

Finance, of the Ancien Régime, 7, 12, 15, 23-25, 45, 48, 49;
of the Constituent Assembly, 87-96;
of the Terror, 266-268.
_See_ Assignats and Taxes.

Fleuriot, 256.

Floréal, 228.

Fouché, 217, 232, 236.

Foulon, murder of, 67.

Fouquier-Tinville, 212, 232, 272.

Fox, 42.

Francis, Emperor, 168.

Frederick the Great, 42.

Frederick William, King of Prussia, 156.

Fréron, 143, 217, 232, 263, 264.

Frimaire, 227.

Fructidor, 228.

G.

Gabelle, the, 24, 25;
abolition of, 94.

Garat, 103, 193, 201, 202, 254.

Gard, District of the, 217.

Gardes Françaises, the, 60, 68.

_Gazette de France_, the, 106, 107.

Geneva, Journalism at, 107.

Genlis, Madame de, 185.

Gensonné, 164, 184.

German Empire, foundation of, ultimately due to the Wars of the
Revolution, 181.

Germinal, 228.
_See_ Insurrection.

Gers, District of the, 217.

Girondists, the, in the Legislative Assembly, 163, 164, 165;
war policy of, 166-168;
attitude of, towards king, 171, 172, 174, 175, 191;
and towards the Prison Massacres, 179;
in the Convention, 183, 184;
principles of, contrasted with those of the Jacobins, 187-189;
struggle of, with the Jacobins, 189-204;
fall of, 204-207;
recall of, 265, 266.

Gorsas, 184.

Gouges, Olympe de, 186.

Goujon, 263, 273.

Gouly, 216.

Grégoire, 103, 143.

Guadet, 164, 184.

Guffroy, 231, 273.

Guilds, monopoly of, in eighteenth century, 17, 18;
suppression of, 45, 46, 95.

Gustavus III, King of Sweden, 156, 160.

Guyardin, 217.

H.

Hague, Treaty of the, 277.

Hanriot, 204, 205, 212, 256, 260.

Haute Loire, District of the, 217.

Hébert, rise of, 143, 178, 190;
attack on, by Girondists, 204;
under the Terror, 212, 222, 227;
character of, 231;
as a journalist, 231, 236;
attack on, by Robespierre and others, 241-245;
fall of, 246.

Helvetius, 35, 110.

Hérault de Séchelles, 208, 214, 241.

Herman, 212.

Hoche, 255, 276, 279.

Holbach, 35.

Holland, invasion of, 194, 277.

Hondschöten, Battle of, 206.

Houchard, 206, 207, 255, 275.

I.

Illuminati, the, 42.

Indre, Districts of the, 225, 226.

Insurrection, of 14th July, 1789, 58;
of 5th and 6th October, 1789, 69;
of 20th June, 1792, 172;
of 10th August, 1792, 174, 175;
of 31st May, 1793, 204, 205;
of Robespierre, 260;
of Germinal, 271;
of Prairial, 272;
of Vendémiaire, 281.

Intendants, position of, 7-10;
decline of, 47;
fall of, 62.

Isnard, 184, 266.

Issy l'Evêque, priest of, 138.

J.

Jacobin Club, origin of, 105,106;
organisation of, 142-145;
attitude of, in summer of 1791, 150-154;
protests against war, 167;
share of, in elections of 1792, 182, 183;
under the Terror, 213;
parties at, in 1793-94, 241-246;
under Robespierre, 255, 259;
close of, 263, 265.

Jacobins, rise of the, 129-154;
theory of the, 137-140, 209;
numbers and organisation of the, 142-147, 199;
leaders of the, 143, 229-235;
in the Constituent, 105, 149-153;
in the Legislative, 163, 164;
opposed to war, 166, 167;
attitude of, towards Prison Massacres, 178, 179;
in the Convention, 182-183;
attitude of, on question of Louis' death, 191;
struggle with Girondists, 189-206;
Government of, 212-216;
principles applied, 218-229;
character of, 187, 216, 217, 229-235, 283;
schisms and struggles among, 237-260, 262-273.

Jansenists, the, 103.

Javogues, 217, 231.

Jemappes, Battle of, 180.

Jeunes Gens, the, 264, 272, 279.

Jeunesse Dorée, the, 264.

Jews, attacks on the, 61.

Joseph, Emperor, 42, 156-158.

Jourdan, 206, 274, 275.

_Journal de Paris_, the, 106.

_Journal des Débats_, 108.

_Journal des Etats-Généraux_, Mirabeau's journal, 107.

_Journal Général de la Cour et de la Ville_, Reactionary journal, 112.

K.

Kellermann, 255.

King. _See_ Louis XVI.

Kléber, 274, 276.

Kosciusko, 277.

L.

Labourers. _See_ Peasants and Artisans.

Laclos, 113, 144.

Lacombe, Proconsul in Bordeaux, 217;
Rose, 186.

Lacretelle, 264.

Lacroix, 237.

Lafayette, and the National Guard, 67, 68, 118, 153;
on 5th October, 70;
Marat and, 111;
Orleans and, 114;
character and views of, 116-118;
Mirabeau and, 73, 121, 122;
party of, 131, 135, 150, 153, 163;
at Massacre of Champ de Mars, 151;
not elected Mayor, 165;
policy of, in spring and summer, 1792, 166-173;
flight of, 177.

Lakanal, 216.

Lally-Tollendal, 100.

La Marck, 121, 123.

Lameths, the, in the Constituent, 104;
party of, 131, 135, 150.

Landes, District of the, 217.

Languedoc, one of the Pays d'État, 6.

Lanjuinais, 103, 184, 266.

Laon, distress in, 270.

Laplanche, 231.

Lebon, 143, 217, 232, 273.

Lecarpentier, 216.

Lecointre, 237, 263.

Legendre, 237, 263, 265.

Legislative Assembly, meeting of, 163;
parties in, 163, 164;
policy of, 165, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 178, 179.

Le Mans, Battle of, 276.

Leopold II, succeeds Emperor Joseph, 157, 158;
policy of, 159-163;
death of, 168.

Lepelletier Section, the, 281.

Lindet, 214, 215, 234, 273.

Linguet, 107.

Local Government, new system of, 75-79.

Locke, 110

Loire, war on the, 205.

London, Journalism in, 107.

Longwy, surrender of, 177.

Louis XI, 5.

Louis XIV, 14.

Louis XVI, Court of, 44;
emancipates serfs, 44;
charities of, 44, 45;
character of, 45;
early reforms of, 45-47;
States-General and, 53, 55, 57, 58, 67;
visit to Paris, 67;
on 5th and 6th October, 69, 70;
Constituent Assembly and, 73, 74, 87, 150, 152;
flight to Varennes, 149;
army under, 81;
deposition demanded, 150;
Legislative Assembly and, 165-173;
Lafayette and, 70, 172;
the Allies and, 173, 174;
Girondists and, 167, 171, 174, 175, 191;
dethroned, 175;
executed, 191, 194.

Loustallot, 108, 109.

Louvet, 184, 266.

Lyons, troubles at, 61, 134, 141;
declares against Jacobin Government, 205, 216, 217;
trade of, ruined by Revolution, 224;
distress in, 225, 270.

M.

Maignet, 217, 258.

Mallet du Pan, 107, 112, 173, 174.

Malmesbury, 277.

Malouet in Constituent Assembly, 64, 100, 101, 152;
his estimate of the Jacobins, 143;
Louis and, 173.

Manfredini, 42.

Marat, editor of _Ami du Peuple_, 109;
early career and character of, 109-111;
in July, 1791, 150, 151;
protests against war, 167;
approves, September Massacres, 178;
in the Convention, 182, 190, 197, 210;
assassination of, 206.

Maréchaussée, the, 8.

Maret, 108.

Marie Antoinette, character of, 48;
political influence of, 48, 58, 125, 162, 165, 186;
execution of, 207.

Marseilles, disorder in, 141;
declares against Jacobin Government, 205;
under the Terror, 216, 217, 225;
reaction at, 279.

Massacre, of Champ de Mars, 151;
of September, in the prisons, 178.

Masséna, 274.

Maury, 99.

Maximum, the, established, 198, 222, 223;
repealed, 266-270.

Mayence, emigrants at, 159;
retaken by Allies, 205.

_Mercure_, Constitutional journal, 106, 112.

Méricourt, Théroigne de, 186.

Merlin, of Douai, 105, 263;
of Thionville, 263, 274.

Mesmerists, the, 42.

Messidor, 228.

Métayers, position of the, 20, 21, 132.

Middle classes, under Ancien Régime, 16, 17, 18, 43;
gainers by Revolution, 132;
cease to support Revolution, 202, 203;
Jacobin measures against, 222, 223;
in the Reaction, 264.

Milhaud, 274.

Militia, the, 22, 23.

Mirabeau, Comte de, in the Constituent Assembly, 57, 63, 64, 65, 72, 73,
74, 84, 89, 90, 91, 92, 103, 106, 122, 123;
as journalist, 107;
political aims, 118, 119, 120;
Lafayette and, 121, 122;
notes for the Court, 123-127;
pensioned by the Court, 127, 128;
character of, 128;
death of, 128, 147;
Marquis de, 44;
Vicomte de, 99.

Molleville, Bertrand de, 166.

Momoro, 237;
Sophie, 186.

Monasteries, abolition of the, 84, 85.

Monciel, Terrier de, 172, 173.

_Moniteur_, the, 107, 108.

Monsieur. _See_ Provence.

Montaubon, religious troubles at, 141.

Montesquieu, 31, 32.

Montmartre, relief works at, 69.

Montmorin, 122, 126, 166, 173.

Montreuil-sur-Mer, distress at, 270.

Moreau, 274.

Morelly, 36.

Mounier, 50, 100, 101.

Mountain, the, 197, 198;
after Thermidor, 262, 263, 271.
_See_ Jacobins.

Municipality of Paris. _See_ Commune.

Muscadins, the, 220, 264.

Mysticism, revival of, in eighteenth century, 42.

N.

Nancy, mutiny at, 82;
distress at, 270, 271.

Nantes, Vendéans at, 206;
Carrier at, 217;
decline of commerce at, 224.

Napoleon, at the capture of the Tuileries, 175.
_See_ Bonaparte.

Narbonne, 166, 167.

National Agents, 213.

National Assembly, title taken by Commons, 57.
_See_ Constituent Assembly.

National Debt. _See_ Finance.

National Guard, creation of the, 62, 76, 78;
Lafayette and the, 67, 68, 118, 153, 172;
action of the, 136, 140, 141, 179;
reorganised as battalions of the Sections, 199;
under Hanriot, 204, 205, 212, 256, 260;
changes in the, after Thermidor, 262, 271, 273;
on 13th Vendémiaire, 281.

Necker, reforming ministry of, 14, 42, 46;
fall of, 47, 48;
recall of, 51;
vacillation of, 53, 56;
dismissed again, 58;
finance of, 88, 89;
failure of, 114, 115;
Madame, 185.

Neerwinden, defeat of Dumouriez at, 194.

Newton, 110.

Ney, 274.

Nice, French successes at, 194.

Nîmes, religious troubles at, 141.

Nivôse, 227.

Noailles, Vicomte de, 104.

Nobles, under the Ancien Régime, 11-14, 44;
in States-General, 56, 57.

Notables, of 1787, 49;
of 1788, 53.

Notre Dame, Goddess of Reason installed in, 227.

O.

Orange, tribunal of, 258;
Prince of, 277.

_Orateur du Peuple_, Fréron's journal, 263.

Orleans, high court at, 80;
Duke of, 12, 14, 69, 112-114, 150, 207.

P.

Pache, minister of war, 190, 192, 193;
Mayor of Paris, 193, 212, 236;
proscription of, 273.

Palais Royal, meetings in, 60, 69, 113, 264.

Panckoucke, 106, 107.

Panis, 178, 212, 273.

Paris, excitement and distress in, 26, 51, 58, 59, 60, 67, 68, 69, 133,
136, 171, 173;
influence of, on finance of Constituent Assembly, 89, 95;
clubs in, 105, 106, 144;
numbers of Jacobins in, 143;
government of, 145-147;
Prison Massacres in, 175-179;
agitation against Louis, 171, 173, 191;
the Girondists and, 193, 196-205;
under the Terror, 222-228, 242, 260;
Reaction in, 263, 264, 271, 272, 273, 279, 281.

Paris, Parlement of, 49, 50.

Parlements, the local, 6, 7, 79.

Parties, in Constituent Assembly, 98-105;
in Legislative Assembly, 163, 164;
in Convention, 183, 184, 237, 240, 259, 262, 263, 273, 279.

_Patriote Français_, Brissot's journal, 108.

Payan, 256.

Pays d'Élection, provincial assemblies created in, 46.

Pays d'État, the, 6.

Peasantry, condition of, under Ancien Régime, 19-27;
outbreak of, in 1789, 58-62;
disappointed with the Revolution, 132, 133, 136, 137, 139, 141;
under the Terror, 217, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225;
in the Reaction, 270, 282.

_Père Duchesne_, Hébert's journal, 231.

Pétion, in Constituent Assembly, 105, 106, 153;
Mayor of Paris, 165, 179, 184, 190.

Petit Gautier. _See_ _Journal Général de la Cour et de la Ville_.

Philippe Egalité. _See_ Orleans.

Philippeaux, 237, 245.

Philosophers, the, in eighteenth century, 28-36.

Physiocrats, the, 36.

Picardy, distress in, 270.

Pichegru, 271, 274, 275, 276.

Pillnitz, conference of, 159-162.

Pitt, policy of, 42, 156, 157, 194;
Robespierre on, 252.
_See_ England.

Pluviôse, 228.

_Point du Jour_, Barère's paper, 108.

Poland, influence of, on European politics, 157-159, 277;
Kosciusko's revolt in, 277.

Police of Paris, under Ancien Régime, 60;
during Revolution, 199, 200, 202.

Poll-tax, 12, 24, 95.

Pombal, 42.

Pope, the, alienated by Constituent Assembly, 86, 87;
rule of, at Avignon, 141.

Prairial, 228.
_See_ Insurrection.

Press, the, controlled by Church, 15, 33;
new power of, 106-112;
during the Reaction, 263.

Prieur (of the Côte-d'Or), 214, 215.

Prieur (of the Marne), 214, 215.

Provence, Comte de, policy of, 115, 116;
Mirabeau and, 126;
Emigrants and, 161, 165, 279.

Provincial Assemblies, in 1787, 46.

Prudhomme, 106, 107.

Prussia, policy of, 156-162, 276-278.
_See_ Allies.

Q.

Queen. _See_ Marie Antoinette.

Quesnai, 36.

Quiberon, Emigrants at, 279.

R.

Rabaut de St. Etienne, 103.

Reason, worship of, 186, 227, 237.

Representatives on mission, 195, 213, 215-217, 274.

Republic, talk of, 150;
proclamation of, 189.

_Réveil du Peuple_, Reactionary song, 264.

_Révolutions de France et de Brabant_, Desmoulins' paper, 109.

_Révolutions de Paris_, Democratic paper, 107, 108.

Revolutionary Army, the, 199, 212, 233.

Revolutionary Government, the, 212-217.

Revolutionary Tribunal, the, established, 195;
reorganised, 212, 257, 258;
abolished, 273.

Rewbell, 105, 274.

Reynaud, 217.

Rhine, war on the, 194, 276, 277.

Richard, 274.

Richelieu, policy of, 5.

Rights of Man, declaration of the, 66.

Robespierre, in the Constituent Assembly, 105, 106, 147-153;
the typical Jacobin, 41, 143, 147;
policy and position of, in 1791, 147-153;
opposes war, 167;
action on the 20th June, 172;
elected to the Convention, 182;
attacks of Girondists on, 190;
in Committee of Public Safety, 213, 214, 220, 221, 226, 228, 229, 230, 234;
attacks the Commune, 241-246;
deserts Danton, 247;
ascendency of, 248-260;
character of, 148, 248-255;
review of his career, 249-255;
power of, in 1794, 255, 256;
his belief in the Terror, 255-257;
his action when in power, 257, 258;
his fall, 259, 260.

Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de, 100.

Rohan, Cardinal de, 16.

Roland, Minister of the Interior, 167;
dismissal of, 171;
return of, to office, 175;
and September Massacres, 179;
carries dissolution of Insurrectionary Commune, 189;
resignation of, 192;
Madame, 164, 171, 184, 185, 207.

Romme, 263, 273.

Ronsin, 232, 236, 243.

Rosicrucians, the, 42.

Rouen, Archbishop of, 15, 99;
rising at, 61;
Mirabeau advises the King to retire to, 121;
distress at, 225.

Rousseau, influence of, 31, 34, 36-41.
_See_ Contrat Social.

Rühl, 212, 273.

Russia, policy of, 156-159, 277, 278.
_See_ Catherine _and_ Allies.

S.

Sabran, Madame de, 185.

Sainte-Amaranthe, Mme de, 185.

Santerre, 172.

Sardinia, policy of, 160.

Saverne, Cardinal de Rohan's palace at, 16.

Savoy, war in, 194.

Sections, organisation of the Parisian, 145-147, 199, 200, 212, 213, 242;
insurrections prepared in the, 174, 175, 198, 201, 203, 204, 205, 260, 281;
committees in the, 146, 195, 200, 212, 213;
battalions of the, 199;
police of the, 146, 199, 200;
reaction in the, 264, 271.

Seigneur, rights of. _See_ Feudal.

Sémonville, 126.

_Sentinelle du Peuple_, Democratic paper, 107.

Serfdom, extinction of, 20, 44.

Sergent, 178.

Servan, 170, 171, 254.

Sieyès, Abbé, writings of, 51;
in the Constituent Assembly, 84, 102;
the Girondists and, 164;
in the Convention, 211;
during the Reaction, 263, 280.

Social Compact. _See_ Contrat Social.

Socialism, beginnings of, 36, 218-226.

Soho, Marat in, 110.

Soubrany, 263, 273.

Soult, 274.

Spain, policy of, 156, 160, 278.

St. André, Jean Bon, 214, 234, 273.

St. Antoine, Faubourg, insurrection of, 174;
disarmed, 273.

St. Domingo, trouble in, 71.

St. Etienne, Terror at, 217.

St. Hurugues, Marquis de, 113.

St. Just, among the Jacobin leaders, 143;
in Committee of Public Safety and Convention, 213, 214, 220, 221,
222, 226, 229, 234, 241;
on mission, 216, 274;
relations with Danton and Robespierre, 245, 246, 255, 256, 257,
259, 260.

Staël, Madame de, 166, 185.

States-General, elections to the, 31-54;
opening of the, 55-57.
_See_ Constituent Assembly.

Strasbourg, Bishop of, 16;
rising at, 61;
plots at, 161;
decline of trade in, 224;
working men imprisoned in, 225.

Subdelegates, powers of, 9, 47.

Suvórof, 277.

Sweden, policy of, 156, 160.
_See_ Gustavus.

Swedenborgians, the, 42.

T.

Taille, the, 23, 24.

Talleyrand, 102, 106.

Tallien, on mission, 216;
in Thermidor, 259;
during the
Reaction, 263, 264;
Madame, 186.

Talma, Madame, 185.

Talon, 126.

Tarascon, Reaction at, 279.

Target, 103.

Taxes, under Ancien Régime, 23-25;
of the Constituent Assembly, 93-96;
resistance to, 139, 196, 267;
on the rich, 198, 220.
_See_ Finance.

Tennis Court Oath, the, 57.

Tenures, of the Ancien Régime, 19-21.

Terror, establishment of the, 170, 195, 206, 212;
government of the, 212-217;
principles of the, 218-230;
character of the leaders of the, 230-235, 283;
Danton and the, 238, 240, 242;
Robespierre and the, 256, 257, 258, 261;
end of the, 261, 262, 273.

Thermidor, 228;
insurrection of, 259, 260.

Thermidorians, the, 263, 279.

Thibeaudeau, 263.

Thouret, 103, 126.

Three Hundred, the, 145.

Thugut, 276.

Thuriot, 263, 271.

Tiers-État, importance of the, 51, 52, 53;
constitutes itself the National Assembly, 57.

Toulon, declares against Jacobin government, 205, 216, 217;
capture of, 244.

Toulouse, Archbishop of, 15, 49;
distress in, 134.

Trèves, Emigrants at, 159.

Trianon, the Queen at, 44.

Tronchet, 103.

Troyes, Bishop of, 15;
rising at, 61;
distress in, 270.

Tuileries, attacks on, 172, 175.

Turgot, observations of, 23, 26;
contributes to Encyclopaedia, 34;
one of the economists, 36;
Comptroller-General, 45;
fall of, 47.

Turkey, critical position of, 157.

Turreau, 'Hellish Columns' of, 278.

V.

Vacheron, 231.

Vadier, in Constituent Assembly, 105;
in Committee of General Security, 212, 232;
fall of, 265, 271.

Valenciennes, captured, 205.

Valmy, Battle of, 180.

Varennes, Louis' flight to, 149.

Vaucluse, Terror in the, 217.

Vendée, la, nobles of, 13;
rising in, 199, 205, 206, 276, 278, 279.

Vendémiaire, 227;
insurrection of, 281.

Ventôse, 228.

Verdun, surrender of, 177, 178.

Vergniaud, in the Legislative, 164;
in the Convention, 183, 184;
on the execution of the King, 191;
death of, 207.

Versailles, King's Council at, 7, 9;
Court at, 12, 13;
States General at, 55-58, 63-67;
Parisian mob at, 69;
suggested meeting of Convention at, 201.

Veto, debates on the, 67.

Victor, 274.

_Vieux Cordelier_, Desmoulins' paper, 242-245.

Vincent, 236, 243.

Vingtièmes, the, 12, 24.

Vizille, Assembly of, 50.

Volney, 107.

Voltaire, 31-33, 110.

W.

War, desired by Girondists, 164;
opposed by Jacobins, 166, 167;
declared against Austria, 168;
effects of, 168, 169, 170, 181, 224;
progress of, 170, 173, 177, 180, 181, 194, 205, 206, 235, 273-279;
in La Vendée, 199, 205, 206, 276, 278, 279.

Warsaw, Polish revolt at, 277.

Wattignies, Battle of, 206.

Westermann, 237.

West Indies, trade of, affected, 224.

Women, part played by, in the Revolution, 184-186.

Worms, Emigrants at, 161.

Y.

Young, Arthur, observations of, 19, 43, 224.

Ysabeau, 216.

THE END.