Chapter II: Introduction: xiii

I. THE FOUNDATIONS 1

II. THE BOUNDARIES OF FRENCH AND GERMANIC LANGUAGES IN
BELGIUM AND LUXEMBURG 19

III. THE FRANCO-GERMAN LINGUISTIC BOUNDARY IN ALSACE-LORRAINE
AND SWITZERLAND 35

IV. BORDERLANDS OF ITALIAN LANGUAGE 59

V. SCANDINAVIAN AND BALTIC LANGUAGES 93

VI. THE AREA OF POLISH SPEECH 111

VII. BOHEMIAN, MORAVIAN AND SLOVAKIAN 141

VIII. THE LANDS OF HUNGARIAN AND RUMANIAN LANGUAGES 154

IX. THE BALKAN PENINSULA AND ITS SERBIAN INHABITANTS 174

X. LANGUAGE PROBLEMS OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA 192

XI. THE GEOGRAPHICAL CASE OF TURKEY 221

XII. THE PEOPLES OF TURKEY 271

XIII. SUMMARY AND APPLICATIONS 314

APPENDIX A. GERMAN SETTLEMENTS IN RUSSIA 343

APPENDIX B. THE BALKAN STATES BEFORE AND AFTER THE WARS
OF 1912-1913 345

APPENDIX C. CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN EUROPE 346

APPENDIX D. A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 348

APPENDIX E. KEY TO PLACE NAMES 357

INDEX 367

LIST OF PLATES

I. The Franco-Flemish linguistic boundary 22

II. The Franco-German linguistic boundary in
Alsace-Lorraine 46

III. Austria-Hungary and parts of southeastern Europe
showing languages 82

IV. The area of Polish speech 118

V. Railroads In Turkey showing their connections and
extensions 248

VI. European spheres of influence and territorial claims
in Turkey 266

VII. Part of Asiatic Turkey showing distribution of peoples 274

VIII. Distribution of Armenians in Turkish Armenia 294

IX. Part of Europe showing languages having political
significance 334