Chapter II: Preface: To First Edition

An experience of nearly twenty years in the teaching of Bacteriology has convinced the author that students of this subject need a comprehensive grasp of the entire field and special training in fundamental technic before specializing in any particular line of work. Courses at the University are arranged on this basis. One semester is devoted to General Bacteriology. During the second semester the student has a choice of special work in Pathogenic, Dairy, Soil, Water, or Chemical Bacteriology. A second year may be devoted to advanced work in any of the above lines, to Immunity and Serum Therapy, or to Pathogenic Protozoa.

This text-book is intended to cover the first or introductory semester’s work, and requires two classroom periods per week. Each student is compelled to take two laboratory periods of three hours per week along with the class work. The outline of the laboratory work is given at the end of the text. Results attained seem to justify this plan. A text-book is but one of many pedagogical mechanisms and is not intended to be an encyclopedia of the subject.

The author makes no claim to originality of content, since the facts presented are well known to every bacteriologist, though the method of presentation is somewhat different from texts in general. During the preparation of this work he has made a thorough review of the literature of Bacteriology, covering the standard text-books as well as works of reference and the leading periodicals dealing with the subject. Thus the latest information has been incorporated.

No attempt has been made to give detailed references in a work of this character.

The photomicrographs are original except where otherwise indicated and are all of a magnification of one thousand diameters where no statement to the contrary appears. These photographs were made with a Bausch & Lomb Projection Microscope fitted with a home-made camera box. Direct current arc light was used and exposures were five to ten seconds. Photographs of cultures are also original with a few indicated exceptions. All temperatures are indicated in degrees centigrade.

For use of electrotypes or for prints furnished the author is indebted to the following: A. P. Barber Creamery Supply Company, Chicago, Ill.; Bausch & Lomb Optical Company, Rochester, N. Y.; Creamery Package Manufacturing Company, Chicago, Ill.; Davis Milk Machinery Company, North Chicago, Ill.; Mr. C. B. Hoover, Superintendent of Sewage Disposal Plant, Columbus, O.; Mr. C. P. Hoover, Superintendent of Water Filtration Plant, Columbus, O.; The Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Company, Mt. Gilead, O.; Loew Manufacturing Company, Cleveland, O.; Metric Metal Works, Erie, Pa.; Sprague Canning Machine Company, Chicago, Ill.; U. S. Marine Hospital Service; Wallace and Tiernan Company, New York City, N. Y.

For the preparation of many cultures and slides, for great assistance in the reading of proof and in the preparation of the index, Miss Vera M. McCoy, Instructor in Bacteriology, deserves the author’s thanks.

The author trusts that the book will find a place in College and University courses in Bacteriology.

C. B. M.

CONTENTS

Historical Introduction--Spontaneous Generation--Causation
of Disease--Putrefaction and Fermentation--Study of
Forms--Chronological Table 17

CHAPTER I.

Position of Bacteria--Relationships to
Algæ--Yeasts--Molds--Protozoa 37

PART I.

MORPHOLOGY.

CHAPTER II.

Cell Structures--Cell Wall--Protoplasm--Plasmolysis
--Plasmoptysis--Nucleus--Vacuoles--Capsules--Metachromatic
Granules--Flagella--Spores 41

CHAPTER III.

Cell Forms--Coccus--Bacillus--Spirillum--Involution Forms 52

CHAPTER IV.

Cell Groupings 55

CHAPTER V.

Classification--Migula’s--Society of American
Bacteriologists’--Key to the Latter 59

PART II.

PHYSIOLOGY.

CHAPTER VI.

Occurrence--General Conditions for
Growth--Moisture--Temperature--Light--Oxygen--
Osmotic Pressure--Electricity--X-rays and Radium
Emanations--Pressure--Mechanical Vibration 71

CHAPTER VII.

Chemical Environment--Reaction of Medium--Chemical
Composition 81

CHAPTER VIII.

Chemical Environment (Continued)--General Food
Relationships--Metabolism of Elements 86

CHAPTER IX.

Physiological Activities--Fermentation of
Carbohydrates--Splitting of Fats 93

CHAPTER X.

Physiological Activities (Continued)--Putrefaction of
Proteins--Cycles of Nitrogen, Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus 102

CHAPTER XI.

Physiological Activities (Continued)--Production of
Acids, Gases, Esters, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Aromatic
Compounds--Phosphorescence--Chromogenesis--Reduction--
Oxidation--Production of Heat--Absorption of Free
Nitrogen--Nitrogen Nutrition of Green Plants 110

CHAPTER XII.

Physiological Activities (Continued)--Production of
Enzymes--Discussion on Enzymes--Toxins--Causation of
Disease 121

CHAPTER XIII.

Disinfection--Sterilization--Disinfectants--Physical
Agents--Pasteurization 130

CHAPTER XIV.

Disinfection and Sterilization (Continued)--Chemical
Agents--Anilin Dyes 156

CHAPTER XV.

Disinfection and Sterilization (Continued)--Choice
of Agent--Standardization of Disinfectants--Phenol
Coefficient--Practical Sterilization and Disinfection 164

PART III.

THE STUDY OF BACTERIA.

CHAPTER XVI.

Culture Media--Broth, Milk, Gelatin, Agar, Potatoes, Blood
Serum--Standardization of Media--H-ion Concentration
Method--Synthetic Media 171

CHAPTER XVII.

Methods of Using Culture Media--Culture Tubes--Plates--
Anaërobic Cultures--Vignal Tubes--Fermentation Tubes--
Deep Culture Tubes--Novy Jars--Inoculation of Culture Media 184

CHAPTER XVIII.

Isolation of Bacteria in Pure Culture--Dilution
--Plating--Streaking--Barber Apparatus--Aids in
Isolation--Heat--Selective Antiseptics--Selective
Food---Indicators--Animal Inoculation 194

CHAPTER XIX.

Study of the Morphology of Bacteria--Bacteriological
Microscope--Hanging Drop Slides--Staining--Gram’s
Method--Spores--Acid-fast Bacilli--Capsules--
Flagella--Metachromatic Granules 200

CHAPTER XX.

Study of the Physiology of Bacteria--Temperature
--Incubators--Thermal Death Point--Oxygen Relationships
--Study of Physiological Activities--Appearance of Growth
on Culture Media--Appearance of Molds on Plate Cultures 213

CHAPTER XXI.

Animal Inoculation--Material for Bacteriological
Examination 227

PART IV.

GENERAL PATHOGENIC BACTERIOLOGY.

CHAPTER XXII.

Introduction--Infection--Acute Infection--Chronic
Infection--Specific--Non-specific--Koch’s
Postulates--Virulence--Susceptibility 231

CHAPTER XXIII.

Pathogenic Bacteria Outside the Body--As Saprophytes--As
Facultative Saprophytes--Latent--Carriers--Universal
Carriers--Accidental Carriers--Necessary Intermediate Hosts 237

CHAPTER XXIV.

Channels of Infection--Skin--Mucosæ--Respiratory Tract
--Alimentary Tract--Mechanism of Entrance of Organisms
--Dissemination in the Body--Paths of Elimination--
Specificity of Location 243

CHAPTER XXV.

Immunity--Natural--Artificial--Active--Passive--
Production of Immunity--Vaccine--Antiserum--Practical
Applications of Immunity Reactions 250

CHAPTER XXVI.

Theories of Immunity--Pasteur--Chauveau--Baumgärtner
--Metchnikoff--Ehrlich--Principles of Ehrlich’s Theory 256

CHAPTER XXVII.

Ehrlich’s Theory (Continued)--Receptors of the First
Order--Antitoxin--Antienzyme--Preparation of Antitoxins
--Units 261

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Ehrlich’s Theory (Continued)--Receptors of the Second
Order--Agglutinins--Agglutination Reaction--Precipitins
--Precipitin Test 265

CHAPTER XXIX.

Ehrlich’s Theory (Continued)--Receptors of the Third
Order--Cytolysins--Amboceptor--Complement--Anti-amboceptors
--Antisnake Venoms--Failure of Cytolytic Serums in
Practice--Complement-fixation Test 271

CHAPTER XXX.

Phagocytosis--Opsonins--Opsonic Index--Bacterial
Vaccines--Preparation of--Use of--Lipovaccines
--Aggressins 280