Chapter XXIII: Part III: Zoological Geography (3)

In the above lists there are rather more Oriental than Palæarctic genera; but it must be remembered that most of the former are summer migrants only, or stragglers just entering the sub-region; whereas the great majority of the latter are permanent residents, and a large proportion of them range over the greater part of the Manchurian district. Many of those in the Oriental column should perhaps be omitted, as we have no exact determination of their range, and the limits of the regions are very uncertain. It must be remembered, too, that the Palæarctic genera of Sylviidæ, Paridæ, and Fringillidæ, are often represented by numerous species, whereas the corresponding Oriental genera have for the most part only single species; and we shall then find that, except towards the borders of the Oriental region the Palæarctic element is strongly predominant. Four of the more especially Oriental groups are confined to Japan, the southern {226}extremity of which should perhaps come in the Oriental region. The great richness of this sub-region compared with that of Siberia is well shown by the fact, that a list of all the known land-birds of East Siberia, including Dahuria and the comparatively fertile Amoor Valley, contains only 190 species; whereas Père David's catalogue of the birds of Northern China with adjacent parts of East Thibet and Mongolia (a very much smaller area) contains for the same families 366 species. Of the Siberian birds more than 50 per cent, are European species, while those of the Manchurian sub-region comprise about half that proportion of land-birds which are identical with those of Europe.

Japan is no doubt very imperfectly known, as only 134 land-birds are recorded from it. Of these twenty-two are peculiar species, a number that would probably be diminished were the Corea to be explored. Of the genera, only nine are Indo-Malayan, while forty-three are Palæarctic.

_Plate III.--Scene on the Borders of North-West China and Mongolia with Characteristic Mammalia and Birds._--The mountainous districts of Northern China, with the adjacent portions of Thibet and Mongolia, are the head-quarters of the pheasant tribe, many of the most beautiful and remarkable species being found there only. In the north-western provinces of China and the southern parts of Mongolia may be found the species figured. That in the foreground is the superb golden pheasant (_Thaumalea picta_), a bird that can hardly be surpassed for splendour of plumage by any denizen of the tropics. The large bird perched above is the eared pheasant (_Crossoptilon auritum_), a species of comparatively sober plumage but of remarkable and elegant form. In the middle distance is Pallas's sand grouse (_Syrrhaptes paradoxus_), a curious bird, whose native country seems to be the high plains of Northern Asia, but which often abounds near Pekin, and in 1863 astonished European ornithologists by appearing in considerable numbers in Central and Western Europe, in every part of Great Britain, and even in Ireland.

Plate III.

CHARACTERISTIC ANIMALS OF NORTH CHINA.

The quadruped figured is the curious racoon dog (_Nyctereutes procyonoides_), {227}an animal confined to North China, Japan, and the Amoor Valley, and having no close allies in any other part of the globe. In the distance are some deer, a group of animals very abundant and varied in this part of the Palæarctic region.

_Reptiles and Amphibia._--Reptiles are scarce in North China, only four or five species of snakes, a lizard and one of the Geckotidæ occurring in the country round Pekin. The genus _Halys_ is the most characteristic form of snake, while _Callophis_, an oriental genus, extends to Japan. Among lizards, _Plestiodon_, _Maybouya_, _Tachydromus_, and _Gecko_ reach Japan, the two latter being very characteristic of the Oriental region.

Amphibia are more abundant and interesting; _Hynobius_, _Onychodactylus_, and _Sieboldtia_ (Salamandridæ) being peculiar to it, while most of the European genera are also represented.

_Fresh-water Fish._--Of these there are a few peculiar genera; as _Plecoglossus_ (Salmonidæ) from Japan; _Achilognathus_, _Pseudoperilampus_, _Ochetobius_, and _Opsariichthys_ (Cyprinidæ); and there are many other Chinese Cyprinidæ belonging to the border land of the Palæarctic and Oriental regions.

_Insects._--The butterflies of this sub-region exhibit the same mixture of tropical and temperate forms as the birds. Most of the common European genera are represented, and there are species of _Parnassius_ in Japan and the Amoor. _Isodema_, a peculiar genus of Nymphalidæ is found near Ningpo, just within our limits; and _Sericinus_, one of the most beautiful genera of Papilionidæ is peculiar to North China, where four species occur, thus balancing the _Thais_ and _Doritis_ of Europe. The genus _Zephyrus_ (Lycænidæ) is well represented by six species in Japan and the Amoor, against two in Europe. _Papilio paris_ and _P. bianor_, magnificent insects of wholly tropical appearance, abound near Pekin, and allied forms inhabit Japan and the Amoor, as well as _P. demetrius_ and _P. alcinous_ belonging to the "Protenor" group of the Himalayas. Other tropical genera occurring in Japan, the Amoor, or North China are, _Debis_, _Neope_, _Mycalesis_, _Ypthimia_ (Satyridæ); _Thaumantis_ (Morphidæ), at Shanghae; _Euripus_, _Neptis_, _Athyma_ (Nymphalidæ); _Terias_ (Pieridæ); and the above-mentioned Papilionidæ.

{228}_Coleoptera._--The beetles of Japan decidedly exhibit a mixture of tropical forms with others truly Palæarctic, and it has been with some naturalists a matter of doubt whether the southern and best known portion of the islands should not be joined to the Oriental region. An important addition to our knowledge of the insects of this country has recently been made by Mr. George Lewis, and a portion of his collections have been described by various entomologists in the _Transactions of the Entomological Society of London_. As the question is one of considerable interest we shall give a summary of the results fairly deducible from what is now known of the entomology of Japan; and it must be remembered that almost all our collections come from the southern districts, in what is almost a sub-tropical climate; so that if we find a considerable proportion of Palæarctic forms, we may be pretty sure that the preponderance will be much greater a little further north.

Of Carabidæ Mr. Bates enumerates 244 species belonging to 84 genera, and by comparing these with the Coleoptera of a tract of about equal extent in western Europe, he concludes that there is little similarity, and that the cases of affinity to the forms of eastern tropical Asia preponderate. By comparing his genera with the distributions as given in _Gemminger and Harold's Catalogue_, a somewhat different result is arrived at. Leaving out the generic types altogether peculiar to Japan, and also those genera of such world-wide distribution that they afford no clear indications for our purpose, it appears that no less than twenty-two genera, containing seventy-four of the Japanese species, are either exclusively Palæarctic, Palæarctic and Nearctic, or highly characteristic of the Palæarctic region; then come thirteen genera containing eighty-seven of the species which have a very wide distribution, but are also Palæarctic: we next have seventeen genera containing twenty-four of the Japanese species which are decidedly Oriental and tropical. Here then the fair comparison is between the twenty-two genera and seventy-four species whose affinities are clearly Palæarctic or at least north temperate, and seventeen genera with twenty-four species which are Asiatic and tropical; and this seems to prove that, although South {229}Japan (like North China) has a considerable infusion of tropical forms, there is a preponderating substratum of Palæarctic forms, which clearly indicate the true position of the islands in zoological geography. There are also a few cases of what may be called eccentric distribution; which show that Japan, like many other island-groups, has served as a kind of refuge in which dying-out forms continue to maintain themselves. These, which are worthy of notice, are as follows: _Orthotrichus_ (1 sp.) has the only other species in Egypt; _Trechichus_ (1 sp.) has two other species, of which one inhabits Madeira, the other the Southern United States; _Perileptus_ (1 sp.) has two other species, of which one inhabits Bourbon, the other West Europe; and lastly, _Crepidogaster_ (1 sp.) has the other known species in South Africa. These cases diminish the value of the indications afforded by some of the Japanese forms, whose only allies are single species in various remote parts of the Oriental region.

The Staphylinidæ have been described by Dr. Sharp, and his list exhibits a great preponderance of north temperate, or cosmopolitan forms, with a few which are decidedly tropical. The Pselaphidæ and Scydmenidæ, also described by Dr. Sharp, exhibit, according to that gentleman, "even a greater resemblance to those of North America than to those of Europe," but he says nothing of any tropical affinities. The water-beetles are all either Palæarctic or of wide distribution.

The Lucanidæ (_Gemm. and Har. Cat._, 1868) exhibit an intermingling of Palæarctic and Oriental genera.

The Cetoniidæ (_Gemm. and Har. Cat._, 1869) show, for North China and Japan, three Oriental to two Palæarctic genera.

The Buprestidæ collected by Mr. Lewis have been described by Mr. Edward Saunders in the _Journal of the Linnæan Society_, vol. xi. p. 509. The collection consisted of thirty-six species belonging to fourteen genera. No less than thirteen of these are known also from India and the Malay Islands; nine from Europe; seven from Africa; six from America, and four from China. In six of the genera the Japanese species are said to be allied to those of the Oriental region; while in three they are allied to European forms, and in two to American. Considering {230}the southern latitude and warm climate in which these insects were mostly collected, and the proximity to Formosa and the Malay Islands compared with the enormous distance from Europe, this shows as much Palæarctic affinity as can be expected. In the Palæarctic region the group is only plentiful in the southern parts of Europe, which is cut off by the cold plateau of Thibet from all direct communication with Japan; while in the Oriental region it everywhere abounds and is, in fact, one of the most conspicuous and dominant families of Coleoptera.

The Longicorns collected by Mr. Lewis have been described by Mr. Bates in the _Annals of Natural History for 1873_. The number of species now known from Japan is 107, belonging to sixty-four genera. The most important genera are _Leptura_, _Clytanthus_, _Monohammus_, _Praonetha_, _Exocentrus_, _Glenea_, and _Oberea_. There are twenty-one tropical genera, and seven peculiar to Japan, leaving thirty-six either Palæarctic or of very wide range. A number of the genera are Oriental and Malayan, and many characteristic European genera seem to be absent; but it is certain that not half the Japanese Longicorns are yet known, and many of these gaps will doubtless be filled up when the more northern islands are explored.

The Phytophaga, described by Mr. Baly, appear to have a considerable preponderance of tropical Oriental forms.

A considerable collection of Hymenoptera formed by Mr. Lewis have been described by Mr. Frederick Smith; and exhibit the interesting result, that while the bees and wasps are decidedly of tropical and Oriental forms, the Tenthredinidæ and Ichneumonidæ are as decidedly Palæarctic, "the general aspect of the collection being that of a European one, only a single exotic form being found among them."

_Remarks on the General Character of the Fauna of Japan._--From a general view of the phenomena of distribution we feel justified in placing Japan in the Palæarctic region; although some tropical groups, especially of reptiles and insects, have largely occupied its southern portions; and these same groups have in many cases spread into Northern China, beyond the {231}usual dividing line of the Palæarctic and Oriental regions. The causes of such a phenomenon are not difficult to conceive. Even now, that portion of the Palæarctic region between Western Asia and Japan is, for the most part, a bleak and inhospitable region, abounding in desert plateaus, and with a rigorous climate even in its most favoured districts, and can, therefore, support but a scanty population of snakes, and of such groups of insects as require flowers, forests, or a considerable period of warm summer weather; and it is precisely these which are represented in Japan and North China by tropical forms. We must also consider, that during the Glacial epoch this whole region would have become still less productive, and that, as the southern limit of the ice retired northward, it would be followed up by many tropical forms along with such as had been driven south by its advance, and had survived to return to their northern homes.

It is also evident that Japan has a more equable and probably moister climate than the opposite shores of China, and has also a very different geological character, being rocky and broken, often volcanic, and supporting a rich, varied, and peculiar vegetation. It would thus be well adapted to support all the more hardy denizens of the tropics which might at various times reach it, while it might not be so well adapted for the more boreal forms from Mongolia or Siberia. The fact that a mixture of such forms occurs there, is then, little to be wondered at, but we may rather marvel that they are not more predominant, and that even in the extreme south, the most abundant forms of mammal, bird, and insect, are modifications of familiar Palæarctic types. The fact clearly indicates that the former land connections of Japan with the continent have been in a northerly rather than in a southerly direction, and that the tropical immigrants have had difficulties to contend with, and have found the land already fairly stocked with northern aborigines in almost every class and order of animals.

_General Conclusions as to the Fauna of the Palæarctic Region._--From the account that has now been given of the fauna {232}of the Palæarctic region, it is evident that it owes many of its deficiencies and some of its peculiarities to the influence of the Glacial epoch, combined with those important changes of physical geography which accompanied or preceded it. The elevation of the old Sarahan sea and the complete formation of the Mediterranean, are the most important of these changes in the western portion of the region. In the centre, a wide arm of the Arctic Ocean extended southward from the Gulf of Obi to the Aral and the Caspian, dividing northern Europe and Asia. At this time our European and Siberian sub-regions were probably more distinct than they are now, their complete fusion having been effected since the Glacial epoch. As we know that the Himalayas have greatly increased in altitude during the Tertiary period, it is not impossible that during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs the vast plateau of Central Asia was much less elevated and less completely cut off from the influence of rain-bearing winds. It might then have been far more fertile, and have supported a rich and varied animal population, a few relics of which we see in the Thibetan antelopes, yaks, and wild horses. The influence of yet earlier changes of physical geography, and the relations of the Palæarctic to the tropical regions immediately south of it, will be better understood when we have examined and discussed the faunas of the Ethiopian and Oriental regions.

{233}TABLES OF DISTRIBUTION.

In constructing these tables showing the distribution of various classes of animals in the Palæarctic region, the following sources of information have been chiefly relied on, in addition to the general treatises, monographs, and catalogues used in compiling the fourth part of this work.

_Mammalia._--Lord Clement's Mammalia and Reptiles of Europe; Siebold's Fauna Japonica; Père David's List of Mammalia of North China and Thibet; Swinhoe's Chinese Mammalia; Radde's List of Mammalia of South-Eastern Siberia; Canon Tristram's Lists for Sahara and Palestine; Papers by Professor Milne-Edwards, Mr. Blanford, Mr. Sclater, and the local lists given by Mr. A. Murray in the Appendix to his Geographical Distribution of Mammalia.

_Birds._--Blasius' List of Birds of Europe; Godman, On Birds of Azores, Madeira, and Canaries; Middendorf, for Siberia; Père David and Mr. Swinhoe, for China and Mongolia; Homeyer, for East Siberia; Mr. Blanford, for Persia and the high Himalayas; Mr. Elwes's paper on the Distribution of Asiatic Birds; Canon Tristram, for the Sahara and Palestine; Professor Newton, for Iceland and Greenland; Mr. Dresser, for Scandinavia; and numerous papers and notes in the Ibis; Journal für Ornithologie; Annals and Mag. of Nat. History; and Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

_Reptiles and Amphibia._--Schreiber's European Herpetology.

{234}TABLE I.

_FAMILIES OF ANIMALS INHABITING THE PALÆARCTIC REGION._

EXPLANATION.

Names in _italics_ show families peculiar to the region.

Names inclosed thus (......) barely enter the region, and are not
considered properly to belong to it.

Numbers are not consecutive, but correspond to those in Part IV.

---------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------
| Sub-regions |
| 1=Europe. |
Order and Family | 2=Mediterranean. | Range beyond the Region.
| 3=Siberian. |
| 4=Japan. |
---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------
| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. |
---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------
| | | | |
MAMMALIA. | | | | |
PRIMATES. | | | | |
3. Cynopithecidæ | | -- | | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental
| | | | |
CHIROPTERA. | | | | |
9. (Pteropidæ) | | | | -- |Tropics of E. Hemisphere
11. Rhinolophidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Warmer parts of E. Hemis.
12. Vespertilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
13. Noctilionidæ | | -- | | |Tropical regions
| | | | |
INSECTIVORA. | | | | |
15. Macroscelididæ | | -- | | |Ethiopian
17. Erinaceidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Oriental, S. Africa
21. Talpidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearctic, Oriental
22. Soricidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite, excl. Australia
| | | | | and S. America
| | | | |
CARNIVORA. | | | | |
23. Felidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian
25. Viverridæ | | -- | | |Ethiopian, Oriental
27. Hyænidæ | | -- | | |Ethiopian, Oriental
28. Canidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian
29. Mustelidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian
31. Æluridæ | | | | -- |Oriental
32. Ursidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearctic, Oriental, Andes
33. Otariidæ | | | | -- |N. and S. temperate zones
34. Trichechidæ | -- | | -- | |Arctic regions
35. Phocidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |N. and S. temperate zones
| | | | |
CETACEA. | | | | |
36 to 41. | | | | |Oceanic
| | | | |
SIRENIA. | | | | |
42. Manatidæ | -- | | -- | |Tropics, from Brazil to
| | | | | N. Australia
| | | | |
UNGULATA. | | | | |
43. Equidæ | | -- | -- | |Ethiopian
47. Suidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite, excl. Nearctic
| | | | | reg. and Australia
48. Camelidæ | | -- | -- | |Andes
50. Cervidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Ethiopian and
| | | | | Australian
52. Bovidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Neotropical and
| | | | | Australian
| | | | |
HYRACOIDÆ. | | | | |
54. (Hyracidæ) | | -- | | |Ethiopian family
| | | | |
RODENTIA. | | | | |
55. Muridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Almost Cosmopolite
56. Spalacidæ | -- | -- | -- | |Ethiopian, Oriental
57. Dipodidæ | | -- | -- | -- |Ethiopian, Nearctic
58. Myoxidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Ethiopian
60. Castoridæ | -- | | -- | |Nearctic
61. Sciuridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian
64. Octodontidæ | | -- | | |Abyssinia, Neotropical
67. Hystricidæ | | -- | | |Ethiopian, Oriental
69. Lagomyidæ | | | -- | |Nearctic
70. Leporidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian
| | | | |
BIRDS. | | | | |
PASSERES. | -- | -- | -- | -- |
1. Turdidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
2. Sylviidæ | | -- | | -- |Cosmopolite
3. Timaliidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
4. Panuridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearctic, Oriental
5. Cinclidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Oriental
6. Troglodytidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |American, Oriental
8. Certhiidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Oriental, Nearctic
9. Sittidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearctic, Oriental, Australian,
| | | | | Madagascar
10. Paridæ | -- | -- | | -- |Nearctic, Oriental, Australian
| | | | | [?]
13. Pycnonotidæ | | -- | | -- |Oriental, Ethiopian
14. Oriolidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
17. Muscicapidæ | | | | |Eastern Hemisphere
19. Laniidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Eastern Hemisphere and N.
| | | | | America
20. Corvidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
23. (Nectariniidæ) | | -- | | |Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
24. (Dicæidæ) | | | | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
29. Ampelidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearctic
30. Hirundinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
33. Fringillidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian
35. Sturnidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Eastern Hemisphere
37. Alaudidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Neotropical
38. Motacillidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
47. (Pittidæ) | | | | -- |Oriental, Australian, Ethiopian
| | | | |
PICARIÆ. | | | | |
51. Picidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian
52. Yungidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |N. W. India, N. E. Africa,
| | | | | S. Africa
58. Cuculidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Almost Cosmopolite
62. Coraciidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
63. Meropidæ | -- | -- | | |Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
67. Alcedinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
69. Upupidæ | | -- | | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental
73. Caprimulgidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
74. Cypselidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Almost Cosmopolite
| | | | |
COLUMBÆ. | | | | |
84. Columbidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
| | | | |
GALLINÆ. | | | | |
86. Pteroclidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Ethiopian, Indian
87. Tetraonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental
88. Phasianidæ | | -- | -- | -- |Oriental, Ethiopian, Nearctic
89. Turnicidæ | | -- | | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
| | | | |
ACCIPITRES. | | | | |
94. Vulturidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian
96. Falconidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
97. Pandionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
98. Strigidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
| | | | |
GRALLÆ. | | | | |
99. Rallidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
100. Scolopacidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
104. Glareolidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
105. Charadriidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
106. Otididæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
107. Gruidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Eastern Hemisphere, and
| | | | | N. America
113. Ardeidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
114. Plataleidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Almost Cosmopolite
115. Ciconiidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearly Cosmopolite
117. Phænicopteridæ | | -- | | |Neotropical, Ethiopian, Indian
| | | | |
ANSERES. | | | | |
118. Anatidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
119. Laridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
120. Procellariidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
121. Pelecanidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
123. Colymbidæ | -- | | -- | -- |Arctic and N. Temperate
124. Podicipidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
125. Alcidæ | -- | | -- | -- |N. Temperate zone
| | | | |
REPTILIA. | | | | |
OPHIDIA. | | | | |
1. Typhlopidæ | | -- | | -- |All regions but Nearctic
5. Calamariidæ | | -- | | |All other regions
6. Oligodontidæ | | | | -- |Oriental and Neotropical
7. Colubridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Almost Cosmopolite
8. Homalopsidæ | | -- | -- | -- |Oriental, and all other regions
9. Psammophidæ | | -- | | |Ethiopian and Oriental
18. Erycidæ | | -- | | |Oriental and Ethiopian
20. Elapidæ | | | | -- |Australian and all other
| | | | | regions
24. Crotalidæ | | | -- | -- |Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental
25. Viperidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental
| | | | |
LACERTILIA. | | | | |
26. _Trogonophidæ_ | | -- | | |
28. Amphisbænidæ | | -- | | |Ethiopian, Neotropical
30. Varanidæ | | -- | | |Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian
33. Lacertidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All continents but American
34. Zonuridæ | | -- | | |America, Africa, N. India
41. Gymnopthalmidæ | -- | -- | -- | |Ethiopian, Australian,
| | | | | Neotropical
45. Scincidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Almost Cosmopolite
46. _Ophiomoridæ_ | | -- | | |
47. Sepidæ | | -- | | |Ethiopian
49. Geckotidæ | | -- | -- | -- |Almost Cosmopolite
51. Agamidæ | | -- | -- | -- |All continents but America
52. Chamæleonidæ | | -- | | |Ethiopian, Oriental
| | | | |
CHELONIA. | | | | |
57. Testudinidæ | -- | -- | | -- |All continents but Australia
59. Trionychidæ | | | | -- |Ethiopian, Oriental, Nearctic
60. Cheloniidæ | | | | |Marine
| | | | |
AMPHIBIA. | | | | |
URODELA. | | | | |
3. Proteidæ | -- | | | |Nearctic
5. Menopomidæ | | | | -- |Nearctic
6. Salamandridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearctic to Andes of Bogota
| | | | |
ANOURA. | | | | |
10. Bufonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All continents but Australia
13. Bombinatoridæ | -- | -- | | |Neotropical, New Zealand
15. Alytidæ | -- | | | |All regions but Oriental
17. Hylidæ | -- | -- | -- | |All regions but Ethiopian
18. Polypedatidæ | | | -- | -- |All the regions
19. Ranidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Almost Cosmopolite
20. Discoglossidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Nearctic
| | | | |
FISHES (FRESH-WATER).| | | | |
ACANTHOPTERYGII. | | | | |
1. Gasterosteidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearctic
3. Percidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian
12. Scienidæ | -- | -- | | -- |All regions but Australian
26. _Comephoridæ_ | | | -- | |
37. Atherinidæ | -- | -- | | |N. America and Australia
| | | | |
PHYSOSTOMI. | | | | |
59. Siluridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All warm regions
65. Salmonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Nearctic, New Zealand
70. Esocidæ | -- | -- | | |Nearctic
71. Umbridæ | -- | | | |Nearctic
73. Cyprinodontidæ | | -- | | |All regions but Australia
75. Cyprinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |All regions but Australian and
| | | | | Neotropical
| | | | |
GANOIDEI. | | | | |
96. Accipenseridæ | -- | -- | -- | |Nearctic
97. Polydontidæ | | | | -- |Nearctic
| | | | |
INSECTS. | | | | |
LEPIDOPTERA (PART). | | | | |
DURINI (BUTTERFLIES).| | | | |
1. Danaidæ | -- | -- | | -- |All tropical regions
2. Satyridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
8. Nymphalidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
9. Libytheidæ | -- | -- | | |All continents but Australia
10. Nemeobeidæ | -- | | | |Absent from Nearctic region and
| | | | | Australia
13. Lycænidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
14. Pieridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
15. Papilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
16. Hesperidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
| | | | |
SPHINGIDEA. | | | | |
17. Zygænidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
21. Stygiidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Neotropical
22. Ægeriidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Absent only from Australia
23. Sphingidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Cosmopolite
---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------

COLEOPTERA.--Of about 80 families into which the Coleoptera are divided, all the more important are cosmopolite, or nearly so. It would therefore unnecessarily occupy space to give tables of the whole for each region.

LAND SHELLS.--The more important families being cosmopolite, and the smaller ones being somewhat uncertain in their limits, the reader is referred to the account of the families and genera under each region, and to the chapter on Mollusca in the concluding part of this work, for such information as can be given of their distribution.

{239}TABLE II.

_LIST OF THE GENERA OF TERRESTIAL MAMMALIA AND BIRDS INHABITING THE PALÆARCTIC REGION._

EXPLANATION.

Names in _italics_ show genera peculiar to the region.

Names inclosed thus (...) show genera which just enter the region, but
are not considered properly to belong to it.

Genera which undoubtedly belong to the region are numbered consecutively.

_MAMMALIA._

-------------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------
Order, Family, and | No. of| Range within | Range beyond
Genus. |Species| the Region. | the Region.
-------------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------
| | |
PRIMATES. | | |
SEMNOPITHECIDÆ. | | |
| | |
(Semnopithecus | 1 |Eastern Thibet) |Oriental genus
| | |
CYNOPITHECIDÆ. | | |
| | |
1. Macacus | 4 |Gibraltar, N. Africa, |Oriental
| | E. Thibet to Japan |
| | |
CHIROPTERA. | | |
PTEROPIDÆ. | | |
| | |
(Pteropus | 2 |Egypt, Japan) |Tropics of the E. .
| | | Hemis
(Xantharpyia | 1 |N. Africa, Palestine) |Oriental, Austro-
| | | Malayan
| | |
RHINOLOPHIDÆ. | | |
| | |
2. Rhinolphus | 9 |Temperate & Southern |Warmer parts E.
| | parts of Region | Hemisphere
(Asellia | 1 |Egypt) |Ethiopian, Java
(_Rhinopoma_ | 1 |Egypt, Palestine) |[?] India
(Nycteris | 1 |Egypt) |Nubia, Himalaya
| | |
VESPERTILIONIDÆ. | | |
| | |
3. Vesperugo | 1 |Siberia, Amoorland |[?]
4. _Otonycteris_ | 1 |Egypt |[?]
5. Vespertilio | 35 |The whole region |Cosmopolite
(Kerivoula | 1 |N. China) |Oriental, S. Africa
6. Miniopteris | 1 |S. Europe, N. Africa, |S. Afric. Malaya,
| | Japan | Austral.
7. Plecotus | 1 |S. Europe |Himalayas
8. Barbastellus | 2 |Mid. and S. Europe, |Darjeeling, Timor
| | Palestine |
| | |
NOCTILIONIDÆ. | | |
| | |
9. Molossus | 2 |S. Europe, N. Africa |Ethiop., Neotrop.,
| | | Australian
| | |
INSECTIVORA. | | |
ERINACEIDÆ. | | |
| | |
10. Erinaceus | 4 |The whole region; excl.|Oriental, Africa.
| | Japan |
| | |
TALPIDÆ. | | |
| | |
11. _Talpa_ | 5 |The whole region |N. India
12. _Scaptochirus_ | 1 |N. China |
13. _Anurosorex_ | 1 |N. China |
14. _Scaptonyx_ | 1 |N. China |
15. _Myogale_ | 2 |S. E. Russia, Pyrenees |
16. _Nectogale_ | 1 |Thibet |
17. Urotrichus | 1 |Japan |N. W. America
18. _Uropsilus_ | 1 |E. Thibet |
| | |
SORICIDÆ. | | |
| | |
19. Sorex | 10 |The whole region |Absent from Australia
| | | & S. America
20. Crocidura | 4 |W. Europe to N. China | [?]
| | |
CARNIVORA. | | |
FELIDÆ. | | |
| | |
21. Felis | 12 |The whole region; excl.|All regions but
| | extreme North | Austral.
22. Lyncus | 9 |S. Europe to Arctic sea|America N. of 66° N.
| | | Lat.
| | |
VIVERRIDÆ. | | |
| | |
(Viverra | 1 |N. China) |Oriental and Ethiopian
23. Genetta | 1 |S. Europe & N. Africa, |Ethiopian
| | Palestine |
(Herpestes | 1 |N. Africa, Spain [?], |Oriental and Ethiopian
| | Palestine) |
| | |
HYÆNIDÆ. | | |
| | |
24. Hyæna | 1 |N. Africa and S. W. |Ethiopian, India
| | Asia |
| | |
CANIDÆ. | | |
| | |
25. Canis | 4 |The whole region |All reg. but Austral.
| | | [?]
26. _Nyctereutes_ | 1 |Japan, Amoorland, N. |
| | China |
| | |
MUSTELIDÆ. | | |
| | |
27. Martes | 7 |N. Europe and Asia, E. |Oriental, Nearctic
| | Thibet |
28. _Putorius_ | 3 |W. Europe to N. E. Asia|
29. Mustela | 10 |The whole region |Nearctic, Ethiop.,
| | | Himalayas, Peru
30. Vison | 2 |Europe and Siberia |N. America, N. India,
| | | China
31. Gulo | 1 |The Arctic regions |Arctic America
32. Lutra | 2 |The whole region |Oriental
33. _Lutronectes_ | 1 |Japan |
34. Enhydris | 1 |N. Asia and Japan |California
35. _Meles_ | 2 |Cen. Europe, Palestine,|China to Hongkong
| | N. China, Japan |
| | |
ÆLURIDÆ. | | |
| | |
36. Ælurus | 1 |S. E. Thibet |Nepal
37. _Æluropus_ | 1 |E. Thibet |
| | |
URSIDÆ. | | |
| | |
38. Thalassarctos | 1 |Arctic regions |Arctic America
39. Ursus | 4 |The whole region |Oriental, Nearctic,
| | | Chili
| | |
OTARIIDÆ. | | |
| | |
40. Callorhinus | 1 |Kamschatka and |
| | Behring's Straits |
41. Zalophus | 1 |Japan |California
42. Eumetopias | 1 |Japan, Behring's |California
| | Straits |
| | |
TRICHECHIDÆ. | | |
| | |
43. Trichechus | 1 |Polar Seas |Arctic America
| | |
PHOCIDÆ. | | |
| | |
44. Callocephalus | 3 |North Sea, Caspian, |Greenland
| | Lake Baikal |
45. Pagomys | 2 |North Sea, Japan |N. Pacific
46. Pagophilus | 2 |Northern Seas |N. Pacific
47. Phoca | 2 |Northern Seas |N. Pacific
48. Halichærus | 1 |North Sea and Baltic |Greenland
49. _Pelagius_ | 2 |Madeira to Black Sea |
50. Cystophora | 2 |N. Atlantic |N. Atlantic
| | |
SIRENIA. | | |Tropics & Behring's
| | | Strts.
| | |
CETACEA. | | |Oceanic
| | |
UNGULATA. | | |
EQUIDÆ. | | |
| | |
51. Equus | 4 |Cent. and W. Asia & N. |Ethiopian
| | Africa |
| | |
SUIDÆ. | | |
| | |
52. Sus | 2 |The whole region |Oriental, Austro-
| | | Malayan
| | |
CAMELIDÆ. | | |
| | |
53. _Camelus_ | 2 |Deserts of Cent. and W.|
| | Asia and N. Africa |
| | |
CERVIDÆ. | | |
| | |
54. Alces | 1 |North Europe and Asia |N. America
55. Tarandus | 1 |Arctic Europe and Asia |Arctic America
56. Cervus | 8 |The whole region |All regions but
| | | Austral.
57. _Dama_ | 1 |Mediterranean district |
58. _Elaphodus_ | 1 |N. W. China |
59. _Lophotragus_ | 1 |N. China |
60. _Capreolus_ | 2 |Temp. Europe and W. |
| | Asia and N. China |
61. _Moschus_ | 1 |Amoor R., N. China, to |
| | Himalayas |
62. _Hydropotes_ | 1 |N. China |
| | |
BOVIDÆ. | | |
| | |
63. { Bos | 1 |Europe, (not wild) |Oriental
64. { Bison | 1 |Poland and Caucasus |Nearctic
65. { _Poephagus_ | 1 |Thibet |
66. _Addax_ | 1 |N. Africa to Syria |
67. Oryx | 1 |N. Africa to Syria |Ethiopian deserts
68. { Gazella | 12 |N. Africa to Persia, |S. Africa, India
{ | | and Beloochistan |
69. { _Procapra_ | 2 |W. Thibet and Mongolia |
70. {_Saiga_ | 1 |E. Europe and W. Asia |
71. {_Pantholops_ | 1 |W. Thibet |
(Alcephalus | 1 |Syria) |Ethiopian genus.
72. _Budorcas_ | 2 |E. Himalayas to E. |
| | Thibet |
73. _Rupicapra_ | 2 |Pyrenees to Caucasus |
74. Nemorhedus | 7 |E. Himalayas to E. |Oriental to Sumatra,
| | China and Japan | Formosa
75. Capra | 20 |Spain to Thibet and |Nilgherries, Rocky
| | N.E. Africa | Mtns.
| | |
HYRACOIDEA. | | |
HYRACIDÆ. | | |
| | |
(Hyrax | 1 |Syria) |Ethiopian genus
| | |
RODENTIA. | | |
MURIDÆ. | | |
| | |
76. Mus |?15 |The whole region |E. Hemisphere
77. _Cricetus_ | 9 |The whole region |
78. _Cricetulus_ | 3 |N. China |
79. Meriones | 8 |W. and Central Asia to |Ethiopian, Indian.
| | N. China, N. Africa |
80. _Rhombomys_ | 6 |E. Europe, Cent. Asia, |
| | N. Africa |
81. _Psammomys_ | 3 |Egypt and Palestine |
82. _Sminthus_ | 3 |East Europe, Siberia |
83. Arvicola |?21 |The whole region |Himalayas, Nearctic
84. Cuniculus | 1 |N. E. Europe, Siberia |Arctic America
85. Myodes | 1 |North of region |Nearctic
86. _Myospalax_ | 3 |Altai Mountains and N. |
| | China |
| | |
SPALACIDÆ. | | |
| | |
87. _Ellobius_ | 1 |S. Russia and S. W. |
| | Siberia |
88. _Spalax_ | 1 |Hungary and Greece to |
| | W. Asia, Palestine |
| | |
DIPODIDÆ. | | |
| | |
89. Dipus |?15 |S. E. Europe and N. |Africa, India
| | Africa to N. China |
| | |
MYOXIDÆ. | | |
| | |
90. Myoxus | 12 |Temperate parts of |Ethiopian
| | whole region |
| | |
CASTORIDÆ. | | |
| | |
91. Castor | 1 |Temperate zone, from |N. America
| | France to Amoorland |
| | |
SCIURIDÆ. | | |
| | |
92. Sciurus | 8 |The whole region |All regions but
| | | Austral.
92a. Tamias | 1 |All Northern Asia |N. America
93. Sciuropterus | 4 |Finland to Siberia and |Oriental, Nearctic
| | Japan |
94. Pteromys | 3 |Japan and W. China |Oriental
95. Spermophilus | 10 |E. Europe to N. China |Nearctic
| | and Kamschatka |
96. Arctomys. | 4 |Alps to E. Thibet and |Nearctic
| | Kamschatka |
| | |
OCTODONTIDÆ. | | |
| | |
97._Ctenodactylus_ | 1 |N. Africa |
| | |
HYSTRICIDÆ. | | |
| | |
98. Hystrix | 2 |S. Europe, Palestine, |Ethiopian, Oriental
| | N. China. |
| | |
LAGOMYIDÆ. | | |
| | |
99. Lagomys | 10 |Volga to E. Thibet and |Nearctic
| | Kamschatka |
| | |
LEPORIDÆ. | | |
| | |
100. Lepus | 12 |The whole region |All regions but
| | | Austral.

_BIRDS._