The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 1

Chapter XXXIV: Part III: Zoological Geography (14)

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_Peculiar or very Characteristic Genera of Wading and Swimming Birds._

{489}INDEX TO VOL. I.

NOTE.--In this Index the names in Italics all refer to fossil genera or families mentioned in Part II. The systematic names of genera and families occurring in almost every page of Part III. are not given, as they would unnecessarily swell the Index; but they can be readily referred to by the Class or Order, or by the Geographical Division (Region or Sub-region) under which they occur. They will, however, all be found in the General Index, with a reference to the page (in Vol. II., Part IV.) where a systematic account of their distribution is given.

Aardvark of East Africa, figure of, 261

_Accipitres_, European Eocene, 163

Accipitres, classification of, 97
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 312
range of Oriental genera of, 385
range of Australian genera of, 484

_Acerotherium_, European Miocene, 119
N. American Tertiary, 136

_Achænodon_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Acotherium_, European Eocene, 126

_Adapis_, European Eocene, 125

_Ælurogale_, European Eocene, 125

_Æpyornis_, of Madagascar, 164

_Æshna_, from the Lias, 167

_Agnopterus_, European Eocene, 163

_Agriochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Agrion_, from the Lias, 167

_Alcephalus_, Indian Miocene, 122

Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, 289

_Aletornis_, N. American Eocene, 163

Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, 111

Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, 61
objections to his system of circumpolar zones, 67
objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, 68

Altai mountains, fossils in caves, 111

_Amblyrhiza_, Pliocene of Antilles, 148

America, recent separation of North and South, 40
extinct mammalia of, 129
North, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 129

_Amomys_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Amphechinus_, European Miocene, 117

Amphibia, means of dispersal of, 28
classification of, 100
peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of Siberian sub-region, 220

Amphibia, of the Manchurian sub-region, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 237
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of West Africa, 264
South African, 268
of Madagascar, 280
table of Ethiopian families of, 298
of the Oriental region, 317
of the Indian sub-region, 326
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340
table of Oriental families of, 369
of the Australian region, 397
resemblances of Australian and South-American, 400
of New Guinea, 416
of New Zealand, 457

_Amphibos_, Indian Miocene, 122

_Amphicyon_, European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Tertiary, 134

_Amphimericidæ_, European Miocene, 119

_Amphimoschus_, European Miocene, 120

_Amphisorex_, European Miocene, 118

_Amphitragulus_, European Miocene, 120

_Anastoma_, European Tertiary, 169

_Anchilophus_, European Eocene, 125

_Anchippodus_, N. American Eocene, 139

_Anchippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135

_Anchitheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, 135

_Anchitherium_, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 135

Ancient fauna of New Zealand, 459

_Ancylotherium_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121

Andaman Islands, zoology of, 333
probable past history of, 334

_Andreas_, European Miocene, 165

Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, 85

Animals, development of, affecting distribution, 7
dispersal and migration of, 10
rapid multiplication of, 10 {490}

_Anisacodon_, N. American Tertiary, 137

Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428

_Anoplotheriidæ_, European Miocene, 119

_Anoplotherium_, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 126
S. American Eocene, 148

Anseres, arrangement of, 98
peculiar Palæarctic genera, 250
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313
peculiar Australian genera of, 485

Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, 122
birthplace and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182

_Antelotherium_, Indian Miocene, 122

_Anthracotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Anthracotherium_, European Miocene, 110

_Antiacodon_, N. American Tertiary, 133

Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, 148

_Antilope_, Post-Pliocene, 112
in Brazilian caves, 144

Antiquity of the genera of insects, 166
of the genera of land and freshwater shells, 168

_Aphanapteryx_ of Mauritius, 164

_Aphelotherium_, European Eocene, 125

_Aquila_, European Miocene, 161

_Archæopteryx_, Bavarian Oolite, 163

Arctic zone not a separate region, 68

_Arctocyon_, European Eocene, 125

_Arctodus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

_Arctomys_, European Pliocene, 113

_Arctotherium_ in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146

Argus pheasant, figure of, 339
peculiarity, in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's
views, 340

_Artiodactyla_, European Eocene, 126
N. American Tertiary, 137
S. American Pliocene, 146

_Arvicola_, European Pliocene, 113
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
S. American Eocene, 148

_Auchena_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

Auckland Islands, birds of, 455

Australia, physical features of, 387

Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, 398

Australian region, description of, 387
zoological characteristics of, 390
mammalia of, 390
birds of, 391
reptiles of, 396
amphibia of, 397
fresh-water fish of, 397
summary of vertebrata of, 397
supposed land-connection of with S. America, 398
insects of, 403
lepidoptera of, 404
coleoptera of, 405
land shells of, 407
sub-regions of, 408
early history of, 465

Australian sub-region, mammalia of, 438
illustration of mammalia of, 439
birds of, 440
illustration of fauna of, 441

Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, 388
zoology of, 409

Aye-aye, figure of, 278

Azores, visited by European birds, 17
birds of, 207
butterflies of, 207
beetles of, 207, 209
peculiarly modified birds of, 207
stragglers to, 208
how stocked with animal life, 208

Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428

Badger, figure of, 195

_Balæna_, European Pliocene, 112

_Balænodon_, European Pliocene, 112

Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, 230

Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution,
356

Barriers, as affecting distribution, 6
permanence of, as affecting distribution, 7
to the dispersal of birds, 17

Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, 228
on Longicorns of Japan, 230

_Bathmodon_, N. American Tertiary, 136

_Bathrodon_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Batrachia_, Tertiary, 165

Bats, powers of flight of, 15
classification of, 87
of New Zealand, 450

Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, 291

Beaver, N. American Tertiary, 140

Beetles, families selected for study, 103
from the Lias, 167
of Azores, 207
of Japan, 228

_Belemnoziphius_, European Pliocene, 112

Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch,
218
on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, 466

Birds, means of dispersal of, 15
dispersal of by winds, 16
American, found in Europe, 16
reaching the Azores, 17
barriers to dispersal of, 17
limited by forests, 17
classification of, 93
Miocene of Greece, 116
extinct, 160
fossil of Palæarctic region, 161
European of Miocene period, 161
Eocene of Europe, 162
relations of, 162
extinct of North America, 163
recently extinct in New Zealand, 164
Cretaceous of N. America, 164
remains of in Brazilian caves, 164
recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 164
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
numerous genera, Palæarctic, 183
of the European sub-region, 193
northern range of in Europe, 193
of the zone of pine forests, 194
of Iceland, 198
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 203
of Malta, 206 (_note_)
of Azores, 207
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of Siberian sub-region, 219
Oriental found in Siberia, 219
extreme northern Asiatic, 219
of northern Asiatic forests, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 223
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224
Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224 {491}
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 235
of West Africa, 243
list of Palæarctic genera of, 243
of the Ethiopian region, 253
of the East African sub-region, 260
S. African, 267
genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, 275
common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, 276
species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, 277
table of Ethiopian families of, 295
table of Ethiopian genera of, 306
of the Oriental region, 316
of the Indian sub-region, 323
Oriental genera of in Central India, 324
Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, 325
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330
of Indo-Malayan sub-region, 337
illustration of peculiar Malayan, 339
of the Philippine Islands, 346
table of Oriental families of, 366
table of Oriental genera of, 375
of Australian region, 391
specially organized Australian families of, 392
of the Papuan Islands, 410
peculiarities of, 413
brilliant colours of, 413
remarkable forms of, 414
of the Moluccas, 418
peculiarities of, 421
of Timor group, 423
of Celebes, 428
of Australia, 440
of New Zealand, 451
peculiar to New Zealand, 452
of Norfolk Island, 453
of Lord Howe's Island, 453
of the Chatham Islands, 454
of the Auckland Islands, 455
table of families of Australian, 471
table of genera of Australian, 478

Black ape of Celebes, 427

Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, 60
on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321

_Blapsidium_, Oolitic insect, 167

Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, 60
on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321

Borneo, probable recent changes in, 357

_Bos_, Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 122

Bourbon, zoology of, 280
reptiles of, 281

_Bovidæ_, European Miocene, 120

_Brachymys_, European Miocene, 120

_Bramatherium_, Miocene of Perim Island, 122

Brazilian cave-fauna, 143
remarks on, 145

_Breyeria borinensis_, carboniferous insect, 168

Britain, peculiar species in, 197

British Isles, zoology of, 197

Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, 340

_Brontotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Brontotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Bubo_, European Miocene, 162

_Bulimus_, Eocene, 169

_Bunælurus_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Buprestidium_, Oolitic insect, 167

Butterflies, arrangement of, 103
Palæarctic, 187
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of Azores, 207
peculiar to Siberian sub-region, 220
of Japan and North China, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
number of Ethiopian species, 256
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342
of the Australian region, 404
of the Austro-Malay sub-region, 404
of the Moluccas, 419
of Celebes, peculiarities of, 434
of New Zealand, 457

_Cadurcotherium_, European Eocene, 125

_Cælodon_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Cælogenys_, in Brazilian caves, 144

_Cænopithecus_, European Eocene, 124

_Cainotherium_, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126

_Calamodon_, N. American Eocene, 139

_Callithrix_ in Brazilian caves, 184

Canaries, birds of, 208
beetles of, 209

_Canidæ_, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 134
remarkable S. African, 267

_Canis_, European Pliocene, 112
Post-Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 134, 135
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146

Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, 122
birth-place and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182

_Camelidæ_, essentially extra-tropical, 112
N. American Tertiary, 138

_Camelopardalis_, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 122

_Camelotherium_, S. American Pliocene, 147

Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and of, 266

Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, 214

Cape-hare, S. African, 267

_Cardiodus_, S. American Pliocene, 147

_Cariama_, Brazilian caves, 164

_Carnivora_ of European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 134
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146

Carnivora, classification of, 88
antiquity of, 153
of the Palæarctic region, 182
list of Palæarctic genera of, 240
list of Ethiopian genera of, 302
range of Oriental genera of, 373
list of Australian genera of, 476

Caroline Islands, birds of, 444

_Carterodon_ in Brazilian caves, 145

Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, 85 {492}
Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, 88

_Castor_, European Pliocene, 113
European Miocene, 120

_Casoryx_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Cathartes_, Brazilian caves, 164

Cave-fauna of Brazil, 143

_Cavia_, European Miocene, 121
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Cebochoerus_, European Eocene, 126

_Cebus_ in Brazilian caves, 144

Celebes, physical features of, 389
mammalia of, 426
birds of, 428
insects of, 434
origin of fauna of, 436

_Centetidæ_, European Miocene, 118

Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, 397

_Cercolabes_ in Brazilian caves, 145

_Cercopithecus_ in European Pliocene, 112

_Cervidæ_, European Miocene, 120
birth-place and migrations of, 155

_Cervus_, European Pliocene, 113
Indian Pliocene and Miocene, 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Cetacea_, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 140

Cetacea, classification of, 89
range of Oriental genus, 374

Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, 327

Ceylonese sub-region, 326
mammalia of, 327
birds of, 327
reptiles of, 327
amphibia of, 327
insects of, 327
past history of, as indicated by its fauna, 328

_Chalicomys_, European Pliocene, 113

_Chalicotherium_, European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
fossil in N. China, 123

_Chamæleo_, N. American Eocene, 165

Chamois, figure of, 195

Chatham Islands, birds of, 454

Chelonia, classification of, 100

_Chelydra_, European Pliocene, 165

Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, 336

Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, 63

China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European
Miocene, 362
North, mammalia of, 222

_Chinchillidæ_ in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Pliocene of Antilles, 148

Chiroptera, classification of, 87
list of Palæarctic genera of, 239
list of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
list of Australian genera of, 475

_Chiroptera_, European Eocene, 125
in Brazilian caves, 144

_Chlamydotherium_ in Brazilian caves, 145

_Choeromorus_, European Miocene, 119

_Choeropotamus_, European Eocene, 126

_Choerotherium_, Indian Miocene, 122

_Choneziphius_, European Pliocene, 112

Chough, Alpine, figure of, 195

Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, 67

Classification as affecting the study of distribution, 83

_Clausilia_, Eocene, 169

Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, 11
gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, 41

Coleoptera, families selected for study, 103
Palæarctic, 188
number of Palæarctic species, 189
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of the Ethiopian region, 256
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 282, 283
of the Oriental region, 319
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342
of the Australian region, 405
affinity of Australian and South American, 406, 407
of Celebes, 435
of New Zealand, 457

_Collocalia_, European Miocene, 161

_Colobus_, European Miocene, 117

_Colonoceras_, N. American Tertiary, 136

_Colossochelys_ of Indian Miocene, 123, 165

Columbæ, classification of, 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 384
range of Australian genera of, 485

Comoro islands, zoology of, 281

Continents, distribution of, 37
recent changes of, 38

Continental extension in Mesozoic times, 156

_Corvus_, European Miocene, 161

_Coryphodon_, European Eocene, 126

Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, 175

_Cricetodon_, European Miocene, 120

_Cricetus_, European Pliocene, 113

Crocodiles, Eocene, 165

Crocodilia, classification of, 100

Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, 456

Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, 209

Crowned-pigeon, figure of, 415

_Cryptornis_, European Eocene, 163

_Ctenomys_, S. American Pliocene, 147

Cuba, extinct mammalia of, 148

_Curculionidium_, Oolitic insect, 167

_Cyclostoma_, Eocene, 169

_Cyllo sepulta_, European Cretaceous, 167

_Cynælurus_, in Brazilian caves, 144

Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, 427

_Cyotherium_, European Eocene, 125

_Daptophilus_, N. American Tertiary, 134

Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous
insects in Madeira, 211
on the relation of flowers and insects, 463

_Dasyprocta_, European Miocene, 121
in Brazilian caves, 144

_Dasypus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Dasyurus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, 221, 222
on birds of N. China, 226

Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, 138 {493}
Palæarctic, 182
probable cause of absence of from tropical Africa, 291

_Delphinus_, European Pliocene, 112

_Dendrocygna_, European Miocene, 162

Desman of S. Russia, figure of, 219

_Diceratherium_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Dichobune_, European Eocene, 126

_Dicotyles_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 137
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
birthplace and migrations of, 155

_Dicrocerus_, European Miocene, 120

_Didelphys_, European Eocene, 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145

_Dididæ_, 164

_Dinocerata_, N. American Tertiary, 139

_Dinoceras_, N. American Eocene, 139

_Dinornis_, allied form in European Eocene, 163
of New Zealand and Australia, 164

_Dinornithidæ_ of New Zealand, 164

_Dinotherium_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Miocene of Perim Island, 123

_Dinyctis_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Dinylus_, European Miocene, 117

_Diplacodon_, N. American Tertiary, 136

_Diprotodon_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

Dispersal of animals, 10
of mammalia, 10
of reptiles and amphibia, 28

Distribution, affected by climate, 5
affected by physical features, 5
contrasts of, in similar climates, 5
similarities of, in diverse climates, 6
barriers as affecting, 6
study of, dependent on a good classification, 83
of animals an adjunct to geology, 8
of animals requires certain preliminary studies, 8
of animals dependent on physical geography, 35
of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, 40
of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, 43
of animals, as affected by organic changes, 44
of animals, hypothetical illustration of, 46
of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, 49
of animals, problems in, 51
of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, 42

Dodo of Mauritius, 282

_Dolichopterus_, European Miocene, 162

_Dommina_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Dorcatherium_, European Miocene, 120

_Dremotherium_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120

Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, 193

_Dromatherium_, N. American Triassic, 134
oldest American mammal, 160

Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, 340
_opithecus_, European Miocene, 117

East Africa, geographical features of, 258
wide range of genera and species over, 259
few special types in, 260

East African sub-region, description of, 258
genera and species ranging over the whole of, 259
mammalia of, 260
birds of, 260
reptiles of, 260
amphibia and fishes of, 260
insects of, 260
few peculiar types in, 260
illustration of zoology of, 261

East Australia, peculiar birds of, 440

East Thibet, mammalia of, 222

Eaton, Rev. A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, 211

_Echimyidæ_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Echinogale_, European Miocene, 118

_Ectognathus_, N. American Eocene, 139

_Edentata_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Pliocene, 140
of Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

Edentata, classification of, 90
probable birthplace of, 155
range of Ethiopian genera of, 305
range of Oriental genus of, 375

Elephants, fossil of Indian Miocene, 123
fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, 130
birthplace and migrations of, 155

Elephant shrews, S. African, 267

_Elephas_, Post-Pliocene, 112
fossil in N. China, 123
N. American Tertiary, 138

Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, 415

_Elornis_, European Miocene, 162

_Elotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 137, 139

Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, 204
on true relations of the birds of Central India, 323

_Embasis_, N. American Tertiary, 134

Emu, figure of, 441

_Emys_, Indian Miocene, 123
Miocene and Eocene, 165

_Emydida_, Indian Miocene, 123

_Enhydrion_, Indian Miocene, 121

_Eobasileus_, N. American Eocene, 139

Eocene period, 124
fauna of S. America, 148

_Ephemera_, from the Lias, 167

_Eporeodon_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Equidæ_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Eocene, 125

_Equus_, European Pliocene, 112
Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146

_Ereptodon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

_Erinaceus_, European Miocene, 117

_Erythromachus_ of Rodriguez, 164

_Esthonyx_, N. American Eocene, 139

Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, 63
defined, 73
subdivisions of, 73
general features of, 251 {494}
zoological characteristics of, 252
mammalia of, 253
great speciality of, 253
birds of, 253
reptiles of, 254
amphibia of, 255
fresh-water fish of, 255
summary of vertebrates of, 255
insects of, 255
coleoptera of, 256
terrestrial mollusca of, 257
sub-regions of, 258
Atlantic islands of, 269
the probable past history of, 285
tables of distribution of animals of, 293

_Eumys_, N. American Tertiary, 140

_Euphractus_, S. American Pliocene, 147

Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, 39
Miocene fauna of Central, 117
Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa,
124

European sub-region, description of, 191
forests of, 192
mammalia of, 192
birds of, 193
reptiles and amphibia of, 195
fresh-water fish of, 196
insects of, 196
islands of, 197

Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, 278

_Eurydon_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Eurytherium_, European Eocene, 126

_Eutatus_, S. American Pliocene, 147

_Eutelodon_, European Eocene, 126

_Eutemnodus_, S. American Eocene, 148

Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, 126
mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, 140
mammalia of the Antilles, 148
mammalia of Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, 148
fauna of New Zealand, 459

Extinction of large animals, causes of, 158

Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, 230
of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, 231
extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, 282
Malayan, probable origin of, 359
Moluccan, peculiarities of, 419
Timorese, origin of, 422
of Celebes, origin of, 436
of New Zealand, origin of, 460

_Felis spelæa_, 110

_Felis_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
in Brazilian caves, 144

Fernando Po, zoological features of, 265

Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, 443

Fishes, means of dispersal of, 29
classification of, 101
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
of the Palæarctic region, 186
of the European sub-region, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of South Africa, 268
fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, 298
fresh-water, of the Oriental region, 318
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, 341
fresh-water, table of Oriental families of, 369
fresh-water, of the Australian region, 397
fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, 400
how the transmission may have taken place, 401
fresh-water, of New Zealand, 457

Flamingoes, European Miocene, 162

Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, 462
fossil, of Australia, 467

Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, 85
classification of carnivora, 87

Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, 337

Flying Opossum, figure of, 442

Formosa, zoology of, 332

Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, 192
Siberian, greatest extent of, 216

Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, 463

_Galecynus_, in European Pliocene, 112

_Galera_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

_Galeospalax_, European Miocene, 118

_Galeotherium_, Post-Pliocene, 111

_Galethylax_, European Eocene, 125

_Galictis_, in Brazilian caves, 144

Gallinæ, classification of, 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 384
range of Australian genera of, 485

_Gallus_, Miocene of Greece, 116

_Gallus bravardi_, European Pliocene, 161

_Gastornis_, European Eocene, 163

Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, 132

Geological history of Oriental region, 362

Gibraltar, cave fauna of, 114

Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, 40
as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones,
since Pliocene times, 151
probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, 151
causing a general subsidence of the ocean, 152

_Glandina_, Eocene, 169

_Glossotherium_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Glyptodon_, S. American Pliocene, 147

_Gnathopsis_, S. American Pliocene, 147

Goats, Palæarctic, 182

Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, 207

Golden Moles, S. African, 267

_Graculavus_, N. American Cretaceous, 164

Grallæ, arrangement of, 97
peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, 249
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313
peculiar Oriental genera of, 386 {495}
peculiar Australian genera of, 484

Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, 88

Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, 115
summary of Miocene fauna of, 116

Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, 184

Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, 446

Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, 98
his classification of fishes, 101
on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, 289
on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, 329

Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, 460

Habitat, definition of, 4

Hainan, zoology of, 334

_Halcyornis_, European Eocene, 103

_Halitherium_, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119

_Helladotherium_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120

Hatteria of New Zealand, 456

Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, 331

_Helix_, Eocene, 169

_Hemibos_, Indian Miocene, 122

_Hemicyon_, European Miocene, 118

_Herpetotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 134

_Hesperomys_, N. American Tertiary, 140
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Hesperornis_, N. American Cretaceous, 164

_Heterodon_, in Brazilian caves, 145

_Hexaprotodon_, Indian Miocene, 122

Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, 158

Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, 329, 333

_Hipparion_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135

_Hippopotamus_, Post-Pliocene, 112
Europe in Pliocene, 113
Indian Pliocene, 122

_Hipposyus_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Hippotherium_, European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122

_Hippotragus_, European Miocene, 120

_Homalodontotherium_, S. American Pliocene, 146

_Homalophus_, European Miocene, 161

_Homocamelus_, N. American Tertiary, 138

Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, 392

Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, 464

_Hoplocetus_, European Pliocene, 112

_Hoplophoneus_, N. American Tertiary, 134

Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, 121
perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, 136
probable birthplace of, 154

Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, 461

Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, 59
division of animal kingdom by, 85

_Hyæna_, Post-Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
fossil in N. China, 123

_Hyænarctos_ in European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
S. American Pliocene, 146

_Hyænictis_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118

_Hyænidæ_, European Miocene, 118

_Hyænodon_, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 134

_Hyænodontidæ_, European Miocene, 118

_Hydrochoerus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

_Hydrornis_, European Miocene, 162

_Hyohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135

_Hyomoschus_, European Miocene, 120

_Hyopotamus_, European Miocene, 119
N. American Tertiary, 137

_Hyopsodus_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Hyotherium_, European Miocene, 119

_Hypertragulus_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Hypisodus_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Hypsiprymnus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

_Hyrachyus_, N. American Tertiary, 136

_Hyracodon_, N. American Tertiary, 136

_Hyracoidea_, classification of, 90
Palæarctic, 242
Ethiopian, 304

_Hyracotherium_, supposed, in European Eocene, 125
European Eocene, 126

_Hystrix_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
N. American Tertiary, 140

_Ibidipodia_, European Miocene, 162

Ibidorhynchus, figure of, 331

Iceland, zoology of, 198

_Icthyornis_, N. American Cretaceous, 164

_Icticyon_ in Brazilian caves, 144

_Ictitherium_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118

_Ictops_, N. American Tertiary, 133

India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, 123
geological features of, 328

Indian, sub-region, description of, 321
supposed relation to Ethiopian region, 321
mammalia of, 322
birds of, 323
reptiles and amphibia of, 326

Indo-Chinese, sub-region, description of, 329
zoological characteristics of, 330
illustration of, 331
reptiles of, 331
amphibia of, 331
insects of, 332
islands belonging to, 333

Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, 334
mammalia of, 336
illustrations of, 336, 339
birds of, 337
remote geographical relations of, 339
reptiles and amphibia of, 340
fishes of, 341
insects of, 341
coleoptera of, 342
terrestrial mollusca of, 343
zoological relations of islands of, 345
recent geographical changes in, 357
probable origin of fauna of, 359

Insects, means of dispersal of, 32
tenacity of life of, 33 {496}
adapted to special conditions, 33
groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, 102
antiquity of the genera of, 166
fossil of European Miocene, 166
European Cretaceous, 167
European Wealden, 167
Palæozoic, 168
Palæarctic, 187
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Siberian sub-region, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 265
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 282
general remarks on, 284
of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, 291
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 332
of the Oriental region, 318
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 341
statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay
Archipelago, 343
of the Australian region, 403
of New Guinea, 417
of the Moluccas, 420
of Timor group, 426
of Celebes, 454
of New Zealand, 458
scarcity of, in New Zealand, 462
influence of, on the flora, 463

_Insectivora_, European Miocene, 117
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 133

Insectivora, classification of, 87
of the Palæarctic region, 181
of N. China and E. Thibet, 222
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
of Madagascar, 273
range of Ethiopian genera of, 301
of the Oriental region, 315
range of Oriental genera of, 372
range of Australian genera of, 476

_Isacis_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Ischyromys_, N. American Tertiary, 140

Islands, N. European, zoology of, 197
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 206
of the West African sub-region, 265
of Ethiopian region, 269
Mascarene, 280
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 333
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 345
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, 443
Society and Marquesas, 444
New Caledonia and New Hebrides, 445
Sandwich, 446
of New Zealand sub-region, 453
Norfolk, 453
Lord Howe's, 454
Chatham, 454
Auckland, 455

_Issiodromys_, European Pliocene, 113

_Jacchus_, in Brazilian caves, 144

Japan and North China, physical features of, 221
southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, 226
general character of the fauna of, 230
former land-connexions of, 231

Java, mammalia of, 349
productions of, well known, 350
birds of, 351
representative species of birds in, 352
origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, 352
Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological
peculiarities explained, 357

_Junonia_, European Miocene, 167

Kakapoe, of New Zealand, 455

Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, 157

Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, 211 (_note_)

_Kerodon_, in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147

King-fisher, racquet tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, 415

Kiwi of New Zealand, 455

Koodoo antelope, figure of, 261

Lacertilia, classification of, 99

Ladrone Islands, birds of, 444

_Lagomys_, European Pliocene, 113
European Miocene, 120

_Lagostomus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

Lake Baikal, seals of, 218

Land and water, proportions of, 35

Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, 168

Land-shells, Palæozoic, 169
Palæarctic, 190
of Madeira, 209
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of the Ethiopian region, 257
of W. Africa, 265
of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 285
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 344
of the Australian region, 407
of Sandwich Islands, 446
of New Zealand, 459

_Lanius_, European Miocene, 161

_Laopithecus_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Laornis_, N. American Cretaceous, 164

Lemuria, a hypothetical land, 76

_Lamuravidæ_, 133

_Lemuravus_, N. American Tertiary, 133

_Lemuridæ_, European Eocene, 124

Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371

_Lepictis_, N. American Tertiary, 133

Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, 177
table of Palæarctic families of, 238
S. African, 268
table of Ethiopian families of, 299
of the Oriental region, 318
table of Oriental families of, 369
of the Australian region, 404
table of Australian families of, 472

_Leptarchus_, N. American Tertiary, 135

_Leptauchenia_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Leptochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, 137

_Leptodon_, Miocene of Greece, 116

_Leptomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, 138

_Leptoptilus_, European Miocene, 162

_Leptosomus_, allied form in European Eocene, 168 {497}

Leptosomus of Madagascar, 278
figure of, 279

_Leptotherium_, in Brazilian caves, 144

_Lepus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147

_Lestodon_, S. American Pliocene, 147

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The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 1Chapter XXXIV: Part III: Zoological Geography (14)

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