Chapter IV (2)

[378] Twenty stadia from the Grove of the Muses was the fountain Hippocrene, which was said to have been produced by the horse Pegasus striking the ground with his foot. Paus. b. ix. ch. 31. Hippocrene was probably at Makariotissa, which is noted for a fine spring of water. _Smith._ The Austrian map places it at Kukuva. Leibethrum, or Leibethreium, is described by Pausanias as distant 40 stadia from Coroneia, and is therefore probably the mount Zagora. _Smith._

[379] Il. ii. 499.

[380] The remains of Haliartus are situated upon a hill about a mile from the village of Mazi, on the road from Thebes to Lebadeia, and at the distance of about 15 miles from either place. Although the walls of the town are scarcely anywhere traceable, its extent is marked on the east and west by two small rivers, of which that to the west issues from the foot of the hill of Mazi, the eastern, called the Kafalari, has its origin in Mount Helicon. The stream on the western side of the city is the one called Hoplites by Plutarch, where Lysander fell in battle with the Thebans, B. C. 395, and is apparently the same as the Lophis of Pausanias. The stream on the eastern side, the Kafalari, is formed by the union of two rivulets, which appear to be the Permessus and Olmeius, which are described by Strabo as flowing from Helicon, and after their union entering the Lake Copais, near Haliartus. _Smith._

[381] It was celebrated for the worship of Athena, who is hence called Alalcomeneis in Homer. The temple of the goddess stood at a little distance from the town, on the Triton, a small stream flowing into the Lake Copais. The modern village Sulinari is the site of Alalcomenæ. _Smith._

[382] Phœnicium, or Sphingium, now called Faga, the mountain between the Lakes Copais and Hylica, connecting Mount Ptoum with the range of Helicon. Forchamer supposes that Phœnicium and Sphingium are the names of two different mountains, separated from one another by the small plain of the stream _Daulos_; but the name of Pœnicium rests only on the authority of Strabo, and it is probably a corruption of Phicium. Φίξ is the Æolic form of Σφίγξ, (Hes. Theog. 326,) and therefore there can be no doubt that Phicium and Sphingium are two different forms of the same name. _Smith._

[383] Il. ii. 502.

[384] It was still in existence in the time of Pausanias; the modern village Topolia occupies the site.

[385] Leake conjectures that there is an error in the text, and that for Θεσπιῶν we ought to read Θισβῶν, since there is only one spot in the ten miles between Platæa and Thespiæ where any town is likely to have stood, and that was occupied by Leuctra. See _Smith_.

[386] It was here that the Athenians under Tolmides were defeated by the Bœotians in B. C. 447; in consequence of which defeat the Athenians lost the sovereignty which they had for some years exercised over Bœotia. The plain of Coroneia was also the scene of the victory gained by Agesilaus over the Thebans and their allies in B. C. 394.

[387] Pausanias, b. ix. 33, mentions the Heroum of Lysander in Haliartus, and some ruined temples, which had been burnt by the Persians, and had been purposely left in that state. _Smith._

[388] Leake identifies Glisas with the ruins on the bank of the torrent Platanaki, above which rises the mountain Siamata, the ancient Hypatus.

[389] The following is the original of this corrupt passage. Kramer suggests that the words γ. δ. have been introduced from the margin into the text.

γεώλοφα καλεῖται δρί[* * * ᾧ ὑποπ]ίπται τὸ
Ἀόνιον καλούμενον πεδίον ὃ διατείνει * *
* * * * ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὑπάτου ὄρους.

Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 19, makes mention of a tumulus covered with trees, near the ruins of Glisas or Glissas, which was the burial-place of Ægialus and his companions, and also of other tumuli. These were probably the γεώλοφα δρία, woody hillocks. The obscurity, however, still remains.

[390] Il. ii. 505.

[391] The three summits of Ptoum bear the names of Palea, Stranitza, and Skroponeri.

[392] The ruins are situated at a short distance south of Kardhitza. The site of Cierium, the modern village Mataranga, was first discovered by Leake, who identifies it with Arne, and supposes, with much probability, that the name Arne may have been disused by the Thessalian conquerors, because it was of Bœotian origin, and that the new appellation may have been taken from the neighbouring river Curalius or Cuarius.

[393] Il. ii. 507.

[394] Il. v. 43.

[395] Sulinari.

[396] Il. iv. 8.

[397] Petra.

[398] Kapurna.

[399] Scripu.

[400] On the 7th of August, B. C. 338. Of the details of this battle we have no account. The site of the monument is marked by a tumulus about a mile or a little more from the Khan of Kapurna, on the right side of the road towards Orchomenus. A few years ago (according to Mure) the mound of earth was excavated and a colossal lion discovered, deeply imbedded in its interior. See _Smith_.

[401] Livadhia.

[402] Lefka.

[403] See below, ch. v. § 15.

[404] Il. ix. 381.

[405] Euripides, Phœn. 422.

[406] Probably an interpolation.

[407] Leake places it at Tzamali, but Forchammer with more probability at Avro-Kastro.

[408] Εὐδείελος.

[409] Scripu.

[410] Bogdana.

[411] Aspra-Spitia.

[412] Kastri.

[413] Daulia.

[414] It is a continuation of the ridge of Œta.

[415] La Punta.

[416] Od. viii. 75.

[417] Aspra Spitia.

[418] At the mouth of the Spercheius.

[419] The ruins are near Chryso.

[420] Apparently an interpolation. _Groskurd._

[421] ἀφήτωρ.

[422] Il. ix. 404.

[423] A conjecture by Kramer.

[424] Pausanias, b. x. c. 5, speaks of a temple of Apollo at Delphi, which was supposed to have been constructed by bees, with their combs and wings.

[425] Of which Spintharus the Corinthian was the architect. Pausanias, b. x. c. 5.

[426] Κιθαρῳδοὶ, played on the cithara, accompanying it with words.

[427] Κιθαρισταὶ, played on the cithara alone.

[428] μέλος.

[429] νόμος.

[430] σύριγξ.

[431] Groskurd and Meineke propose emendations of the text of this passage. The translation is rather a paraphrase.

[432] Probably, says _Palmer_, the expression is derived from ἵε παίε, O strike, or ἵε παῖ, O youth.

[433] Aspra-Spitia.

[434] ὄπισθεν, “behind it,” but Marathus is on the opposite side of the bay. The ruins are indicated in modern maps.

[435] The bay of Metochi d’Hagia.

[436] Zagora.

[437] This place is represented in the Austrian map by ruins near Exarcho. But how does Strabo place “not far from” the Crisæan Gulf, Abæ, which was certainly near Hyampolis, on the borders of the Locri Epicnemidii? It is on the authority of this passage only that geographers have placed a second Abæ behind Ambrysus, at the foot of Parnassus.

[438] Distomo?

[439] Daulia.

[440] Il. ii. 519.

[441] Od. vii. 324.

[442] ἄνεμος, the wind.

[443] The Look-out.

[444] 457, B. C.

[445] This place was destroyed in the Persian war; no remains existed in the time of Pausanias.

[446] The ruins are situated on the east of Turkochorio, made a free state by the Romans. Pausanias, b. x. ch. 34.

[447] Demos. pro Coronâ, B. C. 338.

[448] Il. ii. 523.

[449] The quotation is from a lost poem.

[450] Conjectures of Groskurd, and approved by Kramer.

[451] Meineke supposes these words to be an interpolation, because no mention is made by other writers, nor by Strabo himself, in his enumeration of the rivers in Argolis, of the existence of a river called Cephissus at Argos.

[452] Polina.

[453] Dyrrachium, now Durazzo.

[454] The site appears to have been to the south-east of the modern town Neochorio.

[455] From hence to the close of the paragraph the text is very corrupt; the restorations are due to the conjectures of Du Theil, Groskurd, and Kramer.

[456] Schedius, according to Homer, Il. ii. 517, and Il. xvii. 306, was one of the chiefs of the Phocians.

[457] The ruins of Opus are indicated as existing between Talanti and the sea.

[458] A portion of the ridge of Œta, on the north-west of Talanti, now Chlomos.

[459] A monument, or cenotaph, common to many persons.

[460] The site is marked by a tower called Paleopyrgo, near the modern Lebanitis.

[461] Mentioned by Athenæus, b. iii. Hot springs were generally sacred to Hercules.

[462] Diodorus Siculus asserts that it was separated from the continent by an earthquake; but statements of this kind were commonly and hastily made, where the natural appearances were favourable to them.

[463] Il. xxiii. 85.

[464] Il. xviii. 326.

[465] The ruins have been discovered by Gell on an insulated hill, near the sea-shore.

[466] Paleocastro, in Marmara, near Romani.

[467] A conjecture by Groskurd.

[468] βῆσσαι and νάπη, wooded hollows.

[469] In the island of Lesbos.

[470] Il. ii. 535.

[471] Salona, or Lampeni.

[472] Lepanto.

[473] Castel de Roumeli.

[474] Il. ii. 640.

[475] From ὀζεῖν, to smell.

[476] Maurolimne.

[477] The site is unknown.

[478] Near Dervend-Elapha.

[479] The Hellada.

[480] B. vii. c. 198, and c. 200.

[481] Translated according to Kramer’s proposed emendation. Demetrias, according to Leake, occupies the southern or maritime face of a height called Goritza, which projects from the coast of Magnesia between 2 and 3 miles to the southward of the middle of Volo. Pausanias, b. vii. c. 7, says that Philip called Chalcis, Corinth, and Magnesia in Thessaly, the “Keys of Greece.” Livy, b. xxxii. c. 37.

[482] C. Lithada.

[483] The Salambria.

[484] This paragraph is translated as proposed by Meineke, who has followed the suggestions of _Du Theil_, _Groskurd_, and _Kramer_, in correcting the text.

[485] G. of Zeitun.

[486] The ten states or dynasties mentioned by Homer were those of, 1. Achilles. 2. Protesilaüs. 3. Eumelus. 4. Philoctetes. 5. Podalirius and Machaon. 6. Eurypylus. 7. Polypœtes. 8. Guneus. 9. Prothoüs. These are named in the Catalogue in the 2nd Book of the Iliad; the 10th, Dolopia, of which Phœnix was chief, in Il. xvi. 196.

[487] Il. ii. 681.

[488] Il. ix. 480.

[489] Il. ix. 443.

[490] Il. ii. 683.

[491] Il. ix. 498.

[492] Il. ix. 395.

[493] The Vlacho.

[494] Part of the range of Mount Gura.

[495] Satalda. The plain of Pharsalia is to the north.

[496] The Gura.

[497] Il. ii. 683.

[498] Il. xiii. 685.

[499] Il. xiii. 693, 699.

[500] Il. ii. 682.

[501] ὁ Ἅλος, or ἡ Ἅλος.

[502] Armyrus.

[503] Hence Virgil, Geor. 3, calls Apollo, Pastor ab Amphryso.

[504] Isdin or Zeitun.

[505] Il. ix. 484.

[506] Il. ii. 744.

[507] Above S. Theodoro.

[508] Il. ii. 695.

[509] πήγνυμι, to fasten.

[510] ἀφετήριον, a starting-place.

[511] Karlas.

[512] Velestina.

[513] Trikeri.

[514] Sciathos.

[515] Scopelo?

[516] Selidromi?

[517] Scyros.

[518] Il. ii. 729.

[519] Tricala.

[520] The ruins are pointed out to the south of Stagus Kalabak.

[521] Il. ii. 734.

[522] Il. ix. 447.

[523] Il. x. 226.

[524] Il. ix. 424.

[525] τίτανος, chalk.

[526] Tcheritchiano.

[527] Il. ii. 738.

[528] Meineke suggests the reading μεταξύ, between, instead of μέχρι, as far as.

[529] The words after Perrhæbi, εἰς τὴν ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ ποταμίαν, into the country in the interior lying along the river, are omitted, as suggested by Meineke.

[530] Il. ii. 744.

[531] Groskurd suggests the insertion here of Messembria or Odessus. Kramer is inclined to adopt the latter.

[532] Il. ii. 748.

[533] Or Pelasgiotis. _Groskurd._

[534] Il. ii. 754.

[535] Il. ii. 756.

[536] Il. xiii. 301.

[537] In the middle ages Eubœa was called Egripo, a corruption of Euripus, the name of the town built upon the ruins of Chalcis. The Venetians, who obtained possession of the island upon the dismemberment of the Byzantine empire by the Latins, called it Negropont, probably a corruption of _Egripo_ and _Ponte_, a bridge. _Smith._

[538] This expression is obscure; probably it may mean that Eubœa is not equal in length to the coast comprehended between Sunium and the southern limits of Thessaly.

[539] C. Lithada. The mountain Lithada above the cape, rises to the height of 2837 feet above the sea.

[540] C. Mantelo.

[541] The real length of the island from N. to S. is about 90 miles, its extreme breadth is 30 miles, but in one part it is not more than 4 miles across. See _Smith_ art. Eubœa.

[542] Cape Mantelo.

[543] Strabo is the only ancient author who describes a place of this name as existing in Eubœa. Kiepert and the Austrian map agree in giving the name Petaliæ, which may here be meant, to the Spili islands.

[544] ἀντίπορθμος.

[545] Eubœa has various names. Formerly (says Pliny, b. iv. c. 12) it was called Chalcedontis or Macris, according to Dionysius and Ephorus; Macra, according to Aristides; Chalcis, from brass being there first discovered, according to Callidemus; Abantias, according to Menæchmus; and Asopis by the poets in general.

[546] The narrow channel between the island and the mainland.

[547] Il. ii. 536, 542.

[548] From Abas, great grandson of Erectheus.

[549] From Eubœa, daughter of the river Asopus and mistress of Neptune.

[550] From εὖ, well, and βοῦς, a cow. The ancient coins of the island bear the head of an ox.

[551] Mount St. Elias, 4748 feet above the level of the sea. Bochart derives the name from an eastern word signifying “narrow.”

[552] At the base of Ploko Vuno.

[553] Mount Galzades, celebrated for producing medicinal plants. Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. b. ix. c. 15 and 20.

[554] Dipso, according to Kiepert.

[555] Philipp. iii.

[556] Not the town named Histiæa-Oreus, which was on the sea-coast.

[557] Livy, b. xxxi. c. 46.

[558] διὰ τὸ ὀρείους εἶναι.

[559] Kiepert accordingly places Dium near the modern Jaitra, but the Austrian map places it to the N. E. of Ploko Vuno.

[560] Castel Rosso. The landing-place of the Persian expedition under Datis and Artaphernes, B. C. 490. Herod. b. vi. c. 99.

[561] Sturæ.

[562] The ruins are indicated as existing opposite the Spili islands.

[563] λίθος φύεται.

[564] τῇ τῶν λίνων πλύσει.

[565] C. Mantelo.

[566] Od. iii. 177.

[567] As this statement is unsupported by any other authority, Meineke suggests that the word Arabians (Ἄραβες οἱ) is an error for Aradii (Ἀράδιοι).

[568] Repub. b. iv. c. 3.

[569] According to the Scholiast in Apollon. Rhod. Argon, b. i. v. 77, Canethus was a mountain on the Bœotian side of the Euripus.

[570] B. i. c. iii. § 16.

[571] B. ix. c. ii. § 13.

[572] Il. ii. 640.

[573] Od. xv. 295.

[574] ἐνιαυτόν for αὐτόν. _Meineke._

[575] Near Palæo-castro.

[576] Herod. b. iii. c. 149, and b. vi. c. 101.

[577] A common practice of the Dorians.

[578] B. viii. c. iii. § 6.

[579] In Thessaly.

[580] Negropont. It was one of the three cities which Philip of Macedon called the chains of Greece. Brass (χαλκὸς) was said to have been first found there.

[581] He retired there B. C. 322.

[582] δόρυ.

[583] κοντὸς.

[584] ἡ σάρισσα καὶ ὁ ὑσσὸς Probably an interpolation. _Groskurd._

[585] μάχην τὴν σταδίαν.

[586] συστάδην.

[587] ἐκ χειρός.

[588] Il. ii. 543.

[589] Il. xix. 389.

[590] Od. viii. 229.

[591] Il. iv. 469.

[592] Il. xiii. 713, 716.

[593] B. vi. c. i. § 13.

[594] B. viii. c. vii. § 1.

[595] The Aspro-potamo.

[596] G. of Arta.

[597] B. viii. c. iii. § 11.

[598] B. ix. c. v. § 10.

[599] B. viii. c. ii. § 3.

[600] The promontory bears the name C. Madonna, and the ruins of Anactorium are pointed out as existing at the bottom of the small bay of Prevesa. The modern town, Azio, which is not the ancient Actium, is near these ruins.

[601] Near Lepenu.

[602] Correction by Groskurd. Trigardon is given in the Austrian map as the ancient site of Œniadæ, but this position does not agree with the text.

[603] Porto-fico according to D’Anville.

[604] Kandili, opposite the island Kalamo.

[605] Santa Maura.

[606] Neochori.

[607] Arta, but the Austrian map gives Rogus as the site.

[608] This is an error either of the author or in the text. Groskurd proposes to read Antirrhium (Castel Rumeli) in place of Anactorium. Kramer proposes to follow Tzschucke, and to exchange the positions of the words Stratus and Alyzia in the text.

[609] There has been some dispute respecting the site of Calydon. Leake supposes the ruins which he discovered at Kurtaga, or Kortaga, to the west of the Evenus, (Fidari,) to be those of Calydon.

[610] Lepanto.

[611] Leake supposes it to have stood in the plain of Marathia, opposite the island Trissonia.

[612] M. Coraca.

[613] M. Zigos.

[614] Xerolimne.

[615] Kaki-scala.

[616] Varassova.

[617] Santa Maura.

[618] Theaki.

[619] Cephalonia.

[620] Od. xxiv. 376.

[621] Il. ii. 633.

[622] I follow the proposed reading, ἅλμα for ἀλλὰ.

[623] Du Theil says, Strabo should have said “a daughter of Pterelas who was in love with Cephalus.” See below, § 14.

[624] Il. ii. 631.

[625] Il. ii. 625.

[626] Il. ii. 615.

[627] Il. ii. 536.

[628] Il. viii. 173.

[629] Il. ii. 633.

[630] Od. xiv. 100.

[631] Od. iv. 671.

[632] Od. i. 246.

[633] Od. xvi. 249.

[634] Od. xv. 366.

[635] Il. ii. 632.

[636] Od. ix. 21.

[637] Od. iii. 81.

[638] Probably interpolated. _Kramer._

[639] Od. ix. 25.

[640] Od. xiv. 1.

[641] εὐδείελος is the reading of the text, but the reading in Homer is ἱππήλατος, adapted for horses, and thus translated by Horace, Epist. lib. I. vii. 41, Non est aptus equis Ithacæ locus.

[642] Od. iv. 607.

[643] Od. ix. 26.

[644] Il. xii. 239.

[645] Od. x. 190.

[646] For the explanation of _climate_, see book ii. ch. i. § 20, but in this passage the word has a different sense, and implies the division of the heavens into north, south, east, and west. The idea of Strabo seems to be that of a straight line drawn from east to west, dividing the celestial horizon into two parts, the one northern, (or arctic,) the other southern. The sun in its course from east to west continues always as regards us in the southern portion. _Gossellin._

[647] οὐδ’ ὅπου ἀρχή.

[648] So in the text, but there is manifestly an error.

[649] Od. i. 181.

[650] I. Meganisi.

[651] Il. xv. 519.

[652] Il. ii. 631.

[653] Od. i. 246.

[654] C. Tornese.

[655] Monte Nero.

[656] We may hence conjecture that Cephallenia in the time of Homer was divided into two parts, Dulichium and Samé. It may explain at least the uncertainty of the ancients respecting the position of Dulichium. Pausanias, b. vi. c. 15, speaking of the Paleis says, that formerly they were called Dulichii; and Hesychius, that Dulichium is a city of Cephallenia.

[657] Situated near the modern capital Argostoli.

[658] Probably the site of the ruins in the harbour of Viscardo.

[659] I. Dascaglio.

[660] Od. iv. 846.

[661] Il. xiii. 12.

[662] Il. xxiv. 753.

[663] Il. xxiv. 78.

[664] In the Valle d’Alessandro, in Cephalonia, there is still a place called Samo.

[665] Il. xxiv. 752.

[666] Σάμοι.

[667] Il. xiii. 13.

[668] Zante.

[669] 3600 stadia? see b. xvii. c. iii. § 20.

[670] Curzolari, Oxia, Petala, &c.

[671] Od. xv. 298.

[672] C. Papa.

[673] Sophocles, Trachiniæ, v. 9.

[674] Il. ii. 628.

[675] Not identified.

[676] Gossellin remarks the double error committed by Winkelman, who, on the authority of this passage, states that the Hercules (not the Labours of Hercules) of Lysippus was transferred to Rome in the time of Nero, long after this Book was written.

[677] Dragomestre.

[678] The lake Xerolimne.

[679] Kramer proposes the transposition of the sentence within brackets to the beginning of the paragraph.

[680] Il. ii. 639.

[681] M. Zigos.

[682] Angelo Castron.

[683] Near Mauro Mati.

[684] See c. ii. § 3, Epictetus.

[685] Od. ii. 52.

[686] Od. xv. 16.

[687] Il. xiv. 116.

[688] Il. ix. 525.

[689] B. ix. c. iii. § 11.

[690] As distinguished from geography. See b. i. c. i. § 16, note⁵⁷.

[691] The author of a work in several books on Eubœa. Athenæus, b. vi. c. 18.

[692] The unshorn.

[693] From Acarnan, son of Alcmæon. Thucyd. b. ii. c. 102. But the hero from whom the Curetes obtained their name is not mentioned.

[694] The position of this mountain is not determined.

[695] Œneus and his children were themselves Porthaonidæ. Œneus had possession only of Calydon, his brother Agrius and his children had a part of Pleuronia. Thestius, cousin-german of Œneus and of Agrius, received as his portion the remainder of Pleuronia and transmitted it to his children, (the Thestiadæ,) who probably succeeded in gaining possession of the whole country. The Porthaonidæ of the branch of Agrius, were Thersites, Onchestus, Prothous, Celeulor, Lycopeüs, and Melanippus. _Apollodorus_, b. i. c. 7, 8.

[696] Il. xiv. 117.

[697] Il. ix. 544.

[698] Il. ix. 525.

[699] “Cette digression est curieuse, sans doute * * * * Plusieurs critiques ont fait de ce morceau l’objet de leur étude; néanmoins il demeure hérissé de difficultés, et dernièrement M. Heyne (quel juge!) a prononcé que tout y restait à éclaircir.” _Du Theil._

The myths relating to the Curetes abound with different statements and confusion. The following are the only points to be borne in mind. The Curetes belong to the most ancient times of Greece, and probably are to be counted among the first inhabitants of Phrygia. They were the authors and expositors of certain religious rites, which they celebrated with dances. According to mythology they played a part at the birth of Jupiter. They were sometimes called Idæan Dactyli. Hence their name was given to the ministers of the worship of the Great Mother among the Phrygians, which was celebrated with a kind of religious frenzy. The Curetes were also called Corybantes. Hence also arose the confusion between the religious rites observed in Crete, Phrygia, and Samothrace. Again, on the other hand, the Curetes have been mistaken for an Ætolian people, bearing the same name. Heyne, Not. ad Virgil. Æn. iii. 130. Religion. et Sacror. cum furore peract. Orig. Comm. Soc. R. Scient. Gotting. vol. viii. Dupuis, origin de tous les cultes, tom. 2. Sainte Croix Mém. pour servir à la religion Secrète, &c., Job. Guberleth. Diss. philol. de Myster. deorum Cabir. 1703. Frèret. Recher. pour servir à l’histoire des Cyclopes, &c. Acad. des Inscript. &c., vol. xxiii. His. pag. 27. 1749.

[700] τοσαύτη ποικιλία, will bear also to be translated, id tantum varietatis, “this difference only,” as Groskurd observes.

[701] M. de Saint Croix (Recherches sur les Mystères, &c. sect. 2, page 25) is mistaken in asserting that “Strabo clearly refutes the statements of those who believed that the Cabeiri, Dactyli, Curetes, Corybantes, and Telchines, were not only the same kind of persons, but even separate members of the same family.” It appears to me, on the contrary, that this was the opinion adopted by our author. _Du Theil._

[702] προσθεὶς τὸν οἰκεῖον τῇ ἱστορίᾳ φυσικὸν λόγον. rationem naturalem, utpote congruentum huc, historiæ adjiciens. _Xylander._ Or paraphrased, “The history of this people will receive additional and a fitting illustration by a reference to physical facts,” such as the manner of wearing their hair, tonsure, &c.

[703] ἑλκεχίτωνας. The words καὶ κρώβυλον καὶ τέττιγα ἐμπλεχθῆναι appear, according to Berkel. ad Steph. p. 74, to be here wanting, “and to bind the hair in the form of the Crobulus and ornamented with a grasshopper.” The hair over the forehead of the Apollo Belvidere is an example of the crobulus.

[704] Herod. vii. 208.

[705] κουρὰν τριχός.

[706] κόραις καὶ κόροις.

[707] Strabo therefore considered the 193, 194, 195 verses of Il. xix. as authentic. Heyne was inclined to consider them as an interpolation, in which he is supported by other critics.

[708] Il. xix. 248. The text is probably mutilated, and Strabo may have quoted the verses in Homer in which Merion is represented as dancing in armour. Il. xvi. 617.

[709] Kramer suspects this passage to be an interpolation.

[710] The reading in the text is τὸν δ’ ὄντως νοῦν. The translation adopts Meineke’s reading, νοοῦντα.

[711] Quam præclare philosophatus sit Strabo, me non monente, unusquisque assequitur; præclarius, utique, quam illi, qui ex nostro ritu religioso omnem hilaritatem exulare voluere. _Heyne_, Virg. iii. 130.

[712] The original, as Du Theil observes, is singularly obscure, ἀλλ’ ἡ φύσις, ἡ τῶν παιδευμάτων, ἐξεταζέσθω, τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐνθένδε ἔχουσα.

[713] Following the reading suggested by Groskurd.

[714] This word appears here misplaced.

[715] The chain of mountains extending from the sources of the Sagaris (the Zagari) to the Propontis was called Dindymene.

[716] Sipuli Dagh.

[717] Possene.

[718] This name is not derived from any place.

[719] διὰ τὸ ὅμορον, for διά τε Ὅμηρον. _Meineke._

[720] The literal translation has been preserved in the text for the sake of the argument. The following is Potter’s translation, in which, however, great liberty is taken with the original.

“To whom the mysteries of the gods are known,
By these his life he sanctifies,
And, deep imbibed their chaste and cleaning lore,
Hallows his soul for converse with the skies.
Enraptur’d ranging the wild mountains o’er,
The mighty mother’s orgies leading,
He his head with ivy shading,
His light spear wreath’d with ivy twine,
To Bacchus holds the rites divine.
Haste then, ye Bacchæ, haste,
Attend your god, the son of heaven’s high king.
From Phrygia’s mountains wild and waste
To beauteous-structur’d Greece your Bacchus bring
* * * * *
O ye Curetes, friendly band,
You, the blest natives of Crete’s sacred land,
Who tread those groves, which, dark’ning round,
O’er infant Jove their shelt’ring branches spread,
The Corybantes in their caves profound,
The triple crest high waving on their head,
This timbrel framed, whilst clear and high
Swelled the Bacchic symphony.
The Phrygian pipe attemp’ring sweet,
Their voices to respondence meet,
And placed in Rhea’s hands.
The frantic satyrs to the rites advance,
The Bacchæ join the festive bands,
And raptur’d lead the Trieteric dance.”

[721] There were several mountains bearing the name of Olympus. 1. In Thessaly. 2. In Peloponnesus. 3. Of Ida. 4. In Mysia. 5. In Crete.

[722] San Dimitri.

[723] Od. iii. 144.

[724] Adopting Kramer’s suggestion of παραδοὺς τὰ for παραδόντα.

[725] Bendis, Diana of the Thracians; among the Athenians there was a festival called Bendideia.

[726] Athenæus, b. xi. c. 8. Æschylus in the Edoni (a fragment) calls cymbals cotylæ.

[727] Probably from a passage in the Erectheus, a lost play of Euripides.

[728] Nablas and Sambyce are Syriac words. Athenæus, b. iv. c. 24.

[729] The invention of Anacreon, according to Neanthus Cyzicenus.

[730] Athenæus, b. xiv. c. 8, 9.

[731] See above, ch. iii. § 1, 6, 8.

[732] κουροτροφήσαντες.

[733] κουρῆτες.

[734] Who were the Prasians of Rhodes I confess I cannot say. _Palmer._

[735] From whence Strabo does not inform us.

[736] The Scholiast of Apollonius remarks that it was formerly called Leucosia, afterwards Samos from a certain Saiis, and Samothrace when it came into possession of the Thracians. It had also the name of Dardania.

[737] The true origin of the word, according to Casaubon, is to be found in the Hebrew word Cabir, signifying powerful. Tobias Gutberlethus, De mysteriis deorum Cabirotum.

[738] M. Sitia.

[739] Places unknown.

[740] In the plain of Troy.

[741] According to the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhod., Arg. 5, 917 persons were initiated into the mysteries of the Cabeiri in Samothrace. The Cabeiri were four in number; Axieros, Axiokersa, Axiokersos, and Casmilos. Axieros corresponded to Demeter or Ceres, Axiokersa to Persephone or Proserpine, Axiokersos to Hades or Pluto, and Casmilos to Hermes or Mercury. See Ueber die Gottheiten von Samothrace, T. W. I. Schelling, 1815; and the Classical Journal, vol. xiv. p. 59.

[742] Herod. iii. 37.

[743] Probably a temple of Apollo Smintheus.

[744] Corybissa, Eureïs, and Æthaloeïs are unknown.

[745] They were called Curetes because they were boys, and κουρῆτες μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόρους εἶναι καλούμενοι. Groskurd suspects these or similar words to have followed “Corybantes.”

[746] Od. viii. 250.

[747] i. e. toes.

[748] In a lost play, The Deaf Satyrs.

[749] In hoc quoque dissentio, sapientes fuisse, qui ferri metalla et æris invenerunt, cum incendio silvarum adusta tellus, in summo venas jacentes liquefacta fudisset. Seneca, Epist. 90.

[750] Diodorus Siculus, b. v., says that they obtained the name from being equal in number to the ten fingers or toes (Dactyli).

[751] Groskurd proposes Corybantes for these latter Idæan Dactyli.

[752] The common European name Candia is unknown in the island; the Saracenic “Kandax,” Megalo Kastron, became with the Venetian writers Candia; the word for a long time denoted only the principal city of the island, which retained its ancient name in the chroniclers and in Dante, Inferno xiv. 94. It is described by Strabo as lying between Cyrenaica and that part of Hellas which extends from Sunium to Laconia, and parallel in its length from W. to E. of these two points. The words μέχρι Λακωνικῆς may be understood either of Malea or Tænarum; it is probable that this geographer extended Crete as far as Tænarum, as from other passages in his work (ii. c. v. § 20; viii. c. v. § 1) it would appear that he considered it and the W. points of Crete as under the same meridian. It is still more difficult to understand the position assigned to Crete with regard to Cyrenaica (xvii. c. iii. § 22). Strabo is far nearer the truth, though contradicting his former statements, where he makes Cimarus, the N.W. promontory of Crete, 700 stadia from Malea, and Cape Sammonium 1000 stadia from Rhodes, (ii. c. iv. § 3,) which was one of the best ascertained points of ancient geography. _Smith_, v. Crete.

[753] τῆς Ἑλλάδος τῆς ἀπὸ Σουνίου μέχρι Λακωνικῆς.

[754] Gossellin observes that the false position assigned to these countries, and the contradiction perceptible in the measures in stadia, given by Strabo, and above all the impossibility of reconciling them upon one given plan, is a proof that the author consulted different histories, and different maps, in which the distances were laid down in stadia differing in length.

[755] The ruins are indicated as existing a little to the north of Hagios Kurghianis, in the Austrian map.

[756] Cimarus is given in Kiepert, as the island Grabusa Agria, at the extremity of Cape Buso, and also in the Austrian map. Kramer remarks that the promontory Cimarus is mentioned by no other author. Corycus on the other hand is placed by Strabo below, § 5, in these parts, although the reading is suspicious, and in b. viii. c. v. § 1, and in b. xvii. c. iii. § 22; but the reading again in this last reference is doubtful. Cape Cimarus is now C. Buso or Grabusa.

[757] In b. ii. c. iv. § 3, it is written Salmonium, (c. Salamoni,) in which passage Kramer has retained the spelling of the name, on the ground that this form is to be found in Apollonius, Arg. 4, 1693, and Dionys. Perieg. 110. Salmone in the Acts, xxvii. 7.

[758] C. Colonna.

[759] Not in the text of Kramer. Casaubon’s conjecture.

[760] The words of the text are, πλάτει δὲ ὑπὸ τὸ μέγεθος, which Meineke translates, “Its width is not in proportion to its length.” Kramer says that the preposition ὑπὸ suggests the omission of the words τετρακοσίων or τριακοσίων που, and that the words τ. μ. are probably introduced from the margin, and are otherwise inadmissible.

[761] It is impossible to say what words should fill up the hiatus in the text, but probably something to this effect, ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων μερῶν ἀρξαμένοις ἡ νῆσος πλατεῖά ἐστι. _Kramer._ Groskurd proposes ἡ νῆσος αἰφνιδίως στενοχωρεῖ, the island suddenly narrows.

[762] On the bay of Armiro.

[763] Castel Franco. Acts of Apostles, xxvii. 12.

[764] Porto Trano. At the bottom of the bay of Mirabel.

[765] Near Lytto.

[766] Girapetra.

[767] By the islands of the Rhodians are meant Caso, Nisari, Scarpanto, &c.

[768] Aspra-vuna, or Sfakia.

[769] Mt. Penta-Dactylon in the Morea.

[770] Psiloriti.

[771] From what point in the Cyrenaïca is not said. From b. viii. c. iii. § 1, it would appear to be Phycus, (Ras al Sem,) but from b. xvii. c. iii. § 20, it would seem to be Apollonias, (Marsa-susa,) the maritime arsenal of the Cyrenæans, situated at about 170 stadia to the east of Phycus, and 80 stadia to the west of Cyrene.

[772] C. Crio.

[773] Of 700 stadia to a degree. _Gossellin._

[774] Cerigo.

[775] The distance from Samonium (Cape Salamone) to Alexandria, in a straight line, is about 5500 stadia of 1111-1/9 to the degree. _Gossellin._

[776] Gossellin’s conjecture, for the number is wanting in the text.

[777] τριχάϊκες.

[778] Od. xix. 175.

[779] So also Diod. Sic. b. v.

[780] τριχάϊκας.

[781] τριλοφίας.

[782] τριχίνους.

[783] The ruins are situated at Makro Teikhos, to the south-east of Candia, the modern capital.

[784] Il. ii. 646; Od. xix. 178. Hagius Dheka. Pashley.

[785] Near Jerami, in the Austrian map. Pashley places it at Khania.

[786] Lytto.

[787] Il. ii. 647.

[788] Cartero, a maritime town on the river of the same name.

[789] At the mouth of the Aposelemi.

[790] Now the Cartero.

[791] Pausanias, b. ix. c. 11, says that the ships of Minos were unprovided with sails, which were the subsequent invention of Dædalus.

[792] Groskurd proposes to supply the hiatus in the text thus: Cnossus [towards the north, inclining to the Ægæan sea, Phæstus turned towards the south and the African sea, Cydonia in the western part of the island] opposite.

[793] Od. xix. 178.

[794] Il. xiii. 450.

[795] The Cretan war was conducted by Q. Metellus, proconsul, who from thence obtained the cognomen of Creticus.

[796] Il. ii. 646.

[797] Letima or Matala, Cape Theodosia.

[798] The Maloniti or Messara.

[799] On C. Lionda.

[800] Strabo must have confounded two totally distinct cities, (Priansus and Prasus,) when he spoke of them under a common name, and assigned them a single situation, both close to Mount Dikte, and at the same time continuous with the Lebenians, whose city was three days’ journey from the mountain. Pashley, Travels in Crete, vol. i. p. 290. Kramer does not agree with Pashley, and, until further information shall be obtained, rests upon the authority of Boeckh, C. I. No. 2556, who affirms that there is some doubt about the name Priansus, which is only found on coins and inscriptions; both Hoeck (v. Kreta I. p. 413) and Boeckh (C. I. ii. p. 405) consider Priansus and Prasus as the same place.

[801] M. Sitia.

[802] Phæn. 33.

[803] Callim. Hymn to Diana, 195.

[804] Tityrus is the ridge of mountains which terminates in Cape Spada.

[805] Kisamos.

[806] See Pashley, Travels in Crete, vol. i. c. 4, who places Aptera at Palæocastron, on the south of the bay of Siedh and Polyrrhenia, at the Palæocastron, to the south of the Gulf of Kisamos.

[807] Hodyitra.

[808] Il. ii. 648.

[809] Episcopiano.

[810] Od. iii. 191.

[811] Sordid avarice and covetousness have taken such hold upon them, that among the Cretans alone, of all nations, nothing in the form of gain is considered dishonourable. Polybius, b. vi.

[812] His father, Temenus, was the founder of Argos. See b. viii.

[813] There is, however, diversity of opinions on the subject.

[814] Aristotle, Politics, b. ii. c. 10, where he compares the Cretan with the Lacedæmonian constitution.

[815] τῶν γερόντων.

[816] ἱππέων.

[817] According to Plutarch, with the poems of Homer.

[818] Herod. i. 65.

[819] Anciently Calliste, Herod., now Santorino, a corruption of Santa Irene, to whom it was dedicated.

[820] Nanphio, or Anafi.

[821] Standia.

[822] Therasia, on the west of Santorino.

[823] Nio.

[824] According to Herodotus, in the Life of Homer.

[825] Sikino, anciently Œnoë. Pliny iv. 12.

[826] Cardiodissa, or Cardiana.

[827] Policandro.

[828] Argentiere. Cretæ plura genera. Ex iis Cimoliæ duo ad medicos pertinentia, candidum et ad purpurissimum inclinans. Pliny, b. v. c. 17. Cretosaque rura Cimoli. Ovid. Met. vii. 464. But from Aristophanes, the Frogs, it would appear to have been a kind of fullers’ earth.

[829] Siphanto, anciently also Meropia and Acis. There were once gold and silver mines in it, which were destroyed by inundation. There is also another proverb, which alluded to its poverty, “a Siphnian pledge,” Σίφνιος ἀῤῥαβὼν. Herodotus speaks of its being once the most wealthy of the islands, iii. 57.

[830] Milo.

[831] Cape Skylli.

[832] Thucyd. b. v. c. 115, 116.

[833] Dhiles.

[834] Thermia. Hence Apollo Cynthius.

[835] Mentioned in b. vi. c. ii. § 4, as connected with the Nile. Bryant, Mytho. v. i. p. 206, derives the name from Ain Opus, The fountain of the Serpent, i. e. Python.

[836] Boeckh, Fragm. Pind. 58. ii. 2, p. 587.

[837] Thucyd. iii. 104.

[838] Isola Longa, or Macronisi.

[839] It was situated in the bay of Mandri.

[840] C. Colonna.

[841] Zia.

[842] Serpho.

[843] Polino.

[844] Antiparos.

[845] Bara.

[846] Naxia.

[847] Syra.

[848] Myconi.

[849] Tino.

[850] Andro.

[851] Jura. Pliny, viii. 29, says the inhabitants were driven from the island by mice.

[852] B. C. 31.

[853] The title (which has been much questioned by critics) of this lost work of Aratus appears to have been, from this passage, Τὰ κατὰ λεπτόν, which Latin translators have rendered, Minuta, or Details. Casaubon is of opinion that it is the same as referred to by Callimachus, under the title Ῥήσεις λέπται, Clever Sayings. Ernest. ad Callim. Ep. 29. T. l. p. 333. The translation of the lines quoted follows the corrections of Coray.

[854] In the middle of the Cyclades, and by far the most remarkable, is Delos, celebrated for the temple of Apollo, and for its commerce. Pliny iv. 12.

[855] Under L. Mummius, B. C. 146.

[856] Thucyd. i. 36.

[857] Καὶ ὅτε συνεστήκει ἡ Κόρινθος.

[858] Archelaüs and Metrophanes.

[859] Aristion, B. C. 87.

[860] Pausanias, viii. 33, § 2, (writing in the time of Hadrian,) says of Delos, that with the exception of the persons who came from Athens, for the purpose of protecting the temple and to perform the Delian ceremonies, it was deserted.

[861] Rhena, called also Dhiles; but it is the largest of the two islands now bearing that name. Pliny says it was anciently called also Celadussa, from the noise of the waves, κελαδεῖν.

[862] Virg. Æn. iii. 124, Linquimus Ortygiæ portus pelagoque volamus.

[863] Zia.
Pinguia Cææ,
Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta jurenci.

Virg. Geor. i. 14, 15.

[864] Of Olbia or Olbiopolis, on the Borysthenes or Bog.

[865] ὁ μὴ δυνάμενος ζῆν καλῶς οὐ ζῇ κακῶς.

[866] Naxia.

[867] Andro.

[868] Taschos.

[869] Kemars.

[870] The marble was taken from Mt. Marpessus. Pliny xxxvi. 5; Virg. Æn. 6, Marpesia cautes.

[871] Od. xv. 402.

[872] Myconi.

[873] Myconi calva omnis juventus. Terence, Hecy. a. 3, s. 4; Pliny, b. xi. c. 37.

[874] It was an erroneous opinion entertained by the ancients, that frogs did not croak in this island (Sirpho); hence the proverb, a Seriphian frog, βάτραχος Σερίφιος.

[875] Tine. Anciently it had also the names Hydrussa and Ophiussa.

[876] Amorgo.

[877] Levita.

[878] Lero.

[879] Patmo.

[880] The Furni; called in b. xiv. c. i. § 13, Corsiæ.

[881] Nicaria.

[882] According to the enumeration here made by Strabo, of the islands comprehended in the Icarian sea, it appears that in his opinion none of the islands situated to the north of Cos belonged to the Carpathian sea; for according to his own statement, which immediately follows, the Carpathian sea to the north was bounded by the Icarian sea.

[883] All the manuscripts and all editions give Λέρος. Is the island spoken of in this passage the same as the one mentioned just above by the name of Leria? Pliny, Hist. Nat. b. iv. 23, appears to have been acquainted with two islands bearing the name of Leros. One, from the position he assigns to it, appears to be the one Strabo above speaks of under the name of Leria; but the second Leros of Pliny, b. v. § 36, must be placed on the coast of Caria. Strabo appears to have entertained nearly the same ideas, for we shall hereafter (b. xiv. c. i. § 6) see him give the name of Leros to an island situated in the neighbourhood of Icaria; and below (§ 19) he cites also a Leros, which would seem to have been in the neighbourhood of the southern extremity of Caria.

[884] Probably interpolated.

[885] Istanpolia, or Stanpalia.

[886] Tino.

[887] Carchi.

[888] Il. ii. 676.

[889] Calimno.

[890] Fæcundaque melle Calydna (v. l. Calumne). Ovid. Met. b. viii. ver. 222.

[891] B. ii. c. v. § 31.

[892] The following are the measurements of our author:

Stadia.
From Rhodes to Issus 5,000
From Issus to the Caspian Gates 10,000
From the Caspian Gates to the sources of the Indus 14,000
From the Indus to the mouth of the Ganges 13,500
From thence to Thinæ 2,500
------
45,000

[893] Strabo calls the Parthians, Parthyæi; and Parthia, Parthyæa.

[894] The Sea of Azoff.

[895] The Straits of Kertch or Zabache.

[896] The Kur or Kour.

[897] Eraskh or Aras.

[898] Georgia.

[899] Shirvan.

[900] See b. ii. c. v. § 31.

[901] To understand how this part of Asia formed a peninsula, according to the ideas of our author, we must bear in mind, that (1) he supposed the source of the Don to have been situated in the neighbourhood of the Northern Ocean; (2) he imagined the Caspian Sea to communicate with the same Ocean. Thus all the territory comprehended between the Don and the Caspian formed a sort of peninsula, united to the continent by an isthmus which separated the Euxine from the Caspian, and on which was situated Colchis, Iberia, and Albania. The 3000 stadia assigned to the breadth of this isthmus appears to be measured by stadia of 1111-1/9 to a degree. _Gossellin._

[902] The Euxine.

[903] Pompey appears to have visited this philosopher twice on this occasion, B. C. 62, and B. C. 67, on the termination of his eastern campaigns.

[904] Il. vi. 208. _Pope._

[905] In many authors these names are used indifferently, the one for the other; they are however distinguished by Pliny, (iv. 13,) who states that this sea begins to be called the Caspian after you have passed the river Cyrus, (Kur,) and that the Caspii live near it; and in vi. 16, that it is called the Hyrcanian Sea, from the Hyrcani who live along its shores. The western side should therefore in strictness be called the Caspian; the eastern, the Hyrcanian. _Smith_, art. Caspium Mare.

[906] A narrow pass leading from North Western Asia into the N. E. provinces of Persia. Their exact position was at the division of Parthia from Media, about a day’s journey from the Median town of Rhagæ. (Arrian. iii. 19.) According to Isodorus Charax, they were immediately below Mt. Caspius. As in the case of the people called Caspii, there seem to have been _two_ mountains _Caspius_, one near the Armenian frontier, the other near the Parthian. It was through the pass of the Caspiæ Pylæ that Alexander the Great pursued Darius. (Arrian. _Anab._ iii. 19; Curt. vi. 14; Amm. Marc, xxiii. 6.) It was one of the most important places in ancient geography, and from it many of the meridians were measured. The exact place corresponding with the Caspiæ Pylæ is probably a spot between _Hark-a-Koh_, and _Siah-Koh_, about 6 parasangs from _Rey_, the name of the entrance of which is called Dereh. _Smith_, art. Caspiæ Pylæ.

[907] Du Theil justly remarks on the obscurity of this passage. His translation or paraphrase is as follows; “La troisième contiendra ce qui touche à l’isthme dont nous avons parlé; et, par suite, ceux des pays qui, au sud de cet isthme et des Pyles Caspiennes, mais toujours en deçà, ou, au moins, dans le sein même du Taurus, se succédant de l’est à l’ouest, se rapprochent le plus de l’Europe.” In B. ii. c. v. § 31, Strabo assigns Colchis to the third portion, but in this book to the first.

[908] The Kizil Irmak.

[909] B. i. c. iii. § 2.

[910] A district of wide extent in Central Asia, comprehending nearly the whole of ancient Persia; and bounded on the N. by the provinces of Bactriana, Margiana, and Hyrcania; on the E. by the Indus; on the S. by the Indian Ocean and the eastern portion of the Persian Gulf; and on the W. by Media and the mountains S. of the Caspian Sea. Its exact limits are laid down with little accuracy in ancient authors, and it seems to have been often confounded (as in Pliny, b. vi. c. 23, 25) with the small province of Aria. It comprehended the provinces of Gedrosia, Drangiana, Arachosia, Paropamisus mountains, Aria, Parthia, and Carmania. _Smith_, art. Ariana. See b. xv. c. ii. § 7, 8.

[911] The Aorsi and Siraci occupied the country between the Sea of Azoff, the Don, the Volga, the Caspian Sea, and the Terek. May not the Aorsi, says Gossellin, be the same as the Thyrsagetæ, Agathursi, Utidorsi, Adorsi, Alanorsi of other writers, but whose real name is Thyrsi? The Siraci do not appear to differ from the Soraci or Seraci of Tacitus, (Ann. xii. 15, &c.,) and may be the same as Iyrces, Ἰύρκες, afterwards called Turcæ.

[912] The country to the N. and N. E. of Anapa. By Bosporus we are to understand the territory on each side of the Straits of Kertch.

[913] B. ii. c. v. § 31.

[914] Cn. Pompeius Theophanes was one of the more intimate friends of Pompey, by whom he was presented with the Roman franchise in the presence of his army. This occurred in all probability about B. C. 62. _Smith_, art. Theophanes.

[915] About B. C. 16. _Smith_, art. Polemon I.

[916] If there ever did exist such a city as Tanaïs I should expect to find it at the extremity of that northern embouchure of the Don, which I have before mentioned as bearing the very name the Greeks gave to the city, with the slightest variation of orthography, in the appellation Tdanaets or Danaetz. _Clarke’s Travels in Russia_, chap. 14.

[917] Strabo makes the distance too great between the two rivers Rhombites.

[918] Kertch.

[919] According to La Motraye, Achilleum corresponds to Adasbournout, but Du Theil quotes also the following passage from Peyssonel. According to Strabo, Achilleum must have been situated opposite Casau-dip, the ancient Parthenium on the point Tchochekha-Bournou (the pig’s head). But perhaps the ancients placed Achilleum near the entrance of the Euxine into the Palus Mæotis. Is not the fort of Achou, which is 8 leagues more to the east on the Palus Mæotis, the true Achilleum, the name being corrupted and abridged by the Tartars?

[920] The point Rubanova.

[921] Ada.

[922] Taman.

[923] C. Takli.

[924] Ak Tengis.

[925] Another branch of the Kuban.

[926] The Kuban, anciently also the Vardanus.

[927] The Bog.

[928] The Dnieper.

[929] It is probable that the Kuban Lake is here confounded with, or considered a portion of, the Lake Ak Tengis. Considering the intricacy of all this coast, the changes that have taken place, and the absence of accurate knowledge, both in ancient and modern times, of these unfrequented parts, much must be left to conjecture. The positions therefore assigned to ancient cities are doubtful. The names indeed are inserted in Kiepert’s maps, but without the assistance of recent travellers it would be hazardous to pretend to fix upon their _exact_ sites.

[930] ἔστι δὲ καὶ Γοργιπία Some word or words appear to be wanting here. Kiepert assigns a place to this name, but it seems doubtful whether a place or a district is to be understood. Below, § 14, the Sindic harbour and city are mentioned, which may have been situated at Sound-jouk-kale. D’Anville places them here or at Anapa, but the contour of the coast in his map does not resemble that of any modern maps.

[931] The modern town Phanagoria does not seem to occupy the site of the ancient city.

[932] ἐξ ἀπάτης.

[933] ἡνίοχοι.

[934] Pschate.

[935] Keremp.

[936] C. Aia.

[937] The Tschilder mountains, of which Scydeces and Paryandres are a continuation.

[938] Thermeh.

[939] On the mouth of the river Anthemus to the N. of Colchis. It was situated 100 M. P., or 790 stadia to the N. P. of the Phasis, and 2260 stadia from Trapezus (Trebizond). (Pliny, vi. 5; Arrian, Perip. pp. 10, 18.) Upon or near the spot to which the twin sons of Leda gave their name, (Mela, i. 19, § 5; comp. Am. Marc. xxii. 8, § 24,) the Romans built Sebastopolis, (Steph. B.; Procop. B. G. iv. 4,) which was deserted in the time of Pliny, but was afterwards garrisoned by Justinian. The Soteriopolis of later times has been identified with it. The position of this place must be looked for near the roadstead of _Iskuria_. _Smith_, art. Dioscurias.

[940] οἷς οὐδὲν τῶν ὄντων μέλει, or careless of the truth. Kramer observes that these words are inconveniently placed in the Greek text.

[941] The Rion.

[942] The Tschorocsu.

[943] The Ilori.

[944] Choropani.

[945] The point of embarkation on the Cyrus (the Kur) is supposed to have been Surham, the ancient Sura.

[946] Gossellin, Groskurd, and Kramer, all agree that there is here an error. Kramer is of opinion that the conjecture of Gossellin may be adopted, viz. “eight or nine,” instead of “three or two,” the letters Γ and Β being a corruption of Η and Θ.

[947] Coray’s proposed reading is adopted, κατὰ for καὶ.

[948] According to Heyne, this was an Assyrian goddess worshipped under various titles.

[949] In consequence of the intrigues of his stepmother Ino he was to be sacrificed to Zeus, but his mother Nephele removed him and his sister Helle, and the two then rode away on the ram with the golden fleece, the gift of Hermes, through the air. Helle fell into the sea, which was afterwards called, after her, the Hellespont. _Smith_, art. Phrixus.

[950] The son of Menodotus by a daughter of Adobogion, a descendant of the tetrarchs of Galatia. He was the personal friend of Cæsar, who at the commencement of the Alexandrian war (B. C. 48) sent him into Syria and Cilicia to raise auxiliary forces. _Smith_, art. Mithridates, and see B. xiii. c. iv. § 3.

[951] Eurip. Troad. 26.

[952] σκηπτουχίας.

[953] Casaubon would read Corax.--The Sukum.

[954] Adopting Kramer’s proposed reading, ἔνιοι in place of εἰ μὴ.

[955] The Arak.

[956] In the English map, reduced from the Russian military map, there are two rivers Alasan, flowing in contrary directions from M. Bebala. The modern names of the other rivers here mentioned are not well ascertained.

[957] Tchorocsu.

[958] Ilori.

[959] Probably the Alasan flowing from M. Bebala.

[960] Akalziche.

[961] The Aras.

[962] Strabo mentions the Gelæ again, c. vii. § 1, but in a manner which does not agree with what he here says of their position. We must perhaps suppose that this people, in part at least, have changed their place of residence, and that now the greater part of their descendants are to be found in Ghilan, under the name of Gelé, or Gelaki. The name of Leges, or Legæ, who have continued to occupy these regions, is recognised in that of Legi, Leski. _Gossellin._

[963] The Mermadalis seems to be the same river called below by Strabo Mermodas. Critics and modern travellers differ respecting its present name. One asserts that it is the Marubias, or Marabias, of Ptolemy, another takes it to be the Manitsch, called in Austrian maps Calaus. Others believe it to be the small stream Mermedik, which flows into the Terek. Others again recognise the Mermadalis in the Egorlik. _Gossellin._

[964] Unknown. Pallas thought that he had discovered their name in that of the Tscherkess, who occupied the country where Strabo places the Gargarenses, and might be their descendants.

[965] The same river probably before called the Mermadalis.

[966] This sentence has been supposed by some critics to be an interpolation. Strabo above, c. ii. § 1, has already spoken of the Siraci, who would seem to have been the inhabitants of Siracena, and may sometimes have been called Siraceni. In c. ii. § 11, he speaks of the Sittaceni, and assigns them a position which would indicate them as a different people from the Seraci, or Siraceni. _Gossellin._

[967] Groskurd reads ἀπορία, want, instead of εὐπορία, plenty.

[968] Χαμαικοῖται People who lie on the ground.

[969] Panxani, Paxani, Penzani.

[970] The text is here corrupt.

[971] The country occupied by the Cadusii of whom Eratosthenes speaks appears to have been the Ghilan, a name probably derived from the Gelæ, who are constantly associated with the Cadusii.

[972] The Gihon.

[973] The Sihon.

[974] i. e. the Hyperboreans above the Adriatic, the Sauromatæ above the Danube, and the Arimaspi above the Euxine.

[975] The name Sacæ is to be traced in Sakita, a district on the confines of those of Vash and Gil, situated on the north of the Gihon or Oxus, consequently in ancient Sogdiana. _D’Anville._

[976] C. viii. § 2.

[977] At ubi cœpit in latitudinem pandi lunatis obliquatur cornibus. _Pliny_, N. H.

[978] See b. ii. c. i. § 14.