Chapter IV (3)

[979] These names have here probably undergone some change. Talabroce may be the Tambrace or Tembrax of Polybius; Samariane, the Soconax of Ptolemy; Carta, Zadra-Carta; and Tape, the Syrinx of Polybius.

[980] The text is here corrupt.

[981] About 7 gallons.

[982] About 12 gallons.

[983] B. ii. c. i. § 14.

[984] πεύκη.

[985] ἐλάτη.

[986] πίτυς.

[987] The country here spoken of appears to be that celebrated from the earliest times for its breed of horses to which the epithet Nesæan was applied by ancient writers. See c. xiii. § 7.

[988] The modern name is uncertain.

[989] The same statement was made to Pompey, when in these regions in pursuit of Mithridates.

[990] αὐτοῦ in this passage, as Kramer remarks, is singular.

[991] From what point our author does not say.

[992] There is some confusion in the text, which Groskurd attempts to amend as follows: “But among the barbarians the heights of Ariana, and the northern mountains of India, are separately called Emoda, &c.

[993] B. xv. c. i. § 11. The name is derived from the Sanscrit _himavat_, which is preserved in the Latin hiems, winter, and in the modern name Himalaya. See _Smith_, art. Imaus.

[994] On advancing from the S. E. of the Hyrcanian Sea towards the E.

[995] The Syr-Daria.

[996] Aparni, Xanthii, and Pissuri, in this passage, seem to be the same as Parni, Xandii, and Parii, in c. ix. § 3, if we may understand in the present passage these people to be referred to only by name, but not as living in the country here described.

[997] These gods, otherwise unknown, are mentioned again in b. xv. c. iii. § 15.

[998] The Northern Ocean.

[999] διαδήματα.

[1000] τοῖς ὅλοις ἐδάφεσιν.

[1001] There is great doubt where it was situated; the distances recorded by ancient writers not corresponding accurately with known ruins. It has been supposed that _Damgham_ corresponds best with this place; but Damgham is too near the Pylæ Caspiæ: on the whole it is probable that any remains of Hecatompylos ought to be sought in the neighbourhood of a place now called _Jah Jirm_. _Smith_, art. Hecatompylos.

[1002] Now Herat, the capital of Khorassan. See _Smith_, art. Aria Civitas.

[1003] Zarang.

[1004] Sigistan.

[1005] Ulan Robât, but see _Smith_, art. Arachotus.

[1006] Balkh. See _Smith_.

[1007] The sum total is 15,210 stadia, and not 15,300 stadia. This latter sum total is to be found again in b. xv. c. ii. § 8, but the passage there referred to has served to correct a still greater error in the reading of this chapter, viz. 15,500. Corrections of the text have been proposed, but their value is doubtful.

[1008] Its present name is said to be Comis.

[1009] The Rents.

[1010] Adopting Tyrwhitt’s conjecture, πρὸς ἄλλοις.

[1011] The Parapomisus. Kramer’s proposed correction is adopted.

[1012] For Isamus in the text, Imaus is adopted by Groskurd, and Kramer considers this reading highly probable. Isamus is not found in any other passage, but Mannert, (Geogr. v. p. 295,) finding in Pliny (N. H. vi. 21, § 17) the river Iomanes, proposes to read in this passage Ἰομάνου, in which he recognises the Jumna.

[1013] Tatta or Sindi.

[1014] Adraspa. B. xv. c. ii. § 10.

[1015] Mentioned nowhere else. Kramer seems to approve of Du Theil’s proposed correction, Tapuria.

[1016] ἐνταφιαστὰς.

[1017] B. x. c. v. § 6.

[1018] The text is corrupt.

[1019] παρωνόμασαν.

[1020] i. e. on the same parallel.

[1021] That is, from the Caspian Gates to Thinæ. _Gossellin._

[1022] Strabo does not here determine either the parallel from which we are to measure, nor the meridian we are to follow to discover this greatest breadth, which according to him is “less than 10,000 stadia.” This passage therefore seems to present great difficulties. The difficulties respecting the parallel can only be perceived by an examination and comparison of the numerous passages where our author indicates the direction of the chain of mountains which form the Taurus.

[1023] I do not see where this statement is to be found, except implicitly. Strabo seems to refer us in general to various passages where he endeavours to determine the greatest length of the habitable world, in b. ii. _Du Theil._

[1024] I am unable to fix upon the author’s train of thought. For immediately after having assigned to this portion of the Habitable Earth (whose dimensions he wishes to determine) 30,000 stadia as its “greatest length,” and 10,000 stadia as its “greatest breadth,” Strabo proceeds to prove what he had just advanced respecting its greatest length. Then he should, it seems, have endeavoured to furnish us, in the same manner, with a proof that its greatest breadth is not more, as he says, than 10,000. But in what follows there is nothing advanced on this point; all that he says is to develope another proposition, viz. that the extent of the Hyrcanian--Caspian Sea is at the utmost 6000 stadia.

The arguments contained in this paragraph on the whole appear to me strange; they rest on a basis which it is difficult to comprehend; they establish explicitly a proposition which disagrees with what the author has said elsewhere, and lastly they present an enormous geographical error.

It will therefore be useful to the reader to explain, as far as I understand it, the argument of our author.

1. The exact form of the chlamys is unknown to us, but it was such, that its greatest _breadth_ was to be found, if not exactly in, at least near, the middle of its _length_. The Habitable Earth being of the form of a Chlamys, its greatest _breadth_ would be found about the middle of its greatest _length_.

2. The greatest _length_ of the Habitable World being 70,000 stadia, its greatest _breadth_ ought to be found at the distance of 35,000 stadia from its eastern or western extremity, but this greatest _breadth_ is only 30,000 stadia, and it does not extend, on the north, beyond the parallel of the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea. B. ii.

3. The meridian which passes at the distance of 35,000 stadia from the eastern or western extremities of the Habitable Earth, is that which, drawn from the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea to the Northern Ocean, and prolonged in another direction through the mouth of the Persian Gulf to the sea called Erythræan, would pass through the city Artemita. Consequently it is on the meridian of Artemita that we must look for the greatest breadth of the Habitable Earth.

4. On this same meridian, we must reckon from the parallel of the last habitable country in the south to the mouth of the Persian Gulf, about 8000 stadia; then from the mouth of the Persian Gulf to Artemita, 8000 stadia; and from Artemita to the bottom of the Hyrcanian Sea, 8000 stadia: total 24,000 stadia.

5. It being established that the breadth of the Habitable Earth is 30,000 stadia, and not to extend it northwards beyond the parallel of the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea, where it communicates with the Northern Ocean, the distance to this point from the bottom of this same sea must be calculated at 6000 stadia. _Du Theil._

[1025] The modern Shirban is supposed to occupy its site.

[1026] Namely 6000. B. ii. c. i. § 17.

[1027] Introduced from the margin according to Groskurd’s opinion, supported also by Kramer.

[1028] i. e. To northern or southern Asia. B. ii. c. I. § 20.

[1029] There are five islands off the Hiera Acta, which is now Cape Khelidonia. The Greeks still call them Cheledoniæ, of which the Italians make Celidoni; and the Turks have adopted the Italian name, and call them Shelidan. _Smith_, art. Chelidoniæ Insulæ.

[1030] Amanus descends from the mass of Taurus, and surrounds the Gulf of Issus.

[1031] Dudschik Dagh.

[1032] It is generally supposed that the modern town Al Bostan on the Sikoon, Seihun, or Sarus, is or is near the site of Comana of Cappadocia. _Smith_, art. Comana.

[1033] Malatia.

[1034] Dzophok.

[1035] Azerbaijan.

[1036] The range overhanging Cerasus, now Kerasun.

[1037] Camasch. The country situated N. W. of the Euphrates in about 38° lat.

[1038] The range of Kurdistan on the E. of the Tigris.

[1039] The range lying between the Euphrates and the Tigris, between 37° and 38° lat.

[1040] Nisibin or Netzid.

[1041] Meja-Farkin, by “above” these cities, would appear to mean overhanging them both, as it is situated between them.

[1042] Nepat-Learn.

[1043] B. ii. c. i. § 22.

[1044] Hamadan.

[1045] An interpolation; probably introduced from Matiane below. _Falconer. Kramer._

[1046] Its ancient name according to Kramer was Kapotan. Kaputan-Dzow, The Blue Lake, now the Lake Urmiah.

[1047] καπυρωθεῖσιν Kramer observes that the meaning of the word in this passage is not clear. It may possibly mean some colour to which the name of the lake was given.

[1048] It is uncertain whether this is a place, or a district.

[1049] Adopting Groskurd’s emendation χειμάδιον.

[1050] In the text χειμάδιον. Kramer suggests the reading βασίλειον.

[1051] Lucerne?

[1052] Groskurd proposes “length.”

[1053] πῖλος.

[1054] Heroic monuments of Jason.

[1055] Kharput.

[1056] An almost uniform tradition has pointed out an isolated peak of this range as the Ararat of Scripture. It is still called Ararat or Agri-Dagh, and by the Persians Kuh-il-Nuh, mountain of Noah. _Smith._

[1057] Formerly the mass of ruins called Takt-Tiridate, (Throne of Tiridates,) near the junction of the Aras and the Zengue, were supposed to represent the ancient Artaxata. Col. Monteith fixes the site at a remarkable bend of the river somewhat lower down than this. See _Smith_, art. Artaxata.

[1058] Kars is the capital of this country.

[1059] σκώληκας and θρῖπας, species of worms. See _Smith_, art. Chorzene.

[1060] Melitene. _Groskurd._

[1061] It corresponds, Kramer observes, with Táron, a province of Armenia, which is called by Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 24, Taraunitium (not Taranitium) regio.

[1062] We should read probably Matiane. The meaning of the word proposed by Strabo may easily be proved to be incorrect, by reference to the Armenian language, in which no such word is to be found bearing this sense. As _Kapoit_ in the Armenian tongue signifies “blue,” this explanation of Strabo’s appears to refer to the lake Spauta or Kapauta, above, c. xiii. § 2. _Kramer._

[1063] The lake Arsissa, Thospitis or Van.

[1064] This is an error; one of the branches of the Tigris rises among the mountains on the S. W. of the lake Van, and which form part of the range of Nepat-Learn or Niphates.

[1065] The Kurds.

[1066] Groskurd proposes Syspiritis.

[1067] ἀπήγχθη _Meineke._

[1068] It is doubtful whether this colour was red, blue, or purple.

[1069] Herod. i. 202.

[1070] Arbil.

[1071] That this is an error is manifest. Falconer proposes Armenia; Groskurd, Assyria; but what name is to be supplied is altogether uncertain. The name of the city is also wanting, according to Kramer, who proposes Nisibis.

[1072] The beginning is wanting, according to the opinion of critics, Xylander, Casaubon, and others.

[1073] The range of mountains to the S. of Caramania.

[1074] Kizil-Irmak.

[1075] Itsch-Ili.

[1076] Archelaus received from Augustus (B. C. 20) some parts of Cilicia on the coast and the Lesser Armenia. In A. D. 15 Tiberius treacherously invited him to Rome, and kept him there. He died, probably about A. D. 17, and his kingdom was made a Roman province.

[1077] Herod. i. 6, 28.

[1078] Eregli near the lake Al-gol.

[1079] That is, surrounded by mountains, as below.

[1080] The range on the west of the river Sarus, Seichun, now bearing various names.

[1081] Supposed to be Al-Bostan.

[1082] The Crimea.

[1083] Dschehan-Tschai.

[1084] The text is here corrupt.

[1085] The reading is doubtful.

[1086] The passage is corrupt. Groskurd proposes Asbamean in place of Dacian, mention being made of a temple of Asbamean Jove in Amm. Marcell. xxiii. 6. Kramer also suggests the transposition of this sentence to the end of § 6.

[1087] Probably the Kermel-su, a branch of the Pyramus.

[1088] There is some confusion in this statement.

[1089] Kara-Hissar.

[1090] Between the mountains Bulghar-Dagh and Allah-Dagh.

[1091] Kaisarieh.

[1092] Edsehise-Dagh, the highest peak, has been estimated at 13,000 feet above the sea.

[1093] The Karasu, the black river, a branch of the Kizil-Irmak. The modern name appears common to many rivers.

[1094] χρημάτων, the reading proposed by Kramer.

[1095] i. e. the kingdom of Pontus.

[1096] Kara-Hissar.

[1097] Du Theil quotes Justin, 38, c. 2, where it is stated that Ariobarzanes was appointed king by the Romans. Probably the election was confirmed by the Senate.

[1098] Kizil-Irmak.

[1099] Who lived on the west of the river Sidenus (Siddin).

[1100] Amassera.

[1101] Erekli, or Benderegli.

[1102] Erekli.

[1103] The Bithynians, or rather Thyni, occupied the sea-coast from the Bosphorus to the river Sagaris (Sakaria). The Mariandyni extended to Heracleia (Erekli); and the Caucones to the east as far as the river Parthenius (Tschati-su).

[1104] Sizeboli, south of the Gulf of Burgas.

[1105] Midjeh.

[1106] B. vii. c. iii. § 2.

[1107] Kramer is of opinion that Strabo is mistaken in this account of the origin of Heracleia.

[1108] Athenæus, b. vi. c. 85, vol. i. p. 414, Bohn’s Class. Library.

[1109] Tilijos.

[1110] B. viii. c. iii. § 17.

[1111] Il. ii. 855.

[1112] Kidros.

[1113] On the bay of the modern Sebastopol, b. vii. c. iv. § 2.

[1114] Mangalia.

[1115] Some of the smaller mountain streams which descend from the range of hills extending from Scutari to the Sangaria. According to Gossellin the Psillis may be the river near Tschileh, and the Calpas the river near Kerpeh.

[1116] Il. xvi. 719.

[1117] The virgin river, from its flowers and tranquil course.

[1118] Il. ii. 851.

[1119] B. v. c. i. § 4.

[1120] Herod. i. 6.

[1121] About the Thermodon, now Termeh.

[1122] The country about Samsoun.

[1123] Il. ii. 853.

[1124] Kara-Aghatsch.

[1125] Il. i. 855.

[1126] Between C. Tchakras and Delike-Tschili.

[1127] B. vii. c. iv. § 3.

[1128] Kinoli.

[1129] Ineboli, near the mouth of the Daurikan-Irmak.

[1130] Ak-Liman.

[1131] B. vii. c. vi. § 2.

[1132] The eunuch Bacchides, or Bacchus, according to others, whom Mithridates, after despairing of success, commissioned with the order for his women to die. _Plutarch, Life of Lucullus._

[1133] Probably a celestial globe constructed by Billarus, or on the principles of Billarus, a person otherwise unknown. Strabo mentions, b. ii. c. v. § 10, the Sphere of Crates, Cicero the Sphere of Archimedes and of Posidonius. History speaks of several of these spheres, among others of that of Ptolemy and Aratus. Leontinus, a mechanician of the sixth century, explains the manner in which this last was constructed.

[1134] Lucullus, upon his entry into Sinope, put to death 8000 Cilicians whom he found there. The rest of the inhabitants, after having set fire to the town, carried with them the statue of Autolycus, the founder of Sinope, the work of Sthenis; but not having time to put it on board ship, it was left on the sea-shore. Autolycus was one of the companions of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. Sthenis, as well as his brother Lysistratus, was a celebrated statuary; he was a native of Olynthus and a contemporary of Alexander the Great.

[1135] The temple of Jupiter Urius near Chalcedon.

[1136] He was also the author of a History of the Tyrants of Ephesus. _Athenæus_, b. vi. c. 59, p. 395, Bohn’s Class. Library.

[1137] ἀπὸ τῶν ἁλῶν.

[1138] B. iv. c. iv. § 3.

[1139] ζόρκες.

[1140] Wesir Kopti.

[1141] The district between the Halys (Kizil-Irmak) and the Iris (Jeschil Irmak).

[1142] Some words of the text are lost.

[1143] The tract of country between the Iris and the Thermodon.

[1144] The territory on the east of the Thermodon (Termeh).

[1145] Jeschil Irmak.

[1146] Tasch Owa.

[1147] Gumenek.

[1148] Kas Owa.

[1149] Turchal.

[1150] Tschoterlek Irmak.

[1151] Amasija.

[1152] Germeili Tschai.

[1153] At the mouth of the river Puleman.

[1154] Fatsa?

[1155] Samsun.

[1156] According to Arrian, Pharnacia in his time was the name of Cerasus (Kerasun).

[1157] Trebisond.

[1158] The temple of Jupiter near Chalcedon.

[1159] To the west of the mouth of the Termeh.

[1160] Jasun.

[1161] C. Vona.

[1162] Ordu.

[1163] Platana.

[1164] B. xi. c. ii. § 12.

[1165] Probably the same as the Macropogones and Macrocephali.

[1166] Aggi-dagh.

[1167] The mountains above Erzeroum.

[1168] The inhabitants of the Seven Villages.

[1169] Iildiz-dagh.

[1170] Dwellers in towers.

[1171] Il. ii. 856.

[1172] Sarakoi.

[1173] Il. ii. 863.

[1174] Od. xviii. 5.

[1175] Od. xxi. 6.

[1176] In Kiepert’s map it is without a name. Leake calls it Boklu. It falls into the sea to the west of Cyzicus.

[1177] B. vii. c. iii. § 6. B. i. c. ii. § 23.

[1178] Il. iii. 189.

[1179] B. xiii. c. iv. § 5, it joins the Hyllus, called Phrygius in the time of Strabo. The Phrygius takes its rise in the mountains north of Thyatira, (Ak Hissar,) and falls into the Hermus (Gedis Tschai).

[1180] Bos Dagh.

[1181] Manisa.

[1182] Bojuk Meinder.

[1183] Il. xii. 20.

[1184] B. vii. c. iii. § 6.

[1185] Gumenek.

[1186] Zileh.

[1187] This district is at the foot of the mountains which separated the Roman from the Persian Armenia. Carana (now _Erzum_, Erzerum, or _Garen_) was the capital of this district. It was afterwards called Theodosiopolis, which name was given to it in honour of the Emperor Theodosius the Younger by Anatolius his general in the East, A. D. 416. It was for a long time subject to the Byzantine emperors, who considered it the most important fortress of Armenia. About the middle of the 11th century it received the name of Arze-el-Rum, contracted into Arzrum or Erzrum. It owed its name to the circumstance, that when Arzek was taken by the Seljuk Turks, A. D. 1049, the inhabitants of that place, which from its long subjection to the Romans had received the epithet of Rúm, retired to Theodosiopolis, and gave it the name of their former abode. _Smith._

[1188] On the S. W. of the ridge of Tauschan Dagh.

[1189] Mersivan. The text is corrupt. Groskurd’s emendation is followed in the translation.

[1190] Ladik-Gol.

[1191] Kawsa.

[1192] Ijan (Tauschan) Kalessi.

[1193] Tusanlu-su, a branch of the Ieschil Irmak.

[1194] West of Koseh Dagh.

[1195] Situated between the Kizil-Irmak and the river Delidsche Irmak, a tributary of the former.

[1196] Alkas-Dagh.

[1197] Gok-Irmak, or Kostambul Tschai, flowing between the mountain ridges. Jeralagoz-Dagh and Sarikawak-Dagh.

[1198] B. C. 88.

[1199] Tasch-Kopri.

[1200] Pliny, xxxiv. c. 18.

[1201] Great-grandson of Deïotarus I.

[1202] According to Alexander Polyhistor, the town was built by a goatherd, who had found one of his goats straying there, but this is probably a mere philological speculation, _gangra_ signifying “a goat” in the Paphlagonian language. In ecclesiastical writers it is often mentioned as the metropolitan see of Paphlagonia. The orchards of this town were celebrated for their apples. Athen. iii.--_Smith._

[1203] Book iv. c. i. § 6. Athen. b. viii.

[1204] Isnik Gol.

[1205] Sakaria.

[1206] B. vii. c. vi. § 2.

[1207] G. of Ismid.

[1208] Ismid or Iskimid.

[1209] B. of Gemlik.

[1210] Brusa.

[1211] Mudania.

[1212] Livy, xxxviii. 39.

[1213] The kings of Pergamus.

[1214] The Acquired.

[1215] The ridge of Katerlu Dagh and Samanlu Dagh.

[1216] In the text, Prusias. The translation follows the suggestion of Kramer.

[1217] Il. ii. 862.

[1218] Il. xiii. 792.

[1219] Sarakoi.

[1220] Il. ii. 824.

[1221] Karabogha.

[1222] Keschisch-Dagh.

[1223] Claudiopolis, now Boli.

[1224] Tilijos.

[1225] Isnik. The Turkish name is a contraction of εἰς Νίκαιαν, as Ismir, Smyrna, is a contraction of εἰς Σμύρνην, Istambol, Constantinople, of εἰς τὴν πόλιν, Stanco, Cos, of εἰς τὴν Κῶ.

[1226] Xenocrates, one of the most distinguished disciples of Plato, was of Chalcedon. Dionysius the dialectician is probably the same as Dionysius of Heracleia, who abandoned the Stoics to join the sect of Epicurus. Hipparchus, the first and greatest of Greek astronomers, (B. C. 160-145,) was of Nicæa. So also was Diophanes, quoted by Varro and Columella, as the abbreviator of the twenty books on Agriculture by Mago, in the Punic language. Suidas speaks of Theodosius, a distinguished mathematician, who, according to Vossius, may be here meant. A treatise of his “on Spherics” still exists, and was printed in Paris in 1558. Of Cleophanes of Myrleia little is known. Strabo mentions also a grammarian, Asclepiades of Myrleia, in b. iii. c. iv. § 19. To these great names may be added as of Bithynian origin, but subsequent to the time of Strabo, Dion Chrysostom, one of the most eminent among Greek rhetoricians and sophists; he was born at Nicomedia, and died about A. D. 117. Arrian, the author of “India,” and the “Anabasis” (the Asiatic expedition) “of Alexander,” was also born at Nicomedia towards the end of A. D. 100.

[1227] Probably a grove.

[1228] Bala Hissar, to the south of Siwri-Hissar; between these two places is Mt. Dindymus, Gunescth-Dagh.

[1229] On the west of the lake Simau.

[1230] Suleimanli.

[1231] The kings of Pergamus.

[1232] Juliopolis.

[1233] Tuz-Tscholli.

[1234] Konia.

[1235] Meineke’s correction.

[1236] Its position is uncertain, probably Divle, to the S. of the Lake Ak-Gol. See _Smith_, art. _Derbe_.

[1237] Caraman.

[1238] Tschol-Abad.

[1239] Aphiom Kara Hissar.

[1240] Sulpitius Quirinus. The Cyrenius “governor of Syria” in St. Luke. Tacitus (Ann. B. iii. c. 48) speaks of his expedition against the Homonadeis, and Josephus of his arrival in Syria, where he was sent with Coponius by Augustus.

[1241] Eske-Adatia.

[1242] Balkesi.

[1243] To the north of the chain of Taurus which commenced at the promontory Trogilium opposite Samos.

[1244] Tabas.

[1245] Surk.

[1246] Pliny, b. xv. c. 7, and b. xii. c. 4.

[1247] Kopru-Su.

[1248] Ak-Su.

[1249] Bakyr-Tschai.

[1250] The district around Bergama.

[1251] Sipuli-Dagh.

[1252] The district between Bergama and the sea.

[1253] Protheüs, who had led the Magnetes to Troy, upon his return from that expedition, and in compliance with a vow which he had made to Apollo, selected every tenth man and sent them to the temple at Delphi. These Magnetes, for some reason, abandoned the temple and embarked for Crete; from thence they passed into Asia, accompanied by some Cretans, and founded Magnesia near the Mæander. B. xiv. c. i. § 11.

[1254] Herod. i. 173; vii. 92.

[1255] Il. vi. 184.

[1256] Il. vi. 204.

[1257] Il. vi. 199.

[1258] Il. ii. 655, 677.

[1259] Il. iii. 2.

[1260] Il. iii. 8.

[1261] Keschisch Dagh.

[1262] Kas-Dagh.

[1263] Artaki.

[1264] Satal-dere?

[1265] Mualitsch-Tschai.

[1266] Iaskili.

[1267] Mudania.

[1268] Loubadi.

[1269] Manijas.

[1270] According to Pliny, b. v. c. 32, it was united to the mainland by Alexander.

[1271] Marseilles.

[1272] Simau-Su.

[1273] Simau-Gol.

[1274] Imrali, or Kalo-limno.

[1275] Karabogher.

[1276] Kiutahia.

[1277] Eski-Schehr.

[1278] Gedis.

[1279] Hergan Kaleh.

[1280] Ischekli.

[1281] Afium-Karahissar.

[1282] Dinear.

[1283] Iorghan-Ladik.

[1284] Geira.

[1285] Destroyed by an earthquake in the time of Nero, afterwards Konos.

[1286] Teseni.

[1287] Ballyk.

[1288] Sultan Dagh.

[1289] Ak Schehr.

[1290] Ialobatsch.

[1291] Mender Tschai.

[1292] Samsun.

[1293] The lake above Celænæ bore the name of Aulocrene or Pipe Fountain, probably from the reeds which grew there. Pliny, b. v. c. 29.

[1294] Urumluk.

[1295] The place is identified by the hot springs about 12 miles from Denizli or Jenidscheh.

[1296] Ala Schehr.

[1297] The Black.

[1298] The number of cities destroyed were twelve, and the catastrophe took place in the night. An inscription relating to this event is still preserved at Naples. Tacit. Ann. B. ii. c. 47. Sueton. in V. Tiberii.

[1299] Tiberius, the adopted son of Augustus.

[1300] B. i. c. iii. § 4.

[1301] Herophilus, a celebrated physician, and contemporary of Erasistratus. He was one of the first founders of the medical school in Alexandria, and whose fame afterwards surpassed that of all others. He lived in the 4th and 3rd centuries B. C.

[1302] Zeuxis was the author of a commentary on Hippocrates: it is now lost; even in the time of Galen, about A. D. 150, it was rare. Alexander Philalethes, who succeeded Zeuxis, had as his pupil and probably successor Demosthenes Philalethes, who was the author of a treatise on the eyes, which was still in existence in the 14th century.

[1303] The Niobe, a lost tragedy of Sophocles, is often quoted; this is probably here meant.

[1304] Satal-dere.

[1305] The Troad is called Biga by the Turks, from the name of a town which now commands that district. Biga is the ancient Sidene.

[1306] Kodscha-Tschai. Oustvola. _Gossellin._

[1307] The ruins of Abydos are on the eastern side of the Hellespont, near a point called Nagara. Sestos, of which the ruins also exist, called Zemenic, are on the opposite coast.

[1308] Baba Kalessi.

[1309] Eski Stamboul, or Old Constantinople.

[1310] Bakir-Tschai, or Germasti.

[1311] Beiram-koi, or Asso, or Adschane.

[1312] Edremid or Adramytti.

[1313] Dikeli-koi.

[1314] Tschandarlik.

[1315] Mytilene.

[1316] Lamurt-koi.

[1317] Gedis-Tschai.

[1318] Karadscha-Fokia.

[1319] The return of the Heracleidæ having taken place, according to Thucydides and other writers, eighty years after the capture of Troy, some critics have imagined that the text of Strabo in this passage should be changed from ἑξήκοντα ἔτεσι, sixty years, to ὀγδοήκοντα ἔτεσι, eighty years. Thucydides, in the same chapter, and in the space of a few lines, speaks of the return of the Bœotians to their own country, as having taken place sixty years after the capture of Troy; and of the return of the Heracleidæ to the Peloponnesus, as having taken place eighty years after the same event; it is probable that Strabo, who followed Thucydides, substituted, through inattention, one number for another.

[1320] Kamaraes, or Kemer. (Kamar, _Arab._ the Moon.)

[1321] Near Mussatsch-Koi.

[1322] Il. xiv. 283.

[1323] The passage in brackets Meineke suspects to be an interpolation, as Rhesus and Heptaporus cannot be placed in this part of Ida, nor do any of the streams mentioned by Homer in the same passage flow into the Ægean Sea.

[1324] Il. xii. 19.

[1325] Il. ii. 824.

[1326] The whole range of Ida now bears various names: the highest summit is called Kas-dagh. Gossellin says that the range is called Kara-dagh, but this name (black mountain) like Karasu (Black river) and Kara-Koi (Black village) are so commonly applied that they amount to no distinction; in more modern maps this name does not appear. It may be here observed that the confusion of names of those parts in the Turkish empire which were formerly under the Greeks, arises from the use of names in both languages.

[1327] Il. xiv. 292.

[1328] The Gulf of Edremid or Jalea, the ancient Elæa.

[1329] The meridian, according to our author’s system, passing through Constantinople, Rhodes, Alexandria, Syene, and Meröe.

[1330] Il. ix. 328.

[1331] Od. xviii. 518.

[1332] Il. ix. 129.

[1333] Il. xx. 92.

[1334] Il. ii. 691.

[1335] Il. ii. 690.

[1336] Il. xix. 295.

[1337] Il. i. 366.

[1338] Il. vi. 395.

[1339] Il. xxi. 86.

[1340] Il. iii. 816.

[1341] Il. ii. 819.

[1342] Il. xx. 83.

[1343] Il. ii. 824.

[1344] Il. ii. 835.

[1345] Il. iv. 499.

[1346] Bergas.

[1347] Il. xv. 546.

[1348] Il. ii. 831.

[1349] So that Cilicia was divided into three principalities, as Strabo observes below, c. i. § 70. But perhaps this division was only invented for the purpose of completing the number of the nine principalities, for Strabo above, c. i. § 2, speaks in a manner to let us suppose that other authors reckoned eight only. However this may be, the following is the number of the dynasties or principalities established by our author. 1. That of Mynes; 2. that of Eetion, both in Cilicia; 3. that of Altes; 4. that of Hector; 5. that of Æneas; 6. that of Pandarus; 7. that of Asius; 8. that of the son of Merops; 9. that of Eurypylus, also in Cilicia. _Coraÿ._

[1350] Granting to Priam the sovereignty of the districts just mentioned by Strabo, his dominion extended over a country about twenty maritime leagues in length and the same in breadth. It would be impossible to determine the exact limits of these different districts, but it is seen that The Trojans, properly so called, occupied the basin of the Scamander (Menderes-Tschai).

The Cilicians, commanded by Eetion, occupied the territory which surrounds the present Gulf of Adramytti.

The Cilicians of Mynes were to the south of the above.

The Leleges extended along a part of the northern coast of the Gulf of Adramytti, from Cape Baba.

The Dardanians were above the Trojans, and the chain of Ida. On the north, extending on both sides of the Hellespont, were the people of Arisbe, Sestos, and Abydos.

The people of Adrasteia occupied the Propontis, as far as the Granicus.

The Lycians, the country beyond, as far as the Æsepus and Zeleia.

Strabo mentioned a ninth (c. i. § 2) principality subject to Priam; he does not mention it by name, or rather it is wanting in the text. M. de Choiseul-Gouffier, (Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce, vol. ii.,) with much probability, thinks that this principality was that of the island of Lesbos. _Gossellin._

[1351] Il. xxiv. 543.

[1352] Il. ii. 824.

[1353] M. Falconer prétend qu’au lieu de 80 stades il faut lire 180.--Nos cartes modernes confirment la conjecture de M. Falconer. _Gossellin._

[1354] Il. ii. 828.

[1355] Karadere.

[1356] For Σκάρθων in the text--read ὁ δ’ ἐκ ... εἰς Σκάρδωνα. Meineke, who however suspects the whole passage to be an interpolation.

[1357] Peor Apis, or Baal Peor?

[1358] Lapsaki or Lampsaki.

[1359] The reading is very doubtful.

[1360] Marmara, from the marble, μάρμαρον, found there.

[1361] Gallipoli.

[1362] Beiram-dere.

[1363] Il. ii. 328.

[1364] Il. v. 612.

[1365] The same person probably as Cephalion, author of a History of the Trojan War.

[1366] Neoptolemus composed a glossary, or dictionary, divided into several books.

[1367] Charon was the author of a History of the Persian War, and of the Annals of Lampsacus.

[1368] Adeimantes was probably one of the courtiers of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

[1369] Anaximenes was the author of a History of Early Times, and of a work entitled, The Death of Kings. The “Rhetoric addressed to Alexander,” now known as The Rhetoric of Aristotle, has been ascribed to him. For the above see Athenæus.

[1370] Called “Stagnum Agrippæ” in Tacit. Ann. b. xv. c. 37.

[1371] Il. ii. 835.

[1372] Il. iv. 522.

[1373] Il. ii. 254.

[1374] The Maritza in Roumelia.

[1375] Il. xvi. 717.

[1376] A bridge of boats which could be unfixed at pleasure for the passage of vessels.

[1377] Meineke reads κρατίστη, the strongest fortified, instead of ἀρίστη.

[1378] Il. ii. 819.

[1379] Il. xv. 425.

[1380] The ancient Dardania in the interior; a second Dardania was afterwards built on the sea-coast.

[1381] Il. xx. 215.

[1382] Od. ix. 109, 112.

[1383] Il. xx. 216.

[1384] Il. xi. 166.

[1385] According to Arrian and Plutarch, it was before his victory.

[1386] A native of Alexandreia-Troas and a grammarian; he was the author of Commentaries on various authors and of a History of the Trojan War.--_Athenæus._

[1387] According to Pliny, b. vii. 29, this casket contained the perfumes of Darius, unguentorum scrinium. According to Plutarch, (Life of Alexander) the poem of Homer was the Iliad revised and corrected by Aristotle. From what Strabo here says of Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, we may probably understand a second revision made by them under the inspection of Alexander.

[1388] Called above, § 22, Cape Dardanium (Cape Barber). Pliny gives the name Dardanium to the town which Herodotus and Strabo call Dardanus, and places it at an equal distance from Rhœteium and Abydos. The modern name Dardanelles is derived from it.

[1389] The name was given, it is said, in consequence of the imprecations of Hecuba on her captors. Others say that Hecuba was transformed into a bitch. The tomb occupied the site of the present castle in Europe called by the Turks Kilid-bahr.

[1390] Pliny states that in his time there were no traces of the Rhodius, nor of the other rivers mentioned by Strabo in following Homer. According to others, the Rhodius is the torrent which passes by the castle of the Dardanelles in Asia, called by the Turks Sultan-kalessi, and therefore cannot unite with the Æsepus.

[1391] Ienischer.

[1392] The Scamander no longer unites with the Simoïs, and for a considerable length of time has discharged itself into the Archipelago. The ancient mouth of these rivers preserve, however, the name Menderé, which is an evident alteration of Scamander, and the name Menderé has also become that of the ancient Simoïs. It is to be observed that Demetrius of Scepsis, whose opinions on what regards these rivers and the position of Troy are quoted by Strabo, constantly takes the Simoïs or Menderé for the Scamander of Homer. The researches of M. de Choiseul-Gouffier on the Troad appear to me clearly to demonstrate that Demetrius of Scepsis is mistaken.--_Gossellin._

[1393] The temple or tomb of Protesilaus, one of the Greek princes who went to the siege of Troy, and the first who was killed on disembarking. Artayctes, one of the generals of Xerxes, pillaged the temple and profaned it by his debauchery. According to Herodotus, (b. ix. 115,) who narrates the circumstance, the temple and the tomb of Protesilaus must have been in Eleussa (Paleo-Castro) itself, or at least very near this city. Chandler thought he had discovered this tomb near the village which surrounds the castle of Europe.

[1394] The port of the Achæans, the spot, that is, where the Greeks disembarked on the coast of the Troad, at the entrance of the Hellespont, appears to have been comprehended between the hillock called the Tomb of Achilles and the southern base of the heights, on which is situated another tomb, which goes by the name of the Tomb of Ajax. This space of about 1500 toises in length, now sand and lagunes, where the village Koum Kale and the fortress called the New Castle of Asia stand, and which spreads across the mouth of the Menderé, once formed a creek, the bottom of which, from examination on the spot, extended 1200 or 1500 toises from the present shore. It is from the bottom of this marshy creek the 12 stadia must be measured which Strabo reckons from the Port of the Achæans to New Ilium. These 12 stadia, estimated at 700 to a degree, (like the generality of other measures adopted by Strabo in this district,) are equal to 977 toises, and conduct in a straight line to the western point of the mountain Tchiblak, where there are remains of buildings which may be the vestiges of New Ilium.

The other 30 stadia, which, according to Strabo, or rather according to Demetrius of Scepsis, was the distance from New Ilium to the town of the Ilienses, are equal to 2440 toises, and terminate at the most eastern edge of the table-land of Tchiblak, in a spot where ruins of a temple and other edifices are seen. Thus there is nothing to prevent our taking this place for the site of the town of the Ilienses, and this is the opinion of many modern travellers. But did this town occupy the same ground as the ancient Ilium, as Demetrius of Scepsis believed? Strabo thinks not, and we shall hereafter see the objections he has to offer against the opinion of Demetrius.--_Gossellin._

[1395] Consequently ancient Ilium, according to Strabo, was forty-two stadia from the coast. Scylax places it at twenty-five stadia; but probably the copyists of this latter writer have confounded the numerical Greek letters κε (25) with με (45).

[1396] According to Homer, (Od. xxiv. 75,) Patrocles must have the same tomb with Achilles, as their ashes were united in the same urn; those of Antilochus were contained in a separate urn.

[1397] Il. v. 642.

[1398] Il. v. 641.

[1399] This plain, according to Demetrius, was to the east of the present Menderé, and was enclosed by this river and the mountain Tchiblak.

[1400] Il. xvi. 738.

[1401] If the name Cebrene or Cebrenia were derived from Cebriones, it would have been, according to analogy, Cebrionia; but it would have been better to have supposed the name to have been derived from Cebren, the more so as this river was supposed to be the father of Œnone the wife of Alexander (Paris). Whatever may be the origin of the name, the city Cebrene was, according to Ephorus, a colony of Cyme in Æolia.

[1402] The position of the tomb of Æsyetes is said to be near a village called by the Turks Udjek, who also give the name Udjek-tepe to the tomb itself. The tomb of Ilus, it is presumed, must be in the neighbourhood of the ancient bed of Scamander, and Batieia below the village Bounar-bachi.

[1403] This and the following paragraph more especially are at variance with the conjecture of those who place New Ilium at the village Tchiblak, situated beyond and to the north of the Simoïs.

[1404] As there are no mountains on the left bank of the Menderé, at the distance at which Demetrius places the town of the Ilienses, the long ridge or height of which Strabo speaks can only be referred to the hill of Tchiblak. In that case the Simoïs of Demetrius must be the stream Tchiblak, which modern maps represent as very small, but which Major Rennell, on authority as yet uncertain, extends considerably, giving it the name Shimar, which according to him recalls that of Simoïs.--_Gossellin._

[1405] Kramer proposes the insertion of ὤν before τῶν εἰρημένων ἀγκώνων ἐπ’ εὐθείας, by which we are to understand that the extremities of the arms and of the ridge are in the same straight line.

Groskurd reads μεταξὺ before τ. ε. α., changes the construction of the sentence, and reads the letter ψ instead of ε. His translation is as follows: “Both-mentioned plains are separated from each other by a long neck of land between the above-mentioned arms, which takes its commencement from the present Ilium and unites with it, extending itself in a straight line as far as Cebrenia, and forms with the arms on each side the letter ψ.”

The topography of the plain of Troy and its neighbourhood is not yet sufficiently known to be able to distinguish all the details given by Demetrius. It appears only that he took the Tchiblak for the Simoïs, and placed the plain of Troy to the right of the present Menderé, which he called the Scamander. This opinion, lately renewed by Major Rennell, presents great and even insurmountable difficulties when we endeavour to explain on this basis the principal circumstances of the Iliad. It must be remembered that in the time of Demetrius the remembrance of the position of ancient Troy was entirely lost, and that this author constantly reasoned on the hypothesis, much contested in his time, that the town of the Ilienses corresponded with that of ancient Ilium. _Observations on the Topography of the plain of Troy by James Rennell._--_Gossellin._

[1406] Il. xx. 51.

[1407] Il. x. 430.

[1408] Tumbrek.

[1409] Erineos, a wild fig-tree. Homer, it is to be observed, speaks of a single wild fig-tree, whereas Strabo describes a spot planted with them. This place, or a place near the ancient Ilium, is called by the Turks, according to M. Choiseul-Gouffier, Indgirdagh--i.e. the mountain of fig-trees, although none were to be found there whether cultivated or wild.

[1410] Il. vi. 433.

[1411] Il. ix. 352.

[1412] 1628 toises. The alluvial deposit has now extended the mouth of the Menderé 3400 toises from the ruins where the measurement indicated the position of New Ilium.--_Gossellin._

[1413] The passage is corrupt, and the translation is rather a paraphrase, assisted by the conjectures of Kramer.

[1414] Od. xiv. 469.

[1415] Od. xiv. 496.

[1416] Il. xx. 209.

[1417] Il. xviii. 254.

[1418] Hestiæa was distinguished for her commentary on Homer somewhat in the same manner as Madame Dacier in modern times.

[1419] Il. ii. 792.

[1420] M. Lechevalier, who extends Ilium and its citadel Pergamus to the highest summit of the mountain Bounar-bachi, acknowledges that the nature of the ground would prevent the course of Hector and Achilles taking place round this position, in consequence of the rivers and the precipices which surround it on the S. E. To meet the objection which these facts would give rise to, M. Lechevalier interprets the expressions of Homer in a manner never thought of by the ancient grammarians, although they contorted the text in every possible manner, to bend it to their peculiar opinions. Would it not be more easy to believe that at the time of the siege of Troy this city was no longer on the summit of the mountain, nor so near its ancient acropolis as it was at first; and that the inhabitants moved under the reign of Ilus, as Plato says, and as Homer leads us to conclude, to the entrance of the plain and to the lower rising grounds of Ida? The level ground on the top mountain which rises above Bounar-bachi, and on which it has been attempted to trace the contour of the walls of ancient Ilium and of its citadel, is more than 3200 toises in circumference.

But it is difficult to conceive how, at so distant a period and among a people half savage, a space of ground so large and without water could be entirely occupied by a town, whose power scarcely extended beyond 25 leagues. On the other hand, as the exterior circuit of this mountain is more than 5500 toises, it is not to be conceived how Homer, so exact in his description of places, should have represented Achilles and Hector, already fatigued by a long-continued battle, as making an uninterrupted course of about seven leagues round this mountain, before commencing in single combat. It appears to me therefore that the Troy of Homer must have covered a much less space of ground than is generally supposed, and according to all appearances this space was bounded by a hillock, on which is now the village of Bounar-bachi. This hillock is about 700 or 800 toises in circumference; it is isolated from the rest of the mountain; and warriors in pursuing one another could easily make the circuit. This would not prevent Pergamus from being the citadel of Ilium, but it was separated from it by an esplanade, which served as a means of communication between the town and the fortress.--_Gossellin._

[1421] This paragraph, according to Kramer, is probably an interpolation.

[1422] Herod. viii. c. 85.

[1423] Thucyd., b. iii. c. 50, does not use the word Troad, but says “all the towns possessed by the Mitylenæans.”

[1424] Poets and mythologists subsequent to Homer supposed Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, to have been violated by Ajax, the Locrian; that as a punishment for his crime this hero perished by shipwreck on his return from Troy, and that three years afterwards Locris was visited by a famine, which occasioned great destruction to the inhabitants. The oracle consulted on the occasion of this calamity advised the Locrians to send annually to Minerva of Ilium two young women chosen by lot. They obeyed and continued to send them for 1000 years, until the time of the sacred war.

[1425] Il. xiii. 363.

[1426] Il. vi. 448.

[1427] Od. iii. 130.

[1428] Il. xii. 15.

[1429] Il. vi. 92 and 273.

[1430] Il. ix. 455.

[1431] Il. vi. 305.

[1432] The corrupt passage replaced by asterisks is εἶθ’ ἱκετεύοντες τε φρένας, which is unintelligible.

[1433] The following is a translation of the passage, as found in the speech of Lycurgus, still preserved to us:

“Who has not heard of Troy, the greatest
City of those times, and sovereign of all
Asia, that when once destroyed by
The Greeks it remained for ever uninhabited?”

[1434] Modern maps place the Cotylus, and consequently the sources of the river which Demetrius calls Scamander, at more than 30,000 toises, or nearly eleven leagues, to the S. E. of the entrance of the Hellespont, when the source of the Scamander should be near Troy; and Troy itself, according to the measurement adopted by Demetrius, ought not to be more than 3400 toises, or a league and a quarter, from the sea. There is therefore a manifest contradiction, and it appears, as I have already remarked, that the river called Scamander by Demetrius, is not the river so called by Homer, but the Simoïs of the poet.--_Gossellin._

Modern travellers accuse Demetrius with having confounded the Scamander with the Simoïs. The Simoïs they say rises in Cotylus, (Kas-dagh,) as also the Granicus, (Oustrola,) and the Æsepus, (Satal-dere,) but the sources of the Scamander are below, and to the W. of Ida, near the village called by the Turks Bounar-bachi, which signifies the head of the source. If it is an error, Demetrius is not alone responsible for it, as Hellenicus (Schol. in Iliad xxi. 242) also says that the Scamander had its source in Mount Ida itself. Both probably rested on the authority of Homer, who places the source of the Scamander in Ida. They did not, however, observe that Homer employs the expression ἀπ’ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων in a more extensive sense.--_Du Theil._

[1435] Il. xxii. 147.

[1436] We owe to the researches of M. de Choiseul Gouffier, published without his knowledge in 1793, an acquaintance with these two springs, which present nearly the same phenomena as described by Homer. These springs have since been seen by many travellers; they are situated at the foot of a small hill on which is Bounar-bachi, and about 6500 toises in a straight line from the mouth of the Menderé. The stream which flows from them never fails, and after having run for some time parallel to the Menderé, it turns suddenly to throw itself into the Archipelago, near the middle of the interval which separates the ruins of Alesandria-Troas from the cape Koum-kale, but still leaving traces of a bed through which it formerly flowed to join the Menderé. We are now convinced that this little river is the Scamander of Homer, that the present Menderé is the Simoïs of that poet, and that the ancient Ilium, which was near the sources of the Scamander, must have been situated on the heights of Bounar-bachi.

In the time of Homer these two rivers united together and discharged themselves into the sea by the same mouth: but the course of the Scamander has been changed for a long time, since, according to Pliny, (v. c. 33,) a part of its waters spread themselves over a marsh, and the remainder flowed unto the Ægæan Sea, between Alexandria-Troas and Sigeum. This ancient author therefore gave to the little river (which he called Palœscamander, the old Scamander) exactly the same course which the stream Bounar-bachi still follows. This change of direction in the course of the river appears to me to have been anterior to the time of Demetrius of Scepsis, for this alone can explain his error. For, no longer finding a stream which runs on the left of the present Menderé, and which might represent the Scamander, he thought proper to transfer this latter name to the Simoïs, and to look for the site of the Ilium of Homer, as also of the plain which was the scene of the combats described by the poet, on the right of this river. Thence he is persuaded that the town of the Ilienses occupied the same site as the ancient Ilium, and that the stream of the Tschiblak was the Simoïs.

I must remark that the Menderé is a torrent, the waters of which fail during a great part of the year, whilst the stream of the Bounar-bachi always continues to flow. This advantage is probably the reason why it preserved the name of Scamander to the sea, although it ran into the bed of the Simoïs and was far inferior to this torrent in the length of its course. Hence it may be perceived how the name of Scamander, now changed into that of Menderé, has remained attached to this ancient mouth, how ultimately it was given to the whole course of the Simoïs, and how Demetrius of Scepsis was led into error by the change in the course of the true Scamander, and by the transfer of its name to the Simoïs.--Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce par _M. de Choiseul Gouffier_. Le Voyage dans la Troad, par _M. Lechevalier_. The Topography of Troy, _W. Gell_.--_Gossellin._

[1437] Il. xii. 20.

[1438] B. xii. c. iii. § 21.

[1439] Below Strabo calls this same place Ænea, and in b. xii. c. iii. § 23, Enea-Come. Pliny calls it Nea; it is said to be the same place called by the Turks Ene.

[1440] Ἀργύρια, in the neuter gender, with the accent on the antipenultima, means “silver mines.” But Ἀργυρία, with the accent on the penultima, becomes the name of a town.

[1441] Il. ii. 856.

[1442] What other places? I do not think that Strabo or Demetrius have mentioned any other place bearing the name of Palæscepsis.--_Du Theil._

[1443] Il. i. 38.

[1444] There are no islands to the south of Tenedos,--that is, between Tenedos and Cape Lectum (Baba). The state of the text might induce us to suppose that, instead of Lectum, Strabo wrote Sigeum. Then the Calydnæ islands would answer to the Mauro islands or to the isles des Lapins.--_Gossellin._

[1445] Called also Lyrnessa and Phœnice. The first of these names is the same as that of one of the 12 towns on the continent sacked by Achilles. The name Phœnice was given to it probably by a Phœnician colony. Leucophrys, (white brows,) from the colour of the coast.

[1446] From σμίνθος, a rat, in the Æolic dialect. The worship of Apollo Smintheus was not confined to the town of Chrysa alone; it was common to all the continent of the Troad and to the adjacent islands; it extended along the whole coast to the island of Rhodes, as Strabo afterwards informs us. He has already told us that there was a temple of Apollo Smintheus in the island of Tenedos. Coins of this island exist, bearing the effigy of the god with a rat under the chin. The town of Hamaxitus, on the continent, had also its temple of Apollo Smintheus, where was not only to be seen the picture of a rat near the tripod of the god, but also tame rats, maintained at the public expense.

[1447] Sect. 63.

[1448] In the island of Rhodes more especially many Sminthia must have existed, as Andreas, a native of Lindus, one of the three cities of the island, made these temples the subject of a treatise entitled “On the Sminthia of Rhodes.”

[1449] The Turks call the place Fousla, “the salt-pans.”

[1450] Il. x. 429.

[1451] Il. xxi. 86.

[1452] Il. xiv. 443.

[1453] Il. vi. 34.

[1454] At the foot of the mountain on which is now the village Ine.

[1455] Palamedium? Pliny, b. v. c. 30.

[1456] Karatepe-bournou, or Cape San Nicolo.

[1457] Antandro.

[1458] Dikeli-koi.

[1459] Tschandarlyk.

[1460] Ialea.

[1461] From σκέπτομαι, (sceptomai,) _I see to a distance_, from which the compound περισκέπτομαι, (perisceptomai,) _I see to a distance around_. Strabo perceived the absurdity of such an etymology. Others derived the name of this place from σκήπτομαι, _I pretend_, whence σκῆψις, (skepsis,) _a pretext_, because it was on this part of the chain of Ida that Rhea, on the birth of Jupiter, substituted for him a stone clothed as an infant, and presented it to be devoured by Saturn in place of her child. This etymology is conformable to analogy, although founded on a ridiculous fable.

[1462] B. xiii. c. i. § 6.

[1463] Il. xx. 188.

[1464] Il. xiii. 460

[1465] See note³¹⁰, vol. i. p. 76.

[1466] Some assert that Capys, the father of Anchises, was the founder of Capua or Capya in Italy. The town in Arcadia was afterwards called Caphya or Caphyæ.

[1467] Segesta.

[1468] Trapani.

[1469] Cape Boë.

[1470] Il. xx. 306.

[1471] This statement is not in contradiction with those (Athen. b. i. c. 3) who assert that Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, and Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, were the first who formed libraries. The libraries of these two princes, who lived six centuries before our time, were probably confined to half a dozen poets, and it may be supposed that the care Pisistratus took to collect the poems of Homer did not extend to poets posterior to his time. But in the time of Aristotle there existed many poems, a great number of oratorical discourses, historical works, and various treatises of philosophy.

[1472] Apellicon proclaimed himself a philosopher of the school of Aristotle. From what Athenæus, b. v., says of him, he appears to have used his great wealth for the purposes of ostentation rather than of employing it for the benefit of others. He was sent by Aristion, (or Athenion, as Athenæus calls him,) tyrant of Athens, to Delos, at the head of ten thousand soldiers, to remove the treasures of the temple. He was defeated by the Romans, and having lost his whole army, escaped with difficulty.