Chapter IV: Appendix: The Brazilian German Press

Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general access to publications of this type.

ALMANACS.

As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking communities both in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We might call the almanac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his agricultural guide, medical adviser, compendium of short stories and poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is ordinarily supposed to furnish, i.e., list the change of seasons, days and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking.

Among the best known and most important German folk-almanacs in Brazil are:

_Rothermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien_, published
in São Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;

_Uhle's illustrierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender_,
published in Rio and Curityba;

_Der Familienfreund_, published in Porte Alegre;

_Riograndenser Marienkalender_, published in Porto Alegre;

and

_Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender_, published in Porto
Alegre.

Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most important as well as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use in the "Pikadenschulen": "Darin ist alles enthalten, was für gebildeten Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."[129]

The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.

In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of those colonists.

NEWSPAPERS.

The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, _Der Kolonist_ appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861, _Der Deutsche Einwanderer_, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th, 1853, _Der Deutsche Beobachter_, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the _Brasilia_, a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning with January 17th, 1864, the _Germania_, a weekly edited by Peter Müller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few years.

From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a continual existence from the time of their founding and appearing to this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication, the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was founded.

_Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861.
_Kolonie Zeitung_, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862.
_Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870.
_Germania_, São Paulo. Daily. 1877.
_Deutsche Post_, São Leopoldo. Daily. 1880.
_Blumenauer Zeitung_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881.
_Neue Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881.
_Der Beobachter_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889.
_Kolonie_, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890.
_Der Urwaldsbote_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892.
_Nachrichten_, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892.
_Deutsche Zeitung für São Paulo._ Daily. 1897.
_Vaterland_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901.
_Der Kompass_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1901.
_Volks-Zeitung_, São Bento. Weekly. 1908.
_Die Serra Post_, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910.
_Brusquer Zeitung_, Brusque. Weekly. 1911.
_Deutsche Wacht_, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 1914.
_Deutsches Tageblatt_, Rio de Janeiro. Daily. 1914.

From what has been said above, in reference both to almanacs and newspapers, it will be noted that Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul has from the beginning been the most important center for Brazilian German journalistic efforts.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The works listed below are important sources for the study of the history and cultural status of the German element in Brazil. Books, important pamphlets and several manuscripts are noted. A great many articles dealing with the general subject of the German element in Brazil have in the past appeared in newspapers and periodicals such as the _Alldeutsche Blätter, Ausland, Der Deutsche Ansiedeler, Deutsche Erde, Deutsche Koloniezeitung, Echo, Globus, Petermann's Mitteilungen, etc._, and particularly in the Brazilian German almanacs and newspapers listed in the appendix. Due to the fact that a complete list of these articles would require a volume in itself, they are not further indicated.

Ackerbaukolonien. _Dr. Hermann Meyer's Ackerbaukolonien Neu-Würtemberg und Xingu in Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)

Agassiz, Prof. Louis and Mrs.: _A Journey to Brazil._ Boston, 1868.

Angerami, Domingos. _V._ Fonseca, Antonio.

Auswanderer. _Central Auskunftstelle für Auswanderer. Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft. Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)

Avé-Lallement, Dr. Robert: _Reise durch Südbrasilien im Jahre 1858._ Leipzig, 1859. (_2 vols._)

Bastos, Travares: _Questões de Immïgração. (Manuscript in National Library. Rio.)_

Blumenau, Dr. Hermann: _Südbrasilien in seinen Beziehungen zu deutscher Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Rudolstadt, 1850.

Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Aus Süd-Brasilien. Erinnerungen und Aufzeichnungen_, Brackwede i/W., 1913.

Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Die Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasiliens und die deutsche Auswanderung._ Heidelberg, 1885.

Burton, Richard F., _V._ Tootal, Albert.

Canstatt, Oscar: _Kritisches Repertorium der Deutsch-Brasilianischen Literatur._ Berlin, 1902.

Carvalho, C.M. Delgado de: _Le Brésil Méridional._ Paris, 1910.

Cunha, Dr. José Bonifacio da: _Commemoração do 50° Anniversario da Fundação de Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.

Dechent, N.: _Festschrift zur Jubelfeier des Schulvereins zu Joinville am 14. August 1916._ Joinville, 1916.

Dettmann, Eduard: _Brasiliens Aufschwung in deutscher Beleuchtung._ Berlin, 1908.

Dilthey, R.: _Die deutschen Ansiedelungen in Südbrasilien, Uruguay und Argentinien._ Berlin, 1882.

Dörffel, Dr. O.: _Die Colonie Dona Francisca in der Südbrasilianischen Provinz Santa Catharina._ Joinville, 1882.

Elliott, L.E.: _Brazil Today and Tomorrow._ New York, 1917.

_L'État de São Paulo. Renseignements utiles._ Antwerp, 1914. (_São Paulo State publication. 3d ed._)

_Festschrift zur Erinnerung an den Ostmarkenabend._ São Paulo, 1916. (Apr. 13th.)

_Festschrift zum 50 jährigem Jubiläum der Pfarrei São José do Hortencio._ Porto Alegre, 1899.

Fonseca, Antonio,--et Angerami, Domingos: _Guide de l'Etat de St. Paul._ São Paulo, 1912.

Funke, Alfred: _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien. Bilder aus dem Leben der Deutschen im Staate Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1902.

Funke, Alfred: _Deutsche Siedelung über See. Ein Abriss ihrer Geschichte und ihr Gedeihen in Rio Grande do Sul._ Halle a/Saale, 1902.

Gernhard, Robert: _Dona Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau._ Breslau, 1901.

Gerstäcker, Friedrich: _Achtzehn Monate in Südamerika._ Jena, 1862, and Leipzig, 1863.

Giesebrecht, Franz: _Die deutsche Kolonie Hansa in Südbrasilien._ Berlin, 1899.

Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.A.: _Heimatkunde von Brasilien._ Porto Alegre, 1914.

Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.: _Lehr- und Lesebuch für Schule und Haus._ Porto Alegre, 1914.

Grossi, Prof. Dott. Vincenzo: _Storia detta Colonizzazione al Brasil e della Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato di S. Paulo._ Milano-Roma-Napoli, 1914.

_Handbuch des Deutschthums im Auslande._ Herausgegeben vom Allgemeinen Deutschen Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschthums im Auslande. Berlin. (Dietrich Reimer.)

Historia da Immigração. _Dados para a Historia da Immigração e da Colonização em São Paulo enviados pela Seccão de Informações do Departamento Estadual do Trabalho á Directoria do Serviço de Povoamento._ São Paulo, 1916. (_Govt. publication._)

Imperio do Brazil. _O Imperio do Brazil na Exposição Universal de 1876 em Philadelphia._ Rio de Janeiro, 1875. (_State publication._)

_Impressões do Brazil no Secolo Vinte._ London, 1913. (Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company.)

Jahn, Adalbert: _Die Kolonien von São Leopoldo in der kaiserlich brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul sowie allgemeine Betrachtungen über freie Einwanderung in Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1871.

Jahrbuch. _Erstes Jahrbuch für die deutschsprechende Kolonie im Staate São Paulo._ São Paulo, 1905.

Jannasch, R.: _Land und Leute von Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1905.

Klüpfel, Dr. Karl: _N. Federmanns und H. Stades Reisen in Südamerica 1529 bis 1555._ Stuttgart, 1859. (Bibl. des litt. Vereins in Stuttgart. No. 47.)

Koseritz, Carl von: _Bilder aus Brasilien._ Leipzig and Berlin, 1885.

Krauel, Dr. R.: _Deutsche Interessen in Brasilien._ Hamburg, 1900.

Kultur-Pionier. _Der Kultur-Pionier im Staate São Paulo._ (Sonder-Ausgabe der Deutschen Zeitung.) São Paulo, 1913.

Lacmann, Dr. Wilhelm: _Ritte und Rasttage in Süd-Brasilien. Reisebilder und Studien aus dem Leben der deutschen Siedelungen._ Berlin, 1906.

Lange, Henry: _Südbrasilien, mit Rücksicht auf die deutsche Kolonisation._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2d ed._)

Langendonck, Madame van: _Une Colonie au Brésil. Récits Historiques._ Antwerp, 1862.

Learned, M.D.: _Guide to the Manuscript Materials Relating to American History in the German State Archives._ Washington, 1912.

Lehmann, Emil: _Die deutsche Auswanderung._ Berlin, 1861.

Leyfer, H.: _Deutsches Kolonistenleben im Staate Santa Catharina in Südbrasilien._ Leipzig, 1900.

Lima, Oliveira: _Dom João VI no Brasil, 1808-1821._ Rio de Janeiro, 1908.

Ludwig, A.: _A colonização nos paizes da America do Sul._ Porto Alegre, 1916.

Lufft, Dr. Hermann: _Das portugiesische Südamerika._ Berlin and Leipzig, 1913. (Sammlung Göschen. No. 672.)

Marcondes de Souza, T. Oscar: _O Estado de São Paulo._ São Paulo, 1915.

d'Oliveira, Luiz Rodriguez: _Algumas Ideias sobre a Colonisação do Brazil._ Paris, 1871. (_Pamphlet._)

Orlando, Arthur: _Brazil. A Terra e o Homem._ Recife, 1913.

Pereira da Silva, J.M.: _Quadros da Historia Colonial do Brazil._ Rio de Janeiro, 1895.

Perrin, Paul: _Les Colonies Agricoles au Brésil d'après les documents officiels les plus récents._ Paris, 1912.

Piccarolo, Dott. Antonio: _L'Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato de S. Paulo._ São Paulo, 1911.

Pompeu, Julio: _Vier Staaten Brasiliens. Four Brazilian States._ Rio de Janeiro, 1910.

_Prospekt der Hanseatischen Kolonisation-Gesellschaft. Ansiedelungen im Staate Santa Catharina, Südbrasilien, Kolonie "Hansa." (Pamphlet.)_ Hamburg, 1898.

_Ratschläge für Auswanderer nach Südbrasilien._ (Jannasch, Koseritz, Dörffel, Sellin.) Berlin, 1897, (_3d ed._)

_Relatorio. Ministerio da Agricultura. Serviço de Povamento em 1910._ Rio de Janeiro, 1911.

Rücker, A.A. _V._ Grimm, M.

Schanz, Moritz: _Das Heutige Brasilien. Land, Leute und wirtschaftliche Verhältnisse._ Hamburg, 1893.

Schüler, Heinrich: _Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft._ Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1912.

Sellin, A.W.: _Brasilien und die La Plata-Staaten._ Munich. (J.F. Lehmann's Verlag.)

Sellin, A.W.: _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2 vols._)

Sellin, A.W.: _Landeskunde der Vereinigten Staaten von Brasilien._ Hamburg, 1909.

Sieves Wilhelm: _Südamerika und die deutschen Interessen._ Stuttgart, 1903.

Simon, Alex.: _Auswanderung und deutsch-nationale Kolonisation v. Südamerika._ Bayreuth, 1850.

Sommer, Friedrich: _Das Deutschthum in São Paulo unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Entwickdung und seiner heutigen wirthschaftlichen und kulturellen Bedeutung._ São Paulo. (_Still in manuscript at the time the present work went to press._)

Stade, Hans: _Wahrhafftig Historia und Beschreibung einer Landschafft der wilden, nacketen, grimmigen Menschfresser Leuthen, in der newen Welt America gelegen._ Franckfurt am Main, 1556. (_V._ Klüpfel, Dr. Karl.)

Telles, Moreira: _O Brazil e a Emigração._ Lisbon, 1913.

Tootal, Albert, and Burton, Richard F.: _The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil._ London, 1874.

Tschudi, Johann Jakob von: _Reisen durch Südamerika._ Leipzig, 1866-1869. (_5 vols._)

Urwaldsbote. _Der Urwaldsbote. Kalender für die Deutschen in Südbrasilien. Herausgegeben zum 50 jährigen Bestehen der Kolonie Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.

Vallentin, Dr. W.: _Das Deutschthum in Südamerika._ Berlin, 1908.

Wagemann, E.: _Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate Espirito Santo._ Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik (Beitrag zur Enquête üher die Ansiedelung von Europäern in den Tropen). 1916 [?].[130]

Wappäus, Dr. J.E.: _Deutsche Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Leipzig, 1846 and 1848. (_2 parts._)

Wernicke, Hugo: _Deutsch-evangelisches Volkstum in Espirito Santo. Eine Reise zu deutschen Kaffeebauern in einem tropischen Staate Brasiliens._ Potsdam, 1910. (_2d ed._)

Wright, Marie Robinson: _The New Brazil._ Philadelphia, 1907.

Zöller, Hugo: _Die Deutschen im Brasilischen Urwald._ Berlin and Stuttgart, 1883.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 41: _V._ note 29, p. 18.]

[Footnote 42: I.e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and Itapecerica.]

[Footnote 43: _V._ note 27, p. 18.]

[Footnote 44: I.e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction.]

[Footnote 45: In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and São Lourenço] sprechen sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsrücker Dialekt.... Ein Musterreiter bereiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an einen Kreuzweg kam, sah er zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigen Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?" fragt ein Schwarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" ... "Ja," war die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger."

E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald." _Uhle's Kalender_ for 1912, p. 76.]

[Footnote 46: This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German _'j'_ as e.g., where the latter replaces the _'h'_ in _jatte_ (from _hiate_), the _'i'_ or _'y'_ in _cuja_ (from _cuia, cuya_) or the _'lh'_ in _cangalje_ (from _cangalho_). In such cases the _'j'_ has the phonetic value of the English _'y'_.]

[Footnote 47: See note 4, p. 19.]

[Footnote 48: The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in São Paulo. _V._ note 2, p. 19.]

[Footnote 49: Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.]

[Footnote 50: For a further example of a short proper name compare the one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of São Paulo.]

[Footnote 51: This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to native-born German Brazilians.]

[Footnote 52: Political propaganda literature intended to lead the unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York.]

[Footnote 53: Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens from advertisements in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39.]

[Footnote 54: By P. Th. Amstadt, S.J. The story appears in the _Familienfreund_ for 1917, P. 39 ff.]

[Footnote 55: _Viezüchter._]

[Footnote 56: _Feigenbaum._]

[Footnote 57: _Landgut._]

[Footnote 58: Read _60 Milreis_.]

[Footnote 59: _Winterquatier._]

[Footnote 60: _Conto_= 1000 Milreis.]

[Footnote 61: _Freund._]

[Footnote 62: _Schlächterei._]

[Footnote 63: _Viehhändler._]

[Footnote 64: _Schenke._]

[Footnote 65: _Fertig._]

[Footnote 66: _Gepräge._]

[Footnote 67: _Uhles Familienkalender_, 1916, p. 318.]

[Footnote 68: Ibid., p. 300.]

[Footnote 69: Ibid., p. 315.]

[Footnote 70: Ibid., p~ 297.]

[Footnote 71: _Familienfreund_, 1917, p. xxv.]

[Footnote 72: Ibid., p. xxvii.]

[Footnote 73: _Riograndenser Marienkalender_, 1917, p. 128.]

[Footnote 74: _Rotermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien_, 1915, p. 410.]

[Footnote 75: _Uhle's Familienkalender_, 1917, p. 170.]

[Footnote 76: _Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre, July 20, 1916.]

[Footnote 77: _Vaterland_, Porto Alegre, September 18, 1916.]

[Footnote 78: Ibid.]

[Footnote 79: _Blumenauer Zeitung_, August 22, 1916.]

[Footnote 80: _Brusker Zeitung_, August 12, 1916.]

[Footnote 81: _Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre, July 5, 1916.]

[Footnote 82: _Kolonie-Zeitung_, Joinville, August 17, 1916.]

[Footnote 83: _Die Serra-Post_, Ijuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, September 15, 1916.]

[Footnote 84: From Funke's _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien,_ p. 167.]

[Footnote 85: _Unverhofftes Gewinn._]

[Footnote 86: _Reisetasche._]

[Footnote 87: _Waldpfadswanze._]

[Footnote 88: _Baumwolle._]

[Footnote 89: _Gingan._]

[Footnote 90: _Reitermäntel._]

[Footnote 91: _Preisermässigung._]

[Footnote 92: _Kaufladen._]

[Footnote 93: _Maulesel._]

[Footnote 94: _10,000 milreis._]

[Footnote 95: _Guten Tag!_]

[Footnote 96: _V._ Breitenbach: _Aus Süd-Brasilien_, p. 247.]

[Footnote 97: _Verdeck._]

[Footnote 98: _Scheck._]

[Footnote 99: _Falbe._]

[Footnote 100: _Tierhändler._]

[Footnote 101: _Hochland._]

[Footnote 102: _Gevatter._]

[Footnote 103: _Tor._]

[Footnote 104: _Waldstrasse._]

[Footnote 105: _Lichtung._]

[Footnote 106: _Maiskolben._]

[Footnote 107: _Maultier._]

[Footnote 108: _Kürbisse._]

[Footnote 109: ="portreiro" (_Weideplats, Koppel_).]

[Footnote 110: _Graben._]

[Footnote 111: _Böschungen._]

[Footnote 112: _Waldmesser._]

[Footnote 113: _Bambus._]

[Footnote 114: _Lianen._]

[Footnote 115: _Gürteltier._]

[Footnote 116: _Buschsichel._]

[Footnote 117: _Wettrennen._]

[Footnote 118: _Mehl._]

[Footnote 119: _Kleinhändler._]

[Footnote 120: _Gezogen._]

[Footnote 121: _Geschlagen._]

[Footnote 122: _Packsattel._]

[Footnote 123: Of the words appearing in the GLOSSARY the writer acknowledges as his source for the following the _Verdeutschungsheft_ by G.A. Büchler, Blumenau, 1915: _Backeljau, balse, kaschimbo, lelong, multe, multieren, orsament, pikarette, rekerieren, rossieren, sellieren, strupiat, wolte, zise._]

[Footnote 124: It is to be remembered, however, that High German is the norm in ordinary news articles in almanacs, newspapers, etc., as well as for literary purposes in general. In such instances Brazilian German forms appear relatively rarely.]

[Footnote 125: All words or phrases thus noted have since been observed in print in Brazilian German publications, with the exception of _agrião_ and _bond_.]

[Footnote 126: The simple word "Portuguese" is particularly avoided here (as well as throughout this work generally) because the language as spoken by the general public in Brazil frequently differs from the language of Portugal. While the same in form, the words often have a different meaning. Also many Indian words, especially from the Guarany and Tupi languages, are embodied in the Brazilian national idiom.]

[Footnote 127: This applies to the written, but not always to the spoken language.]

[Footnote 128: I.e., like the use of the word "sou" in France, "Groschen" in Germany, or "penny" in the United States.]

[Footnote 129: _V._ Grimm-Rücker: _Lehr-und Lesebuch_, p. iii.]

[Footnote 130: Because of existing conditions it has been impossible to determine whether this work has as yet appeared in print.]

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Transcriber's Notes:

The following corrections regarding the original were made:

[Footnote TN1: The original has here a wrong spelling: COPYWRIGHT
instead of COPYRIGHT]

[Footnote TN2: The original has here a wrong spelling: Vorabeiter
instead of Vorarbeiter]

[Footnote TN3: The original has here a wrong spelling: abfertitgen
instead of abfertigen]