Chapter XXXIV: (p. 629) (2)

Constitution, development of English, 2-41;
nature of English, 41-47;
of German Confederation of 1815, 194-196;
of German Empire, 202-204;
of Prussia, 250-252;
succession in France from 1791, 290-300;
of Third Republic, 304-306;
succession in Italy, 354-361;
of Italy to-day, 360-367;
of Switzerland, 410-416, 431-432;
of Austria, 456-461;
of Hungary, 446-448, 489-490;
of Holland, 519-523;
of Belgium, 534-535;
of Denmark, 557-559;
of Norway, 574, 578-579;
of Sweden, 589;
succession in Spain, 604-608;
of Spain to-day, 611-612;
of Portuguese republic, 642-643.

Cortes. See Spain and Portugal.

County, English, 171-184.

Courts, in England, 171-175;
in Germany, 243-244;
in France, 337-341;
in Italy, 381-383;
in Austria, 483-485;
in Holland, 531-532;
in Belgium, 549-550;
in Denmark, 568-569;
in Norway, 587-588;
in Spain, 626-627;
in Portugal, 638, 646.

Croatia, government, 507-508.

Crown, in Great Britain, 48-59;
in German Empire, 210-214;
in Prussia, 252;
in Italy, 368-370;
in Austria, 463-464;
in Hungary, 491;
in Holland, 523-525;
in Denmark, 554-561;
in Norway, 578-585;
in Sweden, 570-571, 590-591;
in Spain, 613-615;
in Portugal, 635-636.

Delegations. See Austria-Hungary.

Denmark:--
--Administration, 569.

--Christensen, ministry, 566-567.

--Christian VIII., and reform, 556-567.

--Christian IX., yields to parliamentary principle, 562.

--Conservative Party, resists parliamentary principle, 560-562;
dominance, 565-566.

--Constitution, of 1848, 557;
of 1849 promulgated, 557;
revised in 1866, 558-559;
process of amendment, 559.

--Courts, general principles, 568;
organization, 568-569;
act of 1908, 569.

--Crown, development, 554-555;
opposition to reform, 556;
status, 559;
powers, 560;
relations with ministry, 560-561.

--Diet, of provinces, 556.

--Elections, present system, 563;
projected reform, 564;
of 1906, 567;
of 1910, 567-568.

--Estrup, ministry, 561-562, 565-566.

--Franchise, present system, 563;
movement for reform, 564.

--Frederick VI., creates diets, 556.

--_Folkething_, composition, 563;
elections, 563-564;
sessions and powers, 564-565.

--_Höjesteret_, 568.

--Holstein, 558.

--Judiciary. See Courts.

--Kalmar, union of, 553.

--Kiel, treaty of, 554.

--King. See Crown.

--_Kongelov_, 555, 557.

--_Landsthing_, composition, 562;
qualifications, 563;
sessions and powers, 564-565.

--Lauenburg, 558.

--Liberal Party, pressure for parliamentary system, 560-562;
advent to power, 566.

--Malmö, treaty of, 553.

--Ministry, composition, 560-561;
responsibility, 561-562;
of Estrup, 561-562, 565-566;
recent instability, 567-568.

--Norway, united with, 553;
separated from, 554.

--Parliament. See _Rigsdag_.

--Parliamentarism, 560-562.

--Parties, rise, 565;
during Estrup's ministry, 565-566;
advent of Liberals to power, 566;
since 1903, 566-568.

--Proportional Representation, in election of senators, 563.

--Radical Party, 567-568.

--Revolution of 1660, 554-555.

--_Rigsdag_, composition, 562-563;
electoral system, 563-564;
sessions and power, 564-565.

--_Rigsrad_, 554.

--Schleswig, 558.

--Social Democratic Party, 567-568.

Elections, of British House of Commons, 92-96;
of _Reichstag_, 224-225;
of Prussian _Abgeordnetenhaus_, 258-263;
under Revolutionary and Napoleonic constitutions, 293-294;
present system in France, 318-322;
in Italy, 376-378, 400-402;
in Switzerland, 423, 426-428, 435-437;
in Austria, 466-483;
in Holland, 526-530;
in Belgium, 539-547;
in Denmark, 563-568;
in Norway, 581-582, 587;
in Sweden, 592-596, 600;
in Spain, 617-618, 624-625;
in Portugal, 633-642.

England:--
--Act of Settlement (1701), 49.

--Administration. See Local Government.

--Admiralty Board, 62.

--Asquith, H., resolutions for reform of Lords, 108.

--Attainder, 130.

--Bill of Rights, 32.

--Borough, in fifteenth century, 23;
franchise before 1832, 79;
franchise extended in 1832 and 1867, 82-84;
redistribution of parliamentary seats, 85;
organization before 1832, 177-178;
reform by Municipal Corporations Act, 178;
kinds, 187;
authorities, 188;
council and its functions, 189.

--Budget, preparation, 136.

--Cabinet, origins, 37-38;
relations with Privy Council, 60;
relations with ministry, 61;
composition, 64;
size, 65;
selection of premier, 66;
selection of other members, 67-68;
political solidarity, 69;
responsibility, 70;
proceedings, 71-73;
central position, 74.

--Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal leader, 154;
premier, 157.

--Chamberlain, Joseph, and the Liberal Unionists, 151;
tariff reform programme, 155.

--Chancery, Court of, 17, 174.

--Charles I., parliaments of, 28.

--Charles II., restoration, 31;
rise of cabinet, 37.

--Chartists, 82-83.

--Civil List, 51-52.

--Committees, kinds, 123;
of whole, 123;
select and sessional, 124;
standing, 124-125;
procedure on public bills, 133-134;
on money bills, 135-136;
on private bills, 137.

--Common Law, 167-168.

--Common Pleas, Court of, 17, 174.

--Commonwealth, 29.

--_Commune Concilium_, 7.

--Conservative Party, origin of name, 147;
mid-century ministries, 148-150;
Salisbury ministries, 151-153;
defeat in 1906, 157;
signification of nomenclature, 162;
present-day issues, 163;
composition, 164.

--Constitution, Anglo-Saxon foundations, 2-5;
influenced by Norman Conquest, 6-8;
in the Tudor period, 18-26;
in the Stuart period, 26-33;
elements of stability and change, 34;
development since seventeenth century, 34-41;
elusiveness, 41;
law and conventions, 42-43;
flexibility and amendment, 44-47.

--Conventions, in English constitution, 43.

--Corn Laws, repeal, 147.

--Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act, 95-96.

--County, franchise before 1832, 79;
franchise broadened in 1832, 82;
franchise liberalized in 1867 and 1884, 84;
court of, 171;
organization before 1832, 176-177;
reform by Local Government Act of 1888, 180;
present administrative organization, 183;
council and its functions, 183-184.

--Court of Appeals, 174.

--Courts, beginnings of great tribunals, 17;
county, 171;
justices of the peace, 171-172;
High Court, 173;
Court of Appeals, 174;
House of Lords, 130;
Judicial Committee of Privy Council, 175.

--Cromwell, Oliver, 29-30.

--Crown, in Anglo-Saxon times, 3;
effects of Norman Conquest on, 6;
independence under the Tudors, 21;
character under early Stuarts, 26;
abolished in 1640, 30;
restoration, 30;
regulated by Bill of Rights, 32-33;
decreased powers since seventeenth century, 35;
theoretical position, 48;
rules of succession, 49;
regencies, 50;
privileges, 50-52;
the prerogative, 52;
executive powers, 53-55;
legislative powers, 55;
veto, 56;
relations with ministry, 56-57;
actual service, 58;
reasons for survival, 59.

--Disraeli, Benjamin, prime minister, 150.

--District, rural, 184;
urban, 186.

--District and Parish Councils Act of 1894, 180.

--Edward I., and rise of Parliament, 12-13.

--Edward II., statute concerning Parliament, 15.

--Elections, writs, 92;
time regulations, 92-93;
polling, 93;
the campaign, 94;
expenditures, 95-96.

--Elizabeth, strong government, 21;
development of Parliament under, 24-25.

--Equity, rules of, 169.

--Exchequer, Court of, 17, 62, 174.

--Franchise, in fifteenth century, 23;
in early nineteenth century, 79;
extended by Reform Act of 1832, 82;
demands of the Chartists, 82-83;
modified in 1867, 83-84;
liberalized in 1884, 84-85;
the system to-day, 86-88;
question of the plural vote, 89-90;
Franchise Bill of 1912, 90;
woman's suffrage, 91.

--Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, 118.

--George III., attempted revival of royal power, 35.

--Gladstone, William E., leadership of Liberals, 148;
first ministry, 149;
second and third ministries, 151;
fourth ministry, 152.

--Great Council, 7.

--Henry I., charter, 7.

--Henry II., judicial measures, 8.

--Henry III., and beginnings of Parliament, 12.

--Henry VIII., strong government, 19.

--High Court of Justice, 173-174.

--House of Commons, origins, 13;
composition in 1485, 23;
changes in Tudor period, 24;
Apology of 1604, 27;
ascendancy over House of Lords, 36;
present composition, 77;
undemocratic character at opening of nineteenth century, 77-79;
electoral corruption, 80;
early demands for reform, 80;
Reform Act of 1832, 81-82;
Chartist agitation, 82-83;
Representation of the People Act of 1867, 83-84;
Representation of the
People Act of 1884, 84-85;
Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, 85;
franchise and franchise questions to-day, 86-92;
electoral procedure and regulations, 92-96;
sessions, 117;
opening ceremonies, 117-118;
meeting place described, 118-120;
hours of sittings, 120;
officers, 121;
Speaker, 121-123;
quorum, 123;
committees, 123-125;
privileges, 126;
payment of members, 127;
procedure on public bills, 133-134;
on money bills, 135-136;
on private bills, 137-138;
provisional orders, 138;
rules, 139-141;
closure, 139;
the guillotine, 140;
votes and divisions, 140-141.

--House of Lords, origins, 13, 47;
composition in 1485, 22-23;
changes in Tudor period, 24;
abolished in 1640, 29;
restored in 1660, 31;
loss of priority to House of Commons, 36, 102;
composition, 97-101;
qualifications of members, 101;
number of members, 101;
question of reform, 102-103;
early reform proposals, 103-104;
conflicts with the Liberals, 104;
powers relating to money bills, 106;
rejection of Finance Bill of 1909, 107;
Liberal project of reform, 108;
Unionist proposals, 109;
adoption of Parliament Act of 1911, 110-111;
effects of the Act, 112-114;
sessions, 117;
opening ceremonies, 117-118;
sittings and attendance, 125;
officers, 125-126;
privileges, 127;
judicial functions, 130-132;
procedure, 141-142.

--Humble Petition and Advice, 30.

--Hundred, 4.

--Impeachment, 130.

--Independent Labor Party, 165.

--Instrument of Government, 29.

--Ireland, union of 1801, 40-41;
allotment of parliamentary seats, 85;
over-representation, 89;
representative peers, 98-99;
question of Home Rule, 150-152.

--James I., conception of monarchy, 26;
parliaments of, 28.

--James II., overthrown, 32.

--John, signs Magna Carta, 9;
holds council at Oxford, 12.

--Jury, use of, 171, 172.

--Justice of the Peace, functions, 171-172.

--King. See Crown.

--King's Bench, Court of, 17, 174.

--Labor Party, 165-167.

--Lansdowne Reconstruction Bill, 100.

--Law, origins, 167;
form, 168-169.

--Legislation, powers acquired by Parliament, 14-15.

--Liberal Party, conflict with House of Lords, 104;
and reform, 147;
regeneration under Gladstone, 148-149;
and Home Rule, 150;
secession of Unionists, 151;
rehabilitation, 156;
electoral triumph in 1906, 157;
mandate and performance, 158-159;
conflict with House of Lords, 159;
triumph in elections of 1910, 160;
carry Parliament Act of 1911, 110, 160;
signification of nomenclature, 162;
present-day issues, 163;
composition, 164.

--Liberal Unionists, origins, 151.

--Local Government Act of 1888, 180.

--Local Government Board, 180, 182.

--Local Government, periods in history, 176;
before 1835, 176-178;
mid-century confusion of areas, 179;
relations with central government, 181-182;
organization of administrative county, 183-184;
the rural district, 184;
rural and urban parish, 185;
urban district, 186;
boroughs and cities, 187-189;
London, 190-191.

--London, government, 190-191.

--Lord High Chancellor, 63.

--Lord Lieutenant, 172.

--Lords of Appeal, 99.

--Magna Carta, character and importance, 9.

--Ministry, appointment, 57, 66-69;
relation with Privy Council and Cabinet, 60-61;
Treasury, 62;
Admiralty Board, 62;
Lord High Chancellorship, 63;
the secretaries of state, 63-64;
the administrative boards, 64;
responsibility, 70, 128-130;
proceedings, 71-73.

--Money Bills, the Lords and, 106;
Liberal proposals concerning, 108;
disposition under Parliament Act of 1911, 112;
procedure upon, 135-136.

--Montfort, Simon de, parliaments of 1264 and 1265, 12.

--Municipal Corporation Act, 178.

--Newcastle Programme, 152.

--Parish, rural and urban, 185.

--Parliament, origins, 11;
Simon de Montfort's leadership, 12;
Model Parliament, 12-13;
bicameral principle established, 13;
fiscal and legislative powers, 14;
development of legislative process, 15;
composition in 1485, 23;
growth under Tudors, 24;
in Stuart period, 28-29;
experiments during Commonwealth and Protectorate, 29-30;
restoration in 1660, 31;
constituent powers, 45;
relations with crown, 55;
undemocratic character in early nineteenth century, 77-80;
Reform Act of 1832, 81-82;
Representation of the People Act of 1867, 83-84;
Representation of the People Act of 1884, 84-85;
Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, 85;
franchise and franchise questions to-day, 86-92;
electoral procedure and regulations, 92-96;
composition of Lords, 97-101;
question of Lords reform, 102-109;
the Parliament Act of 1911, 110-114;
sessions, 117;
how opened, 117-118;
meeting place and sittings, 118-120;
officers and committees of Commons, 121-125;
organization of Lords, 125-126;
privileges of members, 126-127;
function of criticism, 128-130;
judicial functions, 130-132;
procedure on public bills, 133-134;
on money bills, 135-136;
on private bills, 137-138;
rules of Commons, 139-141;
procedure in Lords, 141-142.

--Parliament Act, origins, 106-110;
adoption, 110-111;
provisions, 112-113;
significance, 113-115.

--Parliamentarism, and parties, 143.

--Parties, beginnings, 38-39;
relation to parliamentary government, 143;
Tory ascendancy from 1783 to 1830, 145-146;
Liberals and reform, 147;
mid-century regeneration, 148-150;
rise of Liberal Unionists, 151;
Conservative ascendancy, 154-155;
Liberal revival, 156-157;
present significance of party names, 162;
current issues, 163-165;
labor and politics, 165-166.

--Plural Vote, 89-90.

--Poor Law, 178.

--Premier, selection, 66;
choice of colleagues, 67;
leadership, 72-73.

--Prince of Wales, 49.

--Private Legislation, 137-138.

--Privy Council, origins, 17;
under the Tudors, 19;
under Charles II., 37;
relations with ministry and cabinet, 60;
Judicial Committee as a court, 175.

--Protectorate, 29-30.

--Provisional Orders, 138.

--Poyning's Law, 40.

--Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, 85-86.

--Referendum, Unionist proposal of, 109.

--Reform Act of 1832, 81-82.

--Regency, 50.

--Representation, beginnings of, 11.

--Representation of the People Act, of 1867, 83-84;
of 1884, 84-85.

--Rosebery, Lord, proposals for reform of Lords, 105, 108.

--Salisbury, Marquis of, first ministry, 157;
second ministry, 152;
third and fourth ministries, 153.

--Scotland, union of 1707, 39-40;
allotment of parliamentary seats, 85;
representative peers, 98-99.

--Shire, 5.

--Shire-moot, 5.

--Society for Constitutional Information, 81.

--Speaker, of House of Commons, history and functions, 121-123;
powers, 139.

--Star Chamber, Court of, 20.

--Stuarts, absolutism, 26;
overthrow, 29;
restored, 30;
finally expelled, 32.

--Supreme Court of Judicature, 173-175.

--Tariff Reform, rise and effects of issue, 155-156.

--Taxation, powers acquired by Parliament, 14, 22.

--Toleration Act, 33.

--Tory Party, rise, 39;
ascendancy from 1783 to 1830, 145-146.

--Township, 4.

--Treasury, 62.

--Tudors, popularity, 18;
relations with Parliament, 21.

--Unionists, position in Lords, 102-106.

--Westminster Palace, 116.

--Whig Party, rise, 39.

--William I., governmental policies, 6-7.

--William III., accession, 32.

--Witenagemot, 4.

--Woman's Suffrage, 91-92.

_Folkething_. See Denmark.

France:--
--_Adjoint_, 350.

--Administration, under Old Régime, 341-342;
overhauled in 1789-1791, 342;
revival of centralization, 343;
under Second Empire, 344;
changes under Third Republic, 345;
the department, 346-347;
the arrondissement, 347;
the canton, 348;
the commune, 348-351.

--Amendment, of constitution, 307, 327-328.

--Appeal, courts of, 338.

--_Arrondissement_, electoral unit, 318;
created, 343;
organization, 347.

--Assize, courts of, 338.

--Associations, law of, 331.

--_Ballottage_, 319.

--_Bloc_, rise, 331;
present condition, 332.

--Bonaparte, Napoleon, and constitution of the Year VIII., 293-295;
organization of local administration, 343.

--Bonapartists, policies in 1871-1875, 303-304.

--Bordeaux, National Assembly meets at, 302.

--Briand, A., programme of electoral reform, 322;
ministry, 332.

--Bureaus, in Parliament, 325-327.

--Canton, created, 342;
made a judicial unit, 343;
present character, 348.

--Cassation, Court of, 338-339.

--Catholic Party, rise, 338.

--Chamber of Deputies, composition, 317;
term and qualifications, 318;
electoral process, 319;
proposed electoral reform, 319-320;
the Briand programme, 322;
reform bill of 1912, 323-324;
sessions, 325;
officers, 325;
bureaus and committees, 326;
procedure, 326;
powers and functions, 327-329;
party strength in, 332.

--Church, legislation concerning, 331.

--Clemenceau, ministry, 331-332.

--_Code Civil_, 335-336.

--_Code Napoléon_, 335-336.

--Code of Civil Procedure, 336.

--Code of Commerce, 336.

--Code of Criminal Instruction, 336.

--Combes, ministry, 331.

--_Commission du Suffrage Universel_, 321, 323.

--Committees, in Parliament, 325-327.

--Commune, suppressed, 303;
continuity of, 342;
place in Napoleonic system, 343;
council made elective, 344;
under Second Empire, 344-345;
legislation concerning in 1884, 345;
present character, 348;
number and size, 348;
council, 348-349;
mayor and assistants, 349-350;
importance, 350-351.

--Concentration, policy of, 330.

--_Concordat_, abrogated, 331.

--_Conseil de préfecture_, 346.

--Conservative Party, after 1848, 329;
in control of Senate after 1876, 330;
changed character, 333.

--Constitution, of 1791, 290-291;
of the Year I., 291-292;
of the Year III., 292-293;
of the Year VIII., 293-295;
Constitutional Charter of 1814, 295-297;
of Second Republic, 297-298;
of Second Empire, 299-300;
of Third Republic, 304-306;
process of amendment, 305, 327-328.

--Constitutional Charter, 295-297.

--Convention, 292.

--_Corps législatif_, under constitution of 1791, 291;
under constitution of the Year VIII., 294.

--Council, of department, made elective, 344;
present character, 346-347.

--Council, of _arrondissement_, 347.

--Council, of commune, made elective, 344;
organization and functions, 348-349.

--Council of Elders, in constitution of the Year III., 292-293.

--Council of Five Hundred, in constitution of the Year III., 292-293.

--Council of State, composition and functions, 340.

--Courts, of justice of the peace, 337;
of first instance, 337;
of appeal and of assize, 338;
of Cassation, 338-339;
appointment and tenure of judges, 339;
administrative, 339-340;
Council of State, 340;
of Conflicts, 341.

--Department, created, 342;
organized by Napoleon, 343;
council made elective, 344;
under Second Empire, 344-345;
the office of prefect, 346;
the council, 346-347.

--Elections, under constitution of the Year VIII., 293-294;
under Constitutional Charter of 1814, 296;
_arrondissement_ as unit, 318;
conduct, 319;
ballottage, 319;
question of reform, 319-322;
the Briand programme, 322;
of 1906, 331;
of 1910, 332;
reform bill of 1912, 323-324.

--Electoral Reform. See Elections.

--Empire, Napoleonic, 295; Second French, 299-300.

--Extreme Left, in Chamber of Deputies, 332.

--First Instance, courts of, 337.

--Franchise, under Napoleonic system, 294;
under Constitutional Charter of 1814, 296-297;
present regulations, 317.

--Frankfort, Peace of, 302.

--_Généralité_, 342.

--Great Western Line, purchase of, 332.

--Impeachment, 309.

--_Intendant_, 342.

--Interpellation, 314.

--Jaurès, socialist leader, 334.

--_Journal Officiel_, 326.

--Judges, appointment and tenure, 339.

--Judiciary. See Court.

--_Juge de paix_, 337.

--Law, codification, 335-336;
character, 336-337;
administrative, 339.

--Left, in Chamber of Deputies, 332.

--Legislation, President's part in, 309-310;
processes, 326-327;
powers, 328-329.

--Legitimists, policies in 1871-1875, 303-305.

--MacMahon, Marshall, president, 304.

--Mayor, functions, 347-350.

--Millerand, Étienne, socialist member of ministry, 334.

--Ministry, place in governmental system, 311;
composition, 312;
responsibility, 312-313;
frequency of changes, 313;
interpellation, 314.

--Multiple Candidature Act, 318.

--Napoleon III., proclaimed emperor, 299.

--National Assembly, of 1871-1875, 302-303;
of Third Republic, election of President, 309, 328;
amendment of constitution, 327-328.

--Orleanists, policies in 1871-1875, 303-304.

--Pacification, policy of, 330.

--Parliament, establishment of bicameral system, 315;
original form of Senate, 315-316;
composition and election to-day, 316-317;
composition of Chamber of Deputies, 317-318;
question of electoral reform, 319-324;
sessions, 325;
officers, 325;
committees, 326;
procedure, 326;
powers and functions, 327-329.

--Parliamentarism, 313.

--Parties, multiplicity, 312-313;
development after 1848, 329;
situation after 1876, 330;
rise of Radicals, 330;
the _bloc_, 331;
rise of Socialists, 330-331, 333-334;
elections of 1906, 331;
elections of 1910, 332;
changes since 1871, 333.

--Penal Code, 336.

--Prefect, creation in 1800, 343;
appointment and functions, 346.

--Premier, position and powers, 312.

--President, title created, 303;
occupants of the office, 308;
election, 308, 328;
term, 309;
qualifications, 309;
salary and privileges, 309;
powers, 309-311;
relation with ministers, 311-312.

--Procedure, in Senate and Chamber of Deputies, 326-327.

--_Procureur_, 327.

--Progressive Party, rise, 331.

--Proportional Representation, movement for establishment of, 320-324.

--Province, abolished, 342.

--Prussia, war with, 301.

--Radical Party, rise, 330;
ascendancy, 331.

--_Ralliés_, 330.

--Republic, Second, 297-298;
Third established, 302-304.

--Republican Party, in 1848, 329;
control of Chamber of Deputies after 1876, 330.

--Right, in Chamber of Deputies, 332; present character, 333.

--Rivet Law, 302.

--Rouvier, ministry, 331.

--Sarrien, ministry, 331

--_Scrutin d'arrondissement_, established in 1820, 296;
re-established in 1889, 318;
proposed change from, 319-320.

--_Scrutin de liste_, established in 1817, 296;
election of senators by, 316;
advantages of, 319-320;
proposals to re-establish, 320-324.

--Senate, original form, 315-316;
composition and election to-day, 316-317;
sessions, 325;
officers, 325;
bureaus and committees, 325-326;
procedure, 326;
powers and functions, 327-329.

--Sieyès, electoral project, 294.

--Socialist Party, rise, 330;
gains, 331;
in Chamber of Deputies, 332;
growth and present character, 333-334.

--Thiers, Louis Adolph, made Chief of the Executive Power, 302;
made President of the French Republic, 303;
retirement, 303.

--Trade-unions, and socialism, 333-334.

--_Tribunal des Conflits_, 341.

--Veto, 310.

--Waldeck-Rousseau, ministry, 331;
Franchise, in Great Britain, in early nineteenth century, 79-81;
extension, 81-85;
present system, 85-88;
questions concerning, 88-91;
in German Empire, 224-225;
in Prussia, 258-260;
development in France, 294-297;
in France to-day, 317;
in Italy, 376-378;
in Switzerland, 426;
in Austria, 467-472;
in Holland, 526-528;
in Belgium, 539-548;
in Denmark, 563-564;
in Norway, 581-582;
in Sweden, 592-597;
in Spain, 617-618;
in Portugal, 637, 641.

Germany (see also Prussia and Austria):
--_Abgeordnetenhaus_, of Württemberg, 278.

--_Abtheilungen_, in German Reichstag, 226;
in Prussian Landtag, 264.

--Agrarian Party, 234.

--Alsace-Lorraine, original organization, 282;
the Landesausschuss, 283;
movement for autonomy, 284;
bill of 1910, 285;
present governmental system, 286-287.

--Amendment, of Imperial constitution, 209.

--_Amtsgericht_, 243.

--Antisemitic Party, 232.

--Army, 208.

--Austria, war with Prussia, 200.

--Baden, granted a constitution, 197;
special privileges, 208;
governmental system, 279.

--Bavaria, made a kingdom, 194;
granted a constitution, 197;
special privileges, 208;
governmental system, 275-276.

--Bebel, August, president of German Social Democratic party, 240.

--Bernstein, Edward, and the "revisionist" socialists, 239.

--Bismarck, Otto von, minister-president of Prussia, 199;
plan for reorganization of German Confederation, 200;
establishment of North German _Bund_, 200;
creation of the German Empire, 201;
and socialism, 231;
dismissed, 233;
and Prussian local government, 266-267.

--_Bloc_, 234.

--Bremen, governmental system, 281.

--Bülow, Count von, chancellor, 234;
and political parties, 236;
on electoral reform in Prussia, 261.

--_Bund_. See Confederation of 1815 and North German Confederation.

--_Bundeskanzleramt_, 216.

--_Bundesrath_, composition, 217;
legal character, 218;
sessions and procedure, 219;
committees, 220;
powers and functions, 221-222.

--Caprivi, General von, chancellor, 233.

--Carlsbad Decrees, 248.

--Centre Party, rise, 230;
pivotal position, 235;
present position, 236-240.

--Chancellor, appointment, 213;
legal position, 214;
functions and powers, 215-217.

--Civil List, of king of Prussia, 253.

--Confederation of 1815, formation, 195;
character, 195-197;
terminated, 200.

--Committees, in German Bundesrath, 220;
in Reichstag, 226; in Prussian Landtag, 264.

--Conservative Party, rise, 229;
varying fortunes, 233-234;
present position, 236-240.

--Constitution, of Confederation of 1815, 194-196;
grants in various states, 197;
grant in Prussia, 199;
of the Empire, 202-204;
process of amendment, 209;
of Prussia, 250-252.

--Courts, regulated by Law of Judicial.
Organization, 243;
inferior tribunals, 243;
_Reichsgericht_, 244.

--Crown. See Emperor.

--Elections, of members of Reichstag, 224-225.

--Emperor, title, 210;
legal position and privileges, 211;
powers, 211-213;
relations with Chancellor, 214.

--Empire, established, 201;
constitution, 202-203;
nature, 203-207.

--Erfurt Programme, 239.

--Frankfort, seat of Diet, 195;
parliament of 1848, 198;
the _Fürstentag_, 199.

--Gneist, Rudolph von, writings on government, 266.

--Gotha, congress at, 231.

--Guelf Party, 232.

--Hamburg, governmental system, 280-281.

--Hanoverian Party, 232.

--Hardenberg, Count von, establishes a ministry of state, 255.

--Holy Roman Empire, terminated, 193.

--_Kulturkampf_, 230.

--_Landgericht_, 243.

--_Landtag_, of Bavaria, 275-276.

--Law, character, 241-242.

--Legislation, powers, 221, 227-228;
methods, 219-220, 226-227.

--Lübeck, governmental system, 281.

--Metternich, Count, at Congress of Vienna, 195.

--Ministry, organization, 213-215.

--Napoleon I., changes wrought in Germany, 193-194.

--National Liberal Party, rise, 229;
preponderance, 230;
break-up, 233.

--North German Confederation, formation, 200;
converted into Empire, 201.

--_Oberlandesgericht_, 243.

--Parliamentarism, absence in German Empire, 213;
absence in Prussia, 254.

--Parties, rise, 229;
older alignments, 229-230;
more recent alignments, 230-232;
minor parties, 232-233;
rise of the _bloc_, 234;
recent developments, 236-240.

--Polish Party, 232.

--Privileges, of members of Reichstag, 225.

--Proportional Representation, in Württemberg, 278.

--Prussia, in Confederation of 1815, 194-195;
voting power in the Diet, 195-196;
Bismarck's ministry, 199;
war with Austria, 200;
leadership of North German _Bund_, 200;
creation of German Empire, 201;
pre-eminence and special privileges, 207-217;
position in _Bundesrath_, 218-219;
regeneration in Napoleonic period, 246-248;
repression of liberalism, 248;
diet of 1847, 249;
revolution of 1848, 249-250;
formation of constitution, 250.

--_Reichsgericht_, 244.

--_Reichsgesetzblatt_, 215.

--_Reichsland_. See Alsace-Lorraine.

--_Reichstag_, composition, 223;
electoral system, 224;
franchise, 225;
privileges of members, 225;
sessions and officers, 226;
committees, 226;
conduct of business, 227;
powers and franchise, 227-228.

--Revolution of 1848, in Germany, 198-199;
in Prussia, 249-250.

--Saxony, made a kingdom, 194;
granted a constitution, 197;
governmental system, 276-278.

--Social Democratic Party, rise, 231;
growth, 232;
triumph in 1912, 236-238;
present programme and character, 239-240;
strength in Prussia, 260-261.

--_Sonderrechte_, 208.

--_Standeversammlung_, of Saxony, 277.

--_Statthalter_, of Alsace-Lorraine, 286.

--Versailles, William I. proclaimed emperor at, 193.

--Vienna, Congress of, arrangements in Germany, 194.

--_Vorparlament_, of 1848, 198.

--William I., proclaimed German Emperor, 193.

--Württemberg, made a kingdom, 194;
granted a constitution, 197;
special privileges, 208;
governmental system, 278-279.

--Zollverein, rise, 197.

Great Britain. See England.

Hamburg, governmental system, 280-281.

_Herrenhaus_. See Prussia and Austria.

Herzegovina. See Austria-Hungary.

Holland:--
--Administration, organization of province, 532-533;
organization of commune, 533.

--Amendment, process, 523.

--Assembly, of province, 532.

--Batavian Republic, established, 518.

--Belgium, revolution in, 520;
independence of, 521.

--Commune, organization, 533.

--Conservative Party, 529-530.

--Constitution, granted by William I., 519;
revision, 521-522;
present character, 523;
process of amendment, 523.

--Council of commune, 533.

--Council of State, 524.

--Courts, 531-532.

--Crown, status and privileges, 523-524;
powers, 525.

--Elections, movement for reform, 526;
law of 1896, 527;
pending questions, 527-528;
of 1903, 529-530;
of 1909, 530.

--France, Holland annexed to, 518.

--Franchise, movement for liberalizing, 526;
law of 1896, 527;
pending questions, 527-528.

--High Court, 531.

--Judiciary, principles, 531;
courts, 531-532.

--Liberal Party, 529-530.

--Ministry, composition, 524;
powers, 525.

--Napoleon, relations with the Netherlands, 517-518.

--Parliament. See States-General.

--Parties, rise, 529;
present alignment, 520;
elections of 1909, 530.

--Province, organization, 532-533.

--States-General, composition of the houses, 526;
electoral system, 527-528;
organization and powers, 528-529;
political complexion, 530.

--Socialists, 529-530.

--Vienna, Congress of, arrangements respecting the Netherlands, 518.

--William I., king of the Netherlands, 518-519;
grants constitution, 519-520;
resists Belgian independence, 520-521;
abdicates, 521.

--Woman's suffrage, 527-528.

Holy Roman Empire, terminated, 193.

House of Commons. See England.

House of Lords. See England.

House of Representatives. See Belgium.

Hungary:--
--Administration, 506-507.

--Andrássy, introduces electoral reform bill, 495.

--Andrew II., promulgates Golden Bull, 446-447, 489.

--Árpáds, dynasty of, 447.

--Ausgleich, established, 458-459;
and Hungarian political parties, 500.

--Austria, establishment of control, 443;
encroachment by, 449-450;
suppresses revolution of 1848, 455-456;
constitutional experiments, 457-468;
Ausgleich established, 458-459.

--Bánffy, ministry, 502.

--_Banus_, of Croatia-Slavonia, 508.

--Chamber of Deputies, composition, 493;
electoral system, 493-494;
movement for electoral reform, 495-496;
electoral procedure, 497-498;
organization, 498;
powers, 499-500.

--Constitution, foundations, 446-447;
development, 447-448;
March Laws, 453-454, 489;
character, 490.

--County, origins, 506;
organization, 507.

--Courts, 505-506.

--Croatia, government, 507-508.

--Crown. See King.

--Deák, Francis, builds up Liberal party, 452;
voices demands of Hungary, 457;
retirement, 501.

--Elections, present franchise, 493-494;
movement for reform, 495;
reform bill of 1908, 495-497;
procedure, 497-498;
of 1905, 503.

--Franchise, present system, 493-494;
electoral reform bill of 1908, 495-497.

--Golden Bull, promulgated, 446-447, 489.

--Hedérváry, ministry, 504-505.

--Independence, proclaimed in 1849, 455.

--Judiciary. See Courts.

--King, status, 491.

--Law, 505.

--Liberal Party, origins, 452, 501-502;
demands in 1860-1861, 457;
ascendancy, 501, 502.

--Magyars, settlement in Europe, 445;
policies in 1848, 454;
number and domination of, 494.

--March Laws, promulgated, 453.

--Metternich, repressive policy, 452.

--Ministry, composition and status, 491-492.

--Mohács, battle of, 448.

--Parliament, composition, 492-493;
electoral system, 493-497;
organization and procedure, 497-498;
powers 499-500;
obstructionism in, 502-505.

--Parliamentarism, 498.

--Parties, and question of _Ausgleich_, 500;
rise of Liberals, 500-501;
era of parliamentary obstructionism, 502-505.

--Pragmatic Sanction, promulgated, 449.

--Revolution of 1848, 453-455.

--Settlement, 445.

--Slavonia, government, 507-508.

--Stephen I., receives crown from Pope, 446.

--Table of Magnates, composition, 492-493;
privileges, 493;
organization and procedure, 498;
powers, 499-500.

--Tisza, István, ministry, 503.

--Tisza, Kálman, ministry, 501-502.

--Turks, invasions of, 448.

--Wekerle, ministry, 504.

Initiative, in Switzerland, 421, 432-434.

Interpellation, in Prussian Landtag, 265;
in French Chamber of Deputies, 314;
in Italian Chamber of Deputies, 380.

Ireland, union of 1801, 40-41;
allotment of parliamentary seats, 85;
over-representation, 89;
representative peers, 98-99;
question of Home Rule, 150-152.

Italy:--
--Administration, patterned on French, 363;
nature and organization of province, 384;
nature and organization of commune, 385.

--Austria, influence in Italy in eighteenth century, 353;
position after 1815, 358;
helps suppress revolution of 1848, 361;
Piedmontese-French alliance against, 362;
loss of Venetia, 364.

--_Ballottaggio_, 378.

--Bissolati, political influence, 397.

--Bonaparte, Napoleon, and the Cisalpine Republic, 354;
overthrows Genoese oligarchy, 354;
wins at Marengo, 355;
supervises revision of Italian constitutions, 355-356;
crowned king of Italy, 356;
annexes Rome to France, 357;
prophecy of Italian unification, 359.

--Campo Formio, treaty of, 354.

--Cassation, courts of, 382.

--Catholics, political activities, 400-402.

--Cavour, Count, policies, 362.

--Chamber of Deputies, composition, 375;
franchise law of 1882, 376;
franchise to-day, 376-377;
electoral procedure, 378;
qualifications and privileges of members, 378-379;
organization, 379-380;
procedure, 380-381.

--Charles Albert I., becomes king of Piedmont, 360;
grants constitution in 1848, 360-361;
abdicates, 361.

--_Circondaro_, 383.

--Cisalpine Republic, 353-354.

--_Code Napoléon_, established in Italy, 357.

--Committees, of Parliament, 380.

--Commune, nature and organization, 385.

--Conservative Party, origins, 391;
lack of normal development, 398.

--Constitution, of Cispadane Republic, 354;
of Transpadane Republic, 354;
of Ligurian Republic, 355;
of Roman Republic, 355;
of Parthenopæan Republic, 355;
revisions in 1802-1803, 355-356;
of Napoleonic kingdom of Naples, 357;
proclaimed in Naples in 1820, 359;
proclaimed in Naples in 1848, 360-361;
granted in Piedmont in 1848, 360-361;
character of _Statuto_, 365-367.

--Council, of province, 384;
of commune, 385.

--Courts, patterned upon the French, 381;
ordinary tribunals, 381-382;
courts of cassation, 382;
administrative courts, 382-383.

--Crispi, ministries, 393, 394-395.

--Crown, status, 368;
civil list, 368;
powers and functions, 368-369;
relation with ministers, 370.

--Depretis, ministries, 392-393.

--Elections, development of laws regarding, 376;
franchise, 376-378;
procedure, 378;
Catholic participation in, 400-402;
of 1909, 402-403.

--Extreme Left, influence, 395;
groups of, 398.

--France, relations with Italy during Napoleonic period, 354-357;
allied with Piedmont, 362;
receives Savoy and Nice, 363;
withdrawal of troops from Rome, 364.

--Franchise, prior to 1882, 375;
law of 1882, 376;
present regulations, 376-377;
electoral reform, 377.

--Fortis, ministry, 396.

--Garibaldi, conquest of Sicily, 363.

--Genoa, government remodelled, 354.

--Giolitti, ministries, 394, 396-398.

--_Giunta_, of province, 384;
of commune, 385.

--Judiciary. See Courts.

--Italian Republic, 356.

--Interpellation, 380.

--Left, origins, 391;
dominance, 392-394;
prospects of harmony, 398.

--Liberal Party, in control, 395.

--Ligurian Republic, established, 354;
annexed to France, 356.

--Lombardy, Austria's position in, 353, 358;
annexed to Piedmont, 363.

--Lunéville, treaty of, 355.

--Luzzatti, ministry, 396.

--_Mandamento_, 381.

--Milan, Transpadane Republic inaugurated at, 354;
Napoleon crowned at, 356.

--Ministry, composition, 369;
organization and functions, 370-371;
ordinances, 371-372.

--Naples, invaded by French, 355;
Murat king of, 357;
revolution of 1820, 359;
revolution of 1848, 360-361;
annexed to kingdom of Italy, 363.

--Napoleon. See Bonaparte.

--Nice, ceded to France, 363.

--_Non Expedit_, purpose and effect, 400-401;
partial relaxation, 401-402.

--Novara, battle of, 361.

--Ordinances, 371.

--Papacy, and revolution of 1848, 360-361;
losses of territory to Piedmont, 362-363;
and of temporal dominion, 387;
Law of Papal Guarantees promulgated, 388;
prerogatives, 388-389;
relations with state, 389;
opposition to existing system, 390;
the _Non Expedit_, 400-402.

--Papal Guarantees, Law of, promulgated, 388;
contents and character, 388-389;
papal attitude toward, 390.

--Parliament, of united kingdom of Italy, 364;
composition, 372-373;
legislative weakness of Senate, 373;
proposed reform of Senate, 373-374;
composition of Chamber of Deputies, 375;
franchise, 376-377;
electoral procedure, 378;
qualifications and privileges of members, 378-379;
organization, 379-380;
procedure, 380-381.

--Parties, rise of, 391;
rule of Radicals, 392-394;
era of composite ministries, 395-398;
lack of real conservatives, 398-399;
groups of Extreme Left, 398;
rise of socialism, 399-400;
effects of the _Non Expedit_, 401-402;
elections of 1909, 402-403.

--Parthenopæan Republic, 355.

--Piedmont, incorporated with France, 355;
recovery in 1815, 358;
revolution of 1821, 360;
revolution of 1848, 360;
obtains constitution, 361;
accession of Victor Emmanuel II., 361;
ascendancy of, 362;
annexations of 1859-1860, 362.

--Pius IX., reforms, 360;
and revolution of 1848, 360-361;
loss of temporal dominion, 387;
rejects Law of Guarantees, 390.

--Plombières, agreement of, 362.

--Prefect, 384.

--Premier, appointment, 369-370.

--Pressburg, treaty of, 356.

--Province, nature and organization, 384.

--Radical Party, origins, 391;
dominance, 392-394.

--Republican Party, weakness, 399.

--Revolution of 1820-1821, 359;
of 1848, 360.

--Right, origins, 391;
loss of power, 392;
coalition with Left, 393.

--_Risorgimento_, 353.

--Roman Republic, 355.

--Rome, republic established in 1798, 355;
annexed to France, 357;
annexed to kingdom of Italy, 364;
becomes capital of kingdom, 364.

--Rudini, ministries, 394-395.

--Sardinia, kingdom of. See Piedmont.

--Savoy, ceded to France, 363.

--_Scrutinio di lista_, established in 1882, 376.

--Senate, composition, 372-373;
legislative weakness, 373;
proposed reform, 373-374;
privileges and powers, 375;
organization, 379;
procedure, 380-381.

--_Sindaco_, of commune, 385.

--Socialist Party, rise and character, 399-400.

--Sonnino, ministries, 396-397.

--_Statuto_, granted, 360;
character, 365, 366-367;
amendment, 365-366.

--Transpadane Republic, 354.

--Treaties, 369.

--Turin, kingdom of Italy proclaimed at, 364.

--_Uffici_, 380.

--Venice, ceded to Austria, 354;
annexed to kingdom of Italy, 364.

--Vienna, Congress of, settlement of Italian affairs, 358.

--Victor Emmanuel II., accession as king of Piedmont, 361;
building of Italian unity, 362-364.

--Zanardelli, ministry, 396.

_Landsthing_. See Denmark.

_Landtag_. See Prussia.

Law, of England, 167-169;
of Germany, 241-242;
of France, 335-339;
of Switzerland, 439;
of Hungary, 505.

London, government, 190-191.

Magna Carta, importance and character, 9.

Ministry, organization and status in Great Britain, 57-70;
proceedings, 71-73;
in German Empire, 213-215;
in Prussia, 254-256;
in France, 311-314;
in Italy, 369-372;
in Austria, 464-465;
in Hungary, 491-492;
in Holland, 524-525;
in Belgium, 536-537;
in Denmark, 560-568;
in Norway, 580-581;
in Sweden, 590-591;
in Spain, 615-616;
in Portugal, 635-636, 644.

Netherlands. See Holland.

_Non Expedit_, nature and effects, 400-402.

Norway:--
--Administration, organization, 588.

--_Amtsthing_, 588.

--Bernadotte, and union with Sweden, 554, 573-574.

--Commune, organization, 588.

--Conservative Party, 585-586.

--Constitution, of Eidsvold, 574;
present form, 578;
amendment, 579.

--Consular Service, question of, 576-577.

--County, organization, 588.

--Courts, organization, 587-588.

--Crown, restoration of independence, 578;
status, 580;
powers, 580-581;
question of veto, 584-585.

--Denmark, united with, 553, 572-573;
separated from, 554.

--Eidsvold, constitution of, 574.

--Elections, method, 581;
franchise, 581-582;
of 1909 and 1912, 587.

--_Formaend_, 588.

--Franchise, development, 581-582;
present system, 582.

--Haakon VII., crowned king, 578.

--_Höiesteret_, 587.

--Independence, movement for in 1813-1814, 574;
achieved, 577-578.

--Judiciary. See Courts.

--Kalmar, union of, 553.

--Karlstad, convention of, 578.

--Kiel, treaty of, 554, 573, 575.

--Liberal Party, growth, 585-586.

--_Lagthing_. See _Storthing_.

--Michelsen, ministry, 577.

--Ministry, composition, 580;
functions, 580-581.

--_Odelsthing_. See _Storthing_.

--Parliament. See _Storthing_.

--Parliamentarism, 581.

--Parties, history to 1905, 585-586;
status since 1905, 586-587.

--_Riksakt_, of 1815, 574-575.

--Social Democratic Party, 587.

--Steen, carries electoral reform, 581.

--_Storthing_, composition, 581;
electoral system, 581-582;
sessions and organization, 582;
powers and procedure, 583-584.

--Sverdrup, organizes first Liberal ministry, 585.

--Sweden, union with established, 574;
nature of union, 574-575;
friction with, 575-576;
question of consular service, 576-577;
separation from, 577-578.

--Union. See Sweden.

--Veto, power of, 584-585.

--Woman's Suffrage, status, 582.

Papacy. See Italy.

Parliament. See England, France, Italy, Austria, etc.

Parliamentarism, in Great Britain, 143;
in German Empire, 213;
in Prussia, 254;
in Austria, 464-465, 480-481;
in Hungary, 498;
in Belgium, 536-537;
in Denmark, 560-562;
in Norway, 581;
in Sweden, 591.

Parties, rise in England, 38-39;
history in England, 143-166;
in Germany, 229-240;
in France, 329-333;
in Italy, 391-402;
in Switzerland, 434-437;
in Austria, 475-483;
in Hungary, 500-505;
in Holland, 529-530;
in Denmark, 565-568;
in Norway, 585-587;
in Sweden, 592-600;
in Spain, 620-625;
in Portugal, 631-633, 639-642.

Plural vote, in England, 88-90;
in Austria, 468;
in Belgium, 550-551.

Portugal:--
--Administration, organization under monarchy, 638-639;
under republic, 646.

--Arriaga, Manoel, elected president, 642.

--Bonaparte, Napoleon, subjugation by, 629.

--Braga, Theophile, leader of provisional government, 641.

--Braganza, house of, proscribed, 641-642.

--Brazil, relation with, 629.

--Chagas, João, ministry, 642.

--Charter, of 1826, 630;
revised, 631.

--Chartist Party, 630-631.

--Commune, organization, 638-639.

--Congress, composition and powers, 645-646.

--Constitution, of 1826, 630;
revision of 1852, 631;
character under monarchy, 634-635;
of republic framed, 642-643;
nature, 643;
amendment, 643.

--Cortes, extinct at opening of nineteenth century, 629;
revival, 630-631;
party strength under monarchy, 633-634;
renewed in 1908, 634;
composition under monarchy, 636-638.

--Council of Municipalities, composition and powers, 645-646.

--Courts, under monarchy, 638;
under republic, 646.

--Crown, status prior to 1910, 635-636.

--_Dictadura_, of France, 633-634.

--District, organization, 638-639.

--Elections, of 1906, 633;
system prior to 1910, 637;
of 1910, 640;
provision for in decree of 1911, 641-642.

--Franchise, under monarchy, 637;
under decree of 1911, 642.

--Franco, dictatorship, 633-634.

--House of Deputies, under monarchy, 636-637.

--House of Peers, under monarchy, 636-637.

--Judiciary. See Courts.

--Liberal Concentration, of 1906, 633.

--Manoel II., overthrow, 641.

--Miguel, assumption of crown, 630.

--Ministry, status prior to 1910, 635-636;
under the republic, 644.

--National Council, composition and powers, 645-646.

--Parties, rivalries, 631-632;
dictatorship of Franco, 633-634;
elections of 1906, 633;
and revolution of 1910, 639-642.

--Pedro IV., contest with Miguelists, 630.

--Pombal, reforms, 629.

--President, status and powers, 644.

--Progressive Party, 631-634.

--Regenerador Party, 631-634.

--Revolution of 1910, origins, 639;
character and results, 640-641.

--_Rotativos_, 632-633.

--Septembrist Party, 631.

--Thomar, Count of, ministry, 631.

President, of France, 303-312;
of Switzerland, 422-424;
of Portugal, 644.

Proportional Representation, in Würtemberg, 278;
movement for in France, 320-324;
in Switzerland, 419, 433;
in Belgium, 543-545;
in Denmark, 563.

Province, in Prussia, 268-270;
in Italy, 384;
in Austria, 485-487;
in Holland, 532-533;
in Belgium, 550-551;
in Spain, 627.

Prussia (see also Germany and Austria):--
--_Abgeordnetenhaus_, composition, 258;
electoral system 258-260;
question of electoral reform, 260-263;
session and powers, 263-264.

--_Abtheilungen_, in Landtag, 264.

--Administration, reform measures of Stein and Hardenberg, 265;
reforms of Bismarck, 266;
general principles, 267;
the province and its government, 268-270;
the government district, 270-271;
the circle, 271-272;
the commune, 272-273.

--Amendment, of constitution, 252.

--_Amtsgerichte_, 243.

--Austria, war with, 200.

--_Bezirksausschuss_, 270.

--Charlottenburg, constitution promulgated at, 251.

--Circle. See _Kreis_.

--Civil List, 253.

--Committees, in Landtag, 264.

--Commune, organization, 272-273.

--Constitution, obstacles to establishment, 248;
promulgated, 250;
nature, 251;
amendment, 252.

--Crown, status and power, 252.

--Diet, of 1847, 249.

--Elections, present system, 258-260;
question of reform, 260-263.

--Franchise, 258-260.

--Frederick William III., and constitutionalism, 248-250.

--Hardenberg, reform measures, 247-265.

--_Herrenhaus_, original provisions of constitution concerning, 257;
law of 1853, 257;
composition to-day, 257-258.

--Interpellation, in _Landtag_, 265.

--Judiciary, 243-244.

--_Kreis_, organization, 271.

--_Kreisausschuss_, 271.

--_Kreistag_, 271.

--_Landeshauptmann_, 270.

--_Landgerichte_, 243.

--_Landrath_, 271.

--_Landtag_, composition, 257-258;
electoral system, 258-260;
electoral reform, 260-263;
sessions, 263;
powers, 264.

--Ministry, composition, 254;
organization and workings, 255-256;
subsidiary executive bodies, 256.

--Napoleon, and Prussia, 246-247.

--_Oberlandesgerichte_, 243.

--_Oberpräsident_, 269.

--_Oberrechnungskammer_, 256.

--_Regierungsbezirk_, organization, 270-271.

--_Regierungspräsident_, 270.

--Revolution of 1848, 249-250.

--_Schulze_, 272.

--Social Democratic Party, 260-261.

--_Stadtrath_, 273.

--Stein, reform measures, 247, 265;
and Prussian local government, 265.

--Parliamentarism, absence of, 254.

--Province, origins and number, 268-269;
organs of central administration, 269;
organs of self-government, 269-270.

--_Provinziallandtag_, 270.

--_Provinzialrath_, 269.

--_Volkswirthschaftsrath_, 256.

Referendum, Unionist proposal in Great Britain, 109;
in Swiss cantons, 419-420;
in Swiss federal government, 430-432.

_Reichsrath_. See Austria.

Republicanism, in France, 297-298, 302-304, 329-330;
in Italy, 399.

_Rigsdag_. See Denmark.

_Riksdag_. See Sweden.

Saxony, made a kingdom, 194;
granted a constitution, 197;
governmental system, 276-278.

Scotland, union of 1707, 39-40;
allotment of parliamentary seats, 85;
representative peers, 98-99.

Senate. See France, Italy, Belgium, Spain.

Social Democrats, in German Empire, 231-240;
in Prussia, 260-261;
in France, 330-334;
in Italy, 399-400;
in Switzerland, 434-436;
in Austria, 469-470, 483;
in Holland, 529-530;
in Belgium, 540-548;
in Norway, 587;
in Sweden, 593-595, 600;
in Spain, 625.

Spain:--
--Administration, organization, 627-628;
principles, 628.

--Alfonso XII., accession, 610.

--Amendment, of constitution, 611.

--_Ayuntamiento_, of commune, 628.

--Bonaparte, Napoleon, conquest by, 603-604.

--Cadiz, Cortes convoked at, 604.

--Cánovas del Castillo, ministries, 621-622.

--Carlists, 606, 609, 620.

--Commune, organization, 627.

--Congress of Deputies, composition and election, 617-618;
sessions and organization, 618-619;
powers, 619-620.

--Conservative Party, character, 621, 625;
governments of, 621-623.

--Constitution, of 1812 drawn up, 604;
rescinded by Frederick VII., 605;
of 1834, 607;
of 1837, 607;
of 1845, 607-608;
of 1869, 608;
of 1876, 611;
character and contents to-day, 611-612.

--Cortes, convened in 1810, 604;
drafts constitution of 1812, 604;
under constitution of 1812, 604;
under constitution of 1834, 607;
under constitution of 1837, 607;
under constitution of 1845, 608;
under constitution of 1869, 608-609;
establishes republic, 609;
re-establishes monarchy, 610;
adopts constitution of 1876, 611;
composition to-day, 616-618;
sessions and organization, 618-619;
powers, 619-620;
strength of parties, 624-625.

--Council, of province, 627;
of commune, 628.

--Courts, organization, 626-627.

--Crown, rules of succession, 613;
regencies, 613-614;
powers, 614-615.

--Elections, of senators, 617;
of deputies, 618;
of 1907 and 1910, 624-625.

--Espartero, regent, 607.

--_Estatuto Real_, of 1834, 607.

--Isabella II., accession, 606;
declared of age, 608;
abdicates, 608.

--Ferdinand VII., reign, 605-607.

--France, intervention, 605.

--Franchise, present system, 618.

--Governor, of province, 627.

--Judiciary. See Courts.

--King. See Crown.

--Law, 626.

--Liberal Party, character, 621, 625;
governments of, 621-623.

--Maria Christina, regency, 606-607;
abdicates, 607.

--Maura, ministries, 623-624.

--Ministry, composition, 615;
functions, 615-616.

--Parliament. See Cortes.

--Parties, beginnings, 620;
character of Liberals and Conservatives, 621-622;
since 1903, 623-624;
elections of 1910, 624-625;
republicans and socialists, 625.

--Pragmatic Sanction, of 1830, 606.

--Province, organization, 627.

--Regency, 613-614.

--Republic, established, 609;
abolished, 610.

--Republican Party, rise, 620;
present character, 625.

--Revolution of 1820, 605.

--Sagasta, ministries, 621-623.

--Salic Law, rescinded, 606.

--_Scrutin de liste_, in election of deputies, 618.

--Senate, composition, 616;
appointment and election, 616-617;
sessions and organization, 618-619.

--Serrano, regent, 609.

--Socialist Party, character of, 625.

--Succession, rules of, 613.

--Supreme Court, 626-627.

States-General. See Holland.

_Storthing_. See Norway.

Sweden:--
--Administration, organization, 601.

--Agricultural Party. See _Landtmannapartiet_.

--Amendment, process, 589.

--Bernadotte, and union with Norway, 554, 573-574.

--Conservative Party, and electoral reform, 592-596;
long tenure of power, 599-600.

--Consular Service, question of, 576-577.

--Constitution, character, 572, 589;
amendment, 589.

--Constitutional Committee, 598.

--County, organization, 601.

--Courts, organization, 600-601.

--Crown, early status, 570-571;
present basis, 590;
relations with ministry, 590-591.

--Elections, present system, 592;
movement for reform, 592-596;
of 1908 and 1911, 600.

--Franchise, present regulations, 592;
rise of movement for reform, 592-593;
Conservative proposal of 1904, 593-594;
Staaff project of 1906, 594-595;
law of 1907-1909, 595-596;
question of women's suffrage, 596;
bill of 1912, 596-597.

--Gustavus III., rehabilitation of monarchy, 571.

--Gustavus IV., abdicates, 572.

--_Högsta Domstolen_, organization and functions, 600-601.

--Independence, established, 570.

--Judiciary. See Courts.

--Karlstad, convention of, 578.

--Kiel, treaty of, 554, 573, 575.

--_Landsthing_, of county, 601.

--_Landtmannapartiet_, growth, 599.

--Liberal Party, and electoral reform, 592-596;
gains, 600.

--Lindman, project for electoral reform, 595.

--Ministry, composition, 590;
powers, 590-591.

--Norway, union with, 573-574;
nature of union, 574-575;
friction with, 575-576;
question of consular service, 576-577;
separation of, 577-578.

--Parliament. See _Riksdag_.

--Parliamentarism, 591.

--Parties, and electoral reform, 592-596;
military and tariff questions, 598-599;
history since 1891, 599-600.

--_Regerings-formen_, of 1809, promulgated, 572.

--_Riksakt_, of 1815, 574-575.

--_Riksdag_, original character, 591;
reorganization in 1866, 591;
composition of chambers, 591-595;
electoral system, 582;
movement for electoral reform, 592-596;
organization and procedure, 597;
powers, 597-598.

--Social Democratic Party, and electoral reform, 593-595;
gains, 600.

--Staaff, project for electoral reform, 594.

--_Statsrad_. See Ministry.

--Supreme Court. See _Högsta Domstolen_.

--Union. See Norway.

--Women's Suffrage, movement for, 596-597.

Switzerland:--
--Act of Mediation, 407.

--_Bezirksammann_, 422.

--_Bezirksrath_, 422.

--Bonaparte, Napoleon, promulgates Act of Mediation, 407.

--_Bundesgericht_, nature and functions, 437-438.

--_Bundesrath_. See Federal Council.

--Canton, constitutions liberalized, 409;
sovereignty, 412;
federal control, 412-413;
powers exercised concurrently with Confederation, 414-415;
variation of constitutions, 416;
the _Landesgemeinde_, 417-418;
the Greater Council, 418-419;
use of referendum, 419-420;
use of initiative, 421;
the executive Council of State, 421;
local administration, 422;
the judiciary, 422.

--Centralism, triumph in 1848, 410;
as a political issue, 434.

--Clerical Party, character, 434-435.

--Commune, 422.

--Confederation, origins, 405;
composition in later eighteenth century, 406;
erected into Helvetic Republic, 406;
remodelled in 1803, 407;
reorganized in 1815, 408;
constitution of 1848 and 1874, 410;
nature, 411-412;
control of cantons by, 412;
powers vested exclusively in, 413-414;
powers denied, 414-415;
general aspects, 415.

--Constitution, of Helvetic Republic, 406-407;
remodelled in 1803, 407;
of 1815, 408;
of cantons liberalized, 409;
of 1848, 410;
revision of 1874, 410;
nature of government established by, 411-416;
amendment, 431-432.

--Council of State, executive agency in cantons, 421.

--Council of the States, composition, 427;
compared with Senate of United States, 427-428;
powers, 428-429;
procedure, 429-430.

--Courts, of the cantons, 422;
absence of administrative tribunals, 425-426;
the _Bundesgericht_, 437-438;
Civil Code, 439.

--Diet, of Confederation in 1803-1815, 407;
after 1815, 408.

--Elections, of Federal Council, 423;
of National Council, 426;
of Council of the States, 428;
party conditions, 435-437.

--Federal Assembly, relations with Federal Council, 424-425;
composition, 426;
powers, 428-429;
procedure, 429-430.

--Federal Court. See _Bundesgericht_.

--Federalism, triumph of in 1803, 407;
in 1815, 408;
survival in present constitutional system, 411;
as a political issue, 434.

--Federal Pact, 408.

--Franchise, 426.

--_Gemeindeversammlung_, 422.

--Greater Council, of the canton, 418-419.

--Helvetic Republic, creation and character, 406-407.

--Initiative, employment in cantons, 421;
in the federal government, 432-434.

--Judiciary. See Courts.

--_Landammann_, 421-422.

--_Landesgemeinde_, 417-418.

--Law, 439.

--Left. See Radical Party.

--Liberal Party, character, 435.

--National Council, composition, 426;
organization, 427;
powers, 428-429;
procedure, 429-430.

--Parties, prolonged ascendancy of Radicals, 434;
alignments to-day, 434-435;
stability of groups, 435-436;
inactivity, 436-437.

--President, election and functions, 422-424.

--Proportional Representation, 419, 433.

--Radical Party, prolonged ascendancy, 434;
present character, 434-436.

--Referendum, origins, 419;
operation in cantons, 419-420;
optional form in federal government, 430-431;
obligatory form, 431-432.

--Right. See Clerical Party.

--Socialist Party, rise, 434-436.

--_Sonderbund_, 409.

--Vienna, Congress of, disposition of Swiss affairs, 408.

Table of Magnates. See Hungary.

Woman's Suffrage, in Great Britain, 91-92;
in Holland, 527-528;
in Norway, 582;
in Sweden, 596-597.

Württemberg, made a kingdom, 194;
granted a constitution, 197;
special privileges, 208;
governmental system, 278-279.

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Transcriber's note:

The listing in the index for "Switzerland, Bundesrath" refers the
reader "Switzerland, Federal Council", which is absent in the
original text.