Chapter XIV: Part 14

171 Third Macedonian War. Egypt to accepts Roman suzerainty 168

165 1000 Greeks, including Polybius the
historian, brought to Italy as
hostages

161 Greek orators and philosophers
expelled (vainly)

160 _Adelphi_ of Terence performed

148 Macedonia becomes a province

146 On destruction of Carthage,
Africa becomes a province
Great influx of Greek Art Corinth destroyed

133 Tribunate and agrarian programme of Kingdom of Attalus bequeathed
Tiberius Gracchus to Rome, becomes province
of Asia

123 Tribunate and agrarian programme of
Gaius Gracchus. Establishment of
the _Equites_ as a political power

121 Province of Gallia Narbonensis,
formed by conquest of S Gaul

112 War with Jugurtha: triumph of to Marius 106

113 Army reforms and political power of War with Cimbri and Teutons to Marius 101

91 War against the Italian allies
(Social War)

88 Conquest of Rome by Sulla, and War with Mithradates of Pontus.
restoration of the Senate Massacre of Romans

87 Revolution of Cinna and Marius
with great massacre of nobles

82 Return of Sulla and proscription of Defeat of the Samnites at the
the democrats Colline Gate of Rome

81 Sulla dictator. Cornelian Laws improve Cisalpine Gaul becomes a
the judicial system. Cicero’s province. Rome refuses
first speech Egypt

78 Date of extant buildings at Rome (1)
the Tabularium, (2) the Temple
of Fortuna Virilis

75 Bithynia and Cyrene made provinces
(both bequeathed to
Rome)

73 Insurrection of slaves under Spartacus

67 Pompeius defeats the pirates

63 Consulship of Cicero, who crushes Pompeius ends the Mithradatic
the conspiracy of Catiline War. New provinces organised
Cilicia, Bithynia with
Pontus, Syria, and Crete

60 Union of Pompeius, Cæsar, and
Crassus, “the First Triumvirate”

59 Consulship of Cæsar, and grant of
the province of Gaul

58 Banishment of Cicero. Theatre of Cæsar defeats the Helvetians
Curio built

57 Recall of Cicero Cæsar defeats the Nervu

56 Renewal of the “Triumverate” at Cæsar defeats the Veneti by
Lucca sea

55 Dedication of theatre of Pompeius Cæsar invades Britain

54 Second invasion of Britain

53 Defeat of Crassus by the Parthians.
Cæsar subdues the
Treveri, and crosses the
Rhine

52 Senate-house burnt in a riot. Pompeius Great revolt of Gaul under
passes laws against Cæsar Vercingetorix crushed at Alesia

51 Final subjugation of Gaul
Cicero governor of Cilicia

49 Cæsar begins the Civil War

48 Battle of Pharsalus, defeat of Pompeius Cæsar regulates Egypt, leaving
Cleopatra as queen

46 Final defeat of Pompeians at Thapsus
in Africa. Cæsar dictator. Dedication
of new Forum Julium, and
temple of Venus Genetrix

45 Cæsar enlarges the Senate and regulates
the municipal constitutions
of the Italian towns

44 Assassination of Cæsar. M. Antonius
in command of Rome. Cicero’s
_Philippics_

43 Octavian, Cæsar’s heir, with the consuls
defeats Antony at Mutina, and
is elected consul. Second Triumvirate
formed, Antony, Octavian,
and Lepidus. Proscription of
the tyrannicide party, including
Cicero

42 Battles of Philippi. Defeat of Brutus
and Cassius. Temple of Saturn
rebuilt

41 War at Perusia, in which Octavian M. Antonius with Cleopatra in
crushes the revolt of L. Antonius Egypt

37 Library of Pollio founded. Octavian
marries Livia

36 Sextus Pompeius defeated. Lepidus Antony defeated in Parthia
deprived of his army

31 Defeat of Antony and Cleopatra
at Actium by Octavian

30 Publication of Horace’s _Epodes_ Conquest of Egypt

29 Triumph of Cæsar Octavianus

28 Census and restoration of Senate. Mœsia made a province
Dedication of temple and library
of Palatine Apollo, eighty-two
temples restored

27 “Restoration of the Republic” really Provinces divided between
the beginning of the Empire. Cæsar and Senate. Cæsar
Octavian receives the title of takes Spain, Gaul, Syria, and
_Augustus_. Pantheon of M. Agrippa keeps Egypt
built

23 Augustus resigns the consulship. Failure of expedition to Arabia
Death of Marcellus. Vergil’s
_Æneid_, Horace’s _Odes,_ i, ii, iii

20 Augustus in Asia. Submission
of Parthians

19 Death of Vergil Conquest of North Spain

17 Julian “Laws of Morality”. Secular
games. Horace as laureate. Augustus
adopts Gaius and Lucius his
grandsons

16 German invasion of Gaul. Defeat
of Lothus

13 Theatre of Marcellus built Drusus in Gaul for conquest of
Germany

12 Dedication of Ara Pacis Augustæ

9 End of Livy’s _History_ Death of Drusus after four
campaigns in Germany

8 Death of Horace and Mæcenas Tiberius in Germany

4 Death of Herod. Probable date
of birth of Christ

2 Banishment of Julia

A.D.

2 Death of Lucius and mortal wounding
of Gaius. Tiberius adopted

4 Building of “Maison Carrée” at Tiberius’s annual campaigns in
Nismes Germany

6 Establishment of military chest at Judæa becomes a province
Rome. Temple of Castor rebuilt (census of Quirinius)
Great revolt in Pannonia

8 Banishment of Ovid Subjection of Pannonia

9 Defeat of Varus by Arminius in
Germany

14 Death of Augustus. Succession of Revolt of Rhine and Danube
_Tiberius_. Political extinction of armies quelled by Germanicus
the _comitia_. Extension of law and Drusus
of treason and growth of informing
(_delatio_)

16 Germanicus defeats the Germans
under Arminum’i at Idistavisus

27 Tiberius retires to Capri. Sejanus
in command of Rome

37 _Gaius Cæsar_ (Caligula), murdered by Futile expedition towards Britain
Prætorian guard

41 _Claudius_ New provinces incorporated
Mauretania, Lycia, Thracia
(46), and Judæa. Conquest
of Britain begun (43)

54 _Nero_

55 Poisoning of Britannicus

61 Revolt of Boadicea in Britain

64 Fire at Rome, and first persecution
of the Christians

68 Revolt of Vindex in Gaul and
Galba in Spain

68 Year of the Four Emperors to _Galba_, June-Jan. 69 69 _Otho_, Jan-April _Vitellius_, April-Dec.

69 _Vespasian_, “The Flavian Dynasty” Revolt of Batavians under
Civilis

70 Erection of Colosseum, Arch of Siege and destruction of Jerusalem
Titus, and Baths of Titus

79 Titus Eruption of Vesuvius Herculaneum
buried in mud and Pompeii
in ashes. Death of Elder Pliny

81 _Domitian_ Progress of Agricola in Scotland.
Construction of Rhætian _limes_

86 Wars against Dacians

96 Murder of Domitian

96 _Nerva_, repealed law of treason and
reduced taxes

98 _Trajan_, built Forum Trajani, Basilica (101-102) First Dacian War.
Ulpia, and Column of Trajan (105-107) Second Dacian
War. Dacia becomes province
(114-116) Invasion
of Parthia, capture of
Ctesiphon. New provinces:
Armenia, Mesopotamia,
Assyria, and Arabia

118 _Hadrian_, built _Moles Hadriani_, Abandoned Armenia, Mesopotamia
Temple of Venus and Rome, and Assyria. Grand
Pantheon, Villa at Tivoli, and tour of the empire.
Temple of Olympian Zeus at Hadrian’s wall in Britain.
Athens Revolt and destruction of
the Jewish nation

138 _Antoninus Pius_, “The Antonine
Dynasty.” Built Temple of
Antoninus and Faustina

161 _Marcus Aurelius._ Plague in Italy. War against Parthia. War with
Statue and column of M. Aurelius Marcomanni and Quadi.
Emperor died at Vienna

180 _Commodus_

193 _Pertinax_ murdered by soldiers _Didius
Julianus_ bought the throne

193 _Septimius Severus_ proclaimed by the Expedition to Britain. Emperor
Illyrian legions. Great jurist died at York. Strengthening
Papinian flourishes of walls

211 _Caracalla_ All inhabitants of provinces
(except Egypt) become
citizens

217 Baths of Caracalla finished

218 _Elagabalus._ Attempt to introduce
Sun-worship

222 _Severus Alexander._ The jurist New Persian Empire of the
Ulpian and the historian Dio Sassanidæ begun
Cassius flourished

235 _Maximinus Thrax_

237 _Gordianus I. and II. and III._

244 _Philippus, the Arabian_

249 _Decius_ Persecution of Christians Defeat of the Goths in Thrace
Decius fell in the fighting

251 _Gallus_

253 _Æmilianus_

253 _Valerianus_ Wars against German invaders,
Franks, Alemanni, and Goths.
Expedition to Persia. Emperor
captured

260 _Gallienus._ Time of great confusion Tetricus sets up a rival empire
owing to pretenders. “The in Gaul and Spain. Odenathus
thirty tyrants” sets up an independent
kingdom at Palmyra in
Syria

268 _Claudius Gothicus_ Defeats German invaders

270 _Aurelian_ (“Restitutor Orbis”). Wall Sacrifices Dacia across the
round Rome Danube to the Goths. Repulses
Alemanni and Marcomanni
from Italian soil. Defeats
Zenobia and destroys
Palmyra. Defeats Tetricus

273 Temple of the Sun constructed
at Heliopolis (Ba’albek)

275 _Tacitus_ (choice of the Senate)

276 _Probus_ Drives back the Barbarians and
restores the defences

282 _Carus_, then _Numerianus_, then _Carinus_

284 _Diocletian_ resided chiefly at Nicomedia Persians defeated, Egyptian to in Asia Minor, leaving the and British revolts crushed 305 west to Maximian, Constantius and Galerius appointed Cæsars. Persecution of Christians

307 Six “Augusti” claiming the purple,
Constantine of Britain among them

323 _Constantine the Great_ (sole emperor). to Christianity recognised by the 337 State

325 Arian conflict, Council of Nicæa

330 Building of Constantinople

361 _Julian the Apostate_ endeavours to to revive Paganism 363

375 Beginning of the great German
folk-wanderings

379 _Theodosius_ After Theodosius the Visigoths received in Mœsia to division of the Empire becomes if Christians Massacre of 395 permanent Thessalonica (St. Ambrose of Milan)

395 Arcadius rules the East. Honorius
rules the West

WEST

400 Alaric invades Italy

402 Imperial residence transferred from
Rome to Ravenna

410 Capture and sack of Rome by Alaric

415 Visigoths found a kingdom at
Toulouse

429 Vandals found a kingdom in Africa

449 Anglo-Saxons begin to settle in
Britain

451 Attila and the Huns defeated by
Aetius and the Goths near Châlons

452 Foundation of Venice

476 Odoacer, barbarian general, deposes
the last Western emperor, Romulus
Augustulus

EAST

527 Justinian, emperor. Victories
of Belisarius. Codification of
law

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[The following list of books will serve two purposes, as a guide
to the reader who wishes to inquire further on any special point,
and as an acknowledgment of some of the obligations of the writer.
Only works available in English are here included, and the list is
selected rather than exhaustive.]

_General Histories of Rome_

PELHAM. Outlines of Roman History. Rivingtons.

WARDE FOWLER. Rome. (Home University Library.) Williams and Norgate.

_General Histories of the Republic_

MOMMSEN. A History of Rome. 5 vols. Bentley.

HEITLAND. The Roman Republic, 3 vols. Cambridge University Press.

MYRES. A History of Rome. Rivingtons.

HOW AND LEIGH. A History of Rome to the Death of Cæsar. Longmans.

_General Histories of the Empire_

GIBBON. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Ed. Bury. Methuen. 7 vols.

BURY. The Student’s Roman Empire (to the Death of Marcus Aurelius). Murray.

STUART JONES. Roman Empire. Story of the Nations. Fisher Unwin.

_Special Periods and Biographies_

STRACIIAN-DAVIDSON. Cicero. Heroes of the Nations. Putnams.

WARDE FOWLER. Cæsar. Heroes of the Nations. Putnams.

BOISSIER. Cicero and his Friends. Innes.

OMAN. Seven Roman Statesmen. Arnold.

MOMMSEN. The Provinces of the Roman Empire. 2 vols. Macmillan.

DILL. Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius. Macmillan.

---- Roman Society in the last Century of the Western Empire. Macmillan.

RICE HOLMES. Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul. Macmillan, and Clarendon Press.

PAIS. Ancient Legends of Roman History. Sonnenschein.

FERRERO. Greatness and Decline of Rome. 5 vols. Heinemann.

TARVER. Tiberius the Tyrant. Constable.

HAVERFIELD. The Romanisation of Roman Britain. Clarendon Press.

_Politics_

GREENIDGE. Roman Public Life. Macmillan.

ARNOLD. Roman Provincial Administration. Macmillan.

_Morals and Religion_

FRIEDLANDER. Roman Life and Manners. Routledge.

WARDE FOWLER. The Religious Experiences of the Roman People. Macmillan.

---- The Roman Festivals. Macmillan.

GLOVER. Conflict of Religions under the Roman Empire. Methuen.

RAMSAY. The Church in the Roman Empire before A.D. 170. Putnams.

LECKY. History of European Morals. Longmans.

_Economics_

CUNNINGHAM. Western Civilisation in its Economic Aspects. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press.

_Literature_

SELLAR. Roman Poets of the Augustan Age. Clarendon Press.

CRUTTWELL. History of Roman Literature. Griffin.

MACKAIL. Latin Literature. Murray.

RUSHFORTH. Latin Historical Inscriptions. Clarendon Press.

_Art and Archœology_

MRS. STRONG. Roman Sculpture. Duckworth.

WALTERS. The Art of the Romans. Methuen.

WICKHOFF. Roman Art. Macmillan.

MAU. Pompeii, its Life and Art. Macmillan.

HILL. Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. Macmillan.

_Topography._

BURN. Rome and the Campagna.

MIDDLETON. Remains of Ancient Rome. 2 vols. 1872.

MURRAY’S HANDBOOKS.

BAEDEKER’S GUIDES.

LANCIANI. Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Macmillan.

_Law_

BUCKLAND. Roman Law of Slavery. 1908. Cambridge University Press.

ROBY. Roman Private Law. 1902. Cambridge University Press.

INDEX

Abitene, 194

Accomplishments, early Roman, 34

“Accountants,” 276

Achæan League, 55, 202

Achaia, 193, 202

Actium, Battle of, 129, 166, 184, 188, 202, 240

Actors, 137

Acts of the Apostles, 200

Aden, 204

Adherbal, 91

Adiabene, 267

Adige, 220

Admirals, 187

Adriatic fleet, 186, 187

Adultery, law against, 226

Advertisements, 285

Ædiles, 30, 32, 134

Ædui, 262

Æsopus (actor), 132

Aetius, 314

Ætolian cavalry, 55

Afranius, 123

Africa, province of, 59, 193, 208, 283;
diocese, 312

Agathocles, 45, 61

Agedincum, 212

Agri Decumates, 264

Agricola, Julius, 260, 261

Agriculture, early Roman, 36, 70

Agrippa, General under Augustus, 165;
intended successor to Augustus, 174, 175,
disciplinarian, 183,
overlord in Asia, 195,
Herod and, 205;
and the worship of Jehovah, 207;
and the conquest of Spain, 221;
married to Julia, 227, 228,
temple erected by, 251

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 129

Agrippa Postumus, 229

Agrippina, 224

Agrippina, (mother of Nero), 256, 272

Alani, 307

Alba Longa, 25

Albinus, Spurius, 92

Alcamenes, 156

Alcantara, Bridge of, 294

Alemanni, 309

Alesia, 116

Alexander the Great, 1, 6

Alexandria, Cæsar at, 122,
and convention in literature, 151;
rivalry with Rome, 202, 282,
Jews in, 268

“Alimenta,” 276

Aliso, 216

“Allies and friends,” 28, 60

Alme, 216

Alpes Cottiæ, 194

Alpes Maritimæ, 194

Alpine tribes, 220

Alps, the, Hannibal’s march, 50,
roads over, 220

Amazons, 258, 307

Amphitheatre, the Grand, 282

Amphitheatre displays, 74;
butchery, 137

Amphitheatres, 243, 279;
in Britain, 261

Ampsaga, river, 208

Amusements, 136, 279

“Analecta,” 137

Anchises, 224

Ancus Martius, 19

Ancyra, 199

Ancyran monument, 188

Andernach, 264

Andronikos, 74

Anglesey, 259, 260

Anna Perenna, 36, 39

Antinous, 293

Antioch, 247, 267, 268, 282

Antiochus of Syria, 54, 55

Antium, 134

Antonine Constitution, 299

Antonine Wall, 261

Antonines, the, 277

Antoninus Pius, 262, 271, 277,
column of, 292

Antonius (orator), 104

Antonius, L, 164

Antony, Mark, and Cæsar, 124,
and the succession, 126, 127,
and Octavian (Augustus), 127, 128, 163, 164,
the Triumvirate, 128,
victories, 128,
and Cleopatra, 128, 129, 164, 203,
and Actium, 130,
marriages, 138,
and Cicero, 148

Antony and Cleopatra, coins of, 155

Aosta, 220

Apelles, 296

Apennines, slave refugees, 106

Apicius, 279

Apollo as a Roman god, 79,
temple to, 168

Apollodorus, 266

Apollonia, 201, 202

Apollonius, 290

Appian Way, 34

Appius Claudius, 85

Appius Claudius (censor), 34, 42, 46

Appuleian Laws, 95, 99

Apuleius, 290

Aquæ Mattiacæ (Wiesbaden), 264

Aquæ Sextiæ, 94

Aqueducts, 179, 280, 283, 293

Aquilegia, 220

Aquitania, 210

Arabia, 194, 204, 267

Arabs, 307

Aratus, 234

Arausio (Orange), 94

Arcesilaus, 156, 249

Arch, the, 153, 294

Arch, triumphal, 196

Archelaus, 206

Architecture of the Republic, 151-154,
of the Augustan period, 250-252,
of the Empire, 293-297,
later Roman and early Christian, 316

Arena. _See_ Amphitheatre

Aretine pottery, 159

Areus, 209

Arezzo, 120

Argos, 202

Aristocracy, government by, 71, 72,
debased, 81,
wealth, 132,
Augustus and, 224;
under the Empire, 254
Domitian and the, 274.
_See also_ Patricians

Aristotle, 290

Armenia, 194, 198, 199, 200, 267, 268

Arminius, 218, 219, 263

Armour of soldiers, 29, 98

Army, professional, as constituted by Marius, 96-99,
and government, 99,
under Augustus, 182,
soldiering becomes a profession, 184,
how constituted, 184,
rate of pay, 185;
distribution of the legions, 185;
pay (finance), 188,
bounties to veterans, 189

Arpinum, 134

Art, Etruscan, 20;
early Roman, 22, 34, 66,
of the Republic, 151-159,
of the Augustan period, 243-252,
of the Empire, Greek influence, 291,
sculpture, 292,
history of, 293,
influence of Antinous, 293,
architecture, 294-297,
painting, 296,
minor arts, 297,
Byzantine, 316

“Art, Roman,” 151, 245

Art collectors under the Republic, 155

Artillery, 280

Artists, 248

Arts, the, and politics, 231

Arusine Plain, 46

“Aryan,” 2

_As_, the copper (coin), 17, 34, 154

Aschaffenburg, 264

Ashtaroth, 39

Asia Minor, coins of, 249,
Jews in, 268,
Christianity in, 302

Asia, province of, 59;
wealth, 61, 64;
taxes, 88,
control by Augustus, 178;
senatorial province, 193,
security in, 200,
diocese, 312

“Asiarchs,” 201

Assassins, 268

Assessments for taxes, 276

Assyria, 267

Asturians, 220

Asturica Augusta (Astorga), 221

Athens and Rome, contrast between, 2,
allied with Rome, 55,
Sulla and, 101,
and education, 133,
an allied state, 194,
position of, under Rome, 201,
new quarter, 284

Athletics, 286

Atrium, the, 135

Attalids, the, of Pergamum, 246

Attalus, 55

Attalus III., 59

Attica, 201

Atticus, 131, 233

Attila, 314

Attius, 138

Augsburg, 220

Augurs, 133

Augusta Emerita (Merida), 221

Augusta (legion), 183

“Augustals,” 181

“Augustan” age, the. _See_ Augustus

Augustan history, 305

Augusti, 312

Augustine, 316

Augustulus, Romulus, 315

Augustus (Gneius Octavius, Octavianus) adds Egypt to the Empire, 60,
Cæsar’s heir, 124, 127,
takes up his inheritance, 127;
triple alliance, 128,
pursues the tyrannicides, 128
master of the West, 129,
becomes the Emperor Augustus, 100, 130;
health, 136;
and literature, 151;
and monarchy, 161,
statesmanship, 161, 182,
Suetonius on, 162;
character, 163,
and Cleopatra, 164,
policy, 164, 165,
triumph, 165;
and peace 166,
and the patricians, 167;
takes a census, 167,
strengthens the senate, 167;
improves Rome, 167,
establishes the Empire, 168,
senate names him Augustus, 169,
“restores the Republic,” 168, 169,
constitutional position, 170,
wealth, 172,
as censor, 172,
consulships, 173;
tribunician power, 173,
successors, 174,
age and reign, 175;
and the senate, 175,
pretended abdication, 177,
powers, 177,
patron of the people, 180
and the laws, 180;
military position, 182,
creates a navy, 186,
and public finance, 188,
his generosity, 188,
his provinces, 194,
account of condition of Italy, 196,
and the Parthians, 197,
cult of himself, 201, 225;
and Egypt, 203,
and the Soudan, 204,
and Herod, 206,
and the Jews, 207;
in Sicily, 209,
and Gaul, 209,
and Germany, 212,
and Spain, 220;
results of his rule, 221,
his work, 223,
aristocracy and, 224,
plots against, 224,
flattery, 224;
and the regeneration of Roman society, 225;
as a father, 226;
marriages, 226;
and the succession, 228,
family, 229,
his habits, 229,
character, 230,
education, 231,
and literature 232;
in Vergil, 234;
in Horace, 239,
and art, 243,
and rebuilding of Rome, 244, 248,
culture, 252,
and the enlargement of the Empire, 259

Aurelian, 307

Aurelius, Marcus, Antonine dynasty, 277;
philosophy fashionable under, 279,
Galen, his state physician, 290,
portrait, 292, 294;
hostile to Christianity, 302,
and immortality, 303,
Rome under, 305,
and the barbarians, 309, 311

Ausonius, 316

Austria, 217, 220

Autonomy, local, 284

Aventine Hill, 280

Avernus, Lake of, 186

Axiomitæ, 307

Ba’albek, 282, 295

Bacchic mysteries, 79

Bacchus, 240

Bactrians, 307

Bætica, 221

Baiæ, 134, 251, 257, 296;
Turner’s picture of, 283

Bakery account from Pompeii, 285

Balearic slingers, 98

Balkans, 220

Bank rate, 166

Bankrupts and the senate, 103

Banks, 64

Banquets, 133, 136, 196

Barberini panel, 316

Barcas, the, 49

Barea Soranus, 273, 300

Barristers, 298

Batanæa, 194

Batavian cavalry, 184

Baths, 136, 196, 243, 261, 283

Baths of Titus, the, 293

Battle-array, 29

Beasts for the arena, 133

Bedriacum, 273

Beja, 221

Belgica, 210

Bestia, 91, 92

Bibulus, 111

Bithynia, 60, 193, 200

“Bithyniarchs,” 201

Black Sea, 186, 220, 297

Blemyes, 307

Boadicea, 219, 260

Bœotia, 201

Bohemia, 217

Books, 131,
Cicero’s books, 134

Bosco Reale, 249

Bosphorus, 194

Brenner Pass, 263

Brennus, 199

Brescia, 196

Bribery and corruption, 79, 133

Brickwork, 294

Bridge, marble, 196

Brigantes, the, 261, 262

Britain, Cæsar’s expeditions to, 117,
Cæsar on, 150;
Augustus and, 170, 209, 210,
conquest of, 259,
empire-building in, 260;
and Roman civilisation, 261,
roads, 262;
walls, 261, 262,
and the “Latin right,” 299;
and separate unity, 308,
diocese, 312,
deserted, 314

Britannicus, 272

Britons, the, 114

Bronze-work, 297

Brotherhood of man, 302

Brundisium, 145

Bruttium, 45, 47

Brutus and liberty, 33;
as hero, 112,
against Cæsar, 124,
and the assassination of Cæsar, 126,
and the succession, 127,
fall of, 128,
bust of, 157,
as martyr, 173,
and Horace, 237

Budgets under Augustus, 192

Buffer states, 198, 199, 214

Building, early, 19,
materials (houses), 135, 153,
principles of, 153;
brickwork, 294;
villas, 295

Bureaucracy, 171, 181, 270, 272, 276, 278, 310

Burgundians, 212, 213

Byzantine (Constantinople), 313

Byzantine art, 316

Byzantine Empire, the, 313

Cadiz, 49

Cæcilius, 76

“Cæsar” (Emperor), 112

“Cæsar and the Roman People,” cult of, 207

Cæsar Augusta (Saragossa), 221

Cæsar, Gaius Julius, adds Gaul to the Empire, 60,
and the monarchy, 100,
birth and lineage, 109,
as Pontifex Maximus, 109;
and the conspiracy of Catiline, 110,
prætor to Spain, 110,
the Triumvirate, 110;
becomes Consul, 110;
conquests of Gaul, 111, 116,
honours paid to, by poets and others, 112,
account of the Gallic Wars, 112;
as historian, 113, 150,
his greatness, 113;
his work, 114,
as a soldier, 116;
and Britain, 117, 150,
and Pompeius, 114, 119,
civil war, 120,
devotion of his men, 121,
conquers at Pharsalus, 121, 122,
in Egypt, 122,
and Cleopatra, 122,
conquests, 122, 123,
supporters, 124,
reforms, 125,
kingship, 125,
slain, 126,
his will, 127,
wealth of, 132,
epileptic, 135,
wives, 138,
and Roman history, 145,
as orator, 149,
his _Commentaries_, 149,
portraits, 157,
and monarchy, 161,
temple to, 166;
The _Commentaries_ and Germany, 214,
deified, 225,
as poet, 232.

Cæsar, L., 104

Cæsar-worship, 231, 267, 300

Cæsarea, 206, 268

Cæsarion, 122

Cæsars, the, 254

Calabria, 45

Caledonians, the, 261, 262

Caligula (Gaius Cæsar), 253, 268, 269, 271, 272

Callimachus, 239

Callipolis, 286

Calpurnia, 126

Cameos, 249

Campagna, the Roman, 12, 25,
shepherds, 37

Campania, 28, 34, 283

Campanian Road, 134

Campus Martius, 36, 153

Camulodunum (Colchester), 259, 260

Candace, 205

Candlestick, the seven-branched golden, 269

_Cannabæ_, 310

Cannæ, 51

Canon law, 299

Cantabrians, 220

Capital punishment, 43

Capitol, the, 25, 153, 293, 307

Capitoline Hill, 282

Cappadocia, 194, 267

Capri, 229

Capua, 51

Caracalla, 292, 299, 306

Caradoc, 260

Carbo, 94

Carducci and Catullus, 144

Carrhæ, 119, 197

Carthage, the early Romans and, 13, 17,
Roman treaty with, 348 B.C., 26,
Pyrrhus and the Carthaginians, 46,
Carthaginian Wars, 47,
First Punic War, 48,
Second Punic War, 49,
and Hannibal, 50,
defeated, 53,
Third Punic War, 57,
siege and destruction, 58,
a province, 59,
colony at, 88;
refounded as colony by Augustus, 208,
Carthaginian invaders of Sicily, 209

Carus, 308

Carving (food), 137

Caspian Sea, 213

Cassius, 112, 126-128, 271

Castle of St. Angelo, 294

Catiline, conspiracy of, 110;
Cicero on, 147

Cato (the Censor), prayer on cutting a grove quoted, 40,
and Carthage, 57,
and slaves, 71;
and luxury, 72,
and prudishness, 80;
policy of, 83

Cato the younger (of Utica), character, 111,
and the end of the Republic, 108, 118;
death, 123,
wives, 138;
and Stoicism, 139,
and the senate, 147;
austerity, 148

Catullus, 104, 142, 232, 243

Caudine Pass, the, 28

Celibacy, tax on, 190, 226

Celtic religion, 221

Celts, the, 115

Censors, 32, 72, 272

Censorship of letters, 232

Census-taking, 32, 167

Ceres, 38, 39

Chalons, Battle of, 314

Chariot-racing, 279, 280, 314

Charlemagne, 112

Chastity, 33

Chatti, 263

Chauci, 216, 263

Cheruscia, 216, 217, 218, 219

Chester, 260

Christianity and Cæsar worship, 201, 300,
conflict with Mithraism, 299;

Rome and the establishment of, 300,
Stoicism and, 300, 302,
confounded with Judaism, 300,
scruples of Christians, 301,
proselytes, 301,
inquisitions and martyrdoms, 301,
Edict of Milan, 302;
hostility of emperors, 302,
monotheism, 303,
rites and saints taken from paganism, 303,
the Church and the Roman political system, 304,
Constantine and, 313,
Rome and the Church, 315

Chronological summary of Roman history, 317-324

Chrysostom, St. John, 316

Church and state, 315

Churches, Christian, 316

Cicero, Latinity of, 9,
the translation of, 10,
and pleading in law, 43,
and Pompeius, 108,
oration on Manilius, 109,
and the conspiracy of Catiline, 110,
policy, 110,
exile, 118, 127,
slain, 128,
his gains as governor of Cilicia, 131,
his wealth, 131, 134,
his houses, 134,
and library, 134,
health, 135,
divorces his wife, 138,
and Plato, 139;
his influence on Latin literature, 144;
his policy and rhetoric, 145,
his character, 145;
creator of Latin prose, 146, 231,
his style, 146,
as a lawyer, 146;
oratory, 147;
political life, 148,
his end, 148,
bust of, 157;
and immortality, 231,
not a client, 232

Cicero, Quintus, 124, 146

Cilicia, a province, 59, 193, 200;
pirate-state at, 106,
Cicero’s gains as governor, 131

Cimbri, the invasion by the, 93;
defeated by Marius, 94

Cincinnatus, 33

Cineas, 46

Cinna (consul), 104

Circus Maximus, 280

Circuses, 243

Cirta, 91

Citizenship, Roman, 27, 30, 299

“City Legion,” 184

City prefect, 182

City-states, the, 6, 27, 69, 278

Civic ardour, 284

Civil law of Rome, 298

Civil service, the, 276

Civil War, First, 120-123

Civil War, Second, 128, 129

Civil wars, restorations after the, 196

Civilisation, early Roman, 34,
under the Republic, 130,
under Augustus, 200

Classical education, 291

Classical literature, the golden age of, 150

Classicism, 9

Claudian, 316

Claudian house, the, 227

Claudian law, 132

Claudian Way, 220

Claudii, the, 24, 42, 72

Claudius, Suetonius on, 162,
forbids Druidism, 211,
his character, 254;
best of the Claudian Cæsars, 255,
and Messalina, 255, 256,
and Germany, 263,
and Thrace, 265,
as Cæsar, 271, 272;
death, 272,
building under, 293

Claudius Gothicus, 307

Cleopatra and Cæsar, 122;
and Antony, 126, 128, 129, 138, 203,
and Augustus, 164,
and Herod the Great, 205

Cleopatra’s daughter, 208

Clergy, Christian, 311

Clerks, copying, 131

Client system, 72;
in literature, 232

Clodia, 138

Clodius, 108, 111, 118, 119

Clœlia, 33

Cohorts, 98;
urban, 186,
of watchmen, 186

Coinage, early, 17,
copper, 34

Coins under the Republic, 154,
portraits on, 158;
legionary, 183,
with Parthian suppliant, 198;
for Judæa, 207,
of Asia Minor, 249

Colchester, 259, 260

Collecting art objects, 225, 248

“Collegia,” 284

Collegial system, 31

Colline Gate, the, 105

_Coloni_ (tillers of the soil), 311

Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne), 215, 219, 263

Colonnades, 196, 243, 250

Colosseum, the, 282, 293

Columella, 290

Columns in architectures, 154

Comedy, 75-77

_Comitatus_, the, 312

_Comitia_, 25, 30, 36, 86, 174, 179

Commagene, 194, 199

Commander of legions, 134

Commerce, 131

Commodus, 264, 277

Como, 283, 296

Companies, commercial, 131

Consilium, 176

Constantine, Arch of, 280, 316,
Basilica of, 282

Constantine, Emperor, Cæsar and, 112,
and a new senate, 179;
and Christianity, 302, 313,
and tillers of the soil, 311,
founds Constantinople, 313

Constantinople founded, 313,
mosaics of, 316

Constitution of ancient Rome, 30

Consuls, 25, 30, 31, 63, 125, 134, 181, 193

Copper coinage, 34, 154

Coptos, 204

Corduba, 220

Cordus, Cremutius, 271

Corinth destroyed, 57, 58;
restored by Julius Cæsar, 302;
and Greek art, 247

Corinthian column, the, 250

Corn, duty on, 273

Corn-supply, 69, 109, 181, 188, 190, 209, 308

Corn trust, Sicilian, 109

Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, 84

Cornelia, daughter of Scribonia, 240

Cornelii, the, 72

Corocota (Gaius Julius Caracuttus), 221

“Correctors,” 276

Corsica, 48, 59, 193

Coryphæus, 280

Courage an early Roman virtue, 33

Crassus, Marcus, subdues the rising of the slaves, 106,
defeated at Carrhæ, 107, 119,
his wealth, 107, 132,
and Cæsar, 110, 114, 118,
the conspiracy of Catiline, 110

Crassus (orator), 84, 104

Cremera, Battle of, 24

Cremona, 53

Cretan archers, 98

Crete, 38, 60, 193, 208

Cross, the, Constantine and, 313

Cruttwell, C. T., on Ovid, 240

Ctesiphon, 267

Culture and religion, 35

Cumæ, 134

_Cura annonæ_, 190

“Curators,” 276

_Curiales_, 311

Curies, 30

Curtius, Quintus, 33

Curule chair, the, 22

Customs duties, 272

Cybele, the worship of, 79

Cyclades, the, 201

Cymbeline, 259

Cynics, the, 302

Cynocephalæ, 55

Cyprus, 178, 193, 200

Cyrenaica, 193, 208

Cyrene, 60, 208, 268

Cytheris, 126, 138

Dacia, 265, 266, 267, 312

Dalmatia, 193, 265

Dalmatian War, 187

Damascus, 268

Danish shores, 213

Dante and Cæsar, 112,
Dante’s debt to Roman poets, 289

Danube, the, 197, 218, 219, 220, 263, 264, 265, 306, 309, 314

Danube frontier, 220

Dead, burial of the, 34

Death, 303

Death-duties, 189

Death-masks, 248

Debtors, punishment of, 43

Decebalus, 265

Decemviri, 42

Decius, 301

_Decuriones_, 195, 311

“Delation,” 204, 272, 275, 277

Delphi, 101, 201

Delphic Amphictyony, the, 202

Demetrius, 51

Democracy, the Gracchi and, 86, 90,
Julius Cæsar and, 109

Democritus, 139

Denarius, silver, 207

Despotism, benevolent, 311

Development fund, 276

Diana, 38, 39, 238

Diana of Ephesus, Temple of, 201

Dictator, 125

Dill, Dr. Samuel, on Pliny, 279, 284

Dining, 133

Dinner-parties, 136

Dio Cassius, 168, 182

Dio Chrysostom, 290

“Dioceses,” 312

Diocletian, 271, 301, 310, 311

Diocletian, palace of, 316

Diplomacy, Roman, 26

Discipline, Roman, 26, 183,
of army, 97

Divination, Etruscan, 21

Divodurum, 212

Divorce, 80, 136, 226

Docks, 186

Domitian, unpopular, 177,
and Britain, 261,
and imperial expansion, 264,
and Decebalus, 265,
a tyrant, 274,
and the senate, 274,
assassination, 275,
and Titus, 293

Doric architecture, 153,
column, 250

Drama, beginnings, 73,
Greek tragedies translated for Roman stage, 75;
comedies, 75,
under the Republic, 137

Drinking, 136

Druidism, 114, 211, 259

Drusus, 184, 215, 227, 239

Drusus, M. Livius, 102

Dukes (_dux_), 312

Durocortorum, 212

Dutch horsemen, 184

Dutch shores, 213

Dutch territory, 216

Duties, customs, 212, 273

_Duumviri_, 195

Dyarchy, the, 177, 275

Eagle, the silver (standard), 98

Eagles, Roman, captured, 197

East, the, and Roman art, 249

Eating, 136

Eburacum (York), 261

Edict of Milan, 302

Edicts, perpetual, 298, 299

Education beginnings, 74,
under the Republic, 132,
in Gaul, 211,
and schools in 200 a.d., 280;
Pliny endows a secondary school, 283,
and schools under the Empire, 285-286

Egnatius Rufus, 180

Egypt allied against Philip of Macedon, 55,
conquered by Octavian (Augustus), 60, 130, 166,
Pompeius and Cæsar in, 122,
private possession of Augustus, 170, 172,
prefect of, 180, 194,
corn-supply, 190;
wealth, 202,
under Augustus, 203;
religion, 203,
taxes, 203;
canals and irrigation, 203,
reservoirs, 204,
position of prefect, 204,
and Greek art, 247;
rebels in the triumph of Aurelian, 307,
a diocese, 312

Elagabalus, 306

Elbe, the, 216, 217, 218

Election posters, 285

Electra (sculpture), 249, 250

Elephantine, Nilometer at, 204

Elephants, 46

Eleusinian mysteries, 55, 231

Emesa, 194, 199;
fetish-stone, 306

Empire-building, 28, 44, 211

Empire, the early, history, 162;
establishment of, 168;
illegitimate, 254;
during its first century, 259;
limits of the, 269,
junior colleagues to Cæsar, 276,
weak through its vastness, 308;
decay, 313;
divided, 313;
dismembered, 314

Empire, the Eastern, 313

Ems, 216, 264

Ennius, 76, 78, 138, 236

Ephesus, 201, 247, 282

Epictetus, 302

Epicurus, 139

Epirot phalanx, 46

Equality, 33, 71

Equestrian class (Equites), 64, 88, 97, 180

Eros (Egyptian tax-gatherer), 191

Esquiline Camp, 258

Esquiline Hill, 25

Ethics, Christian, 302, 303

Etruria, conquests, 28,
Sullan colonists in, 110

Etruscans, the, neighbours at beginning of Rome, 13;
piracy, 13, 17,
remains, 14, 20,
conquest of Rome, 19,
their origin, 20,
art, 20, 22,
character, 21,
divination, 21;
costumes, 22,
decline of the Etruscan power, 23,
Etruscan princes of Rome, 20, 23,
enemy of Rome, 28;
gods, 39,
portraiture, 152, 156,
and Roman architecture, 153,
and Roman art, 248

Eudæmones, 307

Euhemerism, 201

Euphrates, the, 197, 267

Europe, Rome and the making of, 5;
Germany and the history of, 213

Extortion, 133, 191, 209, 212, 273

Extravagances, 279

Fabii, the, 24, 72

Fabius, Pictor, 150

Fabius, Quintus, 51

Family, the, 225

Famine, 190

Farnese Palace, 251

“Father of his country,” 179

Fatherhood, 226

Fatherhood of God, 303

Fathers, power of, 25

Fauns, 37

Faustina, 224

Feasting, 133, 136

Felix, 206

Fencing, 98

Ferrero, Signor G., on Cæsar’s character, 112,
on Augustus, 199,
and Gaul, 210

Festivals, early Roman, 36

Festus, 207

Fever, malarial, 135

Fifth Legion, 215

Finance, beginnings, 66,
under Augustus, 187,
gifts, 188,
property-tax and death-duties, 189,
of the senate, 192

Financial corruption, 64

Financiers, 194

Fire-brigade, 181, 186

_Flamines_, 38

Flaminian Way, 196

Flaminii, the, 72

Flamininus, 55

Flavian age, the, 293

Flavian dynasty, 274

Flax, 212

Flora, 38, 39

Footmen, 137

Fordicidia, 40

Formiæ, 134

Fortifications, frontier, 261, 262, 264

Fortuna Virilis, 39;
Temple of, 153, 154

Fortune-hunters, 226

Forum, the, 33, 252

Forum Julii (Fréjus), 187

Forums, 280, 282

Fowler, W. Warde, 35

France, roads of, 211

Frankfort, 264

Franks, 212, 213, 307, 309

Fratres Arvales, 39

Frazer, J. G., 35

“Free” states, 60

Freedmen, 181

Freeman, E. A., 19

Fréjus, 187

French Revolution, the, and the Roman Republic, 71

Frescoes, 296

Friezes, 246

Frisians, 216

Frontiers, 223;
fortified, 261,
natural, 266

Fulvia, 126, 127, 129, 138, 149

Furniture, 297

Gabii, 25

Gabinian Law, 109

Gadara, 205

Gades, 220, 282

Gætulian nomads, 208

Gaius (Emperor). _See_ Caligula

Gaius, over-lord in Asia, 195
and the Parthian king, 200,
and the succession, 228,
tutor and servants of, 230

Gaius, “Institutes” of, 299

Galatia, 193, 199

Galatians, 184

Galba, 179, 258, 273

Galen, 290

Galilee, 194, 206, 268

Gallia. _See_ Gaul

Gallienus, 306, 307

Gallus, Cornelius, 203, 204, 232, 234

Gamaliel, 207

Games, public, 137

Gardening, 296

Gardthausen, Dr., on Augustus, 162,
on the Roman Army and the British Empire, 186

Gaul, The Gauls and Etruria, 23, 28,
Gallic invasion of 390 b.c., 25, 26,
conquest of the Gauls, 49,
allies of Hannibal, 50,
revolt of the Gauls, 53, 117,
Southern Gaul, 59,
Cisalpine Gaul, 60;
_Gallia Narbonensis_, 59, 193, 209,
_Gallia Comata_, 60, 210,
conquest by Cæsar, 111,
Cæsar and the Gallic wars, 112,
the Gauls, time of Cæsar, 114,
politics, 116;
and Augustus, 169, 172,
province, 193;
Gauls in Galatia, 199;
under Augustus, 209-211;
gods, 211,
tribes, 211;
German inroads, 215;
revolt against Nero, 257,
and Britain, 259;
civilisation, 262,
nationality, 262,
“Empire of the Gauls,” 262,
Gallic communities and the “Latin right,” 299;
Gallic empire destroyed, 307;
unity, 308,
diocese, 312

Geese, sacred, 59

Gems, portraits on, 158

Generosity, public, 284

Genius (luck), 37, 156

Geographical knowledge, ancient, 59

Germanicus as General in Germany, 184, 217, 218, 219, 263,
Augustus and the children of, 226,
the poisoning of, 255

Germany, Cæsar and the Germans, 117,
German slaves bodyguard, 184,
German revolt, 184,
province _Germania_, 193,
Augustus and, 197, 212,
and its conquest, 214-220
social system and tribes, 214,
inroads into Gaul, 215,
unconquered, 263;
Germans in the triumph of Aurelian, 307,
unity, 308

Ghosts (Lemures), 37

Gibbon, Edward, influence of, on view of Roman history, 3;
and the Roman imperial system, 277

Gladiatorial combats, 74

Gladiators, 71, 131, 133, 137, 185, 280, 282

Glaucia, 95

Gluttony, 136, 279

Glycon, 156

Gods, loves of the, in Ovid, 240

Gods, Roman. _See_ Religion

Gold mines of Macedon, 54, 58

Golden House, the, of Nero, 256, 293

Goldsmith art, 249

Gordians, the, 306

Goths, the, 213, 299, 307, 309, 314

Government, Roman, benevolent, 61;
local autonomy to conquered territories, 62;
want of policy by senate, 82

Governors, Roman, 63, 134

Gracchi, the, 84

Gracchus, Gaius, takes up reform, 87;
elected a tribune, 88,
his policy, 88-89,
murdered, 89

Gracchus, Tiberius, 84,
training, 85,
and the land, 85, 86;
and democracy, 86,
elected a tribune, 86,
murdered, 87

Græco-Roman culture under Augustus, 231,
and Roman literature, 288

_Gravitas_, 43

Greece, resemblances between Rome and, 1,
Greece and expansion, 6;
influence of, on Rome, 72, 74, 81,
influence of, on Roman literature, 151,
and Roman architecture, 153, 250, 251,
influence of, on portraiture, 157,
Roman veneration for Greece, 201,
and Roman education, 201,
position of, in the Roman Empire, 201,
Greek religion, 207,
and Roman art, 243-252

Greek cities, 194

Greek culture, extent of, 200,
in Rome, 231

Greek drama for the Roman stage, 75, 76

Greek mythology and Roman religion, 35, 39

Greek philosophy in Rome, 139

Greek sculpture in Rome, 155

Grotius, 298

Grove, prayer on cutting down a, 40,
sacred, 211

Gruningen, 264

Guilds (_collegia_), 284, 311

Gundobald, 314

Hadrian visits Britain, 261;
strengthens the _Limes Trans-Rhenanus_, 264
and the Parthians, 267,
as Emperor, 275, 276,
life under, 279,
freedom of letters under, 163, 289,
and Greek art, 293,
and law, 299;
and the army, 310

Hadrian, wall of, 261

Hadrian’s villa, 296

Hamilcar, 49

Hannibal, genius of, 47,
and foreign conquest, 49;
becomes leader of the Carthaginians, 50;
his greatness and character, 50,
march over the Alps, 50;
as a strategist, 51,
defeats, 52, 53,
Antiochus and, 56

Harbour dues, 61

Harbours, 187

Hasdrubal, 50, 52

Head, Barclay, on Roman coins, 154

Heating of houses, 280

Heliopolis. _See_ Ba’albek

“Helladarch,” 202

Hellenism, 10, 72, 74

Helvetians, the, 94, 111

Heraclea, 46

Herculaneum, 297

Hercules, the Farnese, 156

Hercules, Temple of, 250

Hermann. _See_ Arminius

Hermodorus, 153

Herod Antipas, 206

Herod the Great, 184, 198, 205, 206

Herodes Atticus, 284

Hesiod, 234

Hexameter, the Latin, 78, 232

Hiberi, 307

Hiero of Syracuse, 23, 51, 61

Hildesheim, 249

Hippocrates, 290

Hirpinus, 280

Hispania Bætica, 193

Hispania. _See_ Spain

Historians, 138, 150, 305

Historical reliefs (sculpture), 248

History, the arts and politics in, 231

History, early Roman, worthlessness of, 24,
Tacitus and Roman history, 253, 289,
lack of interest, 288

Holland, North, 216

Holy of Holies, 207

Homer’s Odyssey translated, 74

Honoria, 314

Horace quoted on the past of Rome, 7;
Latinity of, 9,
on Hannibal, 52;
his health, 136,
on the Portus Julius, 187;
and the Parthians, 197, 199,
and Arabia Felix, 204;
on the conquest of Britain, 209,
educated in Greece, 237,
and Cæsarism, 237;
Satires, 237,
lyrical odes, 237;
drama, 238,
Odes, 238;
Century Hymn, 238,
Secular Games, 238,
celebrates Augustus, 239,
pictures the life of Rome, 239;
losses in the Civil War, 243,
and satire, 289

Horatii, 24

Horatius and the saving of Rome, 19, 33

Hortensius, 138

Houses, 134, 135, 152, 296

Humanitarianism, 303

Huns, the, 214, 314

Iceni, the, 260

Ictinus, 295

Idealism in Greek art, 158

Ides of March, 36, 126

Idistavisus, 219, 263

Illyria, 48

Illyrian War, 166,
revolt, 217

Illyricum, 193, 312

_Imagines_, 156, 158

Immortality, 303

Imperator, 183

Imperial administration centralised, 278,
junior colleagues to Cæsar, 276,
imperial succession, 306

_Imperium_, 31

India, trade with, 204,
Greek art, 247

Informers. _See_ “Delation”

Inquisitions, 301

Inscriptions from Pompeii, 285

International law, 298

Intrigue, 224, 229

Ionic columns, 154

Ireland, 261

“Irene,” 169

Irish, Gallic Celts and the, compared, 115

Isis, 39, 139, 203;
priests of, 282

Isthmian games, 55

Italian “allies” and the franchise, 102

Italians, citizen rights for, 88-89

Italian, the modern, and the ancient Roman compared, 13

Italy, divisions of, 12,
invasions, 15,
Civil War, 106,
under Augustus, 196;
colonies in, 196,
a province, 278, 312;
and the barbarians, 314

Ivories, Byzantine, 316

James, Wm., on war, 54

Janus, 38, 154, 166

Jerome and Lucretius, 142

Jerusalem, Cæsar and, 123,
under Augustus and the Herods, 205, 206, 207,
destruction of, 268

Jesus Christ, 205, 206

Jewellery, 297

Jewish law, 207;
religion, 207

Jews in the Roman provinces, 200, 208,
under Augustus, 205-207,
under the Empire, 267-269
_See also_ Judæa

John, St., and Philo, 300

Johnson, Dr., and Latin, 8

Juba, King, 122, 123, 208

Judæa, province, 194,
under Augustus, 205-207;
government and conquest, 267, 268

Judaism, 300

Jugurtha, 84, 91-93

Julia (daughter of Augustus), 175, 227, 228, 229, 230

Julia (the younger), Ovid and, 241, 242

Julian Alps, 220

Julian laws, 226

Julianus, Salvius, 299

Julii, the, 72

Julius Nicanor, 201

Juno, 39

Jupiter, 38, 39, 79, 139, 240, 307

Jupiter Capitolinus, Temple of, 152, 153, 269, 282

Jupiter, Temple of, in Mount Zion, 269

_Jurisprudentes_, 298

_Jus fetiale_, 298;
_jus gentium_, 298,
_jus naturæ_, 298

Justice, 270, 272

Justinian, 299, 315

Juvenal and emperors, 11, 138, 163, 242, 278,
Latin of, 287;
and satire, 289;
and ethics, 303

Kent, 150

King, the, 41

Kingship, early, 19

Knuckle-bones, 229

Labienus, 121, 123

Labour, free, and slavery, 71

Lacedæmon, 201

Lacerna, 280

Lacinian Promontory, the, 45

Laconia, Northern, 201

Lahn, river, 264

Lampridius, 305

Land as property, 34,
land speculation, 67, 131,
neglect of the, 85,
Tiberius Gracchus and, 87,
Gaius Gracchus and, 88,
Marius and, 95,
Licinian land law, 86,
land-tax in Gaul, 190,
land system of Gaul, 211

Langobardi _See_ Lombards

Lares, 37

Latin, use of, 9,
culture, 9,
eclipse of Latin studies, 9

Latin festival, 38

Latin League, the, 25, 26, 27

Latin period, the (literature), 146

“Latin right,” 299

Latin and Teutonic races, contest between, 213

Latinism, 8

Latium, Plain of, 25

Law, Roman devotion to, 33,
early Roman, 41-43,
in Gaul, 211,
Julian laws, 225-226,
under the Empire, 297-299,
a legacy to the world, 315

Legates, 193

Legion, composition of a, 98, 172

Legionaries, the, 98

Legiones (Leon), 221

Lemures, 37

Leon, 221

Lepidus, 128, 163

Lesbia, 143

Levies for army, 97

Lex, the, 179

Lex Claudia, 67

Liberty, love of, 33,
religious, 270

Libraries, 168, 243, 283

Licinian laws, 86

Licinius (tax-gatherer in Gaul), 191, 212

Licinius Macer (annalist), 150

Lictors, 30, 282

Ligurian cavalry, 98

Lilybæum, 46

_Limes Trans-Rhenanus_, 264,
Rhætian, 264

Linz, 264

Lippe, 216

Literature, early Roman, 34,
beginnings of, 75;
of the Republic, 142-151,
in Rome under Augustus, 231,
patrons, 232,
the State and, 241, 243,
golden age of (“Augustan”), 242,
popularity of, under the Empire, 286,
and tyranny, 287,
its eclipse, 287,
freedom of, 289,
lack of originality, 291

Livia Drusilla, 227, 228

Livia, house of, 296

Livii, the, 72

Livius Andronicus, 74

Livy and the foundation of Rome, 17,
and political equality, 30;
as historian, 150, 151,
freedom accorded to, 232;
and Tacitus compared, 289

Loans, 131

Local government in Roman provinces, 61

_Logos_, the Divine, 300

Lombards, 213, 217

London (Londinium), 260, 282

London, modern, Roman architecture in, 251

Longinus, 94

Lorch, 264

Lucan, Latinity of, 9,
and Spain, 220, 290,
and republicanism, 242, 273,
the _Pharsalia_, 288

Lucca, conference at, 119

Lucceius, 145

Lucian, 290

Lucilius, 237

Lucius, 228

Lucretia, 33

Lucretius and Epicurean philosophy, 139,
quoted, 140, 141,
as poet, 141, 142, 243,
a free poet, 232,
Vergil’s use of, 236

Lucrine Lake, 186

Lucullus, 153

Lucullus, gardens of, 255

Ludians, 307

Lugdunensis, 210

Lugdunum (Lyons), 210, 211, 262, 282

Lupercalia, 125

Lusitania, 221

Lutetia, 211

Luxury, 72, 134, 136

Lycaonia, 193

Lycia, 194

Lyons _See_ Lugdunum

Lytton, Lord, 279

Maas, the, 263

Macedonia, 56, 59, 61, 193, 202, 312

Macedonian War, Second, 54

Macedonian War, Third, 65

Macrobius, 133

Mæcenas, Octavian’s agent at Rome, 129, 165,
his rank, 181,
a poet, 232,
and literary patronage, 233,
and Vergil, 234,
and Horace, 237, 239

Magistracy, the, 41, 72,
magistracies, 278

Magistrates, 30, 32, 62, 179, 181, 190, 311

Magnesia, 56

Mainz, 216, 219, 263

Maison Cairée, 251

Mamurra, 135

Manes, 37

Manilius (tribune), 109

Maniples, battle formation, 29, 97;
number of men, 98

Mantua, Vergil and, 233, 234

Marble, 188

Marbod, King, 217, 219

Marcellus, nephew of Augustus, 166;
probable successor to Augustus, 175;
married to Julia, 227;
death, 228,
in Vergil, 235

Marcellus opposed to Cæsar, 118, 120

Marcellus, Theatre of, 251, 293

Marcomanni, 217

Marcomannia, 309

Marcus, 164

Marius, Gaius, and reform, 90,
chosen as officer against Jugurtha, 93;
elected consul, 93,
commands the army in Africa, 93,
re-elected consul, 94,
chief magistrate of the state, 94;
defeats the Teutons and Cimbri, 94,
and the land, 95,
and the senate, 95,
and a professional army, 96,
massacre by, and death, 104,
Cæsar and, 109

Marius the younger, 105

Mark Antony. _See_ Antony

Marriage, 80,
marriage laws, 226

Mars, 36

Mars, priests of _See_ Salii

Mars the Avenger, 198,
Temple of, 252

Mars’ woodpeckers, 38

Marsians, 13, 28

Martial, 220, 278, 289

Martyrdoms of Christians, 301

Masinissa, 57, 208

Mater Matuta, shrine of, 152, 250

Materialism and religion, 139

Mau, Prof., 296

Mauretania, 194, 208, 269

Mausoleum, friezes of the, 246

Maxentius, 302

Maximin the Thracian, 179, 306

Media Atropatene, 199

Medicine, 290

Mediomatrici, the, 212

Mediterranean fleet, 186

Mediterranean, Roman command of the, 56

Mediterranean worship, prehistoric, 38

Melville, G. J. W., 279

Memmius, 92

Menander, 76

Mercury, 39

Merida, 221

Mesopotamia, 107, 267

Messalina, 138, 224, 255

Messalla, M. Valerius, 233, 240

Messengers, imperial, 196

Messiah, the, 269

“Messianic Eclogue,” Vergil’s, 160

Messina, 47, 209

Metaphysics, 300

Metaurtus, River, 52

Metellus family, 75

Metellus, Q, 92, 95, 153

Metellus, Q Cæcilius, 226

Metz, 212

Meyer, Dr. Edouard, 171

Michael Angelo, 244, 251

Milan, Edict of, 302, 313

Militarism, 302

Military despotism, 183

Military service under Gaius Gracchus, 88,
under the Republic, 96-97,
Roman citizens and, 184,
Italians and, 196,
Jews exempt, 268;
barbarians and, 311

Milo, 119

Milvian Bridge, 313

Minden, 219

Minerals, 188

Minerva, 39, 79

Mines, 117, 131, 221,
in Gaul, 212

Mint at Lyons, 211

Misenum, 186

Mithradates, King of Pontus, 60, 103,
massacre by, 65,
duration of war against, 107,
defeated by Pompeius, 109,
portrait on coin, 158

Mithradatic War, 103

Mithraism, 201, 299, 308

Modena, 163

Mœsia, 194, 220, 265

Mogontiacum (Mainz), 263

_Moles Hadriani_, 294

Mommsen, Theodor, on Greece and Rome, 10;
on Roman religion, 40,
on Roman luxury, 72,
on Cæsar, 112,
on the Gauls, 115,
on Augustus, 198

Monaco, monument to Augustus at, 220

Monarchy, Cæsar and, 124,
hereditary, 175,
Augustus and the, 183,
growth of, 277

Money, 313

Monotheism, 207, 303

Morality, 79, 136, 138

Morocco _See_ Mauretania

Mosaics, 158, 247, 296, 316

Moselle, the, 215

Mucianus, 274

Mule and tent money, 190

Mummius, 155, 247

Munda, 123

Municipal government, 284

Municipal life, 195

Municipal senators, 311

_Municipia_, 28

Mural painting, 152

Music in schools, 286

Musonius Rufus, 302

Mysia. _See_ Mœsia

Mythology, early Roman, 36, 37, 38.
_See also_ Religion

Nabatæa, 194

Nævius, 75

Naples, 134, 251, 296

Naples, Bay of, 283

Narbonne, 210

Narcissus, 256

Nations, wandering of the, 309

Natural law, 298

Nature-worship, 240

Navy, 48, 186, 187

Neolithic culture, 14

Nepos, 150

Nero,
Suetonius on, 162, 256, 306,
unpopular, 177;
Petronius satirises, 242;
the historians and, 254,
his Golden House, 256,
murders, 256,
attempts upon his mother’s life, 257,
story of his death, 257;
posthumous honours, 259,
and the Jews, 268;
accession, 272,
administration, 272-273,
his fall, 273,
entertainments, 279,
tyranny, 287;
and Seneca, 291,
Greek curio-hunting, 293,
Christian persecution, 301

Nero, Claudius, 227

Nero, colossus of, 282

Nerva, 179, 275, 276, 289

Nicolaus, 206

Nicomedia, 312

Nicopolis, 202

Nile, the, 204

Ninth Legion, 122, 260

Niobe, 241

Nismes, Temple of, 251

Nobility, 223, 224

Nola, 106

Nomads, Northern, 197

Noricum, 194, 220

Northern descents on the Mediterranean peoples, 213

Numa, 19

Numantia, 85

Numidia, 92, 208

Numidian cavalry, 52, 98

Nymphs, 37

Ocean, the, 210, 213, 217

Octavia, 126, 129, 138, 175, 224, 228, 235

Octavius, (tribune), 87

Octavius, Octavian. _See_ Augustus

Odenathus, 307

Odoacer, 314

Officialism _See_ Bureaucracy

Oil, free, 308

Olympia, 201

Olympian mythology, 207, 240

Omens, 32, 139

Opimius, L., 92

Ops Consiva, 37, 38

Oratory, 144, 147, 148

Orestes (sculpture), 249

Oriens, 312

Ornament in sculpture, 249,
painted, 297

Orodes, 200

Osiris, 203

Ostia, 12, 27, 255

Otho, 273

Ovid, Latinity of, 9;
and Augustus, 169,
and the defeat of Parthia, 199,
and the gods, 225,
an immoral writer, 240;
and the loves of the gods, 240,
and nature-worship, 240;
typical of the civilisation of his day, 241,
as a barrister, 241,
banishment, 242;
and the younger Julia, 242;
his character, 242

Oysters, Lucrine, 187

Pacuvius, 76, 138

Pagan-Christian rites, 304

Painting (art), 152, 296

Pais, Prof. Ettore, 42

Palatine Hill, 25, 280

Palatine, the, 168

Palazzo dei Conservatori, 294

Pales (god), 36

Palestine, 268

Palmyra, 282, 295, 306, 307, 308

Pamphylia, 193

Pannonia, 193, 220

Pannonian and Illyrian revolt, 184, 217

Pantheon, the, 251, 294

Paphlagonia, 193

Parilia, 36

Paris, 211

Parisii, the, 211

Parthenon frieze, 249

Parthia, 247, 266, 267, 269

Parthians, the, 107, 125, 129, 197-200, 259

Party system started by the Gracchi, 90

Pasiteles, 155

Passports, 196

“Patavinity,” 151

Patras, 202

Patriarchal system, 25, 26

Patricians, 14, 25, 30, 43, 167, 272, 314

Patriciate, the, 224

Patriotism, 231

Patronage in literature, 232

Patrons of art, 246, 247

_Patronus_, or champion, 176, 195

Paul, St., 207, 300,
appeal to Cæsar, 194

Paulinus, Suetonius, 260

Pausanias, 290

“Pax,” 166

Pax Augusta, 209

Pax Julia (Beja), 221

Pax Romana, 61, 186

Peace under Augustus, 166,
Augustan Altar of Peace (“Tellus Group”), 244, 245, 248, 251;
in the Antonine age, 303,
and defence, 309

Pelignians, 13

Penates, 37

Pensions for soldiers, 99, 185

People, the, 179

Peræa, 194

Pergamum, 55,
Attalids of, 246

Pericles, 157

Perseus, 56

Persians, 307

Perspective in sculpture, 248

Pertinax, 306

Perugia, 129, 196

Perusine War, 227

Peter, St., 300

Petronius Arbiter, 138, 242, 278, 279

Petronius the legate, 205

Pharisaism, 207

Pharisees, the, 269

Pharsalus, Battle of, 121

Philemon, 76

Philip of Macedon, 50, 54

Philip the Arabian, bust of, 292

Philippi, Battles of, 128

Philistine coast towns, 205

Philistinism in Roman art, 246

Philo Judæus, 290, 300

Philomela, 241

Philosophy, 139, 279, 286, 290, 299, 300

Phœbe, 230

Phraates, 198, 200

Phrygian corybants, 139

Piacenza, 53

Piazza, 252

Piety, 235

Pilate, Pontius, 206

Pile-dwellings, 14

Pilum, the, 98

Piracy, 59, 106, 108

Pisidia, 193

Piso C. Calpurnius, 80

Piso (consul with Augustus), 174

Placidia, Empress, 315

Plague, the, 290, 307

Plantation system of slaves, 71

Platæa, 201

Plautius Silvanus, Aulus, 259

Plautus, 76, 77, 138

Plebeians, 14, 25, 30, 43

Plebiscite, the, 174, 179

Plebs, secession of the, 30

Pliny (the elder) and Etruscan art, 20,
art critic, 249;
as compiler, 290

Pliny (the younger), history in, 195, 278,
and the emperors, 242,
condition of Italy, 196,
letters, 270;
benevolence, 283,
and schools, 286,
and reading, 287,
and toleration, 301

Plutarch, 290

Poetry of the Republic, 142,
of the Augustan age, 233-243,
of the Empire, 288-289

Polemo, 200

Police, 182, 186

Political system, reform of, and the Gracchi, 89

Pollio, Asinius, 160, 168, 232, 234

Polybius, 66, 150

Polycarp, 300

Polygnotus, 296

Pompeian law, 120

Pompeii, 134, 195, 283, 285, 296, 297

Pompeius, Gneius, the Great, and new provinces, 60;
and the monarchy, 100,
supporter of Sulla, 105, 108,
ally of Crassus, 108,
ruler of the sea, 109;
puts down piracy, 109,
defeats Mithradates, 109,
and Cæsar, 114, 119;
political incapacity, 118,
sole consul, 119,
flies before Cæsar, 121;
murdered, 122,
and the walls of Jerusalem, 123,
his wealth, 132,
Vergil and, 288

Pompeius, Sextus, a pirate, 123,
joined by “patriots,” 128,
defeat of, 129,
his allies against Augustus, 164,
and Sicily, 209;
reconciliation with Augustus, 226

Pomponius Mela, 290

Pont du Gard, 294

_Pontifex maximus_, 32.
_See also_ Cæsar

Pontus, 60, 193, 194, 200, 312

Poor children, Pliny’s benefaction for, 283

Pope, the, 315

Population, decline of, 313

Populus Romanus, 174, 177, 179

Pork, free, 308

Portraiture, Etruscan, 152,
dread of, 156,
under the Republic, 156-157,
under Augustus, 248-250,
under the Empire, 292

Portugal, 221

Portus Julius, 187

Post, 196

Postumus, 306

Pottery, Etruscan, 20,
Gallic, 114,
Aretine, 159

“Præfects, Prætorian,” 312

Præneste, 251, 296

_Prætor peregrinus_, 298

_Prætor urbanus_, 298

Prætorian guard, the, Augustus and, 172,
dominates politics, 175,
commanded by prefects, 182,
its strength, 182, 185,
murder Caligula and choose Claudius, 271,
choose Nero, 272;
and the succession, 273, 306,
Vespasian and, 274,
lawyers as prefects, 309

Prætonum, 206

Prætors, 30, 31, 41, 63, 181, 182, 193, 299

Prasina Factio, 280

Praxiteles, 155

Prefects, of the Fleet, 187;
of the City, 182,
of the Guard, 182,
of Egypt, 203, 204

President of the state, 134

Press censorship, 163, 289

Prices, Edict of, 310

Priests, colleges of, 32,
and the law, 41;
and dining, 133;
High Priests, 201

Primus, M., 177

“Princeps,” 171,
origin of the principate, 177,
Augustus and the office, 180

“Princes,” 124

“Princes of the Youth,” 181

Principate, the, 177, 270

_Principes_, the, 29

Priscus, Helvidius, 300

Prisoners, Roman, as slaves, 197

Probus, 179, 308

Proconsuls, 193

Procurators, 194

Proletariat, the, 132.
_See also_ Populus Propertius and the Parthians, 199,
and Mæcenas, 233,
as poet, 239-240;
loss of patrimony, 243

Property-tax, 189,
in Gaul, 190

Proprætors, 194

Provence, 210

Provinces, early, 58;
acquisition and government, 59-65,
local autonomy, 61,
corruption, 64,
self-supporting and profitable, 188,
taxes, 190;
of the Roman world, 193,
under the senate, 193,
Cæsar’s provinces, 193,
lists of provinces, 193-194,
under Diocletian, 312.
_See also the names of provinces as_ Spain, Gaul, Africa

_Provincia_, 59

Prudishness, 80

Ptolemy, alliance with, 47

“Publican and sinner,” 64

Publicans (_Publicani_), 64, 207

Punic War, First, 48,
Second, 49,
Third, 57

Pupienus, 306

Puteoli, 134

Pyrrhic War, 44

Pyrrhus, 45, 51

Quæstors, 66, 133, 188

Quintilian, 220, 290

Quintus Curtius, 33

Quintus Fabius, 51

“Race-suicide,” 138

Raphael, 244

Rates, 196

Raudine Plain, 94

Ravenna, 187, 315

Reading, 287

Realism in Roman art, 157, 248, 249

Red Sea, 204

Regensburg, 264

Religion, early Roman, 32, 35,
and Greek mythology, 35, 39,
gods, 36 _et seq._,
its nature, 39,
business nature of, 40,
becomes cosmopolitan and debased, 79,
State religion under the Republic, 133,
formal and political, 138,
formulæ, 139;
materialism and the State religion, 139;
superstition and rites, 139,
Augustus and, 201,
of Gaul, 211,
and art, 248,
and architecture, 251,
Claudius and, 272,
in schools, 286,
and international law, 298,
under the Empire, 299,
Christianity, 299

Religions, conflict of, 299

Religious liberty under Trajan, 301

Remi, the, 212

Renaissance, Roman art and the, 244, 251

Republic, the, causes for its end, 100

Republican civilisation, later, 130

Republican constitution, 31

Republicanism, Diocletian and, 311

Revenue, public, 192

Rex, 125

Rhætia, 194, 220

Rhætian _limes_, 264

Rheims, 210, 212

“Rhetoric,” 286

Rhine, the, Cæsar’s expeditions, 117;
flotillas, 187,
Augustus crosses, 212, 216,
as frontier, 215, 218, 263;
Rhine legions, 219, 263,
_Limes Trans-Rhenanus_, 264;
invasions of barbarians, 306, 314

Rhodes, 55, 132, 194, 247

Rich and poor under the Republic, 132

Ricimer the Suevian, 314

Ridgeway, Prof. Wm., 2, 14

Riegl, Alois, 244

Rimini, 196

Roads, Italy, 196,
France, 211,
imperial, 278

Robigus, 37

Roman Church, ritual, &c. of the, 303,
a legacy of Rome, 315

Roman conquests, 44 _et seq._

Roman Empire under Augustus, greatness of the, 221

Roman Government, the, and Christianity, 300-301

Roman history, views of, 3, 4, 5,
historians and, 4, 7, 8,
worthlessness of much early history, 23,
Greek influence in manufacturing, 24,
unreliability of, before 390 B.C., 24,
chronological summary, 317-324

Roman Peace, the, 61, 186

Roman society, viciousness of, in the age of conquest, 80

Roman suzerainty, 56;
annexations, 56,
provinces, 58;
government, 61

Roman Wall, the (Britain), 261

Romans, origin of the, 13;
early Romans as warriors, 26;
conquests by, 28;
the early Romans, 32,
the Roman character 33, 43;
virtues, 33,
accomplishments, 34,
religion, 35,
agriculture, 36,
law, 41,
a fighting people, 54

“Rome and Augustus,” cult of, 201

Rome and Greece, resemblances between, 1,
Greek influence, 6, 7, 11.
_See also_ Art, Literature