Chapter XV: Part 15

Rome, and the making of Europe, 5;
as a city-state, 6,
its greatness, 10;
origin of, 16,
under the Etruscans, 17,
Etruscan princes expelled, 23;
and the Latin plain, 12,
and the control of the Mediterranean, 13,
the Seven Kings of, 19,
legends and early traditions, 17,
the earliest city, 25,
political equality, 30,
constitution, 30,
the imperial city, 65;
wealth, 65,
taxation, 66,
finance, 66,
the populace, 68,
corn-supply, 69,
slavery, 70,
equality, 71,
luxury, 72,
civilisation, 72,
Greek influence, 73, 74, 81;
causes of degeneracy, 80,
individual domination, 83,
end of the Republic, 118,
and Cæsar, 123,
wealth and social conditions under the Republic, 132,
unhealthy, 135,
social life, 136,
streets, 152;
improvements under Augustus, 167,
magistracy, 182,
city prefect, 182,
reform of, by Augustus, 223,
regeneration of Roman society, 225, 231;
patriotism, 231,
Horace and, 239;
and art, 243,
rebuilding, 244, 248
architecture, 250;
the weakness of the Empire 271,
riches and loss of power, 278,
life of the city described by satirists, 278,
imperial Rome, 278,
amusements, 279,
advanced civilisation, 280,
its splendours, 280,
buildings and peoples, 282,
as a place of abode, 296,
the Eternal City, 304,
Aurelian Wall, 307

Romulus and Remus, 17

Romulus, hut of, 153

Roofing, 250

Roumania (Dacia), 265

Roxolani, 307

Rubicon, the, 120

Russia, 197, 213

Saalburg, 264

Saale, the, 216

Sabines, 13

Sacred Mount, 30

Sacred Way, 282

Sacrifices, human, 40, 211

Sadducees, 269

Saguntum, 49

St. Angelo, Castle of, 294

St. Bernard Pass, 220

Saints, Christian, 304

Salamis, 201

Salaries of officials, 190

Salii, 34, 39

Salinator, M. Livius, 74

Sallust, 150

Salt, free, 308

Saltus, Teutoburgiensis, 218

Salvage brigade, 131

Samaria, 205

Samnite Wars, 13, 28, 44,
rebellion, 105

Sanhedrin, 207

Saracens, 307

Saragossa, 221

Sarcophagi, 247

Sardinia, 48, 53, 59, 61, 193

Sarmatia, province, 309,
Sarmatian cavalry, 266;
captive Sarmatians, 307

Sarmatians, the, and Ovid, 243

Sarmizegethusa, 266

Satires, 237

Saturn, 38,
Temple of, 251

Saturninus, 95

Saxons, 213, 309

Scævola, 33, 84

Scapula, Ostorius, 260

Scaurus, 91, 92, 94

Sceptre of ivory, the, 22

Schoolmasters, 286

Schools _See_ Education

Scipio Africanus, 52, 53, 58

Scipios, the, 76, 83, 123

Scopas, 155, 250

Scotland, 261

Scribonia, 226, 227

Sculpture of the Republic, 155-157,
revival of, 200,
the Greeks and Roman sculpture, 245,
copies and imitations, 291;
busts, 292,
bas-reliefs, 292;
narrative on columns, 292

Sea-power, the Romans and, 187

Sebaste (Samaria), 205

Secession of the Plebs, the, 30

Secular games, 238

Sejanus, 271

Semitic question, the, 268

Sena, victory of, 75

Senate, the, beginnings, 25;
wisdom of, 28;
its constitution, 31;
and Pyrrhus, 46,
aristocracy and government, 72;
weakness under late Republic, 82;
the Gracchi and, 86, 89, 90;
and the Jugurthan War, 91;
and Marius, 95,
under Augustus, 167, 169, 175-179, 224,
position and powers under the Empire, 179;
military affairs, 184;
under Vespasian, 274;
under Domitian and later emperors, 275,
supplanted by Diocletian, 312

Senators forbidden foreign commerce, 67, 132;
as landowners, 67, 132,
flee from Cæsar, 121;
tax farmers, 132;
hereditary, 132, 134

Seneca the younger and Nero, 272, 290, 291;
ethics of, 303

Senecas, the, Spaniards, 220, 290

Senones, the, 212

Sens, 212

Serapis, 139

Sergi, G., on the Mediterranean race, 2

Sertorius, 105, 107

Sestertius, 34

Severi, the, 311

Severus, Alexander, 306, 311

Severus, Septimius, 306

_Seviri, Augustales_, 196

Shakespeare and Cæsar, 112

Shapur, the Persian King, 306

Sheep, 36, 70

Shepherds, 71

Ships, 131

Shophets, 49

Shows, public, 137

Sicily, Pyrrhus and, 46;
the Romans and, 47, 51, 52,
acquisition of, 59, 60, 61,
corn-supply of, 190,
a province, 193,
colonies in, 195,
its history, 208-209

Sidon, 247

Sienckiewicz, Henryk, 279

Siesta, the, 136

Silanus, 94

Silius, 255

Silius Italicus, 287, 288

Silures, the, 260

Silver coinage, 34, 154

Sirmio, 143, 296

Slavery of early Rome, 70,
and immorality, 79,
Roman society and, 279

Slaves, Sardinian, 53,
risings among, 106;
Gallic conquest and, 117,
training and use of, 131;
under Augustus, 181;
body-guard, 182, 184,
and the fleet, 187;
tax on sales, 190,
Greek slaves and art, 247

Slavs, 214

Social conditions under the Republic, 132

Social laws, 226

Social war, 102

Society under the Republic, 132,
regeneration of, by Augustus, 225;
under the Empire, 279,
grades of, 284

Soldiers. _See_ Army

Soldiers, tribune of the, 133

Solon, 19

Solon’s code, 42

Soudan, the, 204, 205

Spain, Hamilcar Barca and, 49;
Roman army in, 51,
Scipio reconquers, 52,
ceded by Carthage, 53,
a province, 59,
incessant warfare, 61,
defeat of Sertorius, 105, 107,
Cæsar and, 121,
Augustus and, 169, 172, 193,
civilised, 209,
Augustus and an outbreak in, 210,
under Augustus, 220-221,
diocese, 312,
the Vandals and, 314

Spalato, 316

Spanish army, revolt of the, against Nero, 258

Sparta, 194, 201

Spartacus the gladiator, 106

Statius, 288

Statues, 243, 291,
portraits, 156

Stephanus, 156, 249

Sternness, early Roman, 33

“Stipendiary” states, 60

Stirlingshire, 262

Stoic republicanism, 123, 275

Stoicism, 139, 207, 231, 300, 302

Strabo, 195, 202, 290

Strong, Mrs. A., and Roman art, 157, 244, 292, 294

“Structor,” 137

Strzygowski, Josef, 249

Suabia, 216

Succession, imperial, 229, 251

Suetonius and the early Empire, 4,
on Cæsar, 113;
as historian, 162, 275,
and the cowardice of Augustus, 182;
quoted on military science, 184;
on the tastes of Augustus, 252;
on Nero, 256, 259,
studious, 287;
freedom allowed to, 289

Suevi, the, 215, 307, 309

Sulla, L. Cornelius, makes Cisalpine Gaul a province, 59;
officer to Marius, 93,
succeeds Marius, 101;
his character, 101,
master of Rome, 103, 105,
and the Mithradatic War, 104,
returns to Rome and defeats the Samnites, 105;
death, 105,
and the columns of the Temple of Olympian Zeus, 153;
failure of, 223

Sulla, Faustus, 123

Sulpicius, Rufus, 103

Sumptuary laws, 226

Sungod, the, 295, 306

Surrentum, 251

Swabians, 213

Switzerland, 220

Sword, the Roman, 98

Sygambri, 216

Syracuse, 209

Syria, 60, 169, 200, 267, 273

Syrian War, 65

Tabularium, the, 153

Tacitus and the imperial _régime_, 4, 11, 242, 273,
and Augustus, 162, 163, 187,
and the Senate, 179,
the _Germania_, 214,
and Livia, 228,
and historians, 253;
and Britain, 260,
the satire of, 275,
the “silver Latin” of, 287,
and the history of his own times, 288,
as prose writer and historian, 289, 290

Tacitus, Claudius (Emperor), 308

Tanagra, 201

Tarentum, 45

Tarquin, 24

Tarquins, the, 19

Tarraco, 221

Tarraconensis, 221

Tarshish, 49

Tartars, 214, 309

Tax-farming, 132, 191

Tax-gatherers, 191

Taxes (_stipendium_) from provincial territories, 64,
freedom from (_tributum_), 188, 189;
in kind, 190;
indirect, 196,
under the Empire, 270, 276,
collection of, 273;
increase of, 311,
exemption of certain classes, 311,
Constantine’s burden of, 313

Teachers, 286

“Tellus Group,” the, 244, 250

Temple, the, Jerusalem, 268

Temples, 67, 152, 166, 168, 196, 243, 250, 251, 280, 282, 294

Temples to Augustus, 201

Tenth Legion, the, 123, 150, 269

Terence, 76, 77, 138

Terentia, 138

Terentius Lucanus, senator, 76

Terminus, 37

Terra-cotta ornaments, Etruscan, 21, 22

“Terramare” civilisation, 14

Tertullian, 316

Tetricus, 308

Teutonic and Latin races, contrast between, 213, 214.
_See also_ Germany

Teutons, the, invasion by, 93,
defeated by Marius, 94

Thamugadi, 283

Thapsus, 123

Theatre of Marcellus, 251

Theatres, 75

Theatrical performances, 137

Thebes, 202

Theocritus, 144, 233

Theodosius, 313

Thespiæ, 201

Thessalonica, 202

Third Legion, 283

Thrace, 194, 197, 312

Thrasea, Pætus, 273, 300

Thurii, 106

Thusnelda, 219

Tiber, the River, 12,
and navigation, 17, 187,
offerings to the, 40

Tiberius, Suetonius on, 162, 306,
in the triumph of Augustus, 166;
suppresses the comitia, 174;
nominated to succeed Augustus, 175, 229,
as general, 184;
overlord in Asia, 195;
and Germany, 216, 263,
his mother Livia, 227;
banishment, 228;
rivals, 228;
triumphs, 239,
character, 253;
and enlargement of the Empire, 259;
government, 271,
retirement, 271,
and “delation,” 272;
junior and Rome, 235-236,
loss of patrimony, 236, 243,
position, 288,
and epic poetry, 288

Verres, 209

Verulamium, 260

Vespasian and press censorship, 163,
in Britain, 259,
and Germany, 264,
and Mœsia, 265,
subdues Palestine, 268,
becomes Cæsar, 274,
origin, 274,
government, 274,
Rome under, 279,
and Pliny the elder, 287;
art under, 293

Vesta, 38,
Temple of, 152

Vestals, state, 38

Vetera Castra (Xanten), 216, 219, 263

Via Appia. _See_ Appian Way

Via Claudia, 263

Vicars, 312

Vice, 133, 138

Villa Albani, 293

“Villanova” period, 14

Villas, 251, 295

Viminacium, 266

Vindex, 257, 262

Vipsania, 227

Virginia, 33

Viriathus, 84

Virtue, Roman, 33, 80

Visigoths, 314

Vitellius, 262, 273, 289

Vitruvius, 290

Voluptas, 139

Vopiscus, 307

Wales, 260

Walls, Roman, 261, 262

War and culture, 73

Warfare, annals of, in history, 306

Watchmen, 186

Wax images, 156, 248

Wealth under the Republic, 131

Weser, the, 216, 219

Wickhoff, Franz, and Roman art, 157, 244, 293

Wiesbaden (Aquæ Mattiacæ), 264

Wine, 136

Wolf, the, as totem, 19,
the mother wolf, 38

Women, influence of, 223,
wickedness of, under the Empire, 254

World-state, the, 278, 308

Worth, 264

Xanten. _See_ Vetera Castra

York, 261

Zacchæus, 207

Zama, 53

Zealots, the, 268

Zela, 123

Zeno the Stoic, 300

Zenobia, Queen, 306, 307, 308

Zeus, Olympian, Temple of, 153

Zeuxis, 296

Zion, Temple of Jupiter on, 269

Zuyder Zee canal, 216

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Is there aught which ruinous Time does not impair? Our fathers, a generation worse than our grandsires, begat us, a race more evil, soon to produce offspring more wicked still. (_Odes_, III. vi. 45-8.)

[2] Plates 1, 2, 3, 8, and 70.

[3] Plate 2.

[4] Plate 4.

[5] Plate 5.

[6] Plate 6.

[7] Plate 7.

[8] See “The Glory that was Greece,” pp. 10-11, &c.

[9] Plate 8.

[10] Plate 9.

[11] What thou owest to the stock of Nero, O Rome, let Metaurus’ flood bear witness, and the defeated Hasdrubal, and that fair dawn that drove the darkness from Latium.... And at length spake treacherous Hannibal: “We are but deer, the prey of ravening wolves, but lo! we are pursuing those whom to escape is a rare triumph.... No proud ambassadors now shall I send to Carthage perished, perished is all our hope and all the fortune of our race, for Hasdrubal is dead.” (_Odes_, IV. iv. 37-40, 49-52, 69-72).

[12] Plate II.

[13] See “The Glory that was Greece,” p. 261.

[14] Plate 12.

[15] Plate 13.

[16] Plate 22, No. 1.

[17] Plate 14.

[18] Plate 22, No. 2.

[19] Plate 27.

[20] But unless the breast is cleared, what battles and dangers must then find their way into us in our own despite! What poignant cares inspired by lust then rend the distrustful man, and then also what mighty fears! and pride, filthy lust, and wantonness! what disasters they occasion, and luxury and all sorts of sloth! He therefore who shall have subdued all these and banished them from the mind by words, not arms, shall he not have a just title to be ranked among the gods? (V. 43-51, Munro’s translation.)

[21] The man who is sick of home often issues forth from his large mansion, and as suddenly comes back to it, finding as he does that he is no better off abroad. He races to his country house, driving his jennets in headlong haste, as if hurrying to bring help to a house on fire; he yawns the moment he has reached the door of his house, or sinks heavily into sleep and seeks forgetfulness, or even in haste goes back again to town. In this way each man flies from himself. (III. 1060-8, Munro’s translation.)

[22] Away from this time forth with thy tears, rascal; a truce to thy complainings.... For old things give way and are supplanted by new without fail, and one thing must ever be replenished out of other things; and no one is delivered over to the pit and black Tartarus. Matter is needed for after generations to grow, all of which, though, will follow thee when they have finished their term of life; and thus it is that all these no less than thou have before this come to an end and hereafter will come to an end. Thus one thing will never cease to rise out of another; and life is granted to none in fee-simple, to all in usufruct. (III. 955, 964-71, Munro’s translation.)

[23] Is there aught in this that looks appalling, aught that wears an aspect of gloom? Is it not more untroubled than any sleep? (III. 976-7, Munro’s translation.)

[24] Suns may set and rise again; for us, when once our brief day has waned, there is one long night to be slept through. Give me a thousand kisses, and then a hundred, and another thousand, and a hundred to follow yea, and another thousand--and yet a hundred! (_Carmen_, V. 4-9)

[25] Cease to weep, Aurunculeia: _Thou_ need’st not fear that any lovelier maid should see the bright day coming from Ocean.

Even so the hyacinth is wont to bloom in the rich man’s many-coloured garden. But thou lingerest. The day is passing. Come forth, thou bride.

Come forth, thou bride, now if it please thee, and hear our songs. Look how the torches shake their golden hair! Come forth, thou bride.

[26] Plate 15.

[27] At last, Fellow Citizens of Rome, at last we are quit of Lucius Catiline. Mad with audacity, panting with iniquity, infamously contriving destruction for the fatherland, hurling his threats of fire and slaughter against us and our city, we have cast him forth or driven him forth or escorted him forth on his way with salutations. Gone, vanished, absconded, escaped! No more shall disaster be plotted against our bulwarks from within by that monster, that prodigy of wickedness. No more shall that dagger threaten our hearts. No more in the Campus, nor in the forum, nor in the senate-house, no more within the walls of our own homes, shall he fill us with panic and alarm.

[28] I was grieved, Fathers and Senators, grieved that the republic once saved by your exertions and mine should be doomed so shortly to perish.... Listen, listen, Fathers and Senators, listen and learn the wounds of our fatherland!

[29] As a youth I defended the state; I will not fail her in my age: I spurned the swords of Catiline; I will not tremble at thine. Nay, sirs, I would gladly give my body to death, if that could assure the liberty of our country and help the pains o£ the Roman people to bring the fruit of its long travailing to birth. Why, nearly twenty years ago in this very temple I declared that death could not come too soon for a man who had enjoyed a consulship. With how much more truth shall I declare it in my age! To me death is already covetable; I have finished with those rewards which I have gained and those honours which I have achieved. Only these two prayers I make: one, that at my death I may leave the Roman people free (than this nothing greater could be granted by the immortal gods), and, secondly, that every man may so be requited as he may deserve at the hands of the republic!

[30] Plate 44, Fig. 2.

[31] Plate 16.

[32] See page 18.

[33] Plate 22, Nos. 2 and 3.

[34] Plate 18, Fig. 1.

[35] Plate 18, Fig. 2.

[36] Plate 20, Fig. 1.

[37] Plate 19.

[38] Plate 22, Fig. 4.

[39] Plate 22, No. 1.

[40] Plate 21.

[41] Frontispiece, and Plates 23, 24, 25, 26.

[42] Plate 27.

[43] See Frontispiece.

[44] Plate 28, Fig. 1.

[45] Mayst thou [Fortune] preserve Cæsar, who marches against the Britons at the ends of the earth. (_Odes_, I. xxxv, 29-30.)

[46] Plates 29-32.

[47] Plate 35, Fig. 1.

[48] _Carmen Seculare_, 17-20.

[49] Plate 36.

[50] Plate 35, Fig. 2; Plate 37; and Plate 41, Fig. 2.

[51] See “The Glory that was Greece,” Plates 31 and 32.

[52] Plate 73: for detail see Plates 53, 54, 55, 56.

[53] Plate 41, Fig. 2; Plate 42, Fig. 1; and Plate 43.

[54] Plate 38.

[55] Plates 39, 40.

[56] Plate 18, Fig. 1.

[57] Plate 44, Fig. 2.

[58] Plate 44, Fig. 1.

[59] Plate 45.

[60] Plate 46.

[61] Plate 47.

[62] Plate 48.

[63] Plate 51.

[64] Plate 52.

[65] Plates 53, 54, 55, 56.

[66] Plate 58.

[67] Plate 59.

[68] Plates 60, 61, 62, 63.

[69] Plate 64.

[70] Plates 65, 66.

[71] Plate 67, Fig. 2.

[72] Plate 68, Fig. 1.

[73] Plate 69.

[74] Plate 70.

[75] Plate 71, Fig. 1.

[76] Plate 72.

[77] Plate 73.

[78] Plate 75, Fig. 1.

[79] Plate 76.

[80] Plate 77.

[81] Plate 29.

[82] Plate 81.

[83] Plate 82.

[84] Plate 45.

[85] Plate 83.

[86] Plate 84.

[87] Plate 85.

[88] Plate 89.

[89] Plates 87, 88, 90.

[90] Plate 91.

[91] Plate 92.

[92] See Plate 95, Fig. 2.

[93] Plate 93.

[94] Plate 71, Fig. 2.

[95] Plate 94.

[96] Plate 95, Fig. 1.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Grandeur That Was Rome, by J.C. Stobart