Chapter V

Nineteenth century _continued_. Scoresby and Clavering.—Former
visited Jan Mayen Island in 1817.—Later he visited east
coast of Greenland.—Discovered Scoresby Sound. In 1824,
Captain Lyon surveyed Melville Peninsula.—Adjoining straits
and shores of Arctic America.—In 1825, Captain Beechey in
the _Blossom_ sailed through Behring Strait and passed
beyond Icy Cape.—Surveyed the coast as far as Point Barrow,
adding 126 miles of new shore.—Second voyage of Captain
John Ross.—Undertaken in 1829.—Discovers Boothia.—Wintered
in Felix Harbor.—Discovery of North Magnetic Pole by nephew
of Captain John Ross.—Commander James Clark Ross.—Valuable
observations.—Sledge journeys to mainland.—Four years
spent in the Arctic.—Perilous retreat.—Safe return.—Land
journey by Captain Back.—The Great Fish-Back River.—Point
Ogle.—Point Richardson.—Back’s farthest point was 68° 13´
57″ north latitude, 94° 58´ 1″ west longitude. Land journeys
of Simpson and Dease, 1836.—Descend the Mackenzie River to
the sea.—Surveyed west shore between Return Reef and Cape
Barrow.—In 1839, they explored shores of Victoria Land as
far as Cape Parry.—Crossed Coronation Gulf.—Descended the
Coppermine.—Reached the Polar Sea. Overland journey in 1846
by Dr. John Rae confirmed Captain John Ross’s statement that
Boothia was a peninsula 57

CHAPTER VI

Sir John Franklin.—Early life.—First land expedition of
1819-1821.—Journey from York Factory to Cumberland House.—Reach
Fort Providence.—Winter at Fort Enterprise.—Explorations.—5550
miles.—Hardship.—Starvation.—Return.—Second land
journey.—1825.—Winter quarters at Great Bear Lake.—Descent
of the Mackenzie River to the Polar Sea.—1200 miles of coast
added to map.—The last journey of Sir John Franklin, 1845.—The
_Erebus_ and _Terror_.—Last seen in Melville Bay 79

CHAPTER VII

Search for Sir John Franklin.—Captain Kellett.—Captain
Moore.—Dr. Richardson.—Dr. Rae.—Sir J. C. Ross.—Mr.
Parker.—Dr. Goodsir.—Collinson, M’Clure.—The _Felix_.—_Prince
Albert._—Commanded by Charles C. Forsyth.—Captain Austin’s
squadron.—Captain Ommaney.—Lieutenant Sherard Osborn.—Commander
Cator.—Grinnell expedition under De Haven 95

CHAPTER VIII

Search for Sir John Franklin _continued_.—Sledge journey of
Captain Austin’s squadron.—Return of _Prince Albert_ under
command of Captain Kennedy.—Bellot 120

CHAPTER IX

Search for Sir John Franklin _continued_.—Sir Edward Belcher’s
squadron.—Inglefield.—Rae’s journey.—Discovery of Northwest
Passage by Captain M’Clure.—Death of Bellot 141

CHAPTER X

Sledging parties of Sir Edward Belcher’s squadron.—Desertion of
the ships.—Return to England.—Story of the _Resolute_.—Traces
of Sir John Franklin discovered by Dr. Rae.—Anderson’s
journey.—The voyage of the _Fox_ under Commander
M’Clintock.—Sledge journeys.—Record and relics of Franklin’s
expedition.—_Fox_ returns to England 174

CHAPTER XI

The second Grinnell expedition.—Commanded by Dr. Elisha
K. Kane.—Winter quarters in Rensseläer Harbor.—Sledging
trips.—To the rescue.—Effects of exhaustion and cold.—Dr.
Kane’s journey.—Great Glacier of Humboldt.—Return and illness
of Dr. Kane. Second winter in the ice.—Privations and
suffering.—Abandonment of the _Advance_.—Retreat and rescue 199

CHAPTER XII

Dr. Hayes’s expedition. Winter quarters at Port Foulke,
Greenland coast.—Death of Sonntag.—Dr. Hayes’s journey.—Attempt
to cross Smith Sound.—Hayes’s farthest.—“Open Polar
Sea.”—Homeward bound 235

CHAPTER XIII

Charles Francis Hall.—Early life.—Interest in fate of Sir
John Franklin.—First journey to Greenland.—Discovery of
Frobisher relics.—Experiences and study of the Eskimos. Second
journey.—Delays and disappointments.—Sledging trips.—King
William Land at last.—Franklin relics.—Return of Hall to United
States. _Polaris_ expedition.—Reaches high northing.—Hall’s
sledge journey.—Return and death.—_Polaris_ winters.—No
escape.—_Polaris_ is wrecked.—Part of crew adrift on the
ice-floe.—Remainder build winter hut.—Final rescue and return
to United States 243

CHAPTER XIV

Captain Thomas Long.—Discovery of Wrangell Land.—Captain
Carlsen and Captain Palliser sail across the Sea of
Kara.—Captain Johannesen circumnavigates Nova Zembla.—First
German expedition.—Second German expedition.—_Germania_,
Captain Koldewey commanding.—_Hansa_, Captain
Hegemann.—Departure from Bremen.—Crossing the Arctic
Circle.—Island of Jan Mayen.—The ice line.—Separation
from the _Hansa_.—Adrift on the ice-floe.—Winter.—Final
rescue.—_Germania_ beset.—Winter.—Sledging parties.—Lieutenant
Payer’s remarkable journey—77° 1´ north latitude.—Return of the
_Germania_ 268

CHAPTER XV

Norwegian expedition, 1871. Payer and Weyprecht.—The
_Tegetthoff_ adrift in the Polar pack.—Discovery of Franz
Josef Land.—Payer’s sledge journeys.—Payer’s farthest
82° 5´ north latitude.—Cape Fligely.—Abandonment of the
_Tegetthoff_.—Retreat of officers and crew.—Picked up by
Russian fishermen.—Home 286

CHAPTER XVI

Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage, 1858.—Accompanies
succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of
_Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage
of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer
sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the
_Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following
year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_ 298

CHAPTER XVII

British expedition of 1875.—The _Alert_ and
_Discovery_.—Captain George S. Nares, F. R. S., Albert
H. Markham, F. R. G. S.—Two voyages of the _Pandora_,
1875-1876.—Schwatka’s search for the Franklin records, 1878-1879 310

CHAPTER XVIII

The _Jeannette_ expedition, 1879-1881.—In command of Captain
George W. De Long.—Leaves San Francisco.—Touches at Ounalaska,
August 2.—Reaches Lawrence Bay, East Siberia, August 15.—Last
seen by whale bark _Sea Breeze_ near Herald Island, September
2.—The _Jeannette_ beset in ice-pack September 6, never again
released.—Daily routine of officers and crew.—Ship springs
a leak.—A frozen summer.—Sight of new land.—A second winter
in the pack.—The _Jeannette_ crushed.—Abandonment.—The
retreat.—The fate of the three boats.—Death of De Long’s
party.—Melville’s search 345

CHAPTER XIX

International circumpolar stations.—Failure of Dutch
expedition.—Greely expedition reaches Lady Franklin
Bay.—Life at Fort Conger.—Sledge journey of Brainard and
Lockwood.—Farthest north.—Greely’s journey to interior of
Grinnell Land.—Lake Hazen.—Failure of relief ship _Neptune_ to
reach Conger in 1882.—Official plans for Greely’s relief in
1883.—_Proteus_ crushed in ice.—Garlington’s retreat.—Greely’s
abandonment of Fort Conger.—Greely reaches Cape Sabine.—The
beginning of a hard winter.—Death of members of the party from
starvation and cold.—Schley’s brilliant rescue of the remnant
of the Lady Franklin Bay expedition in 1884 369

CHAPTER XX

Nansen.—The man.—First Arctic experience.—Plans the crossing
of Greenland.—Carries out his great undertaking.—Voyage on the
_Fram_.—Drifting with the current.—Life aboard.—Nansen and
Johannesen start for the Pole.—Difficulties of travel.—The
“Farthest North!”—The retreat.—A winter on the Franz Josef
Land.—Attempt to reach Spitzbergen by kayak.—The meeting at
Cape Flora with Frederick Jackson.—Home in the _Windward_ 401

CHAPTER XXI

Journeys of Dr. A. Bunge and Baron E. von Toll.—Exploration in
Spitzbergen.—Sir Martin Conway.—Dr. A. G. Nathorst.—Professor
J. H. Gore.—Andrée’s balloon expedition to the North
Pole.—Search for Andrée by Theodor Lerner.—J. Stadling.—Dr.
A. G. Nathorst.—Captain Bade.—Walter Wellman’s plan to reach
the Pole from Spitzbergen.—Italian expedition under Duke of
Abruzzi.—Loss of the _Stella Polare_.—Captain Umberto Cagni’s
journey.—Breaks the record.—Retreat.—Home.—Baldwin-Ziegler
expedition of 1900.—Complete equipment.—Return of expedition
in autumn.—Ziegler expedition under Anthony Fiala.—The
_America_ reaches high northing.—Winters in Triplitz Bay.—Is
destroyed.—Failure of sledge journeys.—Relief ship does not
come.—Second winter.—Return of party by _Terra Nova_ in 1903 417

CHAPTER XXII

Otto Sverdrup.—Four years’ voyage of the _Fram_.—Journeys in
Ellesmere Land.—Important exploration of Jones Sound.—Discovery
of new lands.—Release of the _Fram_.—Captain Roald
Amundsen.—The voyage of the _Gjoa_.—Reaches head of Petersen
Bay (King William Land).—Two years’ stay.—Valuable scientific
observations.—Visits from Eskimos.—Sledge journeys.—Release
from the ice.—August 14, 1906.—Completion of the Northwest
Passage.—Another Arctic winter.—Sledge journey of Amundsen to
Eagle City.—Release of the _Gjoa_.—Reaches San Francisco, 1907 435

CHAPTER XXIII

Robert E. Peary.—The man.—First visit to the Arctic,
1886.—Other journeys, 1891.—Independence Bay,
Greenland.—Discovers Melville Land and Heilprin
Land.—Subsequent journeys, 1893-1895.—Discovery of famous “Iron
Mountain.”—Summer voyages, 1896-1897.—North Pole journey of
1898.—Peary seriously disabled by frost-bites.—Polar expedition
in S.S. _Roosevelt_, 1905-1906.—Final dash for the Pole, 1908 455