Chapter XLVIII: Appendix: II (4)

Aryan race, Pamirs birthplace of, 3.

Asad ibn `Abdullah el-Kasrī, 71, 75–77.

Ashras ibn `Abdullah (the Perfect), 72.

`Āsim ibn `Abdullah, 75.

Askabad, 345–9.

Astatke, 340 _note_.

Astrakhan conquered by Russia, 236.

Astrakhan dynasty, 194–203.

Atsiz, revolt against Sanjar, 138, 139;
death, 140.

Ayāz Topchi-bāshi, 211, 213.

Bāber (_see Zahīr ud-Din Bāber_).

_Bachas_, definition, 369.

=Bactria= (district), ancient extent, 3;
conquered by Cyrus I., sovereignty assumed by Bessus, 6;
conquered by Alexander the Great, 4–10;
=Græco-Bactrian= kingdom, founder of, 11;
districts ceded to Parthia, 12;
invasion by Sakas, 16, 18;
downfall, 18;
=Yué-Chi= invasion, 19;
partition among clans, 19;
Kushans expelled, 20;
=Ephthalite= settlement, 20;
expedition of Bahrām Gūr, 24;
annexed by Persia, 30.

Bactria (town) (_see Balkh_).

Badakshān incorporated with Transoxiana, 192.

Bādghīs, definition, 299 _note_.

Baghdād captured by Tāhir, 99.

Bahrām `Ali Khān, slain in battle with Ma´sūm, 206;
Merv railway station named after, 353.

Bahrām Chūbīn, 32.

Bahrām Gūr, 24.

Baigha, Bokhāran national game, 370.

Bākhdi (_see Balkh_).

Bākī Mohammad, 195.

Balāsāghūn, built by Būkū Khān, 116;
capital chosen by Ye-liu Ta-shi, 137.

Balāsh, 26.

Balkategin, 136.

=Balkh= (Bactria, Bākhdi), 3 _note_;
taken by Alexander the Great, 6;
included in Tokhāristān, 18;
annexed by Persians, 30;
Islām introduced into, 38;
reduced by Rabī` ibn Ziyād, 39;
Kutayba’s expeditions to, 46, 57;
coalition with Nīzek, 56;
temporary Mohammedan capital of Central Asia, 76;
Sāmānanatire of, 101;
siege and capture by Isma`īl, 110;
centre of Mohammedan learning, 131;
defeat of Sanjar, 141;
`Alā ud-Dīn master of, 147;
Chaghatāy in possession of, 160.

Bamian, 19.

Barmecides, fall of, 95.

Barmek, 95 _note_.

Barthold, M., 150 _note_.

Batanieff, Major, mission to Bokhārā, 217.

Bātū Khān, 183, 233.

Bayān Kulī, 166.

Bayān Seldūz, 166.

Bāyazīd Jalā´ir Amīr, 167.

Bāyazīd I., Sultan of Turkey, 171.

Baykand (City of Merchants), identification with Zariaspa, 8 _note_;
importance of, 50;
partial conquest by `Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, 39;
battle and siege of, 47–49;
restoration, 49.

Baysunkur, 178.

Begi Jān (_see Shāh Murād_).

Bektuzun, 118

Bellew, Dr., _cited_ 41 _note_, _passim_.

Bendoe, 32.

Beni Rabī`a, 79.

Berkiyāruk, 133 _note_, 134, 144.

Bessus (Artaxerxes IV.), 5..

Bi, definition, 204 _note_.

Bishkand, identified with Panjakand, 187 _note_.

Bistām, 32.

Boghrā Khān, brother and successor of Arslān Khān, 120.

Boghrā Khān, first Uīghūr Khān of Turkestān, 117.

=Bokhārā= (Sherīf or “the Noble”), settlement of Bactrians in
confines of, 18;
conquered by Arabs, 40, 41;
king defeated by Habīb, 44;
Kutayba’s expeditions, 46–55;
Ism`l sent to and superseded by Ishak, 106, 107;
capital of Transoxiana and Khwārazm, 109, 111;
centre of Mohammedan culture and learning, 111;
destroyed by Chingiz, 158;
rising in, during reign of Chaghatāy, 161 _note_;
loss of position as capital, 189;
sub-dynasty abolished, 191;
Astrakhan dynasty in, 194–203;
prosperity regained in, 195;
Khivan revolt against, 197, 198;
Mangit dynasty in, 204–21;
effect of Ma´sūm’s rule on, 208;
besieged by Nasrullah, 212;
English and Russian missions to, 217–18;
Russian conquest, 250–56;
climate, soil, and productions, 360–63;
varied character of population, 364–367;
women of, 368;
customs and amusements, 368–70;
bazaar, 370;
public buildings, 373–77;
coinage, 371;
Islāmic education, 374;
government, 379–85;
decline of slave-market, 378;
dialect, 180.

Bolars (Boyars), rise of, 230;
influence of, shaken off by Ivan IV., 236.

Bosphorus, Caucasian (Straits of Yenekale), 13.

Bretschneider, _cited_ 139 _note_.

Browne, E. G., _cited_ 133 _note_.

Browning, Oscar, _cited_ 242 _note_.

Bukayr, 43.

Būkū Khān, 115.

Burnes, Alexander, mission to Bokhārā, 217;
_cited_ 207 _note_;
_passim_.

Buyide (Daylamite) dynasty, increase in power, 112;
overthrow by Toghrul Beg, 129.

Buyr-Nūr, China invaded by, 153.

Caliphs, the--Abū Bekr first to assume title, 36;
rise and fall of, 36–102;
various caliphs (_see their names_).

Cawder (Kāwurd, Kurd, Kādurd), 131 _note_.

Chaghatāy dialect, 180.

Chaghatāy Khānate, 160–64;
overthrown by Tīmūr, 170.

Chakir, 125, 127, 128.

Chandra Gupta, Seleucus defeated by, 10.

Chang-Kien, 17.

Charjūy, 310, 357.

Chernaieff, Colonel, Chimkent stormed by, 246;
siege of Tashkent, 247, 248;
advance on and retreat from Jizāk, 251;
superseded by General Romanovski, 251.

Chi Hwang-ti, Tsin, 14.

Chighān, 60.

Children, custom concerning naming of, in Merv, 42.

Chimkent, stormed by Russians, 246;
burnt by Kokandis, 248.

=China=--Han dynasty, founder of, 16;
Chow dynasty, fall of and subsequent events, 14;
Great Wall, 15;
march against Mothé, 16;
alliance with Yué-Chi, 17;
direct commercial intercourse with West, 17;
Hans defeated by, and enrolled in empire, 19;
Umayyads aided, 85;
Buyr-Nūr invasion, 153;
partial conquest by Chingiz, 156;
Yuen dynasty, founder of, 182;
Ming dynasty, founder of, 182.

Chingiz Khān, birth and early life, 151, 152–54, 232;
war with Tāi Yāng, 155;
with Guchluk, 157;
with Khwārazm Shāh, 157–59;
_Dār ul-Ākhirat_ destroyed by, 143;
conquests of, 159, 160, 232;
death, 160.

Chosrau I. (Anūshirawān “the Just”), 27 and _note_, 29–31.

Chosrau II. (Parvīz “the Victorious”), 32.

=Christianity=--Persecution prohibited during reign of Bahrām Gūr by
truce with Rome, 24;
Christians induced to embrace Islām, 72;
Holy War against Christians of Tarāz, 109;
crusades contemporaneous with Mohammed, son of Melik, 134;
Black Mongols converted to, 152;
persecution by Nasrullah, 219;
introduction into Russia, and subsequent influence of priests upon
government, 229;
authorities on Christianity in Central Asia in ancient times,
109 _note_.

Chupān Ātā, 176, 402, 403.

Chu Yuān Chang, founder of Ming dynasty, 182.

Cleitus, death of, 9.

Confucius (Kung-fu-tse), 14 _note_.

Conolly, Captain Arthur, imprisoned and killed by Nasrullah, 217–18.

Cossacks, Siberians attacked by, 238;
raiding expedition into Siberia and Khwārazm, 239;
Kokandis repulsed, 248.

Cotton, cultivation of, in valley of Zarafshān, 386.

Crusades contemporaneous with Sultan Sanjar, 134.

Ctesias, _cited_ 4.

Cube (Ka`ba), the

Cunningham, General, _cited_ 15, 20 _notes_.

Cyropolis, 4, 7.

Cyrus I., conquest of Bactria, 4.

Damascus, conquered by Parvīz, 32;
taken by Arabs, 37;
stormed by Tīmūr, 171.

Dāniyāl Bi, 205, 384 _note_.

Dangil Teppe, 287.

Dāneshmandja, 166.

_Dār ul-Ākhirat_, 143.

Darbend, building of, 31.

Dariel Pass, Roman subsidy for fortification of, 24.

Darius Hystaspes, 4.

Darius II. overthrown by Alexander the Great, 4, 5.

Dasht-i-Kipchāk, extent of empire, 182.

Dā ūd, uncle of Abū-l-`Abbās, instrumental in exterminating
Umayyads, 85.

Dawlat Bi, 204, 205.

Dawlat Girāy (Bekovitch Cherkaski), expedition to Khiva, 240–42.

Dawlat Girāy, Khān, 237.

Dawlat Shāh, _quo._ 113 _note_.

Daylamite (Būyide) dynasty, increase in power, 112;
overthrow by Toghrul Beg, 129.

De Bode, _cited_ 393 _note_.

De Guignes, _cited_ 30, 137 _notes_, _passim_.

De Maynard, C. Barbier, _cited_ 207 _note_.

Defile, battle of the (Ash-Shi`b), 73.

Dervishes, various orders in Samarkand, 171 _note_.

d’Herbelot, _cited_ 16, 102 _notes_;
_passim_.

Dhirār ibn Haspan, 47.

Dihakān, definition, 46 _note_.

Dīn Mahammad, 195.

Diodotus, 11.

Direm, value of, 40 _note_.

Dirgham, battle in valley of, 139.

Dirham ibn Nasr, 104.

Dmitri, Prince, attempt to throw off Mongol yoke, 235.

d’Ohsson, _cited_ 137, 146 _notes_; _passim_.

Don (Tanaïs), Jaxartes mistaken by Alexander for, 7.

Douglas, R. K., _cited_ 149 _note_.

Drangiana (_see Sīstān_).

Drapsaca (Andarāb), 6.

Drouin, E., _cited_ 11 _note_; _passim_.

Eagle, regarded as bird of ill-omen, 220 _note_.

Edighei, Khān, 236.

El-`Abbās el-Ash`ath, 95.

El Barm (Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm), 94.

El-Fadhl ibn Sulaymān Tūsī, 94.

El-Fadhl ibn Yahya, 95.

El-Ghatrīf ibn `Atā, 95.

El-Hādi, 94.

El-Mahdi, 91, 93, 94.

El-Mansūr (Abū Ja`far), Es-Saffāh succeeded by, 86;
enmity towards and murder of Abū Muslim, 86–88;
revolts against, 90–93;
death, 93.

=England=--missions to Nasrullah, 216–17;
=Russia= and, Siberian advance viewed with disfavour, 246;
appropriation of territory south of Merv, English indignation, 300;
appointment of joint commission to decide boundary, 301–303;
commission to demarcate spheres of influence on Pamirs, 303–305;
route of Indian overland railway, 317–19;
methods of dealing with Orientals contrasted, 410–15;
desirability of union, 414–16.

Ephthalites, origin, 20;
Kushans expelled from Bactria, 20, 21;
defeated by Bahrām Gūr, 24;
Yezdijerd II. defeated, 25;
Fīrūz aided, 25;
rupture with Fīrūz, 26;
Persia overrun, 26;
Kobād received, 28;
territory divided between Turks and Persians, 30.

Erdmann, _cited_ 149 _note_.

Es-Saffāh (Abū-l-`Abbās), 85–86.

Ersaris, the, 268.

Euthydemus, 11.

Fadhl ibn Sahl, 97, 98, 99, 100.

Fā´ik, 117.

Farghāna, besieged by El-Harashī, 71;
Mohammedan governor appointed to, 77;
railway to Andijān, 316 (_see also Kokand_).

Fath `Ali Shāh, 267.

Fāzil Bi, 208.

Ferengis, 115 _note_.

Feudalism, introduced into Russia from Germany, 231.

Forsyth, Mr., _cited_ 119 _note_.

Fraser, James Baillie, _quo._ 264 _note_.

Gāndhāra (_see Kandahār_).

Gardner, _quo._ 11, 12 _notes_, _passim_.

Gaugamela (Arbela), battle of, 5.

Gengis, Genghiz (_see Chingiz_).

Geok Teppe, battle of, 291–97.

Gerard, Major-General M. G., 303.

Gersīwaz, 115 _note_.

Ghassān, 100 _note_, 101.

Ghazā, definition, 109.

Ghaznavides, Alptagin ruler in Ghazna, 112;
Sabuktagin, 113, 117–18;
Mahmūd of Ghazna (_see that title_);
Mas`ūd, 126–28;
truce with Seljūks, 128.

Ghujduvān, battle of, 187.

Ghuz, the, migrations of, 124;
incursions into Khorāsān, 126;
Sanjar defeated, and Merv and Khorāsān laid waste, 141–42.

Ghuzek, 60.

Gibbon, _cited_ 37, 127 _notes_, _passim_.

Girāy, Sultan, 183.

Glukhovsky, Colonel, 251 _note_, 286 _note_.

Golden Horde, the, 182.

Gori (Aornos, Khulum) taken by Alexander the Great, 6.

Gortschakoff, Prince, circular to Great Powers, 247 and Appendix I.

Græco-Bactrian Empire (_see under Bactria_).

Grigorieff, _cited_ 6, 8 _notes_, _passim_.

Grodekoff, _cited_ 272 _note_.

Guchluk, 155.

_Gūr_, definition, 24 _note_.

_Gūr Amīr_, Tamerlane’s tomb, 389.

_Gūr-Khān_, title assumed by Ye-liu Ta-shi, 137.

Gutschmid, _cited_ 10 _note_.

Guyard, S., _cited_ 133 _note_.

Hāji Biklās, 166.

Hajjāj, Khorāsān, appointments by, 44;
instructions to Kutayba, 51, 52;
death, 61 _note_, 63.

Hakīm Bi, 211.

_Haloxylon Ammodendron_ (Saxaul), 263.

Hamdullah Mustawfi, _quo._ 125 _note_.

Hami (Khamil), 15.

Hamza el-Khuzā`ī, 95.

Hamza Sultan, 186.

Hārith ibn Surayj, revolt against `Āsim, 75;
against Nasr, 79;
death, 79.

Harthama, despatched to Samarkand, 96;
Samarkand taken, 98.

Hasan Beg, 177.

Hasan ibn `Alī (Nizām ul-Mulk), 131.

Hasan ibn Kahtaba, 84.

Hasan ibn Sabbāh, the Assassin, 131 _note_.

Hāshimites (_see `Abbāsids_), 80.

Hārūn (governor of Khwārazm) revolt, 126.

Hārūn er-Raschīd, 95–97.

Hayāthila (_see Ephthalites_).

Hayyān, the Nabatæan, 54.

Hegira, the, 35 and _note_.

Herāt, importance of, 300;
conquered by Ya`kūb, 104;
acquired by `Abdullah II., 117;
`Alā ud-Dīn, master of, 147;
plundered by Turkomans, 176.

Hexapolis, settlement of Sakas in, 15, 17.

Hezārasp, identity with Zariaspa suggested, 8 _note_.

Hishām, Yezid II. succeeded by, 71;
Asad dismissed, 72;
reinforcements sent to Junayd, 74;
Junayd dismissed, 75;
`Asim dismissed, 75;
death, 78.

Hiung-nu (_see Huns_).

Holwan, 64.

Horde, derivation, 233.

Hormuz II., 23.

Hormuz III., 25.

Hormuz IV., 31.

Howorth, Sir Henry, _cited_ 149, 155 _notes_, _passim_.

Huen-Tsang, 31.

Humayd ibn Kahtaba, 93.

Huns (_see also Ephthalites or White Huns_), war with Tung-nu, 15;
Kaotsu’s troops surrounded, 16;
defeated and enrolled in Chinese Empire, 19;
Slav progress impeded by, 226.

Hunter, Sir W. W., _cited_ 315 _note_.

Husayn, Amīr, 169.

Husayn Khān, 211.

Husayn Mīrzā (Sultan Husayn Baykara), 184.

Hyacinth, Father, _cited_ 149 _note_.

Ibn Hobayra, 84.

Ibrāhīm, 121.

Ikrān, 145 _note_.

Il-Arslān, 140, 144.

Ilbars, 193.

Il-Kilij, 138 _note_.

Ilik Khān, 117–19, 123.

Iliyās Khwāja Oghlān, 169, 170.

Iltūza Khān of Khiva, 209.

Ilyiās, 101.

Imām Kulī Khān, 195.

=India=--Alexander’s conquest of, date of setting out, 9;
Seleucus defeated by Chandra Gupta, 10;
Saka invasion, 17, 18;
Parthian characteristics on Saka coins, 16;
Shāh Kator, title of chief of Chitral, 20;
Kashmir lost by Kushans, 20;
Gangetic delta and Panjāb overrun by Tīmūr, 171;
invasion by Nādir Shāh, 200;
Peacock Throne, the, 201;
=England= in--“Permanent Settlement,” the, 406;
methods compared with Russian in Central Asia, 410–15;
fears of Russian absorption baseless, 408;
route of overland railway from England, 317–19.

Irjai, battle of, 252.

Irkutsk founded, 239.

Ishāk, 107.

Ishān Mohammad `Alī Khalīfa, 260.

Iskandar the Uzbeg, 191 _note_.

Iskander Kul, 9 _note_.

=Islām=--definition, 36 _note_;
origin and rise, 34–44;
spread of, on downfall of Sāmānides, 119;
established in Kābul, 105;
sectarian dissensions, 78;
Kutayba’s zeal for, 45, 66;
Guchluk’s intolerance of, 156;
embraced by immigrant Tibetan Turks to Balāsāghūn, 120;
Moslems subject to enemies of faith, 139;
education, 374;
influence of mullās on government, 375;
impression left by Alexander the Great, 9;
persecution of Christians (_see Christianity_).

Isma`īl el-Muntazir, 118 _note_.

Isma`īl ibn Ahmed, sent to Bokhārā, 106;
defeat of Nasr, 107;
Nasr succeeded by, 109;
hostilities with `Amr, 110;
campaign against Turks, 111;
death, 112.

Isma`īl, Shāh, the Safavī, 185, 186.

Ispāhbād, definition, 56.

Issus, overthrow of Darius II., 4.

Istakhr, capital of Persia under Ardashīr, 23.

Istakhri, _quo._ 46 _note_.

Ivan IV. (the Terrible), 236.

Ja`far el-Ash`ath, 95.

Ja`far ibn Yahya, 95.

Jahwar ibn Marrār el-`Ijlī, 90, 91.

Jalāl-ud-Dīn, 159.

Jāmāsp, 28.

Jāni Khān, 194.

Jānībeg, Sultan, descent traced, 190;
battle with Bāber, 187;
made Kālgha, 189;
territory of, 191.

Jarrāh, 69.

Jaxartes (_see Sir Daryā_).

Jerusalem, conquered by Parvīz, 33.

Jews, condition in Bokhārā, 365.

Jighāya, 56, 57, 59.

Jizāk, 404.

Jornandes, _cited_ 225 _note_.

Juday` el Kirmānī, 79, 82.

Juen-Juen, conquests, 21;
subdued by Tumen and Mokan-khān, 30.

Jūjī Khān, 158, 182.

Junayd (Jandab) ibn `Abd er-Rahmān, 72–75.

Jurjān, importance of, 67.

Justin, _cited_ 11, 12 _notes_.

Juvayni, _cited_ 115.

Jūzajān, king of, 56, 59.

Ka`ba (Cube), the, 34.

Kābul, overrun by Kushans, 19;
Islam established in, 105.

Kādir (Kadr) Khān, 120, 121.

Kahtaba ibn Shebīb, 83, 84.

Kā´im, Caliph, 130.

_Kālgha_, title of heir-apparent among the Uzbegs, 189.

Kamāj, 141.

Kandahār (Arachosia, Gāndhāra, Kiphin), 18, 19, 20.

Kao-tsu, Emperor, 16.

Karāchār Nuyān, ancestor of Tīmūr Leng, 168.

=Kara-Khitāys=--origin of empire, 137;
Transoxiana tributary to, 137;
Sanjar defeated, 139;
Khwārazm invaded, 144;
Tekish aided, 145;
rupture with Tekish and reconciliation, 145–47;
independence of, asserted by Mohammad Shāh, 147, 148;
Gūr-Khān dethroned by Guchluk, 155–56;
downfall of kingdom, 157;
urban life, 163.

Kara-Khānides (_see Uīghūrs_).

Karmā, 146.

=Kāshghar=--Juen-Juen masters of, 21;
occupied by Great Yué-Chi, 16;
conquered by Kutayba, 62;
by Kādir Khān, 120;
by the Tufghāj, 120;
by Ye-liu Ta-shi and made capital, 137, 138;
Seljūk suzerainty recognised, 132;
in possession of Guchluk, 156, 157;
part of Mongol Empire, 160;
dialect, 180.

Kāsim Mohammad, 197.

Kasimovski, 183 _note_.

Katti Tūra, 256.

Kauffman, General, appointed governor-general of Turkestān, 253;
Samarkand taken, 254;
Kokand invaded, 260;
war with Yomud Turkomans, 284.

Kavādh (_see Kobād_).

Kāwurd (Kurd, Kādurd, Cawder), 131 _note_.

Kay-Khosrū, 115.

Kays ibn al-Haytham, 38.

Kazāks, the, 183.

Kazān (Karān) Khān, 165.

Kazghan, Amīr, 165.

Kerbelā, battle near, 84.

Kerz, siege of, 58.

Kesh (_see Shahrisabz_).

Khadīja, 35.

Khālid, 37.

Khālid ibn `Abdullah al-Kasrī, 71.

Khālid ibn Barmek, 95 _note_.

_Khalīfa_ (_see Caliphs_).

Khalīl Sultan, 173–76.

Khamil (Hami), 15.

Khanikoff, _cited_ 207 _note_, _passim_.

Khānsālār, definition, 141 _note_.

Kharashar, 21.

Khārijites, 78, 80, 81.

Khātūn, Princess, 40–42.

Khātūn Turkān, 133.

Khazars, force sent against Darbend, 31.

Khāzim ibn Khuzayma, 90, 91, 93.

Khidhr Khān, 121.

Khitā´ī, 115 _note_.

Khitan, definition, 150 _note_.

Khitāys (Khitā´ī) harassed by Kara-Khānides, 115, 120.

=Khiva= (Khwārazm)--definition of Khwārazm, 233 _note_;
Persians defeated by Ibn Āmir, 38;
Mufaddhal’s expeditions against, 44;
Chighān aided by Kutayba, 60;
conquered by Mahmūd, 123;
by Seljūks, 136;
anarchy in, 138;
Khwārazm Shāhs, 136, 144–48;
tribute paid to Kara-Khitāys, 147;
conquered by Chingiz, 159;
overrun by Abū-l-Khayr, 184;
conquered by Shaybānī Khān, 184;
made an independent principality, 193;
revolt against Bokhārā, 197;
invasion of Bokhārā and subservience to, 198;
conflict with Haydar, 209;
conquered by Nādir Shāh, 202;
Nasrullah’s hostile relations with, 216;
war with Turkomans, 269;
=Russian conquest=, Cossack invasion, 239;
expedition against, 244;
treaty concluded, 245;
negotiations in reign of Peter the Great, 240–42;
treacherous conduct of Khivans, 241;
Bokhāran campaign joined by Khiva, 250;
final conquest, 258.

Khodāydād, revolt against Khalīl Sultan, 175.

Khojend, surrender to Nasrullah, 215, 216;
siege of, 252.

=Khorāsān= (Ta-hia)--conquered by Yué-Chi, 17;
Caliph suzerain over, 38–127;
rising in, 85;
massacre of inhabitants by `Abdullah, 87;
disorder in, 91;
rising under Ustādsīs, 92;
various revolts, 93, 94;
rule of Tāhirides, 102–5;
Ya`kūb master of, 105;
Ghaznavide rule, 118;
Seljūk rule, 127;
ravaged by Atsiz, 139;
laid waste by Ghuz, 142;
acquired by Khwārazm-Shāhs, 144;
overrun by Chingiz, 159, 233;
acquired by Shāh Rukh, 174;
in possession of Husayn Mīrzā, 184;
conquered by Shaybānī Khān, 185;
by Shāh Isma`īl, 185;
by `Abdullah II., 192;
incursions by Ma´sūm, 207;
overrun by Tekkes, 271, 284;
famine, 284.

Khorazmia, 4 (_see also Khwārazm and Khiva_).

Khorzād, 60.

Khotan, Juen-Juen masters of, 21;
occupied by Great Yué-Chi, 16;
Sultan harassed by Toghān Khān, 120;
conquest by Ye-liu Ta-shi, 137.

Khudā Yār, 220.

Khulayd ibn `Abdullah el-Hanafī, 39.

Khulum (Gori, Aornos), 6.

Khunuk-Khudāt, 51.

Khwāja Ahrār, Nakshabandi, 171 _note_.

Khwāja Bahā ud-Dīn, founder of the Nakshabandis, 170 _note_.

Khwāja Nefes, 240.

Khwārazm (_see Khiva_).

Kibitka, definition, 268 _note_.

Kipchāks, struggle with Tīmūr, 171;
revolt against Khudā Yār, 220, 221.

Kiphin (_see Kandahār_).

Kirghiz, origin and haunts of, 242;
characteristics, 365;
conflict with Cossacks, 239;
submission of Middle Horde to Russia, 242;
raids on caravans, 243.

Kitolo, 20.

Kizil Arvat, workshops, 342.

Klaproth, _cited_ 116 _note_.

Kobād, 26–29.

=Kokand=--invaded by Mozaffar ud-Dīn, 221;
Kipchāk rebellion against Khudā Yār, 220–21;
Bokhārā suzerain over, 215, 216;
=Russian conquest=, Ak Mechet taken, 245;
Chimkent stormed, 246;
Tashkent attacked and taken, 247–49;
invasion of, and annexation, 259–61.

Ko-lo, 30.

Komaroff, General, Afghans attacked and routed, 302;
Askabad founded by, 345.

Kiphin, 21.

Koran, the, 36.

Krasnovodsk, 340.

Kubilāy Khān, founder of Yuen dynasty, 182.

Kuchunji Khān, 189;
descent, 190.

Kūhistān, Turks defeated by Arabs at, 39.

Kulchanoff, Colonel, 404 _note_.

Kung-fu-tse (Confucius), 14 _note_.

Kurapatkine, Colonel Alexis, sent with reinforcements to General
Skobeleff, 290;
sketch of career, 323;
policy of Russia in Central Asia, 338 and Appendix II.

Kurd (Kāwurd, Kādurd, Cawder), 131 _note_.

Kur-Maghānūn, Prince, 51.

Kūrsūl, 77.

Kushans (_see Yué-Chi_).

Kutayba ibn Muslim el-Bāhili, appointed governor of Khorāsān, 44, 46;
expeditions to Bokhārā, 46–55;
Nīzek’s rebellion, 56–59;
hostages of king of Jūzajān put to death, 59;
Chighān aided, 60;
Soghdiana invaded, 60;
Shāsh, Khojend, and Kāshān reduced, 61;
first Arab leader to establish Islām in place of Zoroastrian
religion, 45;
zeal for Islām, 66;
Kāshghar conquered, 62;
fall and death, 63–66.

Kutb ed-Dīn Mohammad, 136, 137.

Kutluk, 194.

Kwei-shuang (_see Yué-Chi_).

Languages spoken in Samarkand and Bokhārā, 180.

Lao-tse, 14 _note_.

Leignitz, battle of, 124.

Lessar, M. P., _cited_ 265 _note_.

Liao-chi, 139 _note_.

Lohrāsp, 115.

Lomakin, General, governor of Transcaspian military district, 285;
expedition against Turkomans, 286.

Lumsden, Sir Peter, 301.

Maddāh, public entertainers, 401.

Mahmūd Bi, 208.

Mahmūd ibn Mohammad, 134, 137.

Mahmūd ibn Melik, 133.

Mahmūd Khān, 122.

Mahmūd of Ghazna, 117, 118, 125–26.

Malcolm, _cited_ 24, 104 _notes_, _passim_.

Ma´mūn, 95, 96, 98–102.

Mangit dynasty (_see under Uzbegs_).

Mansūr el-Himyari, 95.

Mansūr I., 112.

Marcanda (_see Samarkand_).

Margiana, annexed by Cyrus I., 4;
overrun by Alexander the Great, 8;
Greeks deprived of, 18 (_see also Merv_).

Marvin, _cited_ 270 _note_.

Maslama, 70.

Massagetæ, 4.

Mas`ūd ibn Mahmūd, 126–28.

Mas`ūd ibn Mohammad, 178.

Mas`ūd Khān, 121.

Ma´sūm (Shāh Murād), 205–8, 384 _note_.

Mausoleum of Sanjar, 142.

Mavarā-un-Nahr (_see Transoxiana_).

Maymena, 8.

Mazdak, 27, 28, 29.

Mecklenburg, Grand Dukes of, descent claimed from Wends, 226 _note_.

Medīna, Mohammed’s flight to, 35.

Mekka, capital of Arabia, 34;
Mohammed’s flight from, 35.

Melik Shāh, 121, 131–33.

Melik Shāh II., 134.

Mencius (Meng-tse), 14 _note_.

Merūchak, 8.

Merv, “Queen of the World,” origin of title, 44 _note_;
custom regarding naming of children, 42;
capital of Khorāsān under Arab rule, 42, 45;
Muhallab, governor of, 43, 44;
Yezīd, governor of, 44;
entry of Abū Muslim into, 82;
standard of Hārith set up in, 79;
made capital of Caliphate, 99;
laid waste by Ghuz, 142;
conquered by Ma´sūm, 206;
Russia made suzerain over, 298;
railway to Samarkand, 310–313;
branch of railway to Kushk, 317;
irrigation of, 206, 333;
general description, 265, 349–56.

Merv er-Rūd, storming of, 57.

Merwān I., 43.

Merwān, governor of Irāk, 82, 85.

Meyendorf, _cited_ 244 _note_.

Mikā´īl, 125.

Miklositch, _cited_ 226 _note_.

Mīr `Alī Shīr, 181.

Mīrāb, definition, 332 _note_.

Mīrkhwānd, _cited_ 101 _note_, _passim_.

Mīrzā Haydar, _cited_ 188.

Mīrzā Husayn (Husayn Mīrzā), 184.

Mirza Sikandar, _cited_ 185 _note_.

Mithridates I., 12.

Mithridates II. (the Great), 13.

Mo`awiya II., 42, 80.

Modharites, war with Yemenites, 78;
divisions of, 79.

Mohammad (great-grandson of `Abbās), 81.

Mohammad `Ali, Khān of Khiva, 215.

Mohammad Amīn Khān, 269.

Mohammad Rahīm Bi, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204.

Mohammad ibn Abū Sa`īd, 178.

Mohammad ibn el-Ash`ath, 91.

Mohammad ibn Mahmūd, 126, 127.

Mohammad ibn Melik, 133 _note_, 134, 144.

Mohammad Khān ibn Nasr, 122.

Mohammad Khān ibn Sulaymān, 121.

Mohammad Khwārazm Shāh, 145 _note_.

Mohammad Shaybānī (Shāhī Beg), 179, 184.

Mohammed (Prophet), 34.

Mohammedanism (_see Islām_).

Mokan-khān, 30.

Mokanna` (veiled prophet of Khorāsān), 94.

Mokhallad, 68.

Mollā Khān, 220.

=Mongols=--early history, 150;
divisions of, 151;
religions, 152;
civilisation of, attributed to Tatatungo, 155;
nomadic habits, 161, 162, 232;
invasion of Central Asia, 155–60;
Russia invaded, 233;
influence on Russian character and characteristics, 234;
dissensions among, 234;
Russian attempts to throw off Mongol yoke, 235;
decline of power, 236.

Moscow, rise of, 234;
Mongol attacks on, 235, 236, 237.

Moser, _cited_ 262 _note_, _passim_.

Mostadhhir, 134.

Mothé, 15.

Mu`ayyad, governor of Nīshāpūr, 145.

Mu`ayyad ud-Dawlé, 133.

Mu`āz ibn Muslim, 94.

Mufaddhal, 44.

Mughal, first use of word, 150.

Muhallab, 42, 43.

Muir, _cited_ 38 _note_, _passim_.

Mukīm Khān, 199.

Muktadi, Caliph, death of, 134.

Mulabbab esh-Shaybāni, 90.

Müller, _cited_ 39 _note_, _passim_.

Murghāb, the, 333–35.

Musayyah ibn Zobayr, 94.

Muslim ibn Sa`īd, the Kilābite, 71.

Mu`tadhid, 109–10.

Mu`tamid, Caliph, 104–05.

Mutawakkil, Caliph, 103.

Muwaffak, 104, 105.

Muzaffar ud-Dīn (Sayyid Muzaffar ud-Dīn), 219–21.

Nādir Shāh, 200–3, 267.

Nahāvend, Zoroastrians defeated by Arabs at, 37;
captured by Hāshimite troops, 84.

_Nakshabandi_, order of dervishes, 170 _note_.

Naphthalites (_see Ephthalites_).

Narshakhi, _cited_ 41, 42, 43 _notes_, _passim_.

Nāsir, Caliph, 157.

Nasr ibn Ahmed, 105–8.

Nasr ibn Sayyār, 75, 77–83.

Nasrullah Khān, 211–19.

Nautaca, district covered by, 6.

Nawrūz Ahmed, 191 _note_.

Nāzir Mohammad, 196.

Nestorius, followers persecuted by Tamerlane, 397.

Ney, _cited_ 249, 257 _notes_, _passim_.

Nicator (Seleucus I.), 10.

Nijni Novogorod, building of, 231;
a principality, 234.

Nīshāpūr, conquest ascribed to Shāpūr, 23; _passim_.

Nīzak Tarkhūn, 39.

Nizām ul-Mulk (Hasan ibn `Alī), 131, 132.

Nīzek, peace concluded with Kutayba, 47;
rebellion and death, 56–59.

Nöldeke, _cited_ 22 _note_, _passim_.

Novogorod, a republic, 230;
added to Russia by Vassili III., 236;
Vladimir of, 229.

Nūh III., 117.

Nūh, Amīr of Samarkand, 101.

Nūr Verdi Khān, 273.

Nūshtegin, 136.

O’Donovan, _cited_ 42 _note_.

Ogdāy, 158, 162, 166 _note_.

Oliver, W. E. E., _cited_ 161 _note_.

`Omar Bi, 208.

`Omar, Caliph, assassination of, 38.

`Omar ibn `Abd ul-`Azīz, 69.

`Omar ibn Hobayra, 70.

`Omar Khān, 212, 213.

`Omar Khayyām, 131 _note_.

`Omar Shaykh, 178.

`Omāra ibn Horaym, 73.

Omsk acquired by Russia, 242.

Orenburg, founding of, and importance for caravans, 242;
defective as basis for expeditions, 245.

Orkhon inscriptions, 29 _note_.

Oshrūsana, 95.

`Othmān, prince of Samarkand, 147, 156.

Osmānlīs, origin of, 124.

Ossipoff, story of, 346.

`Othmān, Caliph, 37.

Oxus (_see Amū Daryā_).

Oxyartes, father of Roxana, 8.

Palestine, conquest by Arabs, 37;
Damascus and Jerusalem conquered by Parvīz, 32, 33;
Damascus stormed by Tīmūr, 171.

Pamirs, birthplace of Aryan race, 3;
commission to demarcate English and Russian influence on, 303–5.

Panchao, 20.

Panjakand, identified with Bishkand, 187 _note_.

Pāpak, 22.

Paropamisus mountains, boundary of Bactria, 3.

Parthia, 11–13;
Greeks deprived of Margiana by, 18;
encounters with the Yué-Chi, 19;
overthrow of dynasty by Ardashīr, 23;
Parthians identical with Turkomans, 266;
characteristics on early Indian Saka coins, 16.

Parvīz, “the Victorious” (Chosrau II.), 32.

Pasargadæ, 5.

Perofski, Count, expedition against Khiva, 243, 244.

Persepolis, plundered by Alexander, 5.

=Persia=--Bactria annexed to, 4;
conquered by Alexander the Great, 4;
condition in third century, 22;
Ardashīr, king of, 23;
famine in, 25;
loss of eyesight a bar to ruling, 27;
Arab conquest, 37;
acquired by Turks, 129;
overrun by troops of Tīmūr, 171;
war with Bākī Mohammad, 195;
Nādir Shāh, 200–3;
war with Turkomans, 267, 269–72;
Persian literary language in time of Tāhirides, 180;
Parthia (_see that title_).

Peter the Great, 240–42.

Petra Oxiana, 8.

Petrofsky, M., _cited_ 371 _note_.

Petrusevitch, _cited_ 270, 271, 272 _notes_.

Philippus of Elymeus, 10.

Phraates, 12.

Pīr Mohammad, 173.

Pīr Mohammad, grandson of Tīmūr, the Uzbeg, 191 _note_.

Pīrūz, 25.

Pishagar, destroyed by Nasrullah, 215.

Polotsk, 230.

Poole, Mr. S. Lane, _cited_ 60 _note_, _passim_.

Powers, the Great, Russian circular to, 249, Appendix I.

Price, Major, _cited_ 161 _note_, _passim_.

Pskov, 230.

Rabī` ibn Ziyād el-Hārithī, 39.

Rāfi` ibn Harthama, appointed governor of Khorāsān, 105;
peace between Nasr and Isma`īl, obtained by, 107;
murder of, 110.

Rāfi` ibn Layth, 96.

Rahīm Bi, 199, 202, 384 _note_.

Railways (_see under Russia_).

Rāmtīna, conquered by Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, 39.

Rapson, _cited_ 16 _note_.

Rāvandis, the, 92.

Raverty, _cited_ 120 _note_.

Riazan, Russian principality, 234.

_Risālachi_, public entertainers, 401.

Romanovski, General, General Chernaieff superseded by, 251;
battle of Irjai, 252.

=Romans=, struggle with Mithridates, 13;
Kushan Empire recognised by, 19;
Shāpūr I. at war with, 23;
war with Bahrām Gūr, and truce, 24;
rupture between Pīrūz and Ephthalites attributed to, 26;
hostilities with Kobād, 28;
war with Hormuz IV., 31, 32;
alliance between Turks and Persians regarded with apprehension
by, 31;
defeated by Arabs, 37;
first Turkish invasion of Rome, 131.

Roxana, 8.

=Russia=--ethnological origin of Russians, 225;
influence of physical surroundings, 227;
growth of cities, 227;
origin of serfs, 228;
origin, customs, and territory of Slavs, 225, 226;
growth of princely rule, 228–31;
introduction of Christianity and influence of priests upon
government, 229;
feudalism introduced from Germany, 231;
Mongol invasion and results, 233–34;
Mongolian yoke thrown off by Vassili the Great, 235;
growth of Moscow, 234;
Cossack invasion of Siberia, 238–39;
=Khiva=, Bekovitch expedition, 240–42;
Perofski expedition, 244;
treaty, 245;
conquest, 257–59;
=Kokand=, invasion of, 245;
Tashkent taken, 247–49;
action with Khān of Bokhārā, 250;
annexation, 259–61;
=Bokhārā=, mission to, 217;
conquest, 250–57;
general description, 357–85;
=Samarkand=, annexation, 255;
general description, 386–407;
=Turkomania=, conquest of, 285–97;
battle of Geok Teppe, 292–97;
Merv acquired, 298;
administration in Transcaspia, 325–39;
=Afghanistān=, joint commission with England to demarcate northern
boundary, 301;
skirmish with Afghans, 302;
result of deliberations, 303;
commission to demarcate English and Russian influence on
Pamirs, 303–5;
condition of roads in Central Asia, 345;
methods of dealing with Orientals compared with English, 410–15;
desirability of union with England, 414–16;
=Railways=, used by military transport between Caspian and Amū
Daryā, 289;
overland route to India, 317–19;
Transcaspian Railway, construction, 307–13;
branch lines, 261, 316–17;
importance of and effect on Central Asian commerce, 313–15;
journey described, 341, 349, 357, 386.

Sabuktagin, 113, 117, 118.

Sacæ (_see Scythians, Sakas_).

_Sadr-i-sharī`at_, influence of, in towns of Transoxiana, 163.

Sāghir Beg, 122.

Sa`īd ibn `Abd ul-`Azīz, 70.

Sa`īd ibn `Amr el-Harashī, 71.

Sa`īd ibn `Othmān, 40.

Sālih ibn Nasr, 103.

Salm ibn Ziyād, 41.

Salors, the, territory of, 266, 268;
settlement at Zarābād, 270.

Sāmān, 101.

Sāmānides, the, 109–18;
Transoxiana wrested from, and territory subsequently owned by, 119.

=Samarkand= (Marcanda)--besieged by Spitamenes and relieved, 7–8;
stormed by Sa`īd ibn `Othmān, 40, 41;
taken by Harthama, 98;
besieged and taken by Chingiz, 159;
taken by Khān of Jatah, 169;
improvement under Tīmūr, 171;
capital transferred to, 166;
throne seized by Khalīl Sultan, 174;
plundered by Uzbegs, 176;
beautifying of, 176, 178;
fall of Tīmūr’s dynasty and accession of Mohammad Khān
Shaybāni, 179;
captured by Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, 184;
sub-dynasty abolished, 191;
surrender to Russians, 254;
citadel defended against Sarts, 255;
incorporated with Turkestān, 255;
railways from Merv, 310–13;
to Tashkent, 316;
height above sea, 388;
the Rīgistān, 391;
mosques and tombs, 391–95;
Urda, 395;
Russian quarter, 396;
mineral wealth, 398;
trade and industries, 398–401;
professional story-tellers and legends, 401–3;
administration, 404–7;
summary of history, 389;
dialect, 180.

Sanjar, Sultan, parentage, 133 _note_;
governor of Khorāsān, 134;
Mahmūd succeeded by, 135;
revolt of Atsiz, 138–40;
defeat of Kara-Khitāys, 139;
by Turkomans, 266;
irrigation of Merv, work of, 206;
fall and death, 140–42;
tomb, 354.

Sarakhs, 269.

Sardār, definition, 274 _note_.

Sārikhs, the, 268.

Saripul, established by Alexander, 8.

Sarkār, definition, 333 _note_.

Sarts, definition, 245 _note_, 364.

Sāsānides, the, 22–33;
death of Yezdijerd, 37.

Satuk Boghrā Khān, 119.

Saura ibn el-Hurr, 73.

Saxaul (_haloxylon ammodendron_), 263.

Sayyid `Abdul Ahad, 384.

Sayyid el-Harashī, 94.

Sayyid Haydar Tūra, 208–10, 384 _note_.

Sayyid Mīr `Alīm, 384.

Sayyid Muzaffar ud-Dīn, 219;
expedition against and submission to Russia, 250–56.

Schefer, Ed., _cited_ 50 _note_, _passim_.

Schuyler, _cited_ 254 _note_.

=Scythians=--Arsaces (_see that title_), defeated by Alexander, 8;
Thogari, the, 13;
=Sakas=, Phraates slain by, 12;
portion of Bactria wrested from, 13;
settlement in Hexapolis, 15;
expulsion from Soghdiana and subsequent fate, 16, 17;
settlement in Bactria and subsequent expulsion, 18;
driven from Kiphin by Kushans, 19.

Sé (_see Scythians, Sakas_).

_Sefīd-Jāmegān_, followers of Mokanna`, 94.

Seljūks, the, districts invaded by, 124;
origin of, and founders, 125;
Mahmūd’s expedition against, 126;
rise of, 127;
treaty with Ibrāhīm;
Khwārazm conquered, 136;
division into various branches, and downfall of authority, 144, 146;
various rules (_see their names_).

Seleucus I. (Nicator), 10.

Semirechensk, extent of, 253.

Serikūl, settlement of Sakas in, 17.

Shāba, 31.

Shaburgān, 8.

Shād Mulkh, 174.

Shāh Isma`īl, the Safavī, 185, 186.

Shāh Kator, 20.

Shāh Mahmūd Sultan, 145.

Shāh Murād (Ma´sūm), 205–8, 384 _note_.

Shāh Rukh, 174–76, 180.

Shāhī Beg (Mohammad Shaybānī), 184.

Shahrisabz, `Abdullah (son of Amīr Kazghan) defeated at, 166;
attacked by Nasrullah, 214;
conquered, 219;
revolt, 220;
subdued by General Abramoff, 256.

Shāpūr (brother of Ardashīr), 22.

Shāpūr I., 23.

Shāpūr, conquest of, ascribed to Shāpūr I., 23.

Shāsh, king of, 61.

Shaybānī Khān (Shāhī Beg), 184;
Shaybānides (_see Uzbegs_).

Shaykh Nūr-ed-Dīn, revolt against Khalīl Sultan, 175.

Shen-Yü, title borne by Juen-Juen chiefs, 21 _note_.

Shi`ites, origin of, 81;
revolt in Khorāsān, 91;
in Daylam, 95;
Ma´mūn, Shāh Isma`īl, etc. (_see those titles_).

Shugnān, Sakas established in, 17.

Shukovski, Prof., _cited_ 141 _note_.

Sibir captured, 239.

Sīhūn (_see Sir Daryā_).

Sinbad, 90.

Sir Daryā, northern boundary of Turkestān, 3;
chain of Russian forts on, 245.

Sīstān (Drangiana), occupied by Sakas, 18;
Pīrūz made governor, 25;
Arab expedition, 38;
conquered by Shāh Rukh, 174.

Siyāwush, 115 _note_.

Skobeleff, Michael Dmitriavitch, governor of Kokand, 260;
Russian policy in Central Asia, 339 _note_;
anecdote, 344, _note_;
exploits, 288.

Smolensk, 230.

Soghd, assistance rendered to Bokhārā, 42;
war with Kutayba, and treaty, 51, 54;
revolt against chief, 60;
captured by Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, 184.

=Soghdiana=--annexation by Cyrus I., 4;
revolt against Alexander, 7;
subdued by Alexander, 9;
loss of Grecian power in, 18;
expulsion of Sakas by Yué-Chi, and re-occupation, 16, 17, 18;
revolt in, and invasion by Kutayba, 60;
retreats of Asad, 72.

Spitamenes, Bessus betrayed by, 6;
rebellion against Alexander the Great, 7–8;
death, 9.

Stadium, definition, 7 _note_.

Stasanor, 10.

Stewart, Colonel C., _cited_ 315 _note_.

Stoddart, Colonel, mission to Bokhārā, and death, 217–18.

Stolietoff, General, Krasnovodsk founded by, 262.

Strabo, _cited_ 13 _note_.

Strogonoff, 238.

Stumm, Hugo, _cited_ 238, 244 _notes_, _passim_.

Stylites, Joseph, _cited_ 26.

Su (_see Scythians, Sakas_).

_Sū_, definition, 332.

Subhān Kulī Khān, 196, 197, 198.

Sukhrā (Zermihr), 26.

Sulaymān Shāh (governor of Khwārazm), 138.

Sulaymān (son of `Abd ul-Melik), accession to Caliphate, 61;
Kutayba’s letters to, 61;
death, 64.

Sultan `Ali, 178.

Sultan Girāy, 183.

Sultan Hamza, 186.

Sultan Husayn Baykara (Husayn Mīrzā), 184.

Sultan Jānībeg (_see Jānībeg_).

Sultan Khalīl, 173–76.

Sultan Mohammad Khwārazm Shāh, 145 _note_.

Sultan Shāh Mahmūd, 145.

Suyunjik, 189.

Suzdal, 234.

Syria, conquered by Arabs, 37.

Tabari, _cited_ 25 _note_, _passim_.

Tabaristān, 67, 68.

Tāhir ibn `Amr, 111.

Tāhirides, the, Tāhir, 99, 100;
Talha and `Abdullah, 100;
Tāhir II., 103;
defeated by Ya`kūb, 105;
length of rule, 102;
Persian literary language in time of, 180.

Taigir, Ye-liu Ta-shi, also known as, 137.

T’ai-tsu (Apaoki), 137 _note_.

Tāi Yāng, Khān, 155.

Tājiki dialect, 181.

Tājiks, the, origin and characteristics, 364;
Iranian branch of Aryans represented by, 3.

Talha, 100, 101.

Tālikān, battle at, 57.

Tanaïs (Don), Sir Daryā, mistaken for, by Alexander the Great, 7.

Tanap, definition, 362 _note_.

Tandar, 47.

Tanga, value of, 212 _note_.

_Tarikh-i-Rashidi_, _cited_ 116, 119, _passim_.

Tashkent, siege and storming of, by Colonel Chernaieff, 247, 248;
made capital of Turkestān, 249;
railway to, 316.

Tatatungo, 155.

Tchinghiz (_see Chingiz_).

Tea, importation of, to Bokhārā, 372;
Chāy Kabūd, 401.

Tekish, 145–47.

Tekkes (_see Turkomans_).

Temūchin (_see Chingiz_).

Thogari, the, 13.

Thomson, E. C. Ringler, _cited_ 324 _note_.

Tīmūr Leng (Tamerlane), 168–72;
conquests, 235;
brilliancy of age, 179–82;
fall of dynasty, 179.

Tīmūr Shāh Oghlān, 166.

Tiridates, 12.

Tiu-ping, 30.

Tobolsk, building of, 239.

Toghān Khān, 119.

Toghrul Beg, parentage, 125;
Mas`ūd defeated by, 127;
conquests and death, 129–30.

Toghrul, Khān of the Keraits, 153.

Toghrul III., overthrown by Tekish, 146.

Tokhāristān, Yué-Chi settlement in, 18;
Persians masters of, 30;
occupied by Al-Hakam, 39;
incorporated with Transoxiana, 192.

Tokhtamish Khān, 171, 183 _note_, 235.

=Transcaspia=--boundaries and physical features, 321;
productions and industries, 322;
administration, 325;
taxation, 336;
transport, 337;
irrigation methods, 331–34;
education, 335;
drunkenness, 329;
statistics of crime, 327–28;
epidemics, 330;
Turkomans (_see that title_).

=Transoxiana=--Yué-Chi powerful in, 17;
Ephthalites in, 21;
tribes defeated by Bahrām Gūr, 24;
Turks masters of, 30;
suggested conquest by Anūshirawān, 30 _note_;
Kutayba’s expeditions to, 47–55;
Turks driven out, 75;
revolt of Nīzek, 56;
reduced by `Omāra ibn Horaym, 73;
Rāfi` master of, 97;
governorship held by Sāmānides, 105–13;
fall of Sāmānides, 119;
Melik Shāh master of, 132;
Kara-Khitāys in possession of, 137, 139;
inherited by Chaghatāy, 160;
Amīr Kazghan master of, 166;
Bayān Seldūz and Hāji Birlās rulers of, 167;
invaded by Khān of Jatah, 167, 169;
Sultan Khalīl in possession of, 174;
Ulugh Beg governor of, 175;
invasion by `Abd ul-Latīf, 177;
Abū Sa`īd master of, 177;
condition under Sultan Ahmad, 178;
Uzbeg rule in, 184–92;
Bāber master of, 186;
Tokhāristān and Badakshān incorporated with, 192;
Astrakhan dynasty in, 192–203;
dialect in, 180 (_see also Bokhārā, Samarkand, etc._).

Tsin Chi Hwang-ti, 14.

Tufghāj, the, 121.

Tūghluk Tīmūr Khān, 167.

Tūkā Tīmūr, 183 _note_.

Tu-kiué, 29.

Tukta, 155.

Tūlī, 158.

Tulun, 21.

Tumen, 29.

Tung-nu (Eastern Tartars), war with Hiung-nu, 15;
Yué-Chi (_see that title_).

Turkān, Queen, 142–45.

=Turkestān=--boundaries and earliest references, 3;
Turkish migration to, 124;
conquered by Ye-liu Ta-shi, 137;
social conditions under successors of Chaghatāy, 162;
partly overrun by Abū-l-Khayr, 184;
attacked by Kokandis, 248;
made frontier district, 249;
governor-general appointed to, 253;
Samarkand incorporated with, 255;
Kokand incorporated, 260;
dialect, 180.

Turkī dialect, 180.

=Turkomans=--derivation, 266;
branch of Western Turks, 124, 265;
migration, 265;
various tribes, 266–68;
government of, 272;
growth of hereditary principle, 273;
raids, 274–76;
slavery, 276;
horses of, 276;
appearance and dress, 279;
characteristics, 280;
weaving, 282;
extent and physical features of territory, 262–65;
defeat by Uzbegs, 188;
conflicts with Persia, 267–68, 269–70, 272;
conflict with Khiva, 269;
Merv occupied by, 269–72;
=Russian conquest=, war of extermination by General Kauffman, 284;
expedition of Lomakin, 286–87;
of Skobeleff, 289–99;
battle of Geok Teppe, 291–97;
Transcaspia (_see that title_).

=Turks=--divisions of, 29, 123;
migrations, 124, 129;
relations with Persians, 30–32;
defeated by Rabī` ibn Ziyād, 39;
Islām embraced by Turks in Balāsāghūn, 120;
Kirghiz, Turkomans, Uzbegs, etc. (_see those titles_).

Tver, 234.

`Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, 39.

`Ubaydullah (son of Subhān Kulī Khān), 199.

`Ubaydullah, Sultan, 186, 189, 190, 191 _note_.

Uīghūrs (Kara-Khānides), 114–22;
first mention of name, 116;
Sakas intermixed with, 17;
urban life, 163.

Ujfalvy, _cited_ 17 _note_, _passim_.

Ulugh Beg, governor of Transoxiana, 175;
proclaimed emperor, 176;
murdered by son, 177;
arithmetician and astronomer, 180.

Umayya ibn `Abdullah ibn Khālid, 43.

Umayyads, the, various Caliphs (_see their titles_);
descent of Umayya traced, 80;
origin of dispute with `Abbāsids, 80;
downfall, 85.

Urdu Bālik, 115.

Ustādsīs, 93.

Usuns, territory of, 15.

Uzbegī dialect, 180.

Uzbegs, the, 183–93;
Kazaks, 183;
characteristics, 365;
Samarkand plundered by, 176;
mastery gained over Sultan Ahmad, 178;
Mangit dynasty, 204–21, 365.

Valerian, Emperor, captured by Shāpūr I., 23.

Vāli Mahammad, 195.

Vambéry, _cited_ 39 _note_, _passim_.

Vardān, battle of, 52–54.

Vardān-Khudāt, the, king of Bokhārā, 51, 52.

Varkā, 49 _note_.

Vassili I., 236.

Vassili III., 236.

Vassilief, Prof., _cited_ 149 _note_.

“Veiled Prophet of Khorāsān” (Mokanna`), 94.

Veliaminof-Zernof, M., _cited_ 183, 185 _seq._

Veneti, plains of Eastern Europe invaded by, 225.

Vine cultivation in Samarkand, 399–401.

Vladimir, building of, 231.

Vladimir of Novogorod, 229.

Von Hammer, J., _cited_ 133 _note_.

Von Struve, Colonel, 251 _note_.

Wakī`, 67.

Weaving, tradition concerning, 399.

Weil, _quo._ 87 _note_, _passim_.

Wei-wu-rh, Kara-Khānides known to Chinese as, 116.

Welīd, Caliph, 46, 61.

Wends, the, 225.

Wheeled traffic on Persian roads, 27 _note_.

White Horde, the, 182.

White Huns (_see Ephthalites_).

Wolff, _cited_ 170 _note_, _passim_.

Wu-ti, Emperor, alliance with Yué-Chi, 17.

Yādgār Mīrzā, 177.

Yahya, Amīr of Shāsh, 101.

Ya`kūb ibn Layth, 103–5.

Yamuds, the, 268.

Yani Kurgān, conquered by Russians, 252.

Yār Mohammad Khān, 194.

Yarkand, occupied by Great Yué-Chi, 16;
conquered by Ye-liu Ta-shi, 137;
dialect of, 180.

Yarkand Daryā, Sakas driven to upper valleys of, 17.

Yaroslav the Wise, 230.

_Yatīmatu ’d-Dahr_, _cited_ 111 _note_.

Ye-liu Ta-shi, 137, 138.

Yemenites, war with Modharites, 78.

Yenekale, Straits of (Caucasian Bosphorus), 13.

Yetha (_see Ephthalites_).

Yezdijerd II., 25.

Yezdijerd III., 37.

Yezīd ibn Mazyad, 94.

Yezīd ibn Merwān, 41, 42.

Yezīd ibn Muhallab, 44, 63, 64–70.

Yezīd II., 69–71.

Yissugāy, 150, 152.

Y-li, 139 _note_.

=Yué-Chi=--extent of empire, 15;
divisions of, 16;
alliance with China, 17;
Bactria in possession of, 18, 19;
encounters with Parthians, 19;
Kushan clan, sovereignty of, recognised, 19, 20;
founder of Little Yué-Chi, 20;
fall of, 20.

Yule, Colonel, _cited_ 19 _note_.

Yūsuf, Alp Arslān killed by, 131 _note_.

Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm (El-Barm), 94.

Zāb, battle of the, 84.

_Zafar-Nāmé_, Life of Tamerlane, two works of that name, 168 _note_.

Zahīr ud-Dīn Bāber, 179, 180;
war with Uzbegs, 184, 186, 187.

Zarafshān, Bokhārā watered by, 360;
cultivation of cotton on banks of, 386.

Zariaspa, identification of, 8.

Zelenoi, General, 301.

Zermihr (Sukhrā), 26, 27.

Zernof, Veliaminof, M., _cited_ 183, 185 _notes_.

Zingis (_see Chingiz_).

Ziyād (brother of Caliph Mo`awiya), 38, 39.

Ziyād, governor of Samarkand, 85, 86.

Zoroastrianism, toleration of, provided in truce between Rome and
Bahrām Gūr, 24;
supplanted by Islām, 45;
revolt of Sinbad, 90.

Zotenberg’s translation of Tabari, _cited_ 67 _notes_, _passim_.

Zulkarnayn, or Two Horned, title of Alexander, 9.

Zungaria, Sakas driven to, 16.

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. Due to the large number of transliterated/accented words, no attempt was made to check spelling in this eBook.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained; occurrences of inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed.

Italic text is enclosed in _underscores_, boldface in =equals signs=.

Transcriber has attempted to show macrons, `ayns, and hamzas as they were printed in the source book, using the accent grave (`) to represent `ayn, and the accent acute (´) to represent hamza. However: as with English words, when there was a predominant transliterated spelling, with or without such marks, variants were changed to match them. All-caps words, such as the ones in headings and illustration captions, generally were unmarked in the source book, but are shown here with the marks.

Frequent occurrences of variants of some words were retained here, including:

`Othmān, `Othman;
`Irāk, Irāk;
Islām, Islam;
Bokhara, Bokhāra, Bokhārā.

Illustrations have been moved to fall between paragraphs, so the page numbers in the List of Illustration do not always correspond to the positions in this eBook. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the links lead directly to the correct illustrations.

Footnotes originally began on the same pages as the text that referred to them. In this eBook, the footnotes have been collected together, renumbered sequentially, and moved to just precede the Index.

Index not systematically checked for proper alphabetization, correct page references, or spelling that matched the referenced text. When spelling differences were found between Index entries and the referenced text, the Index was changed to match the text.

Index referenced footnotes by the page numbers on which they appeared. The footnotes have been moved to the end of this eBook, but those references still are to their original pages.

Page 48: Unmatched opening quotation mark before “the efforts”.

Page 102 (footnote): “Abdullāh” was printed that way; all other occurrences in the book were printed as “`Abdullah”.

Page 124: “Leignitz” was printed that way in the text and the Index.

Page 131: Date errors. The Christian year “1063” was converted incorrectly: it should be 1073. Later in the same paragraph, the A.H. date “446” is a typographical error for “466”.

Page 193: The Geneaolgy chart originally appeared on page 190, but was moved to the end of the chapter so that it would not interrupt the flow of the narrative. Consequently, all Index references to page 190 will be found at the bottom of page 193.

Page 215: “western frontier” may be a misprint for “eastern frontier”.

Page 371: “bibliophils” was printed that way.