Chapter I: Front Matter

LAND AND PEOPLE 43

The land of Italy, 44. Early population of Italy, 48.
Beginnings of Rome and the primitive Roman commonwealth, 51.

CHAPTER II

EARLY LEGENDS OF ROME--ÆNEAS AND ROMULUS (_ca._ 753-716 B.C.) 58

The Æneas legend, 59. The Ascanius legend, 60. The legend of
Romulus and Remus, 61. The rape of the Sabines, 63. A critical
study of the legends, 66. Explanation of the Æneas legend, 69.
The Romulus legend examined, 70.

CHAPTER III

LEGENDARY HISTORY OF THE KINGS (_ca._ 716-510 B.C.) 75

Numa Pompilius, 75. Tullus Hostilius, 76. The combat of the
Horatii and the Curiatii, 77. Ancus Marcius, 79. L. Tarquinius
Priscus, 80. Servius Tullius, 82. Lucius Tarquinius the Tyrant,
83.

CHAPTER IV

THE BANISHMENT OF THE KINGS--CRITICISMS OF MONARCHIAL HISTORY
(_ca._ 510 B.C.) 85

Tarquinius consults the oracle, 85. The rape of Lucretia,
86. Niebuhr on the story of Lucretia, 87. The banishment of
Tarquinius, 88. Porsenna’s war upon the Romans; the story of
Horatius at the bridge, as told by Dionysius, 90. Caius Mucius
and King Porsenna, 92. Battle of Lake Regillus, 93. The myths
of the Roman kings critically examined, 95. The historical
value of the myths, 100.

CHAPTER V

CIVILISATION OF THE REGAL PERIOD (_ca._ 753-510 B.C.) 103

Organisation of the state, 103. The status of the monarchy,
105. Religion, 107. Constitution, 107. The organisation of the
army, 111. Classes of foot soldiers, 112. Popular institutions,
113. The wealth of the Romans and its sources, 115. Roman
education, 117. Morals and politics of the age, 118. The fine
arts, 119.

CHAPTER VI

THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE REPUBLIC (510-391 B.C.) 121

Plebeians and patricians, 123. Spurius Cassius and the first
Agrarian Law, 129. The institution of the decemvirate, 131.
The story of Virginia told by Dionysius, 132. Fall of the
decemvirate, 138. The Canuleian Law, 140. External wars, 142.
Legends of the Volscian and Æquian wars, 145. Coriolanus and
the Volscians, 145. Critical examination of the story of
Coriolanus, 148. Cincinnatus and the Æquians, 149. Critical
examination of the story of Cincinnatus, 151. The Fabian Gens
and the Veientines, 152.

CHAPTER VII

THE INVASION OF THE GAULS AND ITS SEQUEL (391-351 B.C.) 154

The Gauls, 155. Livy’s account of the Gauls in Rome, 156. Other
accounts of the departure of the Gauls, 165. Niebuhr on the
conduct of the Romans, 166. Sequel of the Gallic War, 167. The
Licinian rogations, 170. Equalisation of the two orders, 172.
External affairs, 175.

CHAPTER VIII

THE CONQUEST OF CENTRAL ITALY (423-280 B.C.) 178

The Samnites, 178. The First Samnite War, 180. The Latin
War, 183. The Second Samnite War, 186. The Third Samnite and
Etruscan wars, 194. Lucanian, Gallic, and Etruscan wars, 199.

CHAPTER IX

THE COMPLETION OF THE ITALIAN CONQUEST (281-265 B.C.) 201

Pyrrhus in Italy, 203. The final reduction of Italy, 209.
Government of the acquired territory, 210. Prefectures;
municipalities, 211. Colonies; free and confederate states, 212.

CHAPTER X

THE FIRST PUNIC WAR (326-218 B.C.) 215

Causes of the First Punic War, 217. The war begins, 219. First
period, 219. Second period, 221. Polybius’ account of Roman
affairs, 224. Third period, 230. Events between the First and
Second Punic wars, 233. Hamilcar and Hannibal, 237.

CHAPTER XI

FIRST HALF OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR (218-211 B.C.) 241

First period, 241. Polybius’ account of the crossing of the
Alps, 244. Hannibal in Italy, 249. Second period, 260.

CHAPTER XII

CLOSE OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR (210-202 B.C.) 269

Third period, 269. The death of Hasdrubal described by
Polybius, 276. Rejoicing at Rome; Nero’s inhumanity and
triumph, 277. The fourth and last period of the war, 278.
The character of Scipio, 278. Scipio in Spain, 279. Scipio
returns to Rome, 283. Scipio invades Africa, 284. The battle of
Zama described by Polybius, 287. Terms dictated to Carthage;
Scipio’s triumph, 292. An estimate of Hannibal, 294.

CHAPTER XIII

THE MACEDONIAN AND SYRIAC WARS AND THE THIRD PUNIC WAR
(200-131 B.C.) 296

The Macedonian War; war with Antiochus III, 296. Affairs of
Carthage, 304. Outbreak of the Third Punic War, 305. Appian’s
account of the destruction of Carthage, 310. The oration of
Hasdrubal’s wife; Scipio’s moralising, 312. Plundering the
city, 313. Sacrifices and the triumph, 314. The Achæan War,
314. Spanish wars: fall of Numantia, 317. Florus on the fall of
Numantia, 321. First Slave War in Sicily, 322. The war against
the slaves, 325.

CHAPTER XIV

CIVILISATION AT THE END OF THE PERIOD OF CONQUEST 327

Organisation of the government, 327. The army, 329. Polybius
on Greek and Roman battle-orders, 329. The senate, 332. The
centuriate assembly, 334. The assembly of the tribes, 334.
Justice, 337. Provincial government, 337. Taxation, 338.
Social conditions: the aristocracy and the people, 340. Slaves
and freemen, 343. The Roman family: women and marriage, 346.
Religion, 350. Treatment of other nations, 355. The fine arts,
355. Literature, 358.

CHAPTER XV

THE GRACCHI AND THEIR REFORMS (137-121 B.C.) 359

Tiberius Gracchus, 359. Return and death of Scipio the Younger,
366. Caius Gracchus and his times, 371.

CHAPTER XVI

THE JUGURTHINE AND OTHER WARS (123-101 B.C.) 381

The Jugurthine War, 383. Sallust’s account of Jugurtha at Rome,
385. A war of bribery, 387. Metellus in command, 388. Marius
appears as commander, 389. Plutarch on Jugurtha’s death, 391.
The Cimbrians and the Teutons, 392. The Second Slave War, 399.

CHAPTER XVII

THE BEGINNING OF CIVIL STRIFE (102-88 B.C.) 401

The sixth consulate of Marius, 402. Claims of the Latins and
Italians to the civitas, 405. The Social War, 413. Marius
assumes the command, 415.

CHAPTER XVIII

MARIUS AND SULLA (92-82 B.C.) 420

The First Mithridatic War, 421. The First Civil War, 422.
Ihne’s estimate of Marius, 431. Sulla in Greece, 432.
The return of Sulla; and the Second Civil War, 434. The
proscriptions, 438.

CHAPTER XIX

THE DICTATORSHIP OF SULLA (81-79 B.C.) 442

Sulla’s legislation, 446. Abdication of Sulla, 446. Rome’s debt
to Sulla, 448. The Roman provinces, 450. The career of Verres,
454.

CHAPTER XX

THE RISE OF POMPEY (78-61 B.C.) 457

Lepidus and Sertorius, 457. The war of the Gladiators, 460.
The consulship of Pompey and Crassus, 461. Pompey subdues the
Cilician pirates, 464. The Second and Third Mithridatic wars,
467. The Armenian War, 469. The end of Mithridates, 473. Pompey
in Jerusalem, 474.

CHAPTER XXI

THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE (67-61 B.C.) 475

Marcus Porcius Cato, 475. Caius Julius Cæsar, 477. L. Sergius
Catilina and his times, 480. The conspiracy, 483. Cæsar and the
conspiracy, 488. The rise of Julius Cæsar, 494. The return of
Pompey, 497.

CHAPTER XXII

CÆSAR AND POMPEY (60-50 B.C.) 501

The first triumvirate, 501. Clodius exiles Cicero, 504. The
recall of Cicero, 506. Second consulate of Pompey and Crassus,
508. The Parthian War of Crassus, 509. Anarchy at Rome, 511.
Pompey sole consul, 513. The Gallic wars, 514. The battle
with the Nervii, 516. The sea fight with the Veneti, 520. The
massacre of the Germans, 522. The Roman army meets the Britons,
523.

CHAPTER XXIII

CÆSAR AT WAR AGAINST POMPEY (60-48 B.C.) 528

The war between Cæsar and Pompey, 529. Cæsar crosses the
Rubicon, 532. Cæsar’s serious position, 534. Cæsar lord from
Rome to Spain, 535. Cæsar in Greece, 536. Appian describes the
battle of Dyrrhachium, 537. Pharsalia, 541.

CHAPTER XXIV

FROM PHARSALIA TO THE DEATH OF CATO (48-46 B.C.) 544

Cæsar in Egypt, 544. The war with Pharnaces, 551. Cæsar returns
to Rome, 552. The African War, 554. Sallust’s comparison of
Cæsar and Cato, 558.

CHAPTER XXV

THE CLOSING SCENES OF CÆSAR’S LIFE (46-44 B.C.) 560

The end of the African war, 560. The return to Rome, 562.
Cæsar’s triumphs, 563. The last campaign, 566. The last
triumph, 569. Cæsar’s reforms, 572. Cæsar’s life in Rome, 575.
Events leading to the conspiracy, 578. The conspiracy, 579. The
assassination, 581. Appian’s account of Cæsar’s last days, 583.

CHAPTER XXVI

THE PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER OF CÆSAR 588

Appian compares Cæsar with Alexander, 599. Mommsen’s estimate
of Cæsar’s character, 602. Mommsen’s estimate of Cæsar’s work,
607.

CHAPTER XXVII

THE LAST DAYS OF THE REPUBLIC (44-29 B.C.) 609

Cæsar’s will and funeral, 610. The acts of the young Octavius,
611. The proscription, 617. Death of Cicero, 619. Brutus and
Cassius, 621. Philippi, 622. Antony and Cleopatra, 624. Antony
meets with reverses, 625. Octavian against Antony; the battle
of Actium, 630. Death of Antony and Cleopatra, 631. An estimate
of the personality of Antony, 633.

CHAPTER XXVIII

THE STATE OF ROME AT THE END OF THE REPUBLIC 637

A retrospective view of the republican constitution, 637.
Literature, 643. The drama, 645. Poetry, 647. The fine arts,
651. Social conditions; religion, 652.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 655