Chapter XLIII: Appendix: I

ON AUTHORITIES.

For the sake of convenience an attempt is made to classify the authorities used in writing this volume under different heads; the plan adopted is unscientific, and books noted under one head belong partly to others, but it has, perhaps, the one merit of clearness. The editions quoted here are those which have been used.

(1) General histories of England for the period 1760-1801:--LECKY, _History of England in the 18th Century_, 8 vols., 1879-90, from which much help has been obtained. It is a work to which every historian of the period must be deeply indebted, and though faults may be found with its plan, it holds a high place among our histories for learning, moderation, and philosophical treatment. The history of England is carried down to the outbreak of the war in 1793, that of Ireland to the Union. ADOLPHUS, _History of England from the Accession of George III._, 8 vols., 1840-45, a laborious and impartial record of events, viewed from a conservative standpoint. MASSEY, _History of England_, 4 vols., 1855-63, ends 1803, chiefly treating of home affairs; neither animated nor philosophic, written from a liberal point of view, unduly severe to the king, but deriving some value from the author's legal and parliamentary experience. Lord STANHOPE, _History_, 7 vols., edit. 1853, vols. iv.-vii., ends 1783, trustworthy, dull, and whiggish. To these must be added Sir T. E. MAY (Lord Farnborough), _Constitutional History of England from 1760 to 1860_, 3 vols., 5th edit., 1875.

(2) The chief manuscript sources consulted:--The great collection of the _Duke of Newcastle's Papers_ in Add. MSS., British Museum, extremely important down to 1767, specially with reference to ministerial intrigues, the old whig methods of government, the negotiations with France in 1761-62, and the growth of the cabinet system. The _Pitt Papers_, a mass of letters addressed to Pitt (Earl of Chatham) and William Pitt, and some to Lady Chatham, together with various political memoranda. These papers have been sorted into different bundles, to which the numbers given in my footnotes refer, and a manuscript index of them has been made by Mrs. Lomas of the Record Office, where they are at present deposited by their owner. They have been used in the preparation of the _Chatham Correspondence_, and by Lord Stanhope, but the field is large and may be gleaned with profit. _Foreign Office Correspondence_ (despatches of ambassadors, etc.). With respect to these, the kind and efficient help given me by Mr. Hubert Hall, of the Record Office, is gratefully acknowledged.

(3) Akin to these sources are various publications of the Historical Manuscripts Commission. Among these special reference should be made to the Reports on Mr. Fortescue's _Dropmore MSS._, 3 vols., containing the papers of Lord Grenville, of the highest interest and importance, specially from 1793; the Duke of Rutland's _Belvoir MSS._, 3 vols., with _inter alia_ the fourth Duke of Rutland's correspondence while lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1784-87; the _Charlemont MSS._, also essential for Irish history; _Lord Dartmouth's MSS._, vol. 2, American Papers to 1776, and Mrs. _Stopford-Sackville's MSS._, and Sir _E. Strachey's MSS._, both throwing much light on the conduct of the war with America.

(4) Of pre-eminent importance is the _Parliamentary History_, xv.-xxxv., and its complement, Sir HENRY CAVENDISH's _Debates of the House of Commons_ during the parliament of 1768, 2 vols., edit. by Wright, 1841, begins May, 1768, and ends March, 1771. It is much to be wished that the remainder of these valuable reports should be published from the manuscript in the British Museum. Dodsley's _Annual Register_ has historical chapters written by Burke, perhaps to 1778, and chapters in many later volumes probably written under his supervision; they are of course generally excellent. The volumes for the later years of our period contain many useful state papers. Burke's speeches, pamphlets, and letters, of which the edition used here is his _Works and Correspondence_, 8 vols., 1852. For his life see PRIOR, _Life of Burke_, 2 vols., 5th edit. (Bohn's Lib.), 1854, Mr. J. MORLEY, _Burke_, a historical study, 1867, and _Burke_ (Engl. Men of Letters Series), 1879.

[Sidenote: _MEMOIRS AND CORRESPONDENCE._]

(5) Political and other memoirs and printed correspondence:--H. WALPOLE (Lord Orford), _Letters_, edited by Cunningham, 9 vols., 1880, the letters in vols. i. and ii. are of earlier dates than 1760. A more complete edition, in 16 vols., by Mrs. P. TOYNBEE, is in course of publication by the Clarendon Press. WALPOLE'S _Memoirs of the Reign of George III._, 1760-72, edited by Mr. Russell Barker, 4 vols., 1894, and his _Journals of the Reign_, 1771-83, edited by Doran, 2 vols., 1859. These works are of considerable historical value, but Walpole was not a politician; he was a whig for personal reasons rather than from conviction, and his sentiments were largely determined by filial prejudice and the interests of his friends; his views are generally superficial, and his judgments of persons biassed, sometimes contradictory, and often unjust. DODINGTON (Lord Melcombe), _Diary_, edited by Wyndham, 1785, ending with 1761. HARRIS, _Life of Lord Hardwicke_, 3 vols., 1847, useful to 1764, and with an account of the circumstances preceding C. Yorke's death in 1770, written by his brother. BISSET, _Memoirs of Sir Andrew Mitchell_, 2 vols., 1850. Mitchell was ambassador at Berlin in 1760 and later. The Memoirs are based on his correspondence (Add. MSS. British Museum and elsewhere), and throw light on the causes of Frederick's angry feelings towards the British government, and the negotiations for peace in 1762. _The Grenville Papers_, edited by W. J. Smith, 4 vols., 1852, consisting principally of the correspondence of Richard, Earl Temple, and his brother George, first lord of the treasury, 1763-65, together with George Grenville's diary of "memorable transactions" during his administration, which gives a full account of the relations between the king and his first minister. The Papers are of primary importance for the first eleven years of the reign. [ALMON,] _History of the Late Minority_, 1765, a clever account of the politics of the parliamentary opposition from 1761, attributed to Lord Temple, and written in his interest. _Correspondence of John, fourth Duke of Bedford_, 3 vols., 1846, well edited by Lord John (Earl) Russell, the last part of vol. ii. and vol. iii. cover from 1760 to 1770. The correspondence and extracts from the duke's diary afford a striking picture of the whig system of government by "connexion"; they have much on the negotiations for the Peace of Paris, the ministerial crises of 1763 and 1765, and the discord between the whigs which was fatal to their chance of effectually resisting the king's policy. The work is a necessary complement to the Grenville papers. _A Narrative of the Changes of Ministry, 1765-1767, told by the Duke of Newcastle_, edited by Miss M. Bateson for the Royal Hist. Soc. (Camden Series), 1898, from the Newcastle Papers (see sec. 2), giving an interesting account of the king's efforts to supply the place of the Grenville ministry, the difficulties both on the king's side and that of Pitt which kept Pitt out of office, the duke's discomfiture when the king put Pitt in power in July, 1766, and his attempt in 1767 to arrange a coalition between Grafton and the Rockingham party.

The lack of any sufficient biography of Chatham renders _The Chatham Correspondence_, 4 vols., 1840 (see sec. 2, _Pitt Papers_), well edited by Taylor and Captain Pringle, of peculiar importance; vols. ii.-iv. contain letters both from and to Chatham, which illustrate the whole of his career during our period. Pitt's political position and conduct, 1761-65, and specially his relations with Bute, are the subject of an interesting study, _William Pitt und Graf Bute_, by Dr. A. VON RUVILLE, Berlin, 1895. _William Pitt, Earl of Chatham_ (Heroes of the Nation Series), by Mr. W. D. GREEN, M.P., 1901, is good from 1760, so far as its limits allow. Earl of ALBEMARLE, _Memoirs of the Marquis of Rockingham_, 2 vols., 1852, an ill-arranged book, has letters of value, exhibits the policy of the Rockingham whigs, their differences with Pitt (Chatham), and their efforts for reform. _Autobiography and Political Correspondence of the Duke of Grafton_, 1898, edited by Sir WILLIAM ANSON, with an excellent introduction and useful footnotes, gives valuable notices of the first Rockingham ministry, the weakness of the administration formed under Chatham, the collapse of all ministerial vigour during his illness and when Grafton was nominally at the head of affairs, and the views of the whigs with regard to the constitution. _The Correspondence of George III. with Lord North_, 1768-83, 2 vols., 1867, edited by W. B. Donne, with copious notes and comments, shows the king's system of personal rule through his ministers in full working, the position held by North under it, and his unavailing attempts to resign office when forced to carry out a policy he disapproved, together with much that concerns the conduct of the war. Lord EDMOND FITZMAURICE, _Life of the Earl of Shelburne_ (Marquis of Lansdowne), 3 vols., 1875-76, based on papers at Lansdowne House and elsewhere, represents Shelburne's political conduct in as favourable a light as possible; the parts relating to the quarrel between Shelburne and H. Fox in vol. i., the negotiations in Paris in 1782 and 1783, and the quarrel with C. J. Fox, are perhaps specially useful, but the whole work down to 1784 is necessary and authoritative.

Lord STANHOPE, _Life of Pitt_, 4 vols., 2nd edit., 1862, founded on unpublished papers (see sec. 2, _Pitt Papers_); a good biography and a standard and indispensable work. With this should be read Lord ROSEBERY, _Pitt_ (Twelve English Statesmen Series), 1891, an admirable appreciation of Pitt's work and character. Lord JOHN (Earl) RUSSELL, _Memorials and Correspondence of C. J. Fox_, 4 vols., 1853, has many letters of importance, but is otiosely edited, and _Life of C. J. Fox_, 3 vols., 1859-67, more concerned with politics, which it treats from a strongly whig standpoint, than with biography. Sir G. O. TREVELYAN, _Early History of C. J. Fox_, 1880, written on the whig side, ends with 1774. _Court and Cabinets of George III._, edited by the Duke of Buckingham, 4 vols., 1853-55 (vol. i. begins at 1782, and 1801 is reached early in vol. iii.), contains the correspondence of the brothers Lord Temple (later Marquis of Buckingham), Thomas, and W. W. Grenville (later Lord Grenville); the letters of the last named are of much value; they are supplemented by the _Dropmore MSS._ (see sec. 2). _Diaries and Correspondence of the First Earl of Malmesbury_, 4 vols., 1844, edited by the third earl, chiefly concerned with the foreign relations of Great Britain; his despatches, letters, and journal while minister at St. Petersburg, 1770-80, at the Hague, 1784-88, at Berlin, 1793, and during his mission to Paris in 1796, and to Lille in 1797, are of first-rate importance. In vol. ii. are reports of two conferences with the Prince of Wales on the subject of his debts in 1785. Malmesbury (Sir James Harris) was one of the Portland whigs, joined in their secession, and was much trusted by Pitt. _Correspondence of Marquis Cornwallis_, 3 vols., 1859, well edited by C. Ross, has several letters relating to the war with America, an account of his interview with Frederick of Prussia in 1785, many despatches and letters written by him as governor-general of India, 1786-92, and a large mass of correspondence during his vice-royalty of Ireland, 1798-1801. _Journal and Correspondence of Lord Auckland_, 4 vols., 1861-62, edited feebly by Lord Auckland, Bishop of Bath and Wells. Auckland (Eden) was a personal friend of Pitt until 1801. His letters while ambassador at Paris, 1785-87; correspondence relating to the regency question, 1788; his letters from the Hague, 1792-93; some on the course of the war, and those referring to the recall of Fitzwilliam and to the catholic question in 1801, are to be noted. He was chief secretary for Ireland in 1780, and was closely allied with Beresford and the protestant ascendency party. _Political Memoranda of the Duke of Leeds_, edited by Mr. O. Browning for the Camden Soc., 1884, specially valuable for its account of the whig scheme for a coalition in 1792. Also edited by Mr. Browning, _Despatches of Earl Gower_, 1885. Gower was ambassador at Paris, 1790-92. Lady MINTO, _Life of Sir Gilbert Elliot, afterwards Lord Minto, to 1806_, 3 vols., 1874; vol. i. contains information as to the illness of the king and the regency question; vol. ii. as to the secession of the Portland whigs; Elliot, whose sister married Lord Auckland, and whose wife was a sister of Lady Malmesbury, was one of the party. His letters, while he was employed on a diplomatic mission at Toulon during the siege, as viceroy of Corsica, at Naples, and as minister at Vienna, 1799-1801, are worthy of attention. Sir N. W. WRAXALL, _Historical and Posthumous Memoirs_, 1772-84, 5 vols., 1884, carefully edited by Mr. H. B. Wheatley, diffuse and amusing. Wraxall's inaccuracies, or worse, have been exaggerated, and his work, which goes to 1789, together with some later "reminiscences," is of value, specially as regards its portraiture of public men of a secondary rank. Wraxall was a follower of North until 1783, and afterwards, until he resigned his seat in 1794, generally supported Pitt. _Diaries and Correspondence of George Rose_, 2 vols., 1860, edited by L. V. Harcourt. Rose was secretary to the treasury during the whole of Pitt's first administration, and was intimate with him. Vol. i. contains, among other matters, an account of Pitt's resignation; vol. ii. has some reminiscences which the king communicated to Rose in 1804. _The Diary and Correspondence of Abbot, Lord Colchester_, edited by his son, 3 vols., 1861, vol. i. and PELLEW, _Life of Lord Sidmouth_ (Addington), 3 vols., 1847, vol. i. should be consulted for the circumstances of Pitt's retirement. Lord HOLLAND, _Memoirs of the Whig Party_, 2 vols., 1852, edited by his son, Lord Holland. As the writer was the nephew of Fox, who was much attached to him, and by 1800 was himself a prominent member of the party, these papers have great authority; many of them refer to events and persons belonging to our period. Along with much else which does not concern political history, the _Life of William Wilberforce_, by his sons, 5 vols., 1838, contains some interesting notices of public affairs before 1801, along with a record of Wilberforce's efforts in and out of parliament for the abolition of the slave trade. See also _Private Papers of W. Wilberforce_, 1897, with a character of Pitt by Wilberforce.

(6) Miscellaneous books, pamphlets, etc. On public finance, see HAMILTON, _Inquiry concerning ... the National Debt_, 1813; NEWMARCH, _On the Loans Raised by Mr. Pitt_, 1793-1801, a highly valuable and interesting treatise; _Parliamentary Report, Accounts_, xxxiii., 1858, on the national debt, and S. DOWELL, _History of Taxation in England_, 4 vols., 1884. On the commercial treaty with France of 1786, see Count DE BUTENVAL, _Precis du Traite de Commerce_, 1786, Paris, 1869, and Auckland Corr. as above. Some of the articles by Sir G. C. LEWIS, _Administrations of Great Britain_, 1783-1830, edited by Sir E. Head, 1864, are founded on Memoirs, etc., noted in sec. 5, and are excellent commentaries on them. The private life of the king is written by JESSE, _Memoirs of the Life and Reign of George III._, 3 vols., 2nd edit., 1867, in itself scarcely to be reckoned as of historical value, but giving copious references to authorities. Life at the court is vividly described in Madame D'ARBLAY'S (Miss Burney's) _Diary_, 7 vols., 1854; a new edition by Mr. Austin Dobson is in course of publication. The Diary should be read with an allowance for the writer's dislike of her work at court, which Macaulay does not perhaps sufficiently consider in his essay. His other essays relating to this period should be read, but the views of history which they present must not be accepted in all cases. Bishop DOUGLAS, _Seasonable Hints from an Honest Man_, 1761; _Case of the Troops Serving in Germany_, 1781; MAUDUIT, _Occasional Thoughts on the Present German War_, 1761, and other pamphlets. Many of the Caricatures of _Gillray_, _Rowlandson_, and others are valuable as historical documents. In default of the originals, see WRIGHT, _England under the House of Hanover_, 2 vols., 3rd edit., 1852, republished in one vol. as _Caricature History of the Georges_ [1867?].

[Sidenote: _ON THE AMERICAN REBELLION._]

(7) Of books on the American revolutionary war the best general history of a popular kind is by Mr. FISKE, _American Revolution_, 2 vols., 1891; it is written with moderation and a desire for impartiality. GORDON, _History of the Rise of the Independence of the United States_, 4 vols., 1788, with many documents. G. BANCROFT, _History of the United States_, centenary edition, 1879, vols. iii.-vi. containing the history of the revolution, display wonderful industry, but are disfigured by violent partisanship. _Narrative and Critical History of America_, edited by J. Winsor, vol. vi., 1888, has some good papers by various writers. _Cambridge Modern History_, vol. vii., _The United States_, 1903. TYLER, _Literary History of the American Revolution_, 2 vols., 1879, illustrates the course of American sentiment during the period. Sir G. O. TREVELYAN, _The American Revolution_, pts. i. and ii., 3 vols., in progress, written on the whig side: the views taken in the present book as to the causes and character of the dispute, and as to some other points are different from those advanced by this distinguished author. For the loyalists, L. SABINE, _American Loyalists_, Boston, 1847, revised edit., _Biographies, etc._, 2 vols., 1864, and Mr. FLICK, _Loyalism in New York_ (Columbia University Studies, xiv.). The best purely military history of the war is by STEDMAN, _History of the American War_, 2 vols., 4to, 1794; he served under Howe, Clinton, and Cornwallis, and his book is a standard authority. TARLETON, _Campaigns of 1780, 1781 in the Southern Provinces, 1787._ Other books consulted are _Washington's Writings and Life,_ by SPARKS, 12 vols., Boston, 1833-39; FRANKLIN, _Works_, edit. Bigelow, 10 vols., N.Y., 1887-88; TUDOR, _Life of Otis_, Boston, 1823; _Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson_, edited by P. Hutchinson, 2 vols., 1883, 1886; FROTHINGHAM, _Siege of Boston,_ 1849, a careful piece of work, though written in a remarkably vainglorious tone; Mr. CODMAN, _Arnold's Expedition to Quebec_, New York, 1902, an excellent and interesting monograph; KINGSFORD, _History of Canada_, vol. v., 1892, also deals with the expedition. JOHNSTON, _Campaign of_ 1776 (Long Island Hist. Soc.), 1878, a good narrative well furnished with documentary proofs, and by the same, _The Yorktown Campaign_, New York, 1881. Judge JONES, _History of New York during the War_, 2 vols., New York, 1879-80, edited by Mr. De Lancy, a book of special interest, for Jones was a loyalist; it is written with vigour, and censures the misdeeds on both sides alike. For Burgoyne's expedition--Sir J. BURGOYNE, _State of the Expedition from Canada_, 1779, with his defence before the house of commons; FONBLANQUE, _Episodes from the Life of Burgoyne_, 1876, and Lieut. HADDEN, _Journal and Orderly-books_, 1886. For Howe's conduct of the war--_Examination of Joseph Galloway before the House of Commons_, 1779; [Galloway,] _Letters to a Nobleman_, 1779, Galloway, a Philadelphian lawyer of large property, joined the British in 1776; Sir W. HOWE, _Narrative_ before a committee of the house of commons, April 29, 1779, with _Observations on Letters to a Nobleman_, 1780; _Detail and Conduct of the War_, including the celebrated _Fugitive Pieces_, 1780. Mr. M'CRADY in his _History of South Carolina_: i. _Under Royal Government_, New York, 1899, an able book, shows how the desire for independence gained ground in the provinces; vols. ii. and iii. _In the Revolution_, 1902, contain a careful but tedious narrative, which seems to err in exalting the partisan commanders, Marion and Sumter, at the expense of Greene. _The Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy_, 2 vols., 1888, edited with minute care by the late Mr. B. F. STEVENS, and containing all the official letters, orders, and the like of the campaigns in the Carolinas; this elaborate work is essential for forming a judgment on the controversy between the two generals. Other authorities more or less bearing on the quarrel with the colonies and the subsequent war are noted in other sections.

(8) On military matters generally:--Colonel the Hon. Sir EDWARD CUST, _Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century_, iii.-v., 3rd edit., 1862; the Hon. J. W. FORTESCUE, _A History of the British Army_, 3 vols., 1899-1902, in progress, an important work to which this volume is indebted, though the view with regard to Clinton and Cornwallis taken by Mr. Fortescue is widely different from that adopted here; M. CHUQUET, _La jeunesse de Napoleon, Toulon_, 1897, and _Guerres de la Revolution_, 11 vols., in progress, an important work, vol. x. _Valenciennes_, vol. xi. _Hondschoote_; Sir H. BUNBURY, _Narratives of the Great War with France_, 1854, begins with the campaign in Holland of 1799; DRINKWATER, _History of the Siege of Gibraltar_, Dublin, 1793; C. J. FOX, _Napoleon Bonaparte and the Siege of Toulon_, Washington, U.S.A., 1902; Dr. HOLLAND ROSE, _Life of Napoleon I._, 2 vols., 1902, and some other works.

[Sidenote: _ON NAVAL HISTORY._]

(9) For naval history:--Captain MAHAN, _Influence of Sea Power upon History_, 1889, _Influence of Sea Power on the French Revolution_, 2 vols., 4th edit., 1892, and _Life of Nelson_, 2 vols., 1897, books to which all students of the history of the eighteenth century are deeply indebted. JAMES, _Naval History of Great Britain_, 6 vols., edit. 1837; vols. i.-iii. include from 1793 to 1801, a famous work which is still of high authority on naval engagements and tactics, the size and classes of ships, the number and character of their guns, etc., but it neither explains nor criticises strategy. BRENTON, _Naval History of Great Britain, 1783-1822_, 5 vols., 1823, uncritical and inaccurate, though as the work of a naval officer in active service, who had a part in some of the events it describes, it has a certain importance. Sir W. L. CLOWES, _The Royal Navy_, vol. iv., 1899. T. KEPPEL, _Life of Viscount Keppel_, 2 vols., 1842. MUNDY, _Life of Rodney_, 2 vols., 1830. Mr. D. HANNAY, _Rodney_ (English Men of Action Series), 1891, an admirable little book, and his edition of the _Letters of Sir S. (Viscount) Hood_ (Navy Records Soc.), 1895, exhibiting the determining effect of naval failure on the part of England on the last phase of the war with America. BARROW, _Life of Earl Howe_, 1838. Mr. J. K. LAUGHTON, _Nelson_ (English Men of Action Series), 1895, by an acknowledged master of English naval history, and his articles in the _Dict. of National Biography_ on the sea-captains of the period. _Logs of the Great Sea Fights, 1794-1805_ (Navy Records Soc.), vol. i., 1899, in progress, well edited by Rear-Admiral T. Sturges Jackson, a delightful book of first-rate value. References to the latest contributions to the subject of Nelson at Naples are given in the text. CHEVALIER, _Histoire de la Marine Francaise pendant la Guerre de l'Independence Americaine_, 1877, _Histoire, etc., sous la premiere Republique_, 1886, most valuable works; a third vol., _Hist., etc., sous le Consulat_. M. le Capitaine DESBRIERE, _Projets de Debarquement_, 2 vols., 1901, a phase of the great war told with all the care and lucidity which distinguish the best French historical work.

(10) For European politics during the French revolution the best books are by HEINRICH VON SYBEL, used here in the French translation, _Histoire de l'Europe pendant la Revolution Francaise_, 6 vols., 1869-88, and by M. ALBERT SOREL, _L'Europe et la Revolution Francaise_, 6 vols., 1903, in progress; vol. vi. covers 1800-5, a work distinguished alike by learning, insight, and literary quality; the great collection of G. F. VON MARTENS, _Recueil des Traites depuis 1761_, vols. i.-vi., 1817-29; Comte DE GARDEN, _Histoire des Traites_, vols. iv.-vi., 1848-87, and F. DE MARTENS, _Recueil des Traites conclus par la Russie_, vols. ix., x. (_Angleterre_), 1892.

(11) In Irish history LECKY has generally been followed, supplemented by PLOWDEN, _History of Ireland to the Union_, 2 vols., 1809; H. GRATTAN, _Life of Grattan_, 5 vols., 1839; _Correspondence between Pitt and the Duke of Rutland_, 1781-87, edit. 1890. Earl FITZWILLIAM, _First_ and _Second Letters to the Earl of Carlisle_, 1795; TONE, _Life of T. W. Tone_, 2 vols., 1826; MADDEN, _United Irishmen_, 2 vols., 2nd edit., 1858; GORDON, _History of the Rebellion_, 2nd edit., 1803, a trustworthy and graphic narrative by a protestant clergyman of co. Wexford; _Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh_ (Lord Londonderry), 12 vols., 1848-85, vols. ii.-iv.; INGRAM, _History of the Irish Union_, 1887, though failing in its hopeless attempt to prove that the union was not effected by corrupt means, a book well worth reading; _Cornwallis Correspondence_ and some other books already noted.

(12) For Indian matters:--MILL and WILSON, _History of British India_, 10 vols., 1858, vols. iii.-vi., a standard work; Sir J. F. STEPHEN, _Story of Nuncomar_, 2 vols., 1885; Mr. G. FORREST, _Selections from State Papers, India_, 1772-85, 3 vols., 1890, documents of first-rate importance, well edited, with good introduction, which, perhaps, attempts too complete a defence of Hastings; Sir A. LYALL, _Warren Hastings_ (English Men of Action Series), 1902, a thoroughly sound and well-considered biography; Mr. S. J. OWEN, _Selections from the Despatches of Marquess Wellesley_, 1877, with the _Cornwallis Correspondence_ already noted.

[Sidenote: _ON ECONOMIC PROGRESS._]

(13) For the social and economic history in chap, xiii., a general account will be found in LECKY, _History_, vol. v., an admirable and delightful piece of work; _Social England_, vol. v., 1896, edited by TRAILL, papers of various merit by various authors; a new edition with well-chosen illustrations is now (1904) published; and chapters at the end of vols. vii. and ix. of the _Pictorial History of England_, edited by CRAIK and MACFARLANE, 1841, 1843. Manners and customs are described by Mr. SYDNEY, _England and the English in the Eighteenth Century_, 2 vols., 1891, and by Mr. ASHTON, whose _Old Times_, 1885, is almost wholly composed of newspaper cuttings and caricatures, and is, therefore, so far as it goes, a contemporary authority. Notices of the gambling and frivolity of a portion of the upper class, some not before printed, are given in Sir G. TREVELYAN'S _Early Life of C. J. Fox_ (see above). An independent study should include the chronicle in the _Annual Register, Walpole's Letters_, JESSE, _George Selwyn and his Contemporaries_, 4 vols., 1843, and _Selwyn's Letters_, edited by Mr. Roscoe and Miss Clergue, 1899; SMOLLETT, _Humphrey Clinker_, written in 1770; ANSTEY, _New Bath Guide_, "poetical epistles describing life at Bath" in 1766; Miss BURNEY, _Evelina_, in 1778, and many other books. A good introduction to the literary history of the period is given by Mr. G. SAINTSBURY, _Short History of English Literature_, 1898. Though the late Sir LESLIE STEPHEN in his _English Thought in the Eighteenth Century_, 2 vols., 2nd edit., 1881, deals chiefly with the earlier part of the century, he has much of the highest value, specially in chaps. x. and xi., on writers of this period; see also his articles on them in the _Dict. of National Biography_. Church history is carefully treated by ABBEY and OVERTON, _The English Church in the Eighteenth Century_, ed. 1887. For the administration of the criminal law--Major GRIFFITH, _Chronicles of Newgate_, 2 vols., 1884. For prisons--JOHN HOWARD, _The State of the Prisons_, 4th edit., 1792. For the police arrangements of London--COLQUHOUN, _Treatise on the Police_, 1795.

On economic and industrial history the latest and best authority is Dr. CUNNINGHAM, _Growth of English Industry and Commerce, Modern Times_, pts. i. and ii., 2 vols., 1903. Other books used are CRAIK, in _Pictorial History_ as above, republished in his _History of British Commerce_, 1844; MACPHERSON, _Annals of Commerce_, 4 vols., 1805; MCCULLOCH, edition of ADAM SMITH, _Wealth of Nations_, 1863; ROGERS, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, 2 vols., 1884, and his _Industrial and Commercial History of England_, lectures, 2 vols., 1898, and WARNER, _Landmarks in English Industrial History_, 1899, a useful and well-arranged little book. For the cotton manufacture--Sir E. BAINES, _History of the Cotton Manufacture_, 1836. With reference to agriculture and the poor--A. YOUNG, _Six Weeks' Tour in the Southern Counties_, 1769, and _Tour through the North_, 4 vols., 1770, present the condition of agriculture at the time, with lists of wages and the expenses of the labouring class; Rev. J. HOWLETT, pamphlets on the _Influence of Enclosures_, 1786, and the _Causes of the Increase of the Poor_, 1786; Mr. R. E. PROTHERO, _Pioneers and Progress of English Farming_, 1888, an excellent account; Sir G. A. NICHOLLS, _History of the English Poor Law_, 2 vols., 1898, and Mr. and Mrs. S. WEBB, _History of Trades Unionism_, 1902.

[Asterism]: Dr. A. von Ruville's important and masterly work, _William Pitt, Graf von Chatham_, 3 vols., Stuttgart and Berlin, 1905, appeared while this book was in the press.