Chapter IV

POLITICAL RETROGRESSION and NATIONAL PROGRESS.

1248-58. Characteristics of the history of these ten years
Decay of Henry's power in Gascony
1248-52. Simon de Montfort, seneschal of Gascony
Aug., 1253. Henry III. in Gascony
1254. Marriage and establishment of Edward the king's son
Edward's position in Gascony
Edward's position in Cheshire
1254. Llewelyn ap Griffith sole Prince of North Wales
Edward in the four cantreds and in West Wales
1257. Welsh campaign of Henry and Edward
Revival of the baronial opposition
1255. Candidature of Edmund, the king's son, for Sicily
1257. Richard of Cornwall elected and crowned King of the Romans
Leicester as leader of the opposition
Progress in the age of Henry III
The cosmopolitan and the national ideals
French influence
The coming of the friars
1221. Gilbert of Freynet and the first Dominicans in England
1224. Arrival of Agnellus of Pisa and the first Franciscans
in England
Other mendicant orders in England
The influence of the friars
The universities
Prominent English schoolmen
Paris and Oxford
The mendicants at Oxford
Roger Bacon and Duns Scotus
Academic influence in public life
Beginnings of colleges
Intellectual characteristics of thirteenth century
Literature in Latin and French
Literature in English
Art
Gothic architecture
The towns and trade

CHAPTER V.

THE BARONS' WAR.

2 April, 1258. Parliament at London
11 June. The Mad Parliament
The Provisions of Oxford
22 June. Flight of the Lusignans
Appointment of the Fifteen
Working of the new Constitution
4 Dec., 1259. Treaty of Paris
Its unpopularity in England and France
1259. Dissensions among the baronial leaders
1259. Provisions of Westminster
1261. Henry III.'s repudiation of the Provisions
1263. Reconstitution of parties
The changed policy of the marchers
Outbreak of civil war
The appeal to Louis IX
23 Jan., 1264. Mise of Amiens
Renewal of the struggle
4 April. Sack of Northampton
The campaign in Kent and Sussex
14 May. Battle of Lewes
Personal triumph of Montfort

CHAPTER VI.

THE RULE OF MONTFORT AND THE ROYALIST RESTORATION.

15 May. Mise of Lewes
15 Dec. Provisions of Worcester
Jan.-Mar., 1265. The Parliament of 1265
Split up of the baronial party
Quarrel of Leicester and Gloucester
28 May. Edward's escape
22 June. Treaty of Pipton
Small results of the alliance of Llewelyn and the barons
The campaign in the Severn valley
4 Aug. Battle of Evesham
The royalist restoration
1266. The revolt of the Disinherited
15 May. Battle of Chesterfield
31 Oct. The _Dictum de Kenilworth_
Michaelmas. The Ely rebellion
April, 1267. Gloucester's support of the Disinherited
July. End of the rebellion
25 Sept. Treaty of Shrewsbury
1267. Statute of Marlborough
1270-72. Edward's Crusade
16 Nov., 1272. Death of Henry III