Chapter VIII: Free Figures and Slave (1)

Under this heading we propose to introduce the remainder of the more important statistics of the Free and of the Slave States;--especially those that relate to Commerce, Manufactures, Internal Improvements, Education and Religion. Originally it was our intention to devote a separate chapter to each of the industrial and moral interests above-named: but other considerations have so greatly encroached on our space, that we are compelled to modify our design. To the thoughtful and discriminating reader, however, the chief statistics which follow will be none the less interesting for not being the subjects of annotations.

At present, all we ask of pro-slavery men, no matter in what part of the world they may reside, is to look these figures fairly in the face. We wish them to do it, in the first instance, not on the platforms of public debate, where the exercise of eloquence is too often characterized by violent passion and subterfuge, but in their own private apartments, where no eye save that of the All-seeing One will rest upon them, and where, in considering the relations which they sustain to the past, the present, and the future, an opportunity will be afforded them of securing that most valuable of all possessions attainable on earth, a conscience void of offence toward God and man.

Each separate table or particular compilation of statistics will afford food for at least an hour's profitable reflection; indeed, the more these figures are studied, and the better they are understood, the sooner will the author's object be accomplished,--the sooner will the genius of Universal Liberty dispel the dark clouds of slavery.

TABLE NO. XXVI.

TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE FREE STATES--1855.

----------------------------------------------------------
States. | Tonnage. | Exports. | Imports.
-----------------|-----------|--------------|-------------
California | 92,623 | $8,224,066 | $5,951,379
Connecticut | 137,170 | 878,874 | 636,826
Illinois | 53,797 | 547,053 | 54,509
Indiana | 3,698 | |
Iowa | | |
Maine | 806,587 | 4,851,207 | 2,927,443
Massachusetts | 970,727 | 28,190,925 | 45,113,774
Michigan | 69,490 | 568,091 | 281,379
New Hampshire | 30,330 | 1,523 | 17,786
New Jersey | 121,020 | 687 | 1,473
New York | 1,404,221 | 113,731,238 | 164,776,511
Ohio | 91,607 | 847,143 | 600,656
Pennsylvania | 397,768 | 6,274,338 | 15,300,935
Rhode Island | 51,038 | 336,023 | 536,387
Vermont | 6,915 | 2,895,468 | 591,593
Wisconsin | 15,624 | 174,057 | 48,159
|-----------|--------------|-------------
| 4,252,615 | $167,520,693 | $236,847,810
==========================================================

TABLE NO. XXVII.

TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE SLAVE STATES--1855.

---------------------------------------------------------
States. | Tonnage. | Exports. | Imports.
-----------------|----------|---------------|------------
Alabama | 36,274 | $14,270,585 | $619,964
Arkansas | | |
Delaware | 19,186 | 68,087 | 5,821
Florida | 14,835 | 1,403,594 | 45,998
Georgia | 29,505 | 7,543,519 | 273,716
Kentucky | 22,680 | |
Louisiana | 204,149 | 55,367,962 | 12,900,821
Maryland | 234,805 | 10,395,984 | 7,788,949
Mississippi | 2,475 | | 1,661
Missouri | 60,592 | |
North Carolina | 60,077 | 433,818 | 243,083
South Carolina | 60,935 | 12,700,250 | 1,588,542
Tennessee | 8,404 | |
Texas | 8,812 | 916,961 | 262,568
Virginia | 92,788 | 4,379,928 | 855,405
|----------|---------------|------------
| 855,517 | $107,480,688 | $24,586,528

TABLE NO. XXVIII.

PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE FREE STATES--1850.

------------------------------------------------------------
States. |Val. of Annual| Capital | Hands
| products. | invested. |employed.
------------------|--------------|----------------|---------
California | $12,862,522 | $1,006,197 | 3,964
Connecticut | 45,110,102 | 23,890,348 | 47,770
Illinois | 17,236,073 | 6,385,387 | 12,065
Indiana | 18,922,651 | 7,941,602 | 14,342
Iowa | 3,551,783 | 1,292,875 | 1,707
Maine | 24,664,135 | 14,700,452 | 28,078
Massachusetts | 151,137,145 | 83,357,642 | 165,938
Michigan | 10,976,894 | 6,534,250 | 9,290
New Hampshire | 23,164,503 | 18,242,114 | 27,092
New Jersey | 39,713,586 | 22,184,730 | 37,311
New York | 237,597,249 | 99,904,405 | 199,349
Ohio | 62,647,259 | 29,019,538 | 51,489
Pennsylvania | 155,044,910 | 94,473,810 | 146,766
Rhode Island | 22,093,258 | 12,923,176 | 20,881
Vermont | 8,570,920 | 5,001,377 | 8,445
Wisconsin | 9,293,068 | 3,382,148 | 6,089
|--------------|----------------|---------
| $842,586,058 | $430,240,051 | 780,576
============================================================

TABLE NO. XXIX.

PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.

------------------------------------------------------------
States. |Val. of Annual| Capital | Hands
| products. | invested. |employed.
---------------|--------------|----------------|---------
Alabama | $4,538,878 | $3,450,606 | 4,936
Arkansas | 607,436 | 324,065 | 903
Delaware | 4,649,296 | 2,978,945 | 3,888
Florida | 668,338 | 547,060 | 991
Georgia | 7,086,525 | 5,460,483 | 8,378
Kentucky | 24,588,483 | 12,350,734 | 24,385
Louisiana | 7,320,948 | 5,318,074 | 6,437
Maryland | 32,477,702 | 14,753,143 | 30,124
Mississippi | 2,972,038 | 1,833,420 | 3,173
Missouri | 23,749,265 | 9,079,695 | 16,850
North Carolina | 9,111,245 | 7,252,225 | 12,444
South Carolina | 7,063,513 | 6,056,865 | 7,009
Tennessee | 9,728,438 | 6,975,279 | 12,032
Texas | 1,165,538 | 539,290 | 1,066
Virginia | 29,705,387 | 18,109,993 | 29,108
|--------------|----------------|---------
| $165,413,027 | $95,029,879 | 161,733

TABLE NO. XXX.

MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE FREE STATES--1854-1857.

---------------------------------------------------
States. | Canals,| Railroads,| Cost of
| miles, | miles, | Railroads,
| 1854. | 1857. | 1855.
----------------|--------|-----------|-------------
California | | 22 |
Connecticut | 61 | 600 | $25,224,191
Illinois | 100 | 2,524 | 55,663,656
Indiana | 367 | 1,806 | 29,585,923
Iowa | | 253 | 2,300,000
Maine | 50 | 442 | 13,749,021
Massachusetts | 100 | 1,285 | 59,167,781
Michigan | | 600 | 22,370,397
New Hampshire | 11 | 645 | 15,860,949
New Jersey | 147 | 472 | 13,840,030
New York | 989 | 2,700 | 111,882,503
Ohio | 921 | 2,869 | 67,798,202
Pennsylvania | 936 | 2,407 | 94,657,675
Rhode Island | | 85 | 2,614,484
Vermont | | 515 | 17,998,835
Wisconsin | | 629 | 5,600,000
|--------|-----------|-------------
| 3,682 | 17,855 | $538,313,647
===================================================

TABLE NO. XXXI.

MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1854-1857.

---------------------------------------------------
States. | Canals,| Railroads,| Cost of
| miles, | miles, | Railroads,
| 1854. | 1857. | 1855.
----------------|--------|-----------|-------------
Alabama | 51 | 484 | $3,986,208
Arkansas | | |
Delaware | 14 | 120 | 600,000
Florida | | 86 | 250,000
Georgia | 28 | 1,062 | 17,034,802
Kentucky | 486 | 306 | 6,179,072
Louisiana | 101 | 263 | 1,731,000
Maryland | 184 | 597 | 12,654,333
Mississippi | | 410 | 4,520,000
Missouri | | 189 | 1,000,000
North Carolina | 13 | 612 | 6,847,213
South Carolina | 50 | 706 | 13,547,093
Tennessee | | 508 | 10,436,610
Texas | | 57 | 16,466,250
Virginia | 184 | 1,479 |
|--------|-----------|-------------
| 1,110 | 6,859 | $95,252,581

TABLE NO. XXXII.

BANK CAPITAL IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Free States. || Slave States.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
California | || Alabama | $2,296,400
Connecticut | $15,597,891 || Arkansas |
Illinois | 2,513,790 || Delaware | 1,393,175
Indiana | 7,281,934 || Florida |
Iowa | || Georgia | 13,413,100
Maine | 7,301,252 || Kentucky | 10,369,717
Massachusetts | 54,492,660 || Louisiana | 20,179,107
Michigan | 980,416 || Maryland | 10,411,874
New Hampshire | 3,626,000 || Mississippi | 240,165
New Jersey | 5,314,885 || Missouri | 1,215,398
New York | 83,773,288 || North Carolina | 5,205,073
Ohio | 7,166,581 || South Carolina | 16,603,253
Pennsylvania | 19,864,825 || Tennessee | 6,717,848
Rhode Island | 17,511,162 || Texas |
Vermont | 3,275,656 || Virginia | 14,033,838
Wisconsin | 1,400,000 || |
|--------------|| |-------------
Total | $230,100,340 || Total | $102,078,948
=================================================================

TABLE NO. XXXIII.

MILITIA FORCE OF THE FREE AND THE SLAVE STATES--1852.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Free States. || Slave States.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
California | || Alabama | 76,662
Connecticut | 51,649 || Arkansas | 17,137
Illinois | 170,359 || Delaware | 9,229
Indiana | 53,918 || Florida | 12,122
Iowa | || Georgia | 57,312
Maine | 62,588 || Kentucky | 81,840
Massachusetts | 119,690 || Louisiana | 43,823
Michigan | 63,938 || Maryland | 46,864
New Hampshire | 32,151 || Mississippi | 36,084
New Jersey | 39,171 || Missouri | 61,000
New York | 265,293 || North Carolina | 79,448
Ohio | 176,455 || South Carolina | 55,209
Pennsylvania | 276,070 || Tennessee | 71,252
Rhode Island | 14,443 || Texas | 19,766
Vermont | 23,915 || Virginia | 125,128
Wisconsin | 32,203 || |
|--------------|| |-------------
Total | 1,381,843 || Total | 792,876

TABLE NO. XXXIV.

POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE FREE STATES--1855.

------------------------------------------------------------
States. | Stamps | Total Postage | Cost of Trans.
| sold. | collected. | the mails.
----------------|-----------|---------------|---------------
California | $81,437 | $234,591 | $135,386
Connecticut | 79,284 | 179,230 | 81,462
Illinois | 105,252 | 279,887 | 280,038
Indiana | 60,578 | 180,405 | 190,480
Iowa | 28,198 | 82,420 | 84,428
Maine | 60,165 | 151,358 | 82,218
Massachusetts | 259,062 | 532,184 | 153,091
Michigan | 49,763 | 142,188 | 148,204
New-Hampshire | 38,387 | 95,609 | 46,631
New-Jersey | 31,495 | 109,697 | 80,084
New-York | 542,498 | 1,383,157 | 481,410
Ohio | 167,958 | 452,643 | 421,870
Pennsylvania | 217,293 | 583,013 | 251,833
Rhode Island | 30,291 | 58,624 | 13,891
Vermont | 36,314 | 92,816 | 64,437
Wisconsin | 33,538 | 112,903 | 92,842
|-----------|---------------|---------------
|$1,719,513 | $4,670,725 | $2,608,295
============================================================

TABLE NO. XXXV.

POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855.

------------------------------------------------------------
States. | Stamps | Total Postage | Cost of Trans.
| sold. | collected. | the mails.
----------------|-----------|---------------|---------------
Alabama | $44,514 | $104,514 | 226,816
Arkansas | 8,941 | 30,664 | 117,659
Delaware | 7,298 | 19,644 | 9,243
Florida | 8,764 | 19,275 | 77,553
Georgia | 73,880 | 149,063 | 216,003
Kentucky | 55,694 | 130,067 | 144,161
Louisiana | 50,778 | 133,753 | 133,810
Maryland | 77,743 | 191,485 | 192,743
Mississippi | 31,182 | 78,739 | 170,785
Missouri | 53,742 | 139,652 | 185,096
North Carolina | 34,235 | 72,759 | 148,249
South Carolina | 47,368 | 91,600 | 192,216
Tennessee | 48,377 | 103,686 | 116,091
Texas | 24,530 | 70,436 | 209,936
Virginia | 96,799 | 217,861 | 245,592
|-----------|---------------|---------------
| $666,845 | $1,553,198 | $2,385,953

TABLE NO. XXXVI.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE FREE STATES--1850.

-------------------------------------------------
States. | Number. | Teachers. | Pupils.
----------------|---------|-----------|----------
California | 2 | 2 | 49
Connecticut | 1,656 | 1,787 | 71,269
Illinois | 4,052 | 4,248 | 125,725
Indiana | 4,822 | 4,860 | 161,500
Iowa | 740 | 828 | 29,556
Maine | 4,042 | 5,540 | 192,815
Massachusetts | 3,679 | 4,443 | 176,475
Michigan | 2,714 | 3,231 | 110,455
New Hampshire | 2,381 | 3,013 | 75,643
New Jersey | 1,473 | 1,574 | 77,930
New York | 11,580 | 13,965 | 675,221
Ohio | 11,661 | 12,886 | 484,153
Pennsylvania | 9,061 | 10,024 | 413,706
Rhode Island | 416 | 518 | 23,130
Vermont | 2,731 | 4,173 | 93,457
Wisconsin | 1,423 | 1,529 | 58,817
|---------|-----------|----------
| 62,433 | 72,621 | 2,769,901
=================================================

TABLE NO. XXXVII.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.

-------------------------------------------------
States. | Number. | Teachers. | Pupils.
----------------|---------|-----------|----------
Alabama | 1,152 | 1,195 | 28,380
Arkansas | 353 | 355 | 8,493
Delaware | 194 | 214 | 8,970
Florida | 69 | 73 | 1,878
Georgia | 1,251 | 1,265 | 32,705
Kentucky | 2,234 | 2,306 | 71,429
Louisiana | 664 | 822 | 25,046
Maryland | 898 | 986 | 33,111
Mississippi | 782 | 826 | 18,746
Missouri | 1,570 | 1,620 | 51,754
North Carolina | 2,657 | 2,730 | 104,095
South Carolina | 724 | 739 | 17,838
Tennessee | 2,680 | 2,819 | 104,117
Texas | 349 | 360 | 7,946
Virginia | 2,930 | 2,997 | 67,353
|---------|-----------|----------
| 13,507 | 19,307 | 581,801

TABLE NO. XXXVIII.

LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE FREE STATES--1850.

-------------------------------------
States. | Number. | Volumes.
----------------|---------|----------
California | |
Connecticut | 164 | 165,318
Illinois | 152 | 62,486
Indiana | 151 | 68,403
Iowa | 32 | 5,790
Maine | 236 | 121,969
Massachusetts | 1,462 | 684,015
Michigan | 417 | 107,943
New Hampshire | 129 | 85,759
New Jersey | 128 | 80,885
New York | 11,013 | 1,760,820
Ohio | 352 | 186,826
Pennsylvania | 393 | 363,400
Rhode Island | 96 | 104,342
Vermont | 96 | 64,641
Wisconsin | 72 | 21,020
|---------|----------
| 14,911 | 3,888,234
=====================================

TABLE NO. XXXIX.

LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.

-------------------------------------
States. | Number. | Volumes.
----------------|---------|----------
Alabama | 56 | 20,623
Arkansas | 3 | 420
Delaware | 17 | 17,950
Florida | 7 | 2,660
Georgia | 38 | 31,788
Kentucky | 80 | 79,466
Louisiana | 10 | 26,800
Maryland | 124 | 125,042
Mississippi | 117 | 21,737
Missouri | 97 | 75,056
North Carolina | 38 | 29,592
South Carolina | 26 | 107,472
Tennessee | 34 | 22,896
Texas | 12 | 4,230
Virginia | 54 | 88,462
|---------|----------
| 695 | 649,577

TABLE NO. XL.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE FREE STATES--1850.

-----------------------------------------
States. | Number. |Copies Printed
| | annually.
----------------|---------|--------------
California | 7 | 761,200
Connecticut | 46 | 4,267,932
Illinois | 107 | 5,102,276
Indiana | 107 | 4,316,828
Iowa | 29 | 1,512,800
Maine | 49 | 4,203,064
Massachusetts | 202 | 64,820,564
Michigan | 58 | 3,247,736
New Hampshire | 38 | 3,067,552
New Jersey | 51 | 4,098,678
New York | 428 | 115,385,473
Ohio | 261 | 30,473,407
Pennsylvania | 309 | 84,898,672
Rhode Island | 19 | 2,756,950
Vermont | 35 | 2,567,662
Wisconsin | 46 | 2,665,487
|---------|--------------
| 1,790 | 334,146,281
=========================================

TABLE NO. XLI.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.

-----------------------------------------
States. | Number. |Copies Printed
| | annually.
----------------|---------|--------------
Alabama | 60 | 2,662,741
Arkansas | 9 | 377,000
Delaware | 10 | 421,200
Florida | 10 | 319,800
Georgia | 51 | 4,070,868
Kentucky | 62 | 6,582,838
Louisiana | 55 | 12,416,224
Maryland | 68 | 19,612,724
Mississippi | 50 | 1,752,504
Missouri | 61 | 6,195,560
North Carolina | 51 | 2,020,564
South Carolina | 46 | 7,145,930
Tennessee | 50 | 6,940,750
Texas | 34 | 1,296,924
Virginia | 87 | 9,223,068
|---------|--------------
| 704 | 81,038,693

TABLE NO. XLII.

ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE FREE STATES--1850.

----------------------------------------------
States. | Native. | Foreign. | Total.
----------------|---------|----------|--------
California | 2,201 | 2,917 | 5,118
Connecticut | 826 | 4,013 | 4,739
Illinois | 34,107 | 5,947 | 40,054
Indiana | 67,275 | 3,265 | 70,540
Iowa | 7,043 | 1,077 | 8,120
Maine | 1,999 | 4,148 | 6,147
Massachusetts | 1,055 | 26,484 | 27,539
Michigan | 4,903 | 3,009 | 7,912
New Hampshire | 893 | 2,064 | 2,957
New Jersey | 8,370 | 5,878 | 14,248
New York | 23,241 | 68,052 | 91,293
Ohio | 51,968 | 9,062 | 61,030
Pennsylvania | 41,944 | 24,989 | 66,928
Rhode Island | 981 | 2,359 | 3,340
Vermont | 565 | 5,624 | 6,189
Wisconsin | 1,459 | 4,902 | 6,361
|---------|----------|--------
| 248,725 | 173,790 | 422,515
==============================================

TABLE NO. XLIII.

ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.

----------------------------------------------
States. | Native. | Foreign. | Total.
----------------|---------|----------|--------
Alabama | 33,618 | 139 | 33,757
Arkansas | 16,792 | 27 | 16,819
Delaware | 4,132 | 404 | 4,536
Florida | 3,564 | 295 | 3,859
Georgia | 40,794 | 406 | 41,200
Kentucky | 64,340 | 2,347 | 66,687
Louisiana | 14,950 | 6,271 | 21,221
Maryland | 17,364 | 3,451 | 20,815
Mississippi | 13,324 | 81 | 13,405
Missouri | 34,420 | 1,861 | 36,281
North Carolina | 73,226 | 340 | 73,566
South Carolina | 15,580 | 104 | 15,684
Tennessee | 77,017 | 505 | 77,522
Texas | 8,037 | 2,488 | 10,525
Virginia | 75,868 | 1,137 | 77,005
|---------|----------|--------
| 493,026 | 19,856 | 512,882

TABLE NO. XLIV.

NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE FREE STATES--1857.

-------------------------------------------------------
States. | Senators. | Rep. in lower | Electoral
| | House Cong. | votes.
----------------|-----------|---------------|----------
California | 2 | 2 | 4
Connecticut | 2 | 4 | 6
Illinois | 2 | 9 | 11
Indiana | 2 | 11 | 13
Iowa | 2 | 2 | 4
Maine | 2 | 6 | 8
Massachusetts | 2 | 11 | 13
Michigan | 2 | 4 | 6
New Hampshire | 2 | 3 | 5
New Jersey | 2 | 5 | 7
New York | 2 | 33 | 35
Ohio | 2 | 21 | 23
Pennsylvania | 2 | 25 | 27
Rhode Island | 2 | 2 | 4
Vermont | 2 | 3 | 5
Wisconsin | 2 | 3 | 5
|-----------|---------------|----------
| 32 | 141 | 176
=======================================================

TABLE NO. XLV.

NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE SLAVE STATES--1857.

-------------------------------------------------------
States. | Senators. | Rep. in lower | Electoral
| | House Cong. | votes.
----------------|-----------|---------------|----------
Alabama | 2 | 7 | 9
Arkansas | 2 | 2 | 4
Delaware | 2 | 1 | 3
Florida | 2 | 1 | 3
Georgia | 2 | 8 | 10
Kentucky | 2 | 10 | 12
Louisiana | 2 | 4 | 6
Maryland | 2 | 6 | 8
Mississippi | 2 | 5 | 7
Missouri | 2 | 7 | 9
North Carolina | 2 | 8 | 10
South Carolina | 2 | 6 | 8
Tennessee | 2 | 10 | 12
Texas | 2 | 2 | 4
Virginia | 2 | 13 | 15
|-----------|---------------|----------
| 30 | 90 | 120

TABLE NO. XLVI.

POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE FREE STATES--1856.

------------------------------------------------------------------
States. |_Republican._|_American._|_Democratic._| Total.
| Fremont. | Fillmore. | Buchanan. |
---------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|----------
California | 20,339 | 35,113 | 51,925 | 107,377
Connecticut | 42,715 | 2,615 | 34,995 | 80,325
Illinois | 96,189 | 37,444 | 105,348 | 238,981
Indiana | 94,375 | 22,386 | 118,670 | 235,431
Iowa | 43,954 | 9,180 | 36,170 | 89,304
Maine | 67,379 | 3,325 | 39,080 | 109,784
Massachusetts | 108,190 | 19,626 | 39,240 | 167,056
Michigan | 71,762 | 1,660 | 52,136 | 125,558
New Hampshire | 38,345 | 422 | 32,789 | 71,556
New Jersey | 28,338 | 24,115 | 46,943 | 99,396
New York | 276,907 | 124,604 | 195,878 | 597,389
Ohio | 187,497 | 28,126 | 170,874 | 386,497
Pennsylvania | 147,510 | 82,175 | 230,710 | 460,395
Rhode Island | 11,467 | 1,675 | 6,580 | 19,722
Vermont | 39,561 | 545 | 10,569 | 50,675
Wisconsin | 66,090 | 579 | 52,843 | 119,512
|-------------|-----------|-------------|----------
| 1,340,618 | 393,590 | 1,224,750 | 2,958,958
==================================================================

TABLE NO. XLVII.

POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE SLAVE STATES--1856.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
States. |_Republican._|_American._|_Democratic._| Total.
| Fremont. | Fillmore. | Buchanan. |
-----------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|----------
Alabama | | 28,552 | 46,739 | 75,291
Arkansas | | 10,787 | 21,910 | 32,697
Delaware | 308 | 6,175 | 8,004 | 14,487
Florida | | 4,833 | 6,358 | 11,191
Georgia | | 42,228 | 56,578 | 98,806
Kentucky | 314 | 67,416 | 74,642 | 142,372
Louisiana | | 20,709 | 22,164 | 42,873
Maryland | 281 | 47,460 | 39,115 | 86,856
Mississippi | | 24,195 | 35,446 | 59,641
Missouri | | 48,524 | 58,164 | 106,688
North Carolina | | 36,886 | 48,246 | 85,132
South Carolina[3]| | | |
Tennessee | | 66,178 | 73,638 | 139,816
Texas | | 15,244 | 28,757 | 44,001
Virginia | 291 | 60,278 | 89,826 | 150,395
|-------------|-----------|-------------|----------
| 1,194 | 479,465 | 609,587 | 1,090,246

TABLE NO. XLVIII.

VALUE OF CHURCHES IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.

--------------------------------------------------------------
Free States. || Slave States.
--------------------------------------------------------------
California | $288,400 || Alabama | $1,244,741
Connecticut | 3,599,330 || Arkansas | 149,686
Illinois | 1,532,305 || Delaware | 340,345
Indiana | 1,568,906 || Florida | 192,600
Iowa | 235,412 || Georgia | 1,327,112
Maine | 1,794,209 || Kentucky | 2,295,353
Massachusetts | 10,504,888 || Louisiana | 1,940,495
Michigan | 793,180 || Maryland | 3,974,116
New Hampshire | 1,433,266 || Mississippi | 832,622
New Jersey | 3,712,863 || Missouri | 1,730,135
New York | 21,539,561 || North Carolina | 907,785
Ohio | 5,860,059 || South Carolina | 2,181,476
Pennsylvania | 11,853,291 || Tennessee | 1,246,951
Rhode Island | 1,293,600 || Texas | 408,944
Vermont | 1,251,655 || Virginia | 2,902,220
Wisconsin | 512,552 || |
|--------------|| |------------
Total | $67,773,477 || Total | $21,674,581
==============================================================

TABLE NO. XLIX.

PATENTS ISSUED ON NEW INVENTIONS IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES--1856.

--------------------------------------------------------------
Free States. || Slave States.
--------------------------------------------------------------
California | 13 || Alabama | 11
Connecticut | 142 || Arkansas |
Illinois | 93 || Delaware | 8
Indiana | 67 || Florida | 3
Iowa | 14 || Georgia | 13
Maine | 42 || Kentucky | 26
Massachusetts | 331 || Louisiana | 30
Michigan | 22 || Maryland | 49
New Hampshire | 43 || Mississippi | 8
New Jersey | 78 || Missouri | 32
New York | 592 || North Carolina | 9
Ohio | 139 || South Carolina | 10
Pennsylvania | 267 || Tennessee | 23
Rhode Island | 18 || Texas | 4
Vermont | 35 || Virginia | 42
Wisconsin | 33 || |
|--------------|| |------------
Total | 1,929 || Total | 268

TABLE NO. L.

BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES--1855.

------------------------------------------------------
States. | Contribu. for | Contribu. for
| the Bible Cause. | the Tract Cause.
-----------------|------------------|-----------------
California | $1,900 | $ 5
Connecticut | 24,528 | 15,872
Illinois | 28,403 | 3,786
Indiana | 6,755 | 1,491
Iowa | 4,216 | 2,005
Maine | 5,449 | 2,981
Massachusetts | 43,444 | 11,492
Michigan | 5,554 | 1,114
New-Hampshire | 6,271 | 1,288
New-Jersey | 15,475 | 3,546
New-York | 123,386 | 61,233
Ohio | 25,758 | 9,576
Pennsylvania | 25,360 | 12,121
Rhode Island | 2,669 | 2,121
Vermont | 5,709 | 2,867
Wisconsin | 4,790 | 474
|------------------|-----------------
| $319,667 | $131,972
======================================================

TABLE NO. LI.

BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855.

------------------------------------------------------
States. | Contribu. for | Contribu. for
| the Bible Cause. | the Tract Cause.
-----------------|------------------|-----------------
Alabama | $3,351 | 477
Arkansas | 2,950 | 110
Delaware | 1,037 | 163
Florida | 1,957 | 5
Georgia | 4,532 | 1,468
Kentucky | 5,956 | 1,366
Louisiana | 1,810 | 1,099
Maryland | 8,909 | 5,365
Mississippi | 1,067 | 267
Missouri | 4,711 | 936
North Carolina | 6,197 | 1,419
South Carolina | 3,984 | 3,222
Tennessee | 8,383 | 1,807
Texas | 3,985 | 127
Virginia | 9,296 | 6,894
|------------------|-----------------
| $68,125 | $24,725

TABLE NO. LII.

MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES--1855-1856.

-----------------------------------------------------------
States. | Contributions for | Contributions for
|Miss'y purposes, 1855.|Coloniza. pur., 1856.
--------------|----------------------|---------------------
California | $ 192 | $ 1
Connecticut | 48,044 | 9,233
Illinois | 10,040 | 543
Indiana | 4,705 | 34
Iowa | 1,750 | 3
Maine | 13,929 | 1,719
Massachusetts | 128,505 | 1,422
Michigan | 4,935 | 4
New Hampshire | 11,963 | 1,130
New Jersey | 19,946 | 3,261
New York | 172,115 | 24,371
Ohio | 19,890 | 2,687
Pennsylvania | 43,412 | 4,287
Rhode Island | 9,440 | 2,125
Vermont | 11,094 | 304
Wisconsin | 2,216 | 806
|----------------------|---------------------
| $502,174 | $51,930
===========================================================

TABLE NO. LIII.

MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855-1856.

-----------------------------------------------------------
States. | Contributions for | Contributions for
|Miss'y purposes, 1855.|Coloniza. pur., 1856.
--------------|----------------------|---------------------
Alabama | $5,963 | $1,113
Arkansas | 455 | 1
Delaware | 1,003 | 250
Florida | 340 | 13
Georgia | 9,846 | 5,323
Kentucky | 6,953 | 4,436
Louisiana | 334 | 871
Maryland | 20,677 | 406
Mississippi | 4,957 | 2,177
Missouri | 2,712 | 313
North Carolina| 6,010 | 969
South Carolina| 15,248 | 129
Tennessee | 4,971 | 1,611
Texas | 349 | 6
Virginia | 22,106 | 10,000
|----------------------|---------------------
| $101,934 | $27,618

TABLE NO. LIV.

DEATHS IN THE FREE STATES--1850.[5]

-------------------------------------------------
States. | Number of | Ratio to the Number
| deaths. | living.
--------------|-------------|--------------------
California | |
Connecticut | 5,781 | 64.13
Illinois | 11,619 | 73.28
Indiana | 12,728 | 77.65
Iowa | 2,044 | 94.03
Maine | 7,545 | 77.29
Massachusetts | 19,414 | 51.23
Michigan | 4,520 | 88.19
New Hampshire | 4,268 | 74.49
New Jersey | 6,467 | 75.70
New York | 44,339 | 69.85
Ohio | 28,949 | 68.41
Pennsylvania | 28,318 | 81.63
Rhode Island | 2,241 | 65.83
Vermont | 3,132 | 100.13
Wisconsin | 2,884 | 105.82
| ----------- | -------------------
| 184,249 | 72.91
=================================================

TABLE NO. LV.

DEATHS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.[5]

--------------------------------------------------
States. | Number of | Ratio to the Number
| deaths. | living.
---------------|-------------|--------------------
Alabama | 9,084 | 84.94
Arkansas | 2,987 | 70.18
Delaware | 1,209 | 75.71
Florida | 933 | 93.67
Georgia | 9,920 | 91.93
Kentucky | 15,206 | 64.60
Louisiana | 11,948 | 42.85
Maryland | 9,594 | 60.77
Mississippi | 8,711 | 69.93
Missouri | 12,211 | 55.81
North Carolina | 10,207 | 85.12
South Carolina | 7,997 | 83.59
Tennessee | 11,759 | 85.34
Texas | 3,046 | 69.79
Virgina | 19,053 | 74.61
| ----------- | -------------------
| 133,865 | 71.82

TABLE NO. LVI.

FREE WHITE MALE PERSONS OVER FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE

ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER OUT-DOOR LABOR IN THE SLAVE-STATES--1850.

-----------------------------------------------------------
States. | No. engaged | No. engaged |
| in | in other | Total.
| Agriculture. | out-door labor. |
---------------|--------------|-----------------|----------
Alabama | 67,742 | 7,229 | 74,971
Arkansas | 28,436 | 5,596 | 34,032
Delaware | 6,225 | 4,184 | 10,409
Florida | 5,472 | 2,598 | 8,070
Georgia | 82,107 | 11,054 | 93,161
Kentucky | 110,119 | 26,308 | 136,427
Louisiana | 11,524 | 13,827 | 25,351
Maryland | 24,672 | 17,146 | 41,818
Mississippi | 50,028 | 5,823 | 55,851
Missouri | 64,292 | 19,900 | 84,192
North Carolina | 76,338 | 21,876 | 98,214
South Carolina | 37,612 | 6,991 | 44,603
Tennessee | 115,844 | 16,795 | 132,639
Texas | 24,987 | 22,713 | 47,700
Virginia | 97,654 | 33,928 | 131,582
---------------|--------------|-----------------|----------
| 803,052 | 215,968 | 1,019,020
===========================================================

Too hot in the South, and too unhealthy there--white men "can't stand it"--negroes only can endure the heat of Southern climes! How often are our ears insulted with such wickedly false assertions as these! In what degree of latitude--pray tell us--in what degree of latitude do the rays of the sun become too calorific for white men? Certainly in no part of the United States, for in the extreme South we find a very large number of non-slaveholding whites over the age of fifteen, who derive their entire support from manual labor in the open fields. The sun, that bugbear of slaveholding demagogues, shone on more than one million of free white laborers--mostly agriculturists--in the slave States in 1850, exclusive of those engaged in commerce, trade, manufactures, the mechanic arts, and mining. Yet, notwithstanding all these instances of exposure to his wrath, we have had no intelligence whatever of a single case of _coup de so-leil_. Alabama is not too hot; sixty-seven thousand white sons of toil till her soil. Mississippi is not too hot; fifty-five thousand free white laborers are hopeful devotees of her out-door pursuits. Texas is not too hot; forty-seven thousand free white persons, males, over the age of fifteen, daily perform their rural vocations amidst her unsheltered air.

It is stated on good authority that, in January, 1856, native ice, three inches thick, was found in Galveston Bay; we have seen it ten inches thick in North Carolina, with the mercury in the thermometer at two degrees below zero. In January, 1857, while the snow was from three to five feet deep in many parts of North Carolina, the thermometer indicated a degree of coldness seldom exceeded in any State in the Union--thirteen degrees below zero. The truth is, instead of its being too hot in the South for white men, it is too cold for negroes; and we long to see the day arrive when the latter shall have entirely receded from their uncongenial homes in America, and given full and undivided place to the former.

Too hot in the South for white men! It is not too hot for white women. Time and again, in different counties in North Carolina, have we seen the poor white wife of the poor white husband, following him in the harvest-field from morning till night, binding up the grain as it fell from his cradle. In the immediate neighborhood from which we hail, there are not less than thirty young women, non-slaveholding whites, between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five--some of whom are so well known to us that we could call them by name--who labor in the fields every summer; two of them in particular, near neighbors to our mother, are in the habit of hiring themselves out during harvest-time, the very hottest season of the year, to bind wheat and oats--each of them keeping up with the reaper; and this for the paltry consideration of twenty-five cents per day.

That any respectable man--any man with a heart or a soul in his composition--can look upon these poor toiling white women without feeling indignant at that accursed system of slavery which has entailed on them the miseries of poverty, ignorance, and degradation, we shall not do ourself the violence to believe. If they and their husbands, and their sons and daughters, and brothers and sisters, are not righted in some of the more important particulars in which they have been wronged, the fault shall lie at other doors than our own. In their behalf, chiefly, have we written and compiled this work; and until our object shall have been accomplished, or until life shall have been extinguished, there shall be no abatement in our efforts to aid them in regaining the natural and inalienable prerogatives out of which they have been so infamously swindled. We want to see no more plowing, or hoeing, or raking, or grain-binding, by white women in the Southern States; employment in cotton-mills and other factories would be far more profitable and congenial to them, and this they shall have within a short period after slavery shall have been abolished.

Too hot in the South for white men! What is the testimony of reliable Southrons themselves? Says Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky:--

"In the extreme South, at New Orleans, the laboring men--the
stevedores and hackmen on the levee, where the heat is intensified by
the proximity of the red brick buildings, are all white men, and they
are in the full enjoyment of health. But how about Cotton? I am
informed by a friend of mine--himself a slaveholder and therefore
good authority--that in Northwestern Texas, among the German
settlements, who true to their national instincts, will not employ
the labor of a slave--they produce more cotton to the acre, and of a
better quality, and selling at prices from a cent to a cent and a
half a pound higher than that produced by slave labor."

Says Gov. Hammond, of South Carolina:--

"The steady heat of our summers is not so prostrating as the short,
but frequent and sudden, bursts of Northern summers."

In an extract which may be found in our second chapter, and to which we respectfully refer the reader, it will be seen that this same South Carolinian, speaking of "not less than fifty thousand" non-slaveholding whites, says--"most of these now follow agricultural pursuits."

Says Dr. Cartwright of New Orleans:--

"Here in New Orleans, the larger part of the drudgery--work requiring
exposure to the sun, as railroad-making, street-paving, dray-driving,
ditching and building, is performed by white people."

To the statistical tables which show the number of deaths in the free and in the slave States in 1850, we would direct special attention. Those persons, particularly the propogandists of negro slavery, who, heretofore, have been so dreadfully exercised on account of what they have been pleased to term "the insalubrity of Southern climes," will there find something to allay their fearful apprehensions. A critical examination of said tables will disclose the fact that, in proportion to population, deaths occur more frequently in Massachusetts than in any Southern State except Louisiana; more frequently in New York than in any of the Southern States, except Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas; more frequently in New Jersey, in Pennsylvania, and in Ohio, than in either Georgia, Florida, or Alabama. Leaving Wisconsin and Louisiana out of the account, and then comparing the bills of mortality in the remaining Northern States, with those in the remaining Southern States, we find the difference decidedly in favor of the latter; for, according to this calculation, while the ratio of deaths is as only one to 74.60 of the living population in the Southern States, it is as one to 72.39 in the Northern.

Says Dr. J. C. Nott, of Mobile:--

"Heat, moisture, animal and vegetable matter are said to be the
elements which produce the diseases of the South, and yet the
testimony in proof of the health of the banks of the lower portion of
the Mississippi River, is too strong to be doubted,--not only the
river itself but also the numerous bayous which meander through
Louisiana. Here is a perfectly flat alluvial country, covering
several hundred miles, interspersed with interminable lakes, lagunes
and jungles, and still we are informed by Dr. Cartwright, one of the
most acute observers of the day, that this country is exempt from
miasmatic disorders, and is extremely healthy. His assertion has been
confirmed to me by hundreds of witnesses, and we know from our own
observation, that the population present a robust and healthy
appearance."

But the best part is yet to come. In spite of all the blatant assertions of the oligarchy, that the climate of the South was arranged expressly for the negroes, and that the negroes were created expressly to inhabit it as the healthful servitors of other men, a carefully kept register of all the deaths that occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, for the space of six years, shows that, even in that locality which is generally regarded as so unhealthy, the annual mortality was much greater among the blacks, in proportion to population, than among the whites. Dr. Nott himself shall state the facts. He says:--

"The average mortality for the last six years in Charleston for all
ages is 1 in 51, including all classes. Blacks alone 1 in 44; whites
alone, 1 in 58--a very remarkable result, certainly. This mortality
is perhaps not an unfair test, as the population during the last six
years has been undisturbed by emigration and acclimated in a greater
proportion than at any former period."

Numerous other authorities might be cited in proof of the general healthiness of the climate south of Mason and Dixon's line. Of 127 remarkable cases of American longevity, published in a recent edition of Blake's Biographical Dictionary, 68 deceased centenarians are credited to the Southern States, and 59 to the Northern--the list being headed with Betsey Trantham, of Tennessee--a white woman, who died in 1834, at the extraordinarily advanced age of 154 years.

TABLE NO. LVII.

NATIVES OF THE SLAVE STATES IN THE FREE STATES, AND NATIVES OF THE FREE STATES IN THE SLAVE STATES.--1850.

---------------------------------------------------------------------
States. | Natives of the | States. | Natives of the
| Slave States. | | Free States.
---------------|----------------|--------------------|---------------
California | 24,055 | Alabama | 4,947
Connecticut | 1,390 | Arkansas | 7,965
Illinois | 144,809 | Delaware | 6,996
Indiana | 176,581 | Florida | 1,718
Iowa | 31,392 | Georgia | 4,219
Maine | 458 | Kentucky | 31,340
Massachusetts | 2,980 | Louisiana | 14,567
Michigan | 3,634 | Maryland | 23,815
New-Hampshire | 215 | Mississippi | 4,517
New-Jersey | 4,110 | Missouri | 55,664
New-York | 12,625 | North Carolina | 2,167
Ohio | 152,319 | South Carolina | 2,427
Pennsylvania | 47,180 | Tennessee | 6,571
Rhode Island | 982 | Texas | 9,982
Vermont | 140 | Virginia | 28,999
Wisconsin | 6,353 | |
|----------------| |---------------
| 609,223 | | 205,924
---------------------------------------------------------------------

This last table, compiled from the 116th page of the Compendium of the Seventh Census, shows, in a most lucid and startling manner, how negroes, slavery and slaveholders are driving the native non-slaveholding whites away from their homes, and keeping at a distance other decent people. From the South the tide of emigration still flows in a westerly and north-westerly direction, and it will continue to do so until slavery is abolished. The following remarks, which we extract from an editorial article that appeared in the Memphis (Tenn.) _Bulletin_ near the close of the year 1856, are worth considering in this connection:--

"We have never before observed so large a number of immigrants going
westward as are crossing the river at this point daily, the two ferry
boats--sometimes three--going crowded from early morn until the boats
cease making their trips at night. It is no uncommon sight to see
from twenty to forty wagons encamped on the bluff for the night,
notwithstanding there has been a steady stream going across the river
all day, and yet the cry is, still they come."

About the same time the Cassville (Geo.) _Standard_ spoke with surprise of the multitude of emigrants crowding the streets of that town bound for the far West.

Prof. B. S. Hedrick, late of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, says:--

"Of my neighbors, friends and kindred, nearly one-half have left the
State since I was old enough to remember. Many is the time I have
stood by the loaded emigrant wagon, and given the parting hand to
those whose faces I was never to look upon again. They were going to
seek homes in the free West, knowing, as they did, that free and
slave labor could not both exist and prosper in the same community.
If any one thinks that I speak without knowledge, let him refer to
the last census. He will there find that in 1850 there were
fifty-eight thousand native North Carolinians living in the free
States of the West--thirty-three-thousand in Indiana alone. There
were, at the same time, one hundred and eighty thousand Virginians
living in the free States. Now, if these people were so much in love
with the 'institution,' why did they not remain where they could
enjoy its blessings?

"From my knowledge of the people of North Carolina, I believe that
the majority of them who will go to Kansas during the next five
years, would prefer that it should be a free State. I am sure that if
I were to go there I should vote to exclude slavery."

For daring to have political opinions of his own, and because he did not deem it his duty to conceal the fact that he loved liberty better than slavery, the gallant author of the extract above quoted was peremptorily dismissed from his post of analytical and agricultural chemist in the University of North Carolina, ignominiously subjected to the indignities of a mob, and then savagely driven beyond the borders of his native State. His villainous persecutors, if not called to settle their accounts in another world within the next ten years, will probably survive to repent of the enormity of their pro-slavery folly.

TABLE NO. LVIII.

VALUE OF THE SLAVES AT $400 PER HEAD.--1850.[6]

-------------------------------------------------------------
|Value of the Slaves| Val. of Real and Per.
States. | at $400 per head. | Estate, less the val. of
| | slaves at $400 p. head.
---------------|-------------------|-------------------------
Alabama | $137,137,600 | $81,066,732
Arkansas | 18,840,000 | 21,001,025
Delaware | 916,000 | 17,939,863
Florida | 15,724,000 | 7,474,734
Georgia | 152,672,800 | 182,752,914
Kentucky | 84,392,400 | 217,236,056
Louisiana | 97,923,600 | 136,075,164
Maryland | 36,147,200 | 183,070,164
Mississippi | 123,951,200 | 105,000,000
Missouri | 34,968,800 | 102,278,907
North Carolina | 115,419,200 | 111,381,272
South Carolina | 153,993,600 | 134,264,094
Tennessee | 95,783,600 | 111,671,104
Texas | 23,264,400 | 32,097,940
Virginia | 189,011,200 | 202,634,638
|-------------------|-------------------------
| $1,280,145,600 | $1,655,945,137
=============================================================

TABLES 34 and 35 show that, on account of the pitiable poverty and ignorance of slavery, the mails were transported throughout the Southern States, during the year 1855, at an extra cost to the General Government of more than six hundred thousand dollars! In the free States, postages were received to the amount of more than two millions of dollars over and above the cost of transportation.

To Dr. G. Bailey, editor of the _National Era_, Washington city, D. C., we are indebted for the following useful and interesting statistics, to which some of our readers will doubtless have frequent occasion to refer:--

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Appointed.

March 4, 1789 } George Washington, _Virginia_.
" 3, 1797 }

March 4, 1797 } John Adams, _Massachusetts_.
" 3, 1801 }

March 4, 1801 } Thomas Jefferson, _Virginia_.
" 3, 1809 }

March 4, 1809 } James Madison, _Virginia_.
" 3, 1817 }

March 4, 1817 } James Monroe, _Virginia_.
" 3, 1825 }

March 4, 1825 } John Q. Adams, _Massachusetts_.
" 3, 1829 }

March 4, 1829 } Andrew Jackson, _Tennessee_.
" 3, 1837 }

March 4, 1837 } Martin Van Buren, _New York_.
" 3, 1841 }

March 4, 1841 } William H. Harrison, _Ohio_.
" 3, 1845 }

March 4, 1845 } James K. Polk, _Tennessee_.
" 3, 1849 }

March 4, 1849 } Zachary Taylor, _Louisiana_.
" 3, 1853 }

March 4, 1853 } Franklin Pierce, _New Hampshire_.
" 3, 1857 }

March 4, 1857 } James Buchanan, _Pennsylvania_.
" 3, 1861 }

At the close of the term for which Mr. Buchanan is elected, it will have been seventy-two years since the organization of the present Government.

In that period, there have been eighteen elections for President, the candidates chosen in twelve of them being Southern men and slaveholders, in six of them Northern men and non-slaveholders.

No Northern man has ever been re-elected, but five Southern men have been thus honored.

Gen. Harrison, of Ohio, died one month after his inauguration. Gen. Taylor, of Louisiana, about four months after his inauguration. In the former case, John Tyler, of Virginia, became acting President, in the latter, Millard Fillmore, of New York.

Of the seventy-two years, closing with Mr. Buchanan's term, should he live it out, Southern men and slaveholders have occupied the Presidential chair forty-eight years and three months, or a little more than two-thirds of the time.

THE SUPREME COURT.

The judicial districts are organized so as to give five judges to the slave States, and four to the free, although the population, wealth, and business of the latter are far in advance of those of the former. The arrangement affords, however, an excuse for constituting the Supreme Court, with a majority of judges from the slaveholding States.

MEMBERS.

Chief Justice--R. B. Taney, _Maryland_.
Associate Justice--J. M. Wayne, _Georgia_.
" " John Catron, _Tennessee_.
" " P. V. Daniel, _Virginia_.
" " John A. Campbell, _Alabama_.
" " John McLean, _Ohio_.
" " S. Nelson, _New York_.
" " R. C. Grier, _Pennsylvania_.
" " B. R. Curtis, _Massachusetts_.
Reporter--B. C. Howard, _Maryland_.
Clerk--W. T. Carroll, _D. C._

SECRETARIES OF STATE.

The highest office in the Cabinet is that of Secretary of State, who has under his charge the foreign relations of the country. Since the year 1789, there have been twenty-two appointments to the office--fourteen from slave States, eight from free. Or, counting by years, the post has been filled by Southern men and slaveholders very nearly forty years out of sixty-seven, as follows:

Appointed.

Sept. 26, 1789, Thomas Jefferson, _Virginia_.
Jan. 2, 1794, E. Randolph, _Virginia_.
Dec. 10, 1795, T. Pickering, _Massachusetts_.
May 13, 1800, J. Marshall, _Virginia_.
March 5, 1801, James Madison, _Virginia_.
March 6, 1809, R. Smith, _Maryland_.
April 2, 1811, James Monroe, _Virginia_.
Feb. 28, 1815, " " "
March 5, 1815, J. Q. Adams, _Massachusetts_.
March 7, 1825, Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.
March 6, 1829, Martin Van Buren, _New York_.
May 24, 1831, E. Livingston, _Louisiana_.
May 29, 1833, Louis McLane, _Delaware_.
June 27, 1834, J. Forsyth, _Georgia_.
March 5, 1841, Daniel Webster, _Massachusetts_.
July 24, 1843, A. P. Upshur, _Virginia_.
March 6, 1844, J. C. Calhoun, _South Carolina_.
March 5, 1845, James Buchanan, _Pennsylvania_.
March 7, 1849, J. M. Clayton, _Delaware_.
July 20, 1850, Daniel Webster, _Massachusetts_.
Dec. 9, 1851, E. Everett, _Massachusetts_.
March 5, 1853, W. L. Marcy, _New York_.

PRESIDENTS PRO TEM. OF THE SENATE.

Since the year 1809, every President _pro tem._ of the Senate of the United States has been a Southern man and slaveholder, with the exception of Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, who held the office for a very short time, and Mr. Bright, of Indiana, who has held it for one or two sessions, we believe, having been elected, however, as a known adherent of the slave interest, believed to be interested in slave "property."

SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

April, 1789 }
March 3, 1791 } F. A. Muhlenberg, _Penn._

Oct. 24, 1791 }
March 2, 1793 } J. Trumbull, _Connecticut_.

Dec. 2, 1793 }
March 3, 1795 } F. A. Muhlenberg, _Penn._

Dec. 7, 1795 }
March 3, 1797 } Jonathan Dayton, _New Jersey_.

May 15, 1797 }
March 3, 1799 } " " "

Dec. 2, 1799 }
March 3, 1801 } Theodore Sedgwick, _Mass._

Dec. 7, 1801 }
March 3, 1807 } Nathaniel Macon, _N. Car._

Oct. 26, 1807 }
March 3, 1811 } J. B. Varnum, _Massachusetts_.

March 4, 1811 }
Jan. 19, 1814 } Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.

Jan. 19, 1814 }
March 2, 1815 } Laugdon Cheves, _S. Car._

Dec. 4, 1815 }
Nov. 13, 1820 } Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.

Nov. 15, 1820 }
March 3, 1821 } J. W. Taylor, _New-York_.

Dec. 3, 1821 }
March 3, 1823 } P. B. Barbour, _Virginia_.

Dec. 1, 1823 }
March 3, 1825 } Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.

Dec. 5, 1825 }
March 3, 1827 } J. W. Taylor, _New-York_.

Dec. 3, 1827 }
June 2, 1834 } A. Stevenson, _Virginia_.

June 2, 1834 }
March 3, 1835 } John Bell, _Tennessee_.

Dec. 7, 1835 }
March 3, 1839 } James K. Polk, _Tennessee_.

Dec. 16, 1839 }
March 3, 1841 } R. M. T. Hunter, _Virginia_.

May 31, 1841 }
March 3, 1843 } John White, _Tennessee_.

Dec. 4, 1843 }
March 3, 1845 } J. W. Jones, _Virginia_.

Dec. 1, 1845 }
March 3, 1847 } J. W. Davis, _Indiana_.

Dec. 6, 1847 }
March 3, 1849 } R. C. Winthrop, _Mass._

Dec. 22, 1849 }
March 3, 1851 } Howell Cobb, _Georgia_.

Dec. 1, 1851 }
March 3, 1853 } Linn Boyd, _Kentucky_.

Dec. 1 1853 }
March 3, 1855 } " " "

Feb. 28, 1856 }
March 3, 1857 } Nathaniel P. Banks, _Mass._

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL.

Appointed--

Sept. 26, 1789, S. Osgood, _Massachusetts_.
Aug. 12, 1791, T. Pickering, _Massachusetts_.
Feb. 25, 1795, J. Habersham, _Georgia_.
Nov. 28, 1801, G. Granger, _Connecticut_.
March 17, 1814, R. J. Meigs, _Ohio_.
June 25, 1823, John McLean, _Ohio_.
March 9, 1829, W. T. Barry, _Kentucky_.
May 1, 1835, A. Kendall, _Kentucky_.
May 18, 1840, J. M. Niles, _Connecticut_.
March 6, 1841, F. Granger, _New York_.
Sept. 13, 1841, C. A. Wickliffe, _Kentucky_.
March 5, 1845, C. Johnson, _Tennessee_.
March 7, 1849, J. Collamer, _Vermont_.
July 20, 1850, N. K. Hall, _New York_.
Aug. 31, 1852, S. D. Hubbard, _Connecticut_.
March 5, 1853, J. Campbell, _Pennsylvania_.

Sectionalism does not seem to have had much to do with this Department or with that of the Interior, created in 1848-'49.

SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR.

Appointed--

March 7, 1849, T. Ewing, _Ohio_.
July 20, 1850, J. A. Pearce, _Maryland_.
Aug. 15, 1850, T. M. T. McKennon, _Pennsylvania_.
Sept. 12, 1850, A. H. H. Stuart, _Virginia_.
March 5, 1853, R. McClelland, _Michigan_.

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.

Appointed--

Sept. 26, 1789, E. Randolph, _Virginia_.
June 27, 1794, W. Bradford, _Pennsylvania_.
Dec. 10, 1795, C. Lee, _Virginia_.
Feb. 20, 1801, T. Parsons, _Massachusetts_.
March 5, 1800, L. Lincoln, _Massachusetts_.
March 2, 1805, R. Smith, _Maryland_.
Dec. 23, 1805, J. Breckinridge, _Kentucky_.
Jan. 20, 1807, C. A. Rodney, _Pennsylvania_.
Dec. 11, 1811, W. Pinkney, _Maryland_.
Feb. 10, 1814, R. Rush, _Pennsylvania_.
Nov. 13, 1817, W. Wirt, _Virginia_.
March 9, 1829, J. McPherson Berrien, _Georgia_.
July 20, 1831, Roger B. Taney, _Maryland_.
Nov. 15, 1833, B. F. Butler, _New York_.
July 7, 1838, F. Grundy, _Tennessee_.
Jan. 10, 1840, H. D. Gilpin, _Pennsylvania_.
March 5, 1841, J. J. Crittenden, _Kentucky_.
Sept. 13, 1841, H. S. Legare, _South Carolina_.
July 1, 1843, John Nelson, _Maryland_.
March 5, 1845, J. Y. Mason, _Virginia_.
Oct. 17, 1846, N. Clifford, _Maine_.
June 21, 1848, Isaac Toucey, _Connecticut_.
March 7, 1849, R. Johnson, _Maryland_.
July 20, 1850, J. J. Crittenden, _Kentucky_.
March 5, 1853, C. Cushing, _Massachusetts_.

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.

The post of Secretary of the Treasury, although one of great importance, requires financial abilities of a high order, which are more frequently found in the North than in the South, and affords little opportunity for influencing general politics, or the questions springing out of Slavery. We need not therefore be surprised to learn that Northern men have been allowed to discharge its duties some forty-eight years out of sixty-seven, as follows:

Appointed--

Sept. 11, 1789, A. Hamilton, _New York_.
Feb. 3, 1795, O. Wolcott, _Connecticut_.
Dec. 31, 1800, S. Dexter, _Massachusetts_.
May 14, 1801, A. Gallatin, _Pennsylvania_.
Feb. 9, 1814, G. W. Campbell, _Tennessee_.
Oct. 6, 1814, A. J. Dallas, _Pennsylvania_.
Oct. 22, 1816, W. H. Crawford, _Georgia_.
March 7, 1825, R. Rush, _Pennsylvania_.
March 6, 1829, S. D. Ingham, _Pennsylvania_.
Aug. 8, 1831, L. McLane, _Delaware_.
May 29, 1833, W. J. Duane, _Pennsylvania_.
Sept. 23, 1833, Roger B. Taney, _Maryland_.
June 27, 1834, L. Woodbury, _New Hampshire_.
March 5, 1841, Thomas Ewing, _Ohio_.
Sept. 13, 1841, W. Forward, _Pennsylvania_.
March 3, 1843, J. C. Spencer, _New York_.
June 15, 1844, G. M. Bibb, _Kentucky_.
March 5, 1845, R. J. Walker, _Mississippi_.
March 7, 1849, W. M. Meredith, _Pennsylvania_.
June 20, 1850, Thomas Corwin, _Ohio_.
March 5, 1843, James Guthrie, _Kentucky_.

SECRETARIES OF WAR AND THE NAVY.

The Slaveholders since March 8th, 1841, a period of nearly sixteen years, have taken almost exclusive supervision of the Navy. Northern men having occupied the Secretaryship only two years. Nor has any Northern man been Secretary of War since 1849. Considering that nearly all the shipping belongs to the free States, which also supply the seamen, it does seem remarkable that Slaveholders should have monopolized for the last sixteen years the control of the Navy.

SECRETARIES OF WAR.

Appointed--

Sept. 12, 1789, Henry Knox, _Massachusetts_.
Jan. 2, 1795, T. Pickering, _Massachusetts_.
Jan. 27, 1796, J. McHenry, _Maryland_.
May 7, 1800, J. Marshall, _Virginia_.
May 13, 1800, S. Dexter, _Massachusetts_.
Feb. 3, 1801, R. Griswold, _Connecticut_.
March 5, 1801, H. Dearborn, _Massachusetts_.
March 7, 1802, W. Eustis, _Massachusetts_.
Jan. 13, 1813, J. Armstrong, _New York_.
Sept. 27, 1814, James Monroe, _Virginia_.
March 3, 1815, W. H. Crawford, _Georgia_.
April 7, 1817, G. Graham, _Virginia_.
March 5, 1817, J. Shelby, _Kentucky_.
Oct. 8, 1817, J. C. Calhoun, _South Carolina_.
March 7, 1825, J. Barbour, _Virginia_.
May 26, 1828, P. B. Porter, _Pennsylvania_.
March 9, 1829, J. H. Eaton, _Tennessee_.
Aug. 1, 1831, Lewis Cass, _Ohio_.
March 3, 1837, B. F. Butler, _New York_.
March 7, 1837, J. R. Poinsett, _South Carolina_.
March 5, 1841, James Bell, _Tennessee_.
Sept. 13, 1841, John McLean, _Ohio_.
Oct. 12, 1841, J. C. Spencer, _New York_.
March 8, 1843, J. W. Porter, _Pennsylvania_.
Feb. 15, 1844, W. Wilkins, _Pennsylvania_.
March 5, 1845, William L. Marcy, _New York_.
March 7, 1849, G. W. Crawford, _Georgia_.
July 20, 1850, E. Bates, _Missouri_.
Aug. 15, 1850, C. M. Conrad, _Louisiana_.
March 5, 1853, Jefferson Davis, _Mississippi_.

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY.

Appointed--

May 3, 1798, G. Cabot, _Massachusetts_.
May 21, 1798, B. Stoddart, _Massachusetts_.
July 15, 1801, R. Smith, _Maryland_.
May 3, 1805, J. Crowninshield, _Massachusetts_.
March 7, 1809, P. Hamilton, _South Carolina_.
Jan. 12, 1813, W. Jones, _Pennsylvania_.
Dec. 17, 1814, B. W. Crowninshield, _Massachusetts_.
Nov. 9, 1818, Smith Thompson, _New York_.
Sept. 1, 1823, John Rogers, _Massachusetts_.
Sept. 16, 1823, S. L. Southard, _New Jersey_.
March 9, 1829, John Branch, _North Carolina_.
May 23, 1831, L. Woodbury, _New Hampshire_.
June 30, 1834, M. Dickerson, _New Jersey_.
June 20, 1838, J. K. Paulding, _New York_.
March 5, 1841, G. F. Badger, _North Carolina_.
Sept. 13, 1841, A. P. Upshur, _Virginia_.
July 24, 1843, D. Henshaw, _Massachusetts_.
Feb. 12, 1844, T. W. Gilmer, _Virginia_.
March 14, 1844, James Y. Mason, _Virginia_.
March 10, 1845, G. Bancroft, _Massachusetts_.
Sept. 9, 1846, James Y. Mason, _Virginia_.
March 7, 1849, W. B. Preston, _Virginia_.
July 20, 1850, W. A. Graham, _N. Carolina_.
July 22, 1852, J. P. Kennedy, _Maryland_.
March 3, 1853, J. C. Dobbin, _N. Carolina_.

RECAPITULATION.

_Presidency._--Southern men and Slaveholders, 48 years 3 months; Northern men, 23 years 9 months.

_Pro. Tem. Presidency of the Senate._--Since 1809, held by Southern men and Slaveholders, except for three or four sessions by Northern men.

_Speakership of the House._--Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty-three years, Northern men, twenty-five.

_Supreme Court._--A majority of the Judges, including Chief Justice, Southern men and Slaveholders.

_Secretaryship of State._--Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty years, Northern, twenty-seven.

_Attorney Generalship._--Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty-two years, Northern men, twenty-five.

_War and Navy._--Secretaryship of the Navy, Southern men and Slaveholders, the last sixteen years, with an interval of two years.