Chapter III: Front Matter (3)

R. R. MADDEN'S "Infirmities of Genius," a very pleasant book, is in the press of Mr. J. S. Redfield. Madden is an Irishman, and he first became known to the public by his "Travels in Turkey," published about twenty-five years ago. The "Infirmities of Genius" appeared in 1833, and two American editions of the work have heretofore been printed. In 1835 Mr. Madden came to the United States, and in 1836-7-8-9, he filled the office of Superintendent of Liberated Africans, and Commissioner of Arbitration in the Mixed Court of Justice at Havana. His various experiences and observations, during eight years of official and private life in America, the West Indies, and Africa, led to the composition of several tracts on the slave-trade, and a volume printed we think some two years ago on "the Island of Cuba, its Resources, Progress, and Prospects." The "Infirmities of Genius" is, in a literary point of view, his best production; and it is likely to retain a place among the contributions of the age to standard English literature.

* * * * *

THE REV. E. H. CHAPIN, whose effective elocution and brilliant rhetoric attract crowds to his ordinary discourses at the Universalist Church in Murray-street, has in the press of Mr. J. S. Redfield, a volume upon "Womanhood, Illustrated by the Women of the New Testament"--not treating of these characters in the offensive style of the small rhetoricians, but rather in that of Emerson's Representative Men, presenting Martha as a type of the women of society, &c. We believe we have not before referred in these pages to the fact, that Mr. Chapin was commonly regarded as by far the finest orator in the recent Peace Congress at Frankfort, in which were a large number of men from several nations eminent for eloquence.

* * * * *

A DISCOVERY OF IMPORTANT HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, according to a Chicago paper, has recently been made among the manuscripts which were saved from the pillage of the Jesuits' College in Quebec. "It is well known by those familiar with the resources of early American history, that the publication of the Jesuit Relations, which furnish so much of interest in regard to the discovery and early exploration of the region bordering on our northern lakes, was discontinued after the year 1672. Some were known to have been written, but the manuscripts were supposed to be lost. The Relations from 1672 to 1679 inclusive, have lately been discovered, and among them a manuscript containing a full account of the voyages of Father Marquette, and of the discovery by him of the Mississippi river. It was undoubtedly this manuscript which furnished Thevenot the text of his publication in 1687, of 'The voyages and discoveries of Father Marquette and of the Sieur Joliet.' The latter kept a journal and drew a map of their route, but his canoe was upset in the falls of St. Louis, as he was descending the St. Lawrence in sight of Montreal, and he lost them with the rest of his effects. What increases the value of the present discovery is, that the original narrative goes much more into detail than the one published by Thevenot. The motive which prompted and the preparations which were made for the expedition are fully described, and no difficulty is found in tracing its route. There is also among the papers an autograph journal by Marquette, of his last voyage from the 25th of October, 1674, to the 6th of April, 1675, a month before his singular death, which occurred on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Also, a chart of the Mississippi drawn by himself, illustrating his travels. The one annexed to Thevenot's account, above referred to, a copy of which is contained in the third volume of Bancroft's History of the United States, is manifestly incorrect, as there is a variance between the route of the Jesuit as traced on his map, and that detailed in his text. The manuscript chart now rescued from oblivion, reconciles all discrepancies, and constitutes a most interesting historical relic."

* * * * *

AMONG the publications of the past month, _A copious and critical Latin-English Lexicon_, royal octavo, pp. 1663, from the press of the Harpers, is especially deserving of praise. We congratulate Professors Andrews and Turner on the honorable close to their long and arduous labors. They have earned thanks of all beginning students and riper scholars in the Latin tongue. These, and the advancement of sound learning, are the only adequate rewards for labors so untiring and long continued; so wearisome and beneficial. The highest and only just praise of this admirable volume, would be given by a plain statement of its merits, but these are too extensive and varied to be even catalogued within brief limits--we can only touch upon a few of them. For a year past we have had opportunity and occasion to examine parts of the work as it was going on to completion, and to compare it with others of similar design. We speak then advisedly when we say that it far surpasses any such Lexicon hitherto in use among us, and should supersede them all. Since the works of Forcellini, and Facciolati, and Gesner, very great advances have been made in all departments of classical Philology; many of the best results of these advances were embodied in Freund's great Lexicon, the first volume of which was published in 1834. But since then, and even since 1845, the date of the last volume, the thirst for antiquarian research has slaked itself at newly discovered sources. The present editors, to a discriminating selection from all that the zeal and activity of others have gathered, up to the latest time, have added valuable knowledge from their own varied stores, and at last furnished to American students a work superior in its kind to any that has preceded it here or abroad. It combines in a remarkable degree the copiousness of a Thesaurus with the brevity and convenience for ready reference of a school-dictionary. Citations abundantly sufficient to meet the wants of ordinary readers are given in full, while distinct references guide the more exacting scholar over a much wider field of original authority. In this way space is economized, and the book is made cheap without a sacrifice of learning. Its first general merit is its singular correctness. In a verification of the almost numberless passages quoted, and a correction of time-honored blunders, committed by subordinates, but sanctioned by names of great writers employing them; in a distrust of authority at second-hand, and persistent fidelity to the cause of learning, we recognize the diligence of Prof. W. W. Turner. Those who have never tried this kind of work have but an inadequate idea of its demands on the brain, and on the conscience too. _Reading through_ a dictionary is an after-dinner pastime in comparison. The vocabulary is more extended than in other lexicons. But the peculiar and highest merit of this work appears in definitions, remarkable for clearness, fulness, and distinction of the subtle shades of meaning. Colloquial, technical, and other special uses of words, here receive their share of attention, and are felicitously rendered or illustrated by corresponding English terms. The arrangement is admirable. The words of the vocabulary are distinguished by an appropriate type. The etymology, the primitive and derivative, the general and special, the proper and tropical significations of a word; its meaning before the courts, in the temples, at the games, among the Roman mob or the Roman exquisites; its anti-classical, golden-augustan, neo-degenerate or patristic use--all this is given in a regular order, by changes of type and an ingenious system of abbreviations, so that the whole origin, history, value and application of any Latin word may be taken in, almost at a glance. The amount of archaeological learning--compressed indeed but never obscured by abridgment--scattered through these pages is immense. Finally there is an appendix, containing the XII. Tables, and other specimens of Archaic Latin; and another, giving a list of Italian and French words, varied by euphonic changes from the Latin origin. There are also a translation of Freund's original preface by Prof. Woolsey, and a modest preface by Prof. Andrews, the editor in chief.

* * * * *

THE REV. F. W. SHELTON, minister of an out-of-the-way parish on Long Island, and known in literature hitherto only by two or three wise lectures which he addressed to the young men of his village, (though his intimate friends have guessed all the while that his hand was in some of the wittiest and most unique contributions to the _Knickerbocker_,) has published during the last month one of the best specimens of allegory furnished by this age. It is entitled "Salander," and has for its subject the backbiting dragon sometimes called by similar name. It makes a neat duodecimo, illustrated with wood cuts, and is published by Samuel Hueston.

* * * * *

PROFESSOR BUSH is editing and will soon publish (through J. S. Redfield), the pious and ingenious Heinrich Stilling's celebrated "Theory of Pneumatology." It is a remarkable book, and in this sea of silliness about knocking spirits, &c., which in so remarkable a degree has shown that the infidels who cannot receive the Bible, because it is "incredible," are the most credulous fools in the world, the German psychologist will command attention. Dr. Bush adds to the work a preface and notes.

* * * * *

MISS MARTINEAU and a Mr. Atkinson have just published a volume entitled "Letters on Man's Nature and Development," in which they handle very boldly the subjects of Mesmerism, Clairvoyance, Phrenology, &c. It is altogether and avowedly materialistic.

* * * * *

JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL has written a satire upon "The Rappers,"--a humorous and witty poem of a thousand lines or so, which will be out, we believe in _Graham's Magazine_, during the month.

* * * * *

MR. HENRY C. PHILLIPS, once, we understand, a companion of the traveller Catlin, proposes to publish from his note-book and portfolio, "Sites for Cities, and Scenes of Beauty and Grandeur, to be made famous by the Poets and Painters of Coming Ages: observed in a Pedestrian Journey across the middle of the North American Continent, in 1850." This is a good title, and such a book will be interesting a thousand years hence, for its prophecies. Surveying the vast chain of mountains, which rises midway between the oceans, a poetical Jesuit said, "They are in labor with nations." Mr. Phillips might easily have fancied, as he pursued his summer journey through the wilderness from Oregon and California, among regions more lovely and magnificent than any that were seen by the fathers of art, that of such sights should be born nobler works than have yet been addressed to the senses or to the imagination; and it is not improbable that many a London, and Moscow, and Berlin, and Paris, will some time have their busy populations, where now the ground is hidden by the falling leaves of forests, and trampled by wild horses and buffaloes.

* * * * *

ONE of the most eminent of the living English historians, lately discovered, as he thought, that "Old Sam Adams" was a _defaulter_, and that he was opposed to Washington; and not choosing to wait until the exposure could be made in his forthcoming work, he communicated it to a very distinguished American, by letter. Now this is all sheer nonsense. It is not necessary to deny the justice of the suspicion that Samuel Adams was unfriendly to Washington, and all the facts as to his conduct as collector for his Majesty's port of Boston, are perfectly familiar to our historical students. He did not indeed pay into the exchequer every shilling with which he was _charged_: well understood circumstances prevented the _collection_ of a large amount of duties; but whatever he received was paid over, and his accounts were squared to a farthing.

* * * * *

MR. WILLIS--the best artist in words, we have now, perhaps--is preparing a new volume for Baker & Scribner. His "People I have Met," "Life Here and There," and other books published by that house, have sold remarkably well--better, we are inclined to think, than any literary works reprinted in America for a long time--though the public was previously familiar with them under other forms and titles. This proves that the popularity of Willis is genuine and _permanent_. In his way, he is unrivalled,--in any way, he has among the authors of this country but some half dozen peers.

* * * * *

J. G. WHITTIER has commenced in _The National Era_ the publication of a new prose work, entitled "My Summer with Dr. Singleterry." It will probably be about as long as his admirable "Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal," which appeared first in the same paper.

* * * * *

OF CHRISTMAS STORIES, the last season has been unusually prolific. Thackeray published one called "The Kickleburys upon the Rhine;" illustrated with fifteen of his own designs. Both the illustrations and the story are liberally praised by the journals. The authoress of "Mary Barton" published another, under the title of "Moreland Cottage," not, like her former work, a story of social wrong, but of gentle domestic life. At the same time it is, if we may judge by extracts in the papers, marked by the admirable peculiarities of her writing. There were some dozen others, most of which were by less distinguished writers.

* * * * *

THE LIFE OF CALVIN, from the German of Henry, by the Rev. Henry Stebbing, is to be republished in this city immediately by Messrs. Carter, and we purpose making its appearance an occasion for some observations upon that extraordinary person, whose various and astonishing learning and genius, exhibited in speculation, and affairs, and wit--the small arms of his controversy, as terrible as the artillery of his logic--and really gentle and altogether noble nature, present a spectacle which, redeemed from sectarian prejudice and perverse historical misrepresentation, challenges in the most eminent degree the admiration of mankind.

* * * * *

THE pleasantest book of travels forthcoming from an American press is "Nile Notes of a Howadje," an anonymous record of a voyage upon the Nile--not at all statistical or learned, but a diary, and sketches of personal impressions, aiming to give the _picturesque_ of the country, and not vexing the reader with the mooted Egyptian questions. We have glanced over a few sheets of it, and are confident that if success depends upon quality, it will prove one of the most successful books yet published, upon a region which is illustrated by a larger amount of literature than any other in the world. (Harpers, publishers.)

* * * * *

MR. PUTNAM has just published a third and very much improved edition of his excellent work, "The World's Progress." We have already expressed in this magazine the opinion that "The World's Progress" is the most interesting, valuable, and altogether indispensable manual of reference, for the student or general reader, that has been published in this country. It is a hand-book of facts, so perspicuously classified and arranged, as to suit the necessities of persons of every degree of intelligence, and so full, upon almost every sort of subjects, as to serve the purposes of a universal manual. The new edition is augmented by a supplement embracing the most recent statistics, etc.

* * * * *

THREE eminent scholars and authors, Dr. Lushington, Mr. Falconer, and Dr. Twiss, are appointed by the British government, arbitrators to determine the boundary between the provinces of Canada and Nova Scotia, which has for some years been in dispute.

* * * * *

THE FOURTH VOLUME OF MR. HILDRETH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, being the first volume of the post-revolutionary history, will be published immediately, we believe, by the Harpers. We look for an exceedingly interesting book. Of the earlier volumes of the History, the London _Spectator_ observes:--

"The distinguishing literary characteristic of this history
is a careful succinctness. The convenience of a summary
notice of the gradual discovery of America, and the
necessity of singly narrating the foundation of each
separate colony, render any substantial novelty of plan in a
history of the United States impossible, except upon some
scheme where fitness should be sacrificed to fanciful
strangeness. Mr. Hildreth has judiciously refrained from
attempting any thing of the kind: but perhaps he has pushed
the mere chronological arrangement to an excess, and given
undue prominence to the discoveries and settlement of North
America by foreigners, in proportion to the scale of his
work. In the execution, Mr. Hildreth has carefully read and
as carefully digested his various authorities, and presented
the results of his studies succinctly, closely, and
comprehensively. In many cases the compendious style is apt
to fall into a vague generality, or the pith of the matter
is liable to be missed; but such is not the case with Mr.
Hildreth's. He states all that he sees, though he would see
more if he possessed a loftier and imaginative mind. We know
not his profession, but there is something lawyerlike in his
work. One subject seems the same to him as another: it is
not so much that he wants variety of power; as that he does
not seem to feel the variety in nature. His book is as much
a digest as a history. The parts in which Mr. Hildreth
succeeds best are those that relate to the social and
religious opinions and practices of the colonists. In fact,
it is as a social history that it possesses character and
value. The author's quiet unimpassioned style presents the
strange peculiarities that obtained among the New England
colonists till within little more than a generation of the
Revolutionary war, and some traces of which still remain."

* * * * *

"THE MEMORIAL, _written by friends of the late Mrs. Osgood_," to which we have heretofore referred in these pages, is the most beautiful book published in America during the season, and as an original literary miscellany it surpasses any volume that ever appeared in the English language. The _Albion_ says of it:

"Seldom has a more graceful compliment been paid to the
memory of departed worth, than is exhibited in this handsome
volume, which is edited by Mrs. Mary E. Hewitt. It
originated at a chance meeting of a literary coterie, soon
after the death of the gifted and amiable woman in whose
honor it has been put together. When the conversation turned
upon the many claims which she possessed on the affections
and the esteem of those present, it was resolved that a
souvenir volume should be made up from their voluntary
contributions, and that the profits arising from the sale
should be devoted to erecting a monument over her grave, in
the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, near Boston. Many writers of
distinguished merit have engraved their names upon this
preparatory tablet, not all being numbered amongst her
friends and acquaintances, but all appreciating the many
virtues of the deceased lady, and the kindly motives of her
sorrowing friends. The table of contents shows indeed such a
list of names as should insure the speedy attainment of the
object in view. We can but mention half-a-dozen--Hawthorne,
Willis, G. P. R. James, the Bishop of Jamaica, John Neal,
Stoddard, Boker, G. P. Morris and Bayard Taylor, amongst the
men, and Miss Lynch, Mrs. Whitman, Mrs. Oaksmith, Mrs.
Sigourney, and the Editress to represent the sisterhood of
authorship. An admirable likeness of Mrs. Osgood, from a
portrait by her husband, serves as a frontispiece, and, with
some charming vignettes on steel and other illustrations,
enhances the value of this choice and creditable book."
(Putnam, publisher.)

* * * * *

FORTUNE-TELLING is as much in vogue as ever in Paris. A book, which is said to have caused much observation, appeared there lately, which is thus described in the correspondence of the London _Literary Gazette_:--

"It consists of extracts from the voluminous writings of a
poor _gentilhomme_ of Brittany, during a period of upwards
of sixty years, and each extract is a prediction of some one
of the great political convulsions which have occurred in
this country during that time. Never was there a more
correct _Vates_; but Cassandra herself was not more
disregarded than he. The downfall and execution of Louis
XVI., the horrors of the Terror, the power and overthrow of
Napoleon, the revolution of 1830, and the republic of 1848,
were all predicted years before they came to pass; but the
poor prophet was set down as a madman by all his literary
contemporaries, and during his lifetime not a single
newspaper would consent to say any thing about his
predictions. What is the most singular thing of all is, that
he foretold (years ago, remember--when Louis Philippe was at
the height of his power), that the proclamation of the
republic would lead to the domination of a member of
Napoleon's family, and so it has; though if any one only six
months before Louis Napoleon's election had predicted the
same thing, he would certainly have been set down as a
lunatic. In consequence of this extraordinary foresight of
our prophet, people have looked with no little concern to
what he says for the future. And alas! they have met with
nothing very consolatory. We are, it seems, on the brink of
a fearful social crisis, the consequence of which will be
the complete destruction of European society as at present
constituted; and this destruction is only to be effected by
the shedding of rivers of blood, and the weeping of oceans
of tears!"

* * * * *

WE are pleased to perceive that the writings of Hartley Coleridge are soon to be collected and suitably published. Mr. Moxon advertises as in press, his _Poems_, with a Memoir of his life, by his brother, the Rev. Derwent Coleridge; _Essays and Marginalia_, in two volumes; and _Lives of Distinguished Northerns_, a new edition, in two volumes.

* * * * *

LAMARTINE receives for his _Histoire du Directoire_--the sequel of _The Girondists_--at which he works from fourteen to sixteen hours every day, only 12,000 francs, equal to about $2,400.

* * * * *

AMONG the "books in press" advertised in London at the beginning of the year, by Bentley, are _The Correspondence of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, and the Rev. William Mason_, now first published from the original MSS., and edited, with notes, by the Rev. J. Mitford, author of "The Life of Gray." This work will contain the last series of Walpole's unpublished letters. A _History of Greek and Roman Classical Literature_, with an introduction on each of the languages, biographical notices, and an account of the periods in which each principal author lived and wrote, so far as literature was affected by such history, and observations on the works themselves, by R. W. Browne, one of the professors in King's College, London. And _The Literary Veteran_, including sketches and anecdotes of the most distinguished literary characters, from 1794 to 1849, by R. P. Gilles.

* * * * *

THE REV. HENRY T. CHEEVER has just published a volume entitled "The Island World of the Pacific," (Harpers,) which for various personal interest, fulness and accuracy of information, and right feeling, is to be preferred to any book on the subject since the appearance of Cook's Voyages. We know of no traveller in Polynesia who has had better opportunities for observation than Mr. Cheever. His abilities as a writer were illustrated by "The Whale and his Captors," published two or three years ago. The style of the present performance is not at all inferior, and it is especially commendable for a perspicuous compactness. So much misrepresentation of the Sandwich and other Islands has appeared lately, that we are glad of an opportunity to commend a book so authoritative and satisfactory upon the whole subject.

* * * * *

M. J. MOREAU of Paris, has completed a new version into French of the _Imitatio Christi_, and has accompanied it with select passages from the Fathers and other pious authors. The same writer has also published under the title of _Le Philosophe Inconnu_, an essay on the ideas and writings of the celebrated theosophist Saint-Martin. This remarkable mystic, who in his lifetime was surrounded by so many disciples and admirers, is now known only to the curious seekers among the dusty shelves of libraries. M. Moreau attempts to show that his heresies contained a spice of orthodoxy, and this he endeavors to develop for the benefit of whom it may concern.

* * * * *

BISHOP ONDERDONK of Pennsylvania is a person of large abilities; he is one of the strongest writers of the Episcopal Church in the country; and it is unjust that the unfortunate circumstances of his ecclesiastical position should prevent the recognition of his merits as a scholar and dialectician. We are pleased, therefore, that his friends have taken measures for the publication of a collection of his _Theological Works_, including sermons and Episcopal charges.

* * * * *

NEW GERMAN POEMS.--Louise von Ploennies has published two new books of poetry, one under the title of _Neue Gedichte_ (New Poems), the other _Oskar und Giaunetta_. They are spoken of as superior to her former productions, and worthy of a most honorable place among the productions of German poetesses. Oscar and Giaunetta is a love story in verse. The purpose of the writer is to exhibit the masculine and feminine principles, Thought and Beauty, as mutually completing each other in the passion of love. The _Monates-Maehrchen_ (Tales of the Month), by Gustar von Mayem, are poems of another sort. Instead of sentimentality, the stock in trade of this writer is patriotism and politics. His inspiring thought is the unity of Germany and the national greatness which must result therefrom. Unfortunately this thought does not find so welcome a reception with statesmen as with poets.

* * * * *

A PRODUCTION of the most indisputable German plodding and erudition is the _Satzungen und Gebraeuche des talmudisch-rabbinischen Judenthums_, by Dr. I. F. Schroeder, lately issued at Bremen. It gives a complete account of the religious notions, doctrines, and usages of the Jews. To theologians it is of high value for the light which it casts upon the formation and institutions of the Christian Church. The author has employed in its composition the writings of every sect, and has condensed in it the result of a thorough study of the entire literature relating to the Old Testament and the rabbinical writings. He writes with the greatest impartiality, and in the interest of no particular creed or tendency.

* * * * *

M. ARAGO said lately in the Academy of Sciences, upon the suggestion of some possibilities in aerostation, that a long time since the whole subject had been treated in a masterly manner by Mousnier, a celebrated member of the Academy of Sciences. His treatise had remained in manuscript in the public library of Metz, and if it should be committed to the press, it would prove to those who think they have discovered new methods of aerial locomotion, that what is plausible and rational in their ideas was already perfectly well known, expounded and appreciated, in the last century.

* * * * *

THE government of Naples constantly increases its list of prohibited books. Among the works now excluded, Humboldt's Cosmos, Shakspeare, Goldsmith, Heeren's Historical Treatises, Ovid, Lucian, Lucretius, Sophocles, Suetonius, Paul de Kock, Victor Hugo, E. Girardin, G. Sand, Lamartine, Valery's L'Italie, Goethe, Schiller, Thiers, A. Dumas, Moliere, all the German philosophers, and Henry Stephens's Greek Dictionary.

* * * * *

THE ABBE LACORDAIRE has published an introduction to a work entitled _Le Monde Occulte_--an exposition of the mysteries of magnetism, by means of somnambulism.

* * * * *

A BOOK which contains some excellent sketches relative to MAZZINI and the Roman Republic, has been published at Bremen, with the title, _Des Republikaner's Schwerdfahrt_, (The Republican's Sword-Pilgrimage). The author is a German, Ernst Hang, who held a high post in the Roman army. He is now in Asia Minor, where his work was written. It is eloquent sometimes, and entertaining and sensible always. His remarks on the mutual relations of Germany and Italy, are admitted to be sound and judicious.

* * * * *

THE HON. CHARLES A. MURRAY, author of a volume of Travels in America, and of three or four novels, is now the British Consul-General in Egypt, and with his newly-married wife was to depart for Alexandria, to resume his consular duties, towards the close of January.

* * * * *

THE first volume of a most valuable and interesting work has just made its appearance at Frankfort-on-the-Main. It is called _Geschichte der Frauen_ (History of Woman), and is from the pen of G. Jung. The volume now issued contains the history of the oppression of woman, and her gradual self-emancipation down to the Christian era. It is written with great talent, and comprehensive learning, but without pedantry. The author believes that the emancipation of woman is not yet completed, and she has a right to a free development of her faculties, and a perfectly independent position in society. Two more volumes will complete the work.

The Fine Arts.

RICHARD WAGNER, well known as an artist, has brought out at Leipzic a book called _Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft_ (Art in the Future), which excites a good deal of attention, and is soundly assailed by those who dislike it. Wagner adopts the philosophical ideas of Feuerbach, and treats his subject from that stand-point. Into modern art he pitches with all the force of a genuine iconoclast. He says it is a sexless, sterile product of dreams, not art, but merely manner, &c. With him art must come out of the people, and be the apotheosis of the people. The people are immortal and ever young. With the poets and novel-writers of the day, Wagner has no more patience than with the artists. They are, he thinks, dilettanti, sentimentalists, who coquet with the misery of the masses, in order to serve the same up well spiced and warmed to their luxurious and fashionable readers. The ideal and absolute in art he finds in the drama, which is the sum and type of all other artistic creations. But no drama yet produced satisfies him, and he tells the reasons why without hesitation. Those who wish to be entertained and set thinking by an author who is in earnest even when most paradoxical, may look at Wagner's book with advantage.

* * * * *

THORWALDSEN.--The Danish Government some time since sent Mr. Thiele, a competent person, to Rome, for the purpose of collecting every thing that could be obtained toward a history of the life and works of this illustrious sculptor, whose early life is so obscure that even the date and place of his birth are unknown, as well as the employment he made of the first years that he was in Italy. Mr. Thiele has found a number of casks in the cellars of the Tomati Palace at Rome, filled with letters, addressed to Thorwaldsen, and among them a long and constant correspondence between him and his mother, who lived part of the time in Denmark and part of the time in Iceland, her native country. It seems that Thorwaldsen had the habit of preserving his papers, even to the most trifling, by flinging them confusedly into a cedar box in his room; when that was full they were emptied into the casks where they have now been found; these casks were not noticed when all the other contents of the palace were removed to Copenhagen. Whatever is interesting in these papers will, of course, be published. Mr. Thiele has also discovered in the same cellar the model of a bas-relief by the same great artist, representing the Muses dancing by Helicon. It will be added to the collection of his works at Copenhagen.

* * * * *

THE artist HEIDEL has published at Berlin a series of Eight Illustrations to Goethe's Iphigenia. He aims in them to preserve unmixed the spirit of antique art, and thus to prove that the Germans are the true successors of the Greeks. The subjects of his designs are:--The Fall of Tantalus; the Departure of Agamemnon; the Sacrifice of Iphigenia; the Death of Agamemnon; the Death of Clytemnestrae; the Flight of Orestes; the Meeting of Orestes and Iphigenia; and the Return of Iphigenia. The designs are praised by the German critics. They say that in beholding the Flight of Orestes, pursued by the Furies, who dare not enter the sacred temple of Apollo where he seeks refuge, one imagines that he hears the fearful chanting of a chorus of AEschylus.

* * * * *

A NEW ART called _Metallography_ has been discovered by Nicholas Zack, a lithographer at Munich, by means of which designs that have hitherto been engraved on wood can be put directly upon metal, and in such a manner as to be printed from. The plate is prepared beforehand, and the artist draws his design upon it with a pencil or a needle. Without any further labor, by means of the preparation alone, the plate will be ready for printing. Worn-out plates may be restored with very little expense.

* * * * *

A BOOKSELLER of Munich has published Albert Duerer's sketches from the prayer-book of Emperor Maximilian I., with the original text, colored initials, and an introduction. Price eight thalers, about $6,00.

* * * * *

MORITZ RUGENDAS, a German artist, who has lately spent a considerable time in Mexico and the countries of South America, is now engaged at Munich, in arranging the pictures for which his journeys in those countries furnished him the materials. A work of such magnitude has never before been undertaken by any artist. He intends to treat each country in a continuous series of views. The Mexican series is now nearly completed, consisting of about 100 landscapes, in oil. It begins with Vera Cruz, where the artist landed, and goes through the whole country to the Pacific. First is the coast seen from the sea; next we behold the coast with the sea as it appears inland; then we mount to the plains, noticing the gradual change of the mountain formations, and the vegetation, with views in every direction from each interesting point; we pass through the great plateau, ascend the volcanoes and survey their craters, and admire the beauty of the region about the city of Mexico. From the city there are sketches of journeys in every direction, and at last we traverse the palm forest of St. Jago, and stand upon the heights whence the eye reaches to the Pacific. Every picturesque scene is finished with the greatest care and with special regard to the natural features of the landscape. Buildings and human figures are either avoided altogether or used as merely subordinate. When Mexico is completed, Rugendas will use in a similar manner the sketches he has taken in other countries. It is not known whether his pictures will be engraved or not. They will, we believe, become the property of the Royal Pinakothek, at Munich.

* * * * *

The painters at Vienna have formed an Art-Union, which is succeeding in its first exhibition, which is now open. Some well-known artists of Germany have sent pictures. Foltz, of Munich, has a landscape with a flock of sheep; Zimmerman a landscape with effect of sunlight; Huelner, of Duesseldorf, a boy reading the Bible to his mother, Vienna. Koeckoeck, of Holland, has two landscapes. The artists of Vienna have also not been backward. Among the names of the exhibitors we notice that of Waldmueller, who is known in this country for his picture of the Children leaving School, which was drawn a year since by one of the subscribers to the International Art-Union, and was regarded as one of the chief attractions of its collection.

* * * * *

We hear from Berlin that KAULBACH has painted in miniature the Four Evangelists, in a copy of Luther's translation of the New Testament, which is destined for the World's Fair. The book is a folio; the leaves are of vellum, and the printing is done in Gothic letters and in various colored inks by four accomplished masters of calligraphy. These artists have also ornamented their work with numerous vignettes. The book is now being exhibited at the Royal Library in Berlin.

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MR. PRESCOTT, Mr. Ticknor, and other Boston gentlemen of high cultivation and artistic taste, have prepared a memorial to Congress that POWERS should be commissioned by government to put into marble his statue of America. For less than twenty-five thousand dollars, probably--for a sum not larger than that which was paid by the government for the two specimens of commonplace by Mr. Persico, this admirable production might be obtained in colossal size for the capitol.

* * * * *

The GERMAN _Arch[=a]ologische Institut_, at Rome, celebrated the birth-day of Winckelmann on the 13th of December. Dr. Emil Braun read an essay on the two chief groups of the frieze of the Parthenon. These groups have hitherto been supposed to represent the twelve gods of Olympus; Dr. Braun attempted to show that they represent, in a double point of view, the native heroes of Attica. The physical development of the country is expressed in the genealogy of a royal race, beginning with Cecrops and his wife Agraulia, continued in Cranaus and Amphictyon, and finally passing into Erichthonius, the son of Atthis, and foster son of Pandrosos. The social organization of the state begins with Erechtheus, who is aided by his wife Praxithea, and his daughter Creusa. He annexes Eleusis to Athens, the former being here represented by Demeter and Triptolemus; finally Theseus with his friend Pirithous completes the civil organization of Athens, and establishes it upon a firm basis. Essays on subjects connected with antique art and history were also read by Dr. L. Schmidt, Dr. H. Brunn, and Dr. W. Heuzen.

* * * * *

The paintings of the Chapel of the Virgin in the Church of Notre Dame de Lorette, a vast work, which has hitherto remained unknown to the public, and which has been interrupted by the recent death of the painter, M. Victor Orsel, are now attracting attention. M. Perrin, intrusted with the execution of a similar chapel in the same edifice, will undertake the pious task of terminating the work of a friend, with whom he had lived on terms of the closest friendship, cemented by a community of ideas and talent. Orsel was making rapid strides towards a great reputation.

* * * * *

We had occasion lately to notice in the _International_ the illustrations of Hood's "Bridge of Sighs," by Mr. Ehninger. This young artist has just published in a large quarto (through Putnam) a series of Outline Illustrations of Washington Irving's "Dolph Heyliger," which are an improvement upon his first performance. Many of the scenes are admirably rendered. We believe Mr. Ehninger is now pursuing the study of art abroad.

* * * * *

The German sculptor, WOLFF, has added to, his many admirable works a figure of _Paris_, which is much praised.

THE AUTHORESS OF "JANE EYRE," AND HER SISTERS.[13]

Miss Bronte has just published in London the literary remains of her sisters, "Ellis" and "Acton Bell," with interesting sketches of their histories, including some glimpses of her own. We copy a portion of the reviewal of the work in the _Athenaeum_:

The lifting of that veil which for a while concealed the authorship of 'Jane Eyre' and its sister-novels, excites in us no surprise. It seemed evident from the first prose pages bearing the signatures of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, that these were _Rosalinds_--or a _Rosalind_--in masquerade:--some doubt as to the plurality of persons being engendered by a certain uniformity of local color and resemblance in choice of subject, which might have arisen either from identity, or from joint peculiarities of situation and of circumstance. It seemed no less evident that the writers described from personal experience the wild and rugged scenery of the northern parts of this kingdom; and no assertion or disproval, no hypothesis or rumor, which obtained circulation after the success of 'Jane Eyre,' could shake convictions that had been gathered out of the books themselves. In similar cases, guessers are too apt to raise plausible arguments on some point of detail,--forgetting that this may have been thrown in _ex proposito_ to mislead the bystander; and hence the most ingenious discoverers become so pertinaciously deluded as to lose eye and ear for those less obvious indications of general tone of style, color of incident, and form of fable, on which more phlegmatic persons base measurement and comparison. Whatever of truth there may or may not be generally in the above remarks,--certain it is, that in the novels now in question instinct or divination directed us aright. In the prefaces and notices before us, we find that the Bells were three sisters:--two of whom are no longer amongst the living. The survivor describes their home as--

"A village parsonage, amongst the hills bordering Yorkshire
and Lancashire. The scenery of these hills is not grand--it
is not romantic; it is scarcely striking. Long low moors,
dark with heath, shut in little valleys, where a stream
waters, here and there, a fringe of stunted copse. Mills and
scattered cottages chase romance from these valleys; it is
only higher up, deep in amongst the ridges of the moors,
that Imagination can find rest for the sole of her foot: and
even if she finds it there, she must be a solitude-loving
raven,--no gentle dove. If she demand beauty to inspire her,
she must bring it inborn: these moors are too stern to yield
any product so delicate. The eye of the gazer must itself
brim with a 'purple light,' intense enough to perpetuate the
brief flower-flush of August on the heather, or the rare
sunset-smile of June; out of his heart must well the
freshness that in later spring and early summer brightens
the bracken, nurtures the moss, and cherishes the starry
flowers that spangle for a few weeks the pasture of the
moor-sheep. Unless that light and freshness are innate and
self-sustained, the drear prospect of a Yorkshire moor will
be found as barren of poetic as of agricultural interest:
where the love of wild nature is strong, the locality will
perhaps be clung to with the more passionate constancy,
because from the hill-lover's self comes half its charm."

Thus much of the scene:--now as to the story of the authorship of these singular books:--

"About five years ago, my two sisters and myself, after a
somewhat prolonged period of separation, found ourselves
reunited and at home. Resident in a remote district where
education had made little progress, and where, consequently,
there was no inducement to seek social intercourse beyond
our own domestic circle, we were wholly dependent on
ourselves and each other, on books and study, for the
enjoyments and occupations of life. * * One day, in the
autumn of 1845, I accidentally lighted on a MS. volume of
verse in my sister Emily's handwriting. Of course, I was not
surprised, knowing that she could and did write verse; I
looked it over, and something more than surprise seized
me,--a deep conviction that these were not common effusions,
nor at all like the poetry women generally write. * *
Meantime, my younger sister quietly produced some of her own
compositions, intimating that since Emily's had given me
pleasure, I might like to look at hers. I could not be a
partial judge, yet I thought that these verses too had a
sweet sincere pathos of their own. We had very early
cherished the dream of one day becoming authors. This dream,
never relinquished even when distance divided and absorbing
tasks occupied us, now suddenly acquired strength and
consistency: it took the character of a resolve. We agreed
to arrange a small selection of our poems, and, if possible,
get them printed. Averse to personal publicity, we veiled
our own names under those of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell;
the ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of
conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively
masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women,
because--without at that time suspecting that our mode of
writing and thinking was not what is called 'feminine'--we
had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be
looked on with prejudice; we had noticed how critics
sometimes use for their chastisement the weapon of
personality, and for their reward, a flattery, which is not
true praise. The bringing out of our little book was hard
work. * * Ill-success failed to crush us: the mere effort to
succeed had given a wonderful zest to existence; it must be
pursued. We each set to work on a prose tale: Ellis Bell
produced 'Wuthering Heights,' Acton Bell 'Agnes Grey,' and
Currer Bell also wrote a narrative in one volume. These MSS.
were perseveringly obtruded upon various publishers for the
space of a year and a half; usually, their fate was an
ignominious and abrupt dismissal. At last 'Wuthering
Heights' and 'Agnes Grey,' were accepted on terms somewhat
impoverishing to the two authors."

The MS. of a one-volume tale by Currer Bell had been thought by Messrs. Smith & Elder so full of promise, that its writer was asked for a longer story in a more saleable form.--

"I was then just completing 'Jane Eyre,' at which I had been
working while the one-volume tale was plodding its weary
round in London: in three weeks I sent it off; friendly and
skillful hands took it in. This was in the commencement of
September, 1847; it came out before the close of October
following, while 'Wuthering Heights' and 'Agnes Grey,' my
sisters' works, which had already been in the press for
months, still lingered under a different management. They
appeared at last. Critics failed to do them justice."

The narrative may be best concluded in the writer's own words.

"Neither Ellis nor Acton allowed herself for one moment to
sink under want of encouragement; energy nerved the one, and
endurance upheld the other. They were both prepared to try
again; I would fain think that hope and the sense of power
was yet strong within them. But a great change approached:
affliction came in that shape which to anticipate, is dread;
to look back on, grief. In the very heat and burden of the
day, the laborers failed over their work. My sister Emily
first declined. The details of her illness are deep-branded
in my memory, but to dwell on them, either in thought or
narrative, is not in my power. Never in all her life had she
lingered over any task that lay before her, and she did not
linger now. She sank rapidly. She made haste to leave us.
Yet, while physically she perished, mentally she grew
stronger than we had yet known her. Day by day, when I saw
with what a front she met suffering, I looked on her with an
anguish of wonder and love. I have seen nothing like it;
but, indeed, I have never seen her parallel in any thing.
Stronger than a man, simpler than a child, her nature stood
alone. The awful point was, that, while full of ruth for
others, on herself she had no pity; the spirit was
inexorable to the flesh; from the trembling hand, the
unnerved limbs, the faded eyes, the same service was exacted
as they had rendered in health. To stand by and witness
this, and not dare to remonstrate, was a pain no words can
render. Two cruel months of hope and fear passed painfully
by, and the day came at last when the terrors and pains of
death were to be undergone by this treasure, which had grown
dearer and dearer to our hearts as it wasted before our
eyes. Towards the decline of that day, we had nothing of
Emily but her mortal remains as consumption left them. She
died December 19, 1848. We thought this enough; but we were
utterly and presumptuously wrong. She was not buried ere
Anne fell ill. She had not been committed to the grave a
fortnight, before we received distinct intimation that it
was necessary to prepare our minds to see the younger sister
go after the elder. Accordingly, she followed in the same
path with slower step, and with a patience that equalled the
other's fortitude. I have said that she was religious, and
it was by leaning on those Christian doctrines in which she
firmly believed that she found support through her most
painful journey. I witnessed their efficacy in her latest
hour and greatest trial, and must bear my testimony to the
calm triumph with which they brought her through. She died
May 28, 1849. What more shall I say about them? I cannot and
need not say much more. In externals, they were two
unobtrusive women; a perfectly secluded life gave them
retiring manners and habits."

Though the above particulars be little more than the filling-up of an outline already clearly traced and constantly present whenever those characteristic tales recurred to us,--by those who have held other ideas with regard to the authorship of "Jane Eyre" they will be found at once curious and interesting from the plain and earnest sincerity of the writer. She subsequently enters on an analysis and discussion of "Wuthering Heights" as a work of art;--in the closing paragraph of her preface to that novel, insinuating an argument, if not a defence, the urgency of which is not sufficiently admitted by the bulk of the world of readers. Speaking of the fiendlike hero of her sister's work, she says:--

"Whether it is right or advisable to create beings like
Heathcliff, I do not know: I scarcely think it is. But this
I know; the writer who possesses the creative gift owns
something of which he is not always master--something that
at times strangely wills and works for itself. He may lay
down rules and devise principles, and to rules and
principles it will perhaps for years lie in subjection; and
then, haply without any warning of revolt, there comes a
time when it will no longer consent 'to harrow the valleys,
or be bound with a band in the furrow'--when it 'laughs at
the multitude of the city, and regards not the crying of the
driver'--when, refusing absolutely to make ropes out of
sea-sand any longer, it sets to work on statue-hewing, and
you have a Pluto or a Jove, a Tisiphone or a Psyche, a
Mermaid or a Madonna, as fate or inspiration directs. Be the
work grim or glorious, dread or divine, you have little
choice left but quiescent adoption. As for you--the nominal
artist--your share in it has been to work passively under
dictates you neither delivered nor could question--that
would not be uttered at your prayer, nor suppressed nor
changed at your caprice."

It might have been added, that to those whose experience of men and manners is neither extensive nor various, the construction of a self-consistent monster is easier than the delineation of an imperfect or inconsistent reality--with all its fallings-short, its fitful aspirations, its mixed enterprises, and its interrupted dreams. But we must refrain from further speculation and illustration:--enough having been given to justify our characterizing this volume, with its preface, as a more than usually interesting contribution to the history of female authorship in England.

Pertinently of these biographies, the _Athenaeum_ remarks that "some of the most daring and original have owed their parentage, not to defying _Britomarts_, at war with society, who choose to make their literature match with their lives,--not to brilliant women figuring in the world, in whom every gift and faculty has been enriched, and whetted sharp, and encouraged into creative utterance, by perpetual communication with the most distinguished men of the time,--but to writers living retired lives in retired places, stimulated to activity by no outward influence, driven to confession by no history that demands apologetic parable or subtle plea."

FOOTNOTES:

[13] _Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey._ By Ellis and Acton Bell. A new Edition Revised, with a Biographical Notice of the Authors, a Selection from their Literary Remains, and a Preface. By Currer Bell. Smith, Elder & Co.

DAVIS ON THE LAST HALF CENTURY.[14]

ETHERIZATION.