Chapter XXII: Appendix: B

THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH FLEETS IN 1588

It is difficult to estimate the numbers of the fleets at any definite date. The lists collected by Captain Fernandez Duro in his work ‘La Armada Invencible’ differ widely. The tables of the Spanish fleet are based upon a careful study and comparison of these lists, especially Nos. 145, 150, and 180. It is worthy of note that the approximate total arrived at is that given by Admiral Pedro de Valdes to Drake as the strength of the Armada.

As regards tonnage, that of the English ships is, with few exceptions, calculated on the contemporary Burden Rule (length of keel, multiplied by the beam and the draft of water, and the product divided by 100), with 25 per cent. added. The amount added for ‘ton and tonnage’ varied from 25 to 33-1/3 per cent.

The tonnage of the Spanish ships is taken from the official figures. Mr. Julian Corbett thinks that the Spanish system of measurement gave results much higher than those of the English, but after studying and applying the English and Spanish rules to the same ship-dimensions, the authors have come to the conclusion that the discrepancy in this respect was non-existent. The _Revenge_ by English measurement was 441 tons burden; by Spanish rules, apparently, 430. The main deduction, therefore, to be made from the Spanish figures is in respect of the difference between the Seville _tonelada_ (53·44 cubic feet) and the English ton (60 cubic feet). But even here it cannot be said that this can be applied to any but the Andalucian ships. On the whole, if a fair comparison be needed, perhaps about 10 per cent. should be deducted from the official Spanish figures; but nothing definite can be said.

THE ENGLISH FLEET

Tonnage
Type of Ship. Name of Ship. (Burden + ¼ Guns
Approx.). (Approx.).

Royal galleons (21) Triumph 1,000 64
White Bear 900 60
Elizabeth Jonas 850 60
Victory 750 56
Ark Royal 700 56
Vanguard 550 44
Revenge 550 44
Hope 550 44
Nonpareil 550 44
Elizabeth Bonaventure 550 44
Golden Lion 550 44
Marie Rose 550 44
Rainbow 480 44
Antelope 480 44
Dreadnought 450 40
Swiftsure 450 40
Swallow 400 36
Foresight 375 36
Aid 300 32
Bull 200 24
Tiger 200 24
Royal barks, or Tramontana 150 20
small galleons (3) Scout 120 20
Achates 100 20

Armed private 2 400 --
ships and 4 300 --
barks (73) 5 250 --
19 250-200 --
19 200-150 --
24 100-150 --
Pinnaces and 18 of Royal Navy 20-100 --
small craft (83) 65 private -- --
---
Total vessels 180, excluding vessels fitting out.

Of these, some 35 were detached or paid off on account of sickness, 145 were present at Calais, 8 were burnt as fireships, leaving 137 in action at Gravelines.

Total crews about 14,000 men.

Commander-in-Chief Lord Howard of Effingham (Lord High
Admiral of England).

Vice-Admiral Sir Francis Drake.
Rear-Admiral Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Hawkins.
2nd Rear-Admiral Mr. (afterwards Sir Martin) Frobisher.

Admiral of Channel Guard Lord Henry Seymour.

THE SPANISH FLEET

Type of Ship. Name of Ship. Official Guns.
Tonnage.

Royal galleons (18) San Juan 1,050 50
San Martin 1,000 48
San Luis 830 38
San Felipe 800 40
San Marcos 790 38
San Mateo 750 34
San Juan Bautista 750 34
San Christobal (Castille) 700 36
San Juan el Menor 530 24
Sant’ Jago el Mayor 530 24
La Asuncion 530 24
San Medel y Celedon 530 24
San Felipe y Sant’ Jago 530 24
San Pedro 530 24
Sant’ Jago el Menor 520 24
San Christobal (Portugal) 350 24
San Bernado 350 24
Santa Aña 250 24
Italian galleon (1) San Francesco de Florencia 960 52
Galleasses (4) San Lorenzo 1,000 50
Napolitana 1,000 50
Girona 1,000 50
Zuñiga 1,000 50

Armed private 1 1,250 --
galleons and 1 1,200 --
great ships (41) 2 1,150 --
1 1,100 --
4 over 900 --
8 over 800 --
7 over 700 --
6 over 600 --
5 over 500 --
2 over 400 --
4 over 300 --
Armed _urcas_ 27 150-900 --
Large _zabras_
(barks) 4 150-160 --
Pinnaces and 30 approx. 40-100 --
small armed
craft of all
kinds
Water caravels 9 approx. -- --
Feluccas 7 approx. -- --
---
Total vessels 141

Of these, apparently 3 large ships and 14 small craft parted company or were captured in the Channel, so that at Calais the total number was 124.

Total of seamen about 7,500
Total of soldiers about 17,000
Total of volunteers, gentlemen, etc. about 1,000
Total of galley slaves about 1,000
------
Grand total 26,500

Commander-in-Chief Alonso Perez de Guzman, Duque
de Medina Sidonia.
Chief of Staff and virtual
Commander Don Diego Flores de Valdes.
Lieutenant-General Don Alonso Martinez de Leyva.
Vice-Admiral Don Juan Martinez de Recalde.

BRIGADED TROOPS ON BOARD THE ARMADA.

_Brigade_ (_Tercio_). _Maestro de Campo._

Tercio de Sicilia Don Diego de Pimentel.
Tercio de Napoles Don Alonso de Luzon.
Tercio de Entre Douro y Minho Don Francisco Alvarez de Toledo.
Tercio de Isla Don Nicolas de Isla.
Tercio de Mexìa Don Agostin de Mexìa.

INDEX

Abbo, the monastic writer, 127

Aberffraw, 105

Adminius, 32

Ælflaed, daughter of Offa, 114

Ælla, King of Northumbria, 125

Æthelfrith, 150

Æthelred, son of Æthelwald (Moll), 114

Aedan, King of the Scots of Dalriada, 110

Aelfheah, Archbishop of Canterbury, 169, 170

Aelfmar, Abbot, 169

Aelfric, Ealdorman, 165, 166, 167

Aelfthryth, 162

Aella, King of South Saxons, 97

Aella of Deira, 78

Aelred of Rievaulx, 230

Aethelbald, King, 124

Aethelberht, King of Kent, 93, 109, 110, 124, 125

Aethelflæd, daughter of Alfred, 142, 153, 154, 156, 157

Aethelfrith, King of Northumbria, 110, 112, 113

Aethelhelm, Ealdorman of Dorset, 120, 146

Aethelnoth, Ealdorman of Somerset, 138, 146

Aethelred I., King of Wessex, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 152

Aethelred, Lord of Mercia, 140, 143, 145, 146, 147, 153, 154

Aethelred II., ‘the Redeless,’ 162, 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,
171, 172

Aethelric, King of Bernicia, 110

Aethelstan, 158, 160, 161

Aethelwald, 152

Aethelweard, Chronicler, 134, 147

Aethelwulf, King, 120, 122, 124, 131

Aethelwulf, Ealdorman, 124

Aëtius, Roman General, 84, 87

Agricola, G. Julius, 53, 54, 59

Alan Fergent, 180

Alaric, King of Visigoths, 69, 73

Albany, Robert, Duke of, 245, 246, 247

Albemarle, William of, 229, 230, 232

Albini, Philip d’, 214

Albinus, Decimus Clodius, 59

Alexander III. of Scotland, 234

Alfred the Great, 107, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 139,
142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 150, 160

Allectus, 62

Alney, Isle of, Gloucestershire, 174

Alnwick, 227, 231, 234, 255

Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of, 280, 307

Alvarez de Toledo, Don Francisco, 307, 362

Ambleteuse, 221, 354

Amboyna, Massacre of, 318

Ambrosius Aurelianus, 98, 99, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113, 131

Ammianus Marcellinus, 67, 68

Amund, 134

Andover, 166

Andredsweald, 25, 143, 193, 202, 357

Aneurin, 108

Angeln, Home of the Angles, 92

Angles, 61, 67, 78

‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,’ 89, 104, 109, 131, 132, 134, 144, 148,
154, 163, 178, 205, 207

Anlaf Guthfrithson, King of Dublin, 159

Anlaf Quaran, 159

‘Annales Cambriæ,’ 102, 104

Anne de Bretagne, Queen of France, 251

Annibault, Admiral d’, 217, 218, 220, 302

Antonio, Prince of Portugal, 283

Antonius, M., 12

Antwerp, 304

Appledore, 144

Appleyard, Sir Nicholas, 257

Argyll, John Campbell, Duke of, 333, 334

Argyll, second Earl of, 261

Ariovistus, 7

Armies of Invasion, Scottish, 236

Arnulf, Emperor, 142

Arran, Earl of, 251

Arthur (Artorius), 99, 102, 104, 107, 108, 113, 131

Asser, biographer of Alfred, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136

Athelney, Isle of, 137

Atrebates, the, 3, 4, 30

Atrius, Quintus, 22, 23, 26

Attacotti, the, 67, 68, 69

Augustine, St., 114

Augustus, Emperor, 12

Aurelius Caninus, 105, 106

Avars, the, 108

Ayton, Peace of, 250

‘Babington’ Plot, 287

Baegsceg, 127, 129

Balliol, Edward, 241

Balliol, John, 241

Bamborough (Bebban-burh), 108, 126, 165, 265

Bangor Iscoed, 112

Bantry Bay, 346

Bardney, 127

Barmoor, 258, 260

Barton, Andrew, 250, 257

Barton, Robert, 250

Bath (Aquæ Sulis), 64, 107, 110

Battles:
Aclea, 123, 357;
Aescdune (Ashdown), 128, 129;
Agned, 100, 102;
‘Alleluia’ battle, 81;
Assandune (Ashington), 174;
Aylesford, 90;
Bannockburn, 226, 236;
Basing, 130;
Bassas, 99;
Beachy Head, 345;
Bedford, 109;
Bemfleet, 144, 145;
Blackwater (Essex), 38;
Brentford, 26, 173;
Brunanburh, 159, 160, 161;
Buttington, 146;
Byland, 238, 239;
Cadiz, 287, 315;
Cambuskenneth, 235;
Camlan, 104;
Carham-on-Tweed, 224, 226;
Charmouth, 119, 122;
City-of-the-Legion, 99;
Clitheroe, 228, 230;
Coit Celidon, 99, 100;
Crayford, 91;
Culloden, 343;
Cynuit, 138;
Damme, 210;
Deal, 18;
Deorham, 109, 113;
Deva, 112, 113;
Dubglas, 99;
Durgwentid River, 90;
Durham, 224, 225;
Durovernum, 23;
Ethandune, 139;
Farnham (Surrey), 144;
Flodden, 262-270;
Fulford, 187;
Gleni, 99, 100;
Gravelines, 305-309;
Gwinnion Castle, 99, 102;
Haddon Rigg, 271;
Halidon Hill, 274;
Hastings, 191-203;
Hengestedune, 120;
Homildon (or Humbledon) Hill, 246, 247;
La Rochelle, 215;
Lea, 147;
L’Espagnols-sur-Mer, 215;
Lincoln, 213;
London (round), 173;
Louvain, 142;
Lyons (Lugdunum), 59;
Maldon (Essex), 157;
Marden, 130;
Medway, 36;
Menai Strait, 42;
Milford Haven, 216;
Mons Badonis, or Badonicus, or Mount Badon, 100, 102, 104, 105;
Myton-on-Swale, 238;
Neville’s Cross, 243;
Northallerton, 231;
Otford, 174;
Otterburn, 245;
Paulinus’s defeat of Boudicca, 52;
Penselwood, 167, 173;
Preston, 335, 336;
Ribruit, 99, 102;
Rochester, 141;
Scapula’s with Caradoc, 41;
Sherston, 173;
Silurian defeat of Legio XX., 42;
Sluys, 215;
Solway Moss, 271, 272, 273;
Stamford Bridge, 187, 188;
‘Standards,’ 231;
Tempsford, 156;
Totanhael (Tottenhall), 153;
Verulam, 28;
Wareham, Siege of, 136;
Wight, Isle of, 301;
Wilton, 130

Bayeux tapestry, 188, 194

Bazan, Don Alonso de, 313

Bearpark, 241

Bede, 86, 89, 92, 93, 97, 110, 112

Bedford, 156

Belgæ of Britain and Gaul, 3, 31, 38

Beorhtwulf, King of Mercia, 123

Beowulf, poem of, 88

Berkeley, Lord, 216

Berkshire Downs, the, 128

Bernicia, 78, 107, 108, 159, 224, 225

Bertendona, Don Martin de, 294, 298

Berwick-on-Tweed, 238, 244, 249

Biez, Maréchal, 217

Bishop Auckland, 241, 242

‘Black Death,’ 244

Blanche of Castille, 212, 213

Blavet River, 314

Bloody Assize, 327, 331

Boisot, Admiral Louis, 282

Boroughmuir of Edinburgh, 251

Borthwick, Robert, Master Gunner of Scotland, 252, 263, 269

Bothwell, Earl of, 261, 266, 267

Boudicca (Boadicea), Queen of Iceni, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 63

Boulogne (Gessoriacum), 16, 62, 143, 354

Bouvet, French Rear-Admiral, 346

Bowness (Gabrosentum), 56

Brackel, Dutch Captain, 324

Brancaster, 72

Branxton Hill and Church, 258, 261, 266, 268

Bréauté, Faukes de, 211, 212, 213

Breda, 319, 327

Brentford, 26

Bridgenorth, 154

Bridport, Lord, 350

Brigantes, the, 39, 41, 42, 53, 54, 58, 59

Brihtnoth, Ealdorman of Essex, 164

Bristol, 210

British troops and chariotry, 14, 15, 16, 25

‘Britains, Duke of the’ (Dux Britanniarum), 72

Brittany, 82

Brittany, Count of, 212

Brochmail, King of Theyrnllwg, 112

Bromesberrow, 154

Bruce, Edward, 237, 238

Brutus, Decimus Junius, 12

Bulmer, Sir William, 252

Burgh, Hubert de, 210, 214

Burghley, Lord, Treasurer of England, 285, 312, 316

Burhred of Mercia, 126, 132

Burh-ware (fort-folk), 141, 145, 154, 157, 170

Cadwan, King of Gwynedd, 112

Caerleon (Isca Silurum), 40, 64

Caermarthen, 216

Cæsar, Gaius Julius, 1-30

Calais, 302, 303, 305, 315

Calderon, Spanish Fleet Treasurer, 302

Calleva (Silchester), 50

Cambridge, 157, 207

Cameron of Lochiel, 338

Campbells, the, 333

Camulodunum. See Colchester

Camville, Nicola de, 212

Candidianus (Aurelius) or Condidan, 110

Canterbury (Dur-went), 25, 123, 169

Cantii, the, 4, 31

Caradoc (Caratacus), King of South Britain, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41

Carausius, Marcus Aurelius, 62, 64

Careg Gwasted Bay, 348

Carew, Sir George, 220

Carey, Robert, 303, 310

Carlisle, 227, 228, 235, 237, 339

Carnot, Lazare N. M., 347

Carnwath, Lord, 334

Carpenter, General George, 334, 335, 336

Carrickfergus, 251

Carthagena, 286

Cartimandua, Queen of Brigantes, 41, 42

Cassingham, William de, ‘Wilkin of the Weald,’ 211

Castagnier, Commodore, 347, 348

Caswallon (Cassivellaunus), King of the Catuvellauni, 9, 22, 24,
25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 40

Categirn, 90

Catus, Decianus, 43, 44, 45

Catuvellauni, the, 4, 22, 24, 25, 31, 38

Cawdor, Lord, 349

Ceawlin, King of West Saxons, 109, 110, 113

Cecil, Sir Robert, 316

Ceorl, Ealdorman, 122

Cerdic, 105, 106

Cerealis, Quintus Petilius, 45, 46, 53

Chadwick, Professor, 94

Channel Islands, 314

Charles the Bald, King of West Franks, 124

Charles the Great (Charlemagne), 114, 116, 119, 134

Charles Edward Stuart, Prince, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343

Charles I., 318

Charles II., 319, 320, 321, 327

Charles V., Emperor, 217

Chatham, 320, 321, 326

Chester (Deva), 42, 46, 47, 48, 50, 57, 70, 110, 146, 154, 162, 163

Chichester (Regnum), 146

Chippenham, Treaty of, 139

Churchill, General (Duke of Marlborough), 329

Church Oakley, 357

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 12, 28

Cicero, Q. Tullius, 12

Cimelauc, Bishop of Llandaff, 155

Cinque Ports, 210, 211, 214

Cirencester (Corinium), 50, 64, 97, 106, 110, 137

Cissa, 97

Claudian, Roman poet, 68, 69, 71, 72

Clere, Sir Thomas, Vice-Admiral of England, 221

Cnut, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 224, 225

Cockburnspath, 100

Coel, King of Reged, 75, 105

Coelwulf II., King of Mercia, 132, 137

Colchester (Camulodunum), 31, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 63, 157

Coldstream, 261, 268

Columbus, Christopher, 275

Comes Britanniarum (Count of the Britains), 72

Comes Littoris Saxonici (Count of the Saxon shore), 72

Commius, King of Atrebates, 3, 4, 8, 18, 20, 28, 30

Conmail, British King, 110

Constable, Sir Marmaduke, 255, 263

Constantine, British Emperor, 73, 74, 75

Constantine III., King of Scotland, 158, 160, 223, 224

Constantinople, English emigration to, 208

Constantinus of Damnonia, 105

Corbett, Julian, 280, 283, 353, 356, 358

Corbridge (Corstopitum), 59, 66

Corfe Castle, 162

Coritani, the, 39, 40

Cornavii, the, 39, 40

Cornwall (Damnonia), 31, 39, 63, 71, 79, 120

Coroticus of Strathclyde, 75, 104

Coruña, 291, 292

Coucy, Enguerrand de, 211

Coupland, John of, 243

Courtenay, Robert de, 214

Coventry, 340

Crassus, P. Licinius, 11

Crawford, Earl of, 261, 263, 266

Crofts, Sir James, 285, 287

Cromwell, Oliver, 319, 327

Crowland Abbey, 127

Culverins, 269

Cumberland, 227

Cumberland, George Clifford, Earl of, 303

Cumberland, William, Duke of, 339, 340, 342, 343

Cunedda, King of Gwynedd, 71, 75, 79

Cuneglass, King of Powys, 105

Cunobelin, King of South Britain, 31, 32, 37

Dacre, Lord, 250, 257, 263, 265, 270

Dacre, Thomas, 272

Danby, Lord, 330

‘Danegeld,’ 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176

Danelaw, 152

Dartmouth, 215, 329, 330

Dathi, Ard-righ of Ireland, 79

David I., King of Scotland, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232

David II., King of Scotland, 241, 242, 243, 244

Decrès, Admiral, 352

Deira, 78, 107, 110

De la Motte, French Ambassador, 251

Derby, 156, 340, 341

Derwentwater, Lord, 333, 337

Desbrière, Colonel, 353, 354

Devonshire, Earl of, 330

Didius, Roman Governor of Britain, 42

Dinguardi (Bamborough), 108

Dion Cassius, 36, 38, 50, 52

Doddington, 258

Donald, Galwegian Chief, 232

Doncaster, 228

Dorstadt, sack by Danes, 119

Dover, 17, 18, 210, 212, 213, 214, 304

Douglas, Archibald, Earl of, 246, 247, 248

Douglas, Captain, 326

Douglas, James, the ‘Good Lord,’ 237, 238, 239, 240

Douglas, James II., Earl of, 244, 245

Douglas, Sir William, 242

Drake, Sir Francis, 278, 279, 283, 286-294, 296, 299-306, 310-314,
317, 358, 360

Druidism, 33, 40, 42

Dryburgh Abbey, 238

Dumfries, 334

Duncan, King of Scotland, 225

Dundee, 245

Dunluce Castle, 310

Dunstan, St. (Archbishop), 163, 164

Durham, Bishop Ruthal of, 260

Durotriges, the, 38

Dutigern, King, of Reged, 108

Eadgar the Peaceful, 161, 162, 163

Eadmund, King of East Anglia (St.), 127, 140

Eadmund I., 160, 161, 227

Eadmund II., ‘Ironside,’ 171, 172, 173, 174, 176

Eadred, 161

Eadric Streona, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174

Eadward I., 107, 144, 146, 152-158, 160

Eadward II., ‘the Martyr,’ 162

Eadward III., ‘the Confessor,’ 177, 178, 184, 210

Eadwine, King of Northumbria, 93

Eadwine, Earl, 178, 179, 183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 205, 206

Ealdred, High-Reeve of Bamborough, 158

Ealhstane, Bishop of Sherborne, 122

Eardwulf, ‘Cudel,’ 224, 225

Ebbsfleet, 90

Eboracum (see York), 125

Ecgberht, King, 120, 131

Eddisburh, 156

Edinburgh, 245, 251, 334, 339, 341

Edward I., 183, 223, 234, 235, 236

Edward II., 236, 238, 239, 240

Edward III., 240, 241

Elizabeth, Queen, 275, 279, 282-288, 312-316

Ely, 127, 206, 207

Englefield Green, Windsor Forest, 128

Eric, King of East Anglia, 153

Eric, Haakonson, Jarl, 172, 224

Esegar, the ‘Staller,’ 196, 204

Esk, the (Cumberland), 272

Espec, Sir Walter, 229, 230, 232

Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, 315, 316

Estuteville, Robert d’, 233

Etal Castle, 255

Etaples, 354

Eugenius, King of Strathclyde, 160, 224

Eustace, Count of Boulogne, 180, 194, 202

Eustace the Monk, 213, 214

Exeter (Isca Damnoniorum), 39, 167, 205, 331

Fala Muir, 271

Falmouth Haven, 282

Farinmail, 110

Fenner, Vice-Admiral Thomas, 306, 308

Fernandez, Duro, Captain, 357

Ferrol, 315, 353

Feversham, Louis Duras, Lord, 329

Fife, Murdoch, Earl of, 246, 247

Finchley, 339, 341

Fire of London, Great, 319

Fishguard Bay, 347, 348, 349, 350

Fitzwalter, Robert, 212, 213

Flat Holm (Bradanrelice), 155

Fleming, Captain, 292, 298

Florence of Worcester, 183

Flores de Valdes, Don Diego, 294, 361

Flushing, 289

Ford Castle, 255, 258, 260

Forster, Miss Dorothy, 337

Forster, Mr. Thomas, 333, 334, 336, 337

Fowey, 210

Fræna, Ealdorman, 165

François I., King of France, 217, 222, 271

Franks, 61

French Committee of Public Safety, 347

Frisians, 61, 62, 67, 116, 148

Frithgist, Ealdorman, 165

Frobisher, Sir M., 300-307, 360

Fullofaudes, Dux, 67

Gainsborough, 171

Galba, King of the Suessiones, 2

Galwegians, 229, 230, 231

Garde, Paulin, Baron de la, 217

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 90

George II., 339, 341

Germanus, St., 76, 79-83, 87, 88, 91

Gerontius (Geraint), 74

Gessoriacum (Boulogne), 32

Geta, Hosidius, 36

Gewissæ, or West Saxons, 105, 109

Giffard, Walter, de Longueville, 194

Gilbert of Ghent, 212

Gildas, 70, 71, 74, 77, 84, 87, 88, 96, 97, 102, 106

Glasgow, 343

Glen, River, 257

Glendower, Owen, 216, 217

Gloucester (Glevum), 40, 63, 106, 110

Godfrid, King, 116

Godolphin, Sir Francis, 314

Godwin, Earl (_temp._ Aethelred II.), 165

Godwin, Bishop of Rochester, 169

Gomez de Medina, Don Juan, 295

Goodwick, 348, 349

Gordon, Sir Adam, 247

Graham, Sir John, 243

Gratianus, British Emperor, 73

Gravesend, 215

Greenwich, 170

Grenville, Sir Richard, 220

Grouchy, General, 346

Gualo, Cardinal, 211, 213

Gunhild, sister of Sweyn, ‘Fork-beard,’ 166

Guthred, 142

Guthrum I., Viking King, 134, 139, 140, 142, 143

Guthrum II., Viking King, 153, 156

Guy of Amiens, 180, 196

Gyrth, brother of Harold II., 191, 196, 198

Haakon, Jarl, 164

Hadrian, Emperor, 53, 54, 58

Haesten, the Viking, 143, 144, 145, 146, 154

Halfdene, the Viking, 127, 130, 132, 133

Halidon Hill, 247

Hall, English Chronicler, 252, 254, 257, 258, 260, 269

Halley’s Comet, 183

Halliford, 26

Hangest, Jean de, 216

Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, 179, 182, 186, 187, 188, 204

Harald Harfaagr, 161

Harold II., 177, 178, 182-192, 196, 202, 203, 204, 226

Hatton, Sir C., 285

Haverfordwest, 216

Havre, 218, 220

Hawkins, Sir John, 277, 279, 293, 301-307, 313, 314, 360

Hawley, Sir John, 342, 343

Helvoetsluys, 328

Hemingburgh, the Chronicler, 235

Hengist, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93

Henri IV. of France, 313

Henry ‘the Fowler,’ Emperor, 161

Henry, son of David I., 228, 230, 232

Henry II., 211, 233, 234

Henry III., 211, 214

Henry IV., 216, 246

Henry VII., 217, 250

Henry VIII., 217, 218, 250, 251, 254, 270

Herebert, Ealdorman of Lindsey, 120

Hereward the Wake, 206, 207

Heron, Lady, 255

Hexham Abbey, 235

High Rochester (Bremenium), 59

‘Historia Brittonum,’ 71, 77, 86-99

Hoche, Lazare, General, 345, 346, 347, 350

Hocneratun (? Hook Norton), 155

Holinshed, Raphael, 258, 269

Home, Alexander, third Lord, 252, 261-270

Home, Sir David, of Wedderburn, 263

Horik, King of Denmark, 117

Horsa, or Hors, 88, 90

Howard, Lord Edmund, 255, 263, 269

Howard of Effingham, Lord, High Admiral of England, 250, 279,
288-315, 360

Howard, Thomas, afterwards third Duke of Norfolk, High Admiral of
England, 250, 255, 257, 262, 263, 271

Hroald, 155, 156

Hrothwyn (Rowena), 89

Hubba the Viking, 126, 127, 137, 139

Humber, the, 39, 122

Huntingdon, 157, 228

Huntly, Alexander, third Earl of, 261, 263, 266

Hygelac the Dane, 116

Iceni, the, 4, 31, 45

Ida, King of Bernicia, 108

Ingvar, 126, 127

Innocent III., Pope, 209, 210, 212

Inquisition, the Spanish, 276

Ipswich, 164, 169

Ireland, 78, 117, 237

Isca Silurum (Caerleon), 48

Isla, Don Nicolas de, 362

James I. of Scotland, 247, 249

James II. of Scotland, 249

James IV. of Scotland, 249, 250, 251, 255, 257, 260-268

James V. of Scotland, 270, 273

James VI. of Scotland, I. of England, 273, 316, 318

James II. (Duke of York, afterwards), 319, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,
332

James Stuart, Prince, 334, 337, 338

Jarrow, Bede’s monastery at, 115

Jedburgh, 247

Jervis, Admiral, Earl of St. Vincent, 350

John, King of England, 209, 210

Julius Firmicus, 66

Jutes, 61, 67, 105

Kenmure, Lord, 334, 337

Kinsale, 216, 316

Labienus, Titus, 11, 22, 24

Lanercost, Chronicle of, and priory, 241

Lea, the, 147

Leeds (Loidis), 79

Leicester (Ratæ), 39, 157

Leicester, R. Dudley, Earl of, 285

Leith, 334

Lennox, Earl of, 261

Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 177

Leofwine, brother of Harold II., 196, 199

Leveson, Sir Richard, 316

Leyva, Don Alonso Martinez de, 288, 294-310, 361

Liddell, the ‘pyle’ of, 241

Ligonier, General, 339

Lincoln (Lindum), 40, 45, 46, 47, 50, 64, 206

Lindisfarne (Holy Island), 108, 115

Lisbon, 291, 315

Lisle, John, Lord, 218-221, 302

Llanwnda, 348

Llywarch, the bard, 108

Lochmaben, 271

London, 32, 36, 37, 46, 47, 50, 51, 64, 65, 80, 87, 91, 106, 107,
109, 122, 123, 132, 142, 143, 147, 165, 166, 169-172, 190,
191, 196, 205, 209-213, 285, 321, 333, 340, 341

Lonsdale, Lord, 335

Lothian, 71, 224, 225, 228

Louis XIV. of France, 328, 345

Louis, Dauphin of France, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214

Lucomon, royal reeve, 150

Ludwig ‘the Pious,’ Emperor, 117, 120

Lugotorix, 26

Lupus, Bishop of Troyes, 79, 80

Luxan, Francisco de, 277

Luzon, Don Alonso de, 362

Lygton (Leighton Buzzard), 155

Lympne, 143

Macbeth, King of Scotland, 225

MacIntosh, General, 334, 337

Maelgwn, King of Gwynedd, 102, 105

Maes Garmon, near Mold, 81

Magesaetas, 174

Magna Carta, 209

Malcolm II. of Scotland, 224, 225

Malcolm III., ‘Canmore,’ King of Scotland, 186, 205, 225, 226, 228

Maldon (Essex), 155, 164

Malise, Earl of Strathearn, 230

Man, Isle of, 236

Manchester, 340, 342

Mandubracius, 22, 24, 28

Manna, Earl, 156

Mar, John Erskine, Earl of, 333, 334

March, Earl of, 246

Marcus, British Emperor, 73

Margaret, sister of Eadgar ‘the Ætheling,’ 227

Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV., 250

Maria Theresia, Empress, 338

Marie de Lorraine, Queen of James V., 271

Mary, Queen of Scots, 273, 283, 285, 287

Mary II. of England, 328, 332

Matilda, Empress, daughter of Henry I., 228

Matilda, wife of William I., 188

Maximus, Magnus Clemens, British Emperor, 69, 70, 71, 82

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 288-309, 361

Medrant, 104

Melrose Abbey, 100, 238

Menendez de Aviles, Pero, 277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 301, 312, 316

Menendez Marquez, Pero, 312

Mercer, Andrew, 244

Merse, the, 225

Mersey Island (Essex), 146

Mexia, Don Agostin de, 362

Milford Haven, 216

Missiessy, Admiral, 353

Mole, River (Surrey), 51

Mona (Anglesey), 33, 40, 42

Monçada, Don Hugo de, 295, 300, 304, 305

Monk, George, Lord General, 320, 321, 324

Monmouth, James, Duke of, 327

Montgomerie, Roger de, 194

Montrose, Alexander, Earl of, 261, 263, 266

Morard de Galles, Vice-Admiral, 346

Moray, Thomas Randolph, Earl of, 238, 239, 240, 243

Morkere, Earl, 178, 179, 183, 187, 190, 191, 205, 207

Mountjoy, Lord Deputy, 316

Mount’s Bay, 314

Mousehole, 314

Murray, Lord George, 338, 341, 342, 343

Musgrave, ‘Jacke’ of, 272

Napoleon I., 269, 345, 351-356

Narcissus, treasurer of Claudius I., 34

Natan-leod, 106

Nectarides, Count of the Saxon Shore, 67

Netherby (Castra Exploratorum), 59

Neville, Ralph, 242

Newark, 211

Newcastle-on-Tyne, 227, 235, 238, 335, 339

New Forest, the, 109

Newlyn, 314

Nicholson, Mr. E. B., 104

Nithsdale, Lord and Lady, 334, 337

Norham Castle, 228, 254

Norreys, Sir John, 312

Northampton, 157, 240

Norwich, 168

Nottingham, 126, 206

Oakley, near Basingstoke (see Appendix A), 123

Ockley (Surrey), 357

Odda, Ealdorman, 138

Odo of Bayeux, 196, 199, 205

Oglethorpe, General, 342

Ohthere the Viking, 155, 156

Ojeda, Don Agostin de, 295

Olaf Haraldson, 188

Olaf Tryggvason, 118, 164, 165, 166, 167

Oquendo, Don Miguel de, 294, 298, 308, 309, 310

Ordovices, the, 40, 42

Osbeorht, 125

Oskytel the Viking, 134

Osric, Ealdorman, 124

Otadini, the, 71, 72

Otto ‘the Great,’ Emperor, 161

Owen, King of Reged, 108

‘Owers’ Shoals, 219, 302

Oxford, 176

Padstow (St. Petrocstow), 163

Pallig, Jarl, 166, 167

Palmer, Admiral Sir Henry, 290

Parma, Alessandro Farnese, Prince of, 287, 289, 290, 296, 301, 302,
303, 309

Paulinus, C. Suetonius, 42-53

Pearls, British, 28

Pelagius, 79

Penrith, 335, 342

Penzance, 314

Pepys, Samuel, 320, 326

Perche, Count of, 212, 213

Percy, Alan, 230

Percy, Henry, ‘Hotspur,’ 242, 245, 246

Perth, 245, 334

Peterborough, 127

Pevensey (Anderida), 97, 188, 190, 203

Philip Augustus, King of France, 209

Philip II. of Spain, 280-316, 351

Philippa, wife of Edward III., 242

Philpot, John, 244

Picts (Caledonians), 59-80, 224, 229, 230

Pimentel, Don Diego de, 307, 362

Plague, the Great, of London, 319

Plautius, Aulus, 33-39, 57

Plymouth, 215, 216, 291-299, 314

Poenius Postumus, 47

Pontefract, 254

Porlock, 155

Portland, 120, 164, 300

Portsmouth, 203, 215, 303

Portugal, Henrique, King of, 283

Portus Itius (Wissant), 21, 22

Prasutagus, King of the Iceni, 44, 45

Prouse, Captain, 304

Quatbridge-on-Severn, 147

Quincy, Saer de, 212

Ragnar Lodbrog, 126, 139

Ranmore, Surrey, 51

Reading, 128

Recalde, Don Juan Martinez de, 287-310, 361

Redwulf, King of Northumbria, 122

Regnald, Viking King of Deira, 158

Regni, the, 4, 31, 38

Requesens, Don Luis de, 280, 282

Richard I., 234

Richard II., 244

Richard III., 249, 254

Rieux, Maréchal Jean de, 216

Risingham (Habitancum), 59

Robert I. (Bruce) of Scotland, 236-241, 274

Robert II. of Scotland, 243, 244, 246

Robert of Mortain, 196

Robert, son of William I., 227

Roches, Peter des, 211, 212

Rochester, 122, 321

Rokeby, Thomas of, 240, 242

Roman army, 9-14, 21-23, 33, 34, 69, 72

Roman citizenship, 82, 83

Roman Emperors: Antoninus Pius, 58;
Augustus, 31, 32;
Aurelian, 41;
Caracalla, 60;
Claudius I., 32-41, 43, 58;
Constans I., 66, 70;
Constantine the Great, 63, 70;
Constantius Chlorus, 62, 63;
Constantius II., 63;
Diocletian, 62;
Gaius Cæsar (‘Caligula’), 32;
Gratianus, 70;
Honorius, 72, 73, 74, 75;
Maximianus, 62;
Nero, 43, 44;
Severus I., 56, 59, 60, 65;
Theodosius I., 70, 72;
Titus, 38;
Valentinian I., 70;
Valentinian II., 70;
Valentinian III., 86

Roman legions: IInd, ‘Augusta,’ 34-51, 72, 74;
VIth, 53, 57, 72, 73;
VIIth, 9, 16, 20, 23;
VIIIth, 9;
IXth, ‘Hispana,’ 9, 34, 40-53;
Xth, 1, 9, 10, 16, 20;
XIVth, ‘Gemina Martia,’ 34, 40, 42, 46;
XXth, ‘Valeria Victrix,’ 34, 40, 42, 46, 57

Roman walls of London, 123

Rorik the Dane, 123

Rothbury, 334

Rothesay, David, Duke of, 246

Roxburgh, 249

Ruijter, Admiral Michiel Adriaanszoon de, 320, 321, 326, 327

Rutupiae (Richborough), 35, 48, 72

Rye, 215

St. Albans, 31, 64, 65, 210

St. Andrews, Archbishop of, 244

St. Augustine, 286

St. Brice’s Day, massacre on, 167

St. David’s Cathedral, 349

St. Helens, 218

St. Paul, 314

St. Valery-en-Caux, 182, 188

Sandwich, 22, 122, 171, 213

Santa Cruz, Alvaro de Bazan, Marques de, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289, 313

Santa Gadea, Conde de, 315

Santander, 280, 282

Sarsfield, Colonel Patrick, 331

Sarum, 168

Scapula Publius Ostorius, 40, 42

Scarborough, 187

Scargate, 154

Scillies, 282, 314

Selby, Walter de, 241

Selim, Prince of Powys, 112

Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 44

Severn, 39, 47, 48

Seymour, Lord Henry, 290, 304, 305, 306

Sheerness, 321, 324

Sheppey, 119, 124, 174

Ships, names of:
_Ark Royal_, 301, 304;
_Bonaventure_, 303;
_Great James_, 324;
_Harry Grâce-à-Dieu_, 218;
_Jennet Perwyn_, 250;
_Lion_, 250;
_Long Serpent_, 118;
_Loyal London_, 324;
_Maria Juan_, 309;
_Marie Rose_, 220;
_Mora_, 188;
_Nonpareil_, 306;
_Nuestra Senora del Rosario_, 299, 300;
_Primrose_, 286;
_Revenge_, 299, 306, 307, 313;
_Rata Encoronada_, 298;
_Royal Charles_, 324;
_Royal Oak_, 324, 326;
_San Felipe_, 307, 308, 309, 360;
_San Francesco de Florencia_, 300;
_San Juan_, 298, 305, 360;
_San Lorenzo_, 305;
_San Luis_, 301, 302;
_San Martin_, 294, 298-308;
_San Mateo_, 307, 308, 309;
_San Salvador_, 299, 300;
_Triumph_, 301, 302;
_Vanguard_, 308

Ships, types of, 117, 118, 148, 218, 277-290

Siegfred, 143

Sigeric, Archbishop, 165

Silchester (Calleva), 51, 64, 66, 76, 97, 109

Silures, the, 31-40, 53

Sinclair, Sir Oliver, 271, 272

Sinclair, Lord, 261, 263

Sores, a Huguenot captain, 276

Southampton, 3, 72, 78, 105, 124, 163

Southwark, 205

Spithead, 184

Spragge, Admiral Sir Edward, 321, 326

Stafford, 155

Stamford, 157

Stane Street, 357

Stanhope, General, 333

Stanley, Sir Edward, 257, 263, 266

Stephen of Blois, King of England, 228

Steward, Walter the, 239

Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 181

Stilicho, Roman General, 69, 72

Stirling, 334

Strabo, 31, 32

Strathclyde, 75, 104, 107, 159, 224, 230

Strozzi, Leone, 217

Stuart, Alexander, Archbishop of St. Andrews, 268

Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of, afterwards second Duke of Norfolk,
250-270

Suvórov, Marshal, Russian warrior, 270

Swanage, Viking shipwreck at, 136

Sweyn Estrithson, King of Denmark, 179, 206

Sweyn Haraldson, ‘Fork-beard,’ King of Denmark, 165-170

Swinton, Sir John, 247

Tacitus, P. Cornelius, 36, 37, 46, 47, 53, 116

Taillefer, minstrel, 197

Talhærn, 108

Taliesin, 108

Tamworth, 155

Tasciovan, King of the Catuvellauni, 31

Tate, General, 348, 349

Teignmouth, 345

Tenby, 216

Terceira, 283

Texel, 352

Thames, 24, 25, 50, 67, 123, 128, 203, 205, 213, 321, 326-330

Thanet (Ruim), 89, 123, 163, 210

Theodosius, General of Valentinian I., 68, 70

Thorney Isle, in the Colne, 145

Thetford, Vikings at, 127, 168

Theudebert I., 116

Theudric (‘Flamddwyn’), 108

Thorkil ‘the Tall,’ 169, 170, 171, 173

Thurstan, Archbishop of York, 229

Till, the, 255, 257, 260

Toesny, Ralph de, 194

Togodubn, King of South Britain, 32, 35, 37

Toglos, Earl, 156

Torbay, 345

Torington, Admiral, Lord, 330

Tosti, brother of Harold II., 179, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 226

Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Cotentin, Comte de, 344, 345

Toustain de Bec-en-Caux, 196

Trebonius, C., 25

Tréport, 221

Trinobantes, 4, 22-31, 45

Twisel, 254, 258, 260

Tyne and Tynemouth, 39, 60, 265

Ubaldino, 311

Uhtred, Earl, 172, 224

Ulfkytel, Ealdorman, 168

Ulgarich, Galwegian chief, 232

Upnor Castle, 326

Urbicus, Lollius, 58

Urien of Reged, 108

Ushant, 292

Utrecht, sack by Danes, 119

Valdes, Diego de, 296, 298, 309

Valdes, Don Pedro de, 291-300, 358

Van Ghent, Admiral, 320, 321, 324, 326, 327

Vendée, La, 346

Venta Silurum (Caerwent), 97

Verulam, 26, 36-38, 47, 50, 80, 87, 96, 97, 106

Vienne, Jean de, Admiral of France, 215, 216, 244, 245

Vigo, 286

Viking ships, the, 117, 118

Viroconium (Wroxeter), 40, 42, 48, 50, 64, 70

Voelund the Viking, 124

Volusenus, C., 8, 11, 16, 17

Vortigern, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 98

Vortimer, 90

Vortipore of the Demetæ, 105

Wace, 180, 194

Wade, Marshal, 339, 340, 342

Wadon Hill, 102

Wall of Antoninus, 68

Wall of Hadrian and Severus I., 56, 68

Wallace, William, 235

Wallingford, 205

Walsingham, Sir F., 285

Warbeck, Perkin, 249

Wark, 228

Warwick, 156

Wash, the, 120, 207, 211

Watchet, 155

Watling Street, 25

Welland, 39

West, Dr., 251

Wharton, Sir Thomas, 272

Widdrington, Lord, 333, 334

Wigan, 342

Wiggingamere, 156

Wight, Isle of, 18, 216-219

Wilton, 168

Willes, General, 335, 336

William ‘Longsword,’ Earl of Salisbury, 210

William the Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, 211, 212, 213

William, nephew of David I., 228

William the Lion, King of Scotland, 233, 234

William I., 178-208, 227

William II. (Rufus), King of England, 227

William III., King of England, 328, 329, 330, 331, 345

Wincanton, 331

Wintoun, Lord, 334

Winchelsea, 211, 215

Winchester, 124, 205, 212

Witham, 155

Witt, Grand Pensionary de, 320

Wood, Sir Andrew, 250

Wooler, 246, 257

Wrekin, 40

Wulfheard, Ealdorman of Hampshire, 120

Wulfnoth, brother of Harold II., 178

Yarmouth, 210, 215

Yonge, Captain, 304

York, 53, 60, 64, 72, 73, 125, 172, 187, 206

Zosimus, 75

ERRATA.

Page 59. Habitancium _should read_ Habitancum.

Page 247. Lord Adam Gordon _should read_ Sir Adam Gordon.

BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Inconsistent usage of ligatures has not been changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Errata have been corrected in this eBook.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Some devices and viewers will substitute question marks or small squares for characters they cannot display.

Page 6: “Teucteri” was printed that way; may be misprint for “Tencteri”.

Page 158: “Eadward ‘the Elder’ died in 824” is a misprint: he died in 924.