Chapter XI: Appendix: AGOZHAGÀUTA. (page 14. Note.)

With reference to this word I have been favored with the opinions of Gen. Clark, Mr. Horatio Hale, and the Rev. J. A. Cuoq, all able Iroquois scholars.

Gen. Clark and Mr. Hale believe that it is a dialectic or corrupt form for _agotsaganha_, which is a derivature from _atsagannen_ (Bruyas, _Radices Verborum Iroquaeorum_, p. 42). This verbal means, in one conjugation, "to speak a foreign language," and in another, "to be of a different language, to be a foreigner." The prefix _ago_ or _ako_ is an indefinite pronoun, having the same form in both singular and plural, and is used with national or tribal appellations, as in _akononsionni_, "People of the Long House," the general name of the Five Nations. Gen. Clark notes that the term _agotsaganens_, or _agotsaganes_, was the term applied by the Iroquois to the Mohegans, = "People who speak a foreign tongue." (Jogues, _Novum Belgium_ (1646), and _Pa. Colonial Records_, vol. vi, p. 183.)

The Rev. Mr. Cuoq believes that the proper form is _akotsakannha_, which in his alphabet is the same as _agotsaganha_, but he limits its meaning to "on est Abnaquis," from _aktsakann_, "être Abnaquis." (See his _Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise_, pp. 1, 155.) The general name applied by the Iroquois to the Algonkins he gives as _Ratirontaks_, from _karonta_, tree, and _ikeks_, to eat, "Tree-eaters" (_Lexique_, p. 88); probably they were so called from their love of the product of the sugar maple.

DIALECT OF THE NEW JERSEY LENAPE. (_p. 46_)

An interesting specimen of the South Jersey dialect of the Lenape is preserved in the office of the Secretary of State, Trenton, N.J. It is a list of 237 words and phrases obtained in 1684, at Salem, N.J. It was published in the _American Historical Record_, vol. I, pp. 308-311, 1872. The orthography is English, and it is evidently the same trader's jargon which Gabriel Thomas gives. (See p. 76.) The _r_ is frequent; man is _renus leno_; devil is _manitto_; God is _hockung tappin_ (literally, "he who is above"). There are several typographical errors in the printed vocabulary.

REV. ADAM GRUBE. (_p. 84._)

His full name was Bernhard Adam Grube. Between 1760-63 he was missionary in charge of the Moravian mission at Wechquetank, Monroe County, Pa., and there translated into Delaware, with the aid of a native named Anton, a "Harmony of the Gospels," and prepared an "Essay of a Delaware Hymn Book." Both these were printed by J. Brandmüller, at Friedensthal, Pa., and issued in 1763; but no copy of either is known to exist.

EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE ALGONKINS. (_pp. 12_ and _145._)

Quite recently M. Emile Petitot, in an article entitled, "_De la pretendue Origine Orientale des Algonquins_" (_Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie_, 1884, p. 248), has attacked the theory that the Algonkin migrations were from the northeasterly portions of the American continent, toward the west and south. His arguments are based on two Cree legends which he relates, one of which is certainly and the other probably of modern date, as the incidents show; and on his criticism of the derivation of the name "Abnaki". Of this he says: "_Wabang_ signifie plutôt detroit que orient; et quant au mot _askiy_ ou _ahkiy_, il vent dire _terre_, et non pas _peuple_".

Now, no one ever claimed that _abnaki_ meant eastern people. The Abbé Maurault translates the form _Abanki_ by "terre au Levant." (_Histoire des Abénakis_, Introd. p. ii, Quebec, 1866.) In Cree _wapaw_, in Chipeway _wabi_, mean narrows or strait; but they are derivatives from the root _wab_, and mean a light or open place between two approaching shores, as Chip. _wabigama_, or _wabimagad_, "there is a strait between the two shores." (Baraga, _Otchipwe Dictionary_.) The name Abnaki is, moreover, no argument either for or against the eastern origin of the Algonkin stock, as it was merely a local term applied to a very small branch of it by the French. Hence M. Petitot's criticisms on the theory under consideration are misplaced and of no weight.

To what has been said in the text I may add that the Algonkins who visited Montreal early in the 17th century retained distinct traditions that they had once possessed the land to the east of that city, and had been driven south and west by the Huron-Iroquois. See the Abbé Maurault, _Histoire des Abénakis_, p. 111, and Wm. W. Warren, _Hist. of the Ojibways_, Chap. IV (Minnesota, Hist. Colls., 1885).

INDEX OF AUTHORS

(_The principal references are in full-faced type._)

Abbott, C. C., 44, 52, 57, 69.
Adair, J., 61.
Alsop, G., 14.
Anthony, A., 156, 161, 219.
Aupaumut, H., 18, 20, 23, 45, 113.

Baraga, J., 35, 59, 62.
Barton, B. S., 146.
Beach, W. W., 115, 125.
Beatty, C., 23, 47, 69, 138.
Bozman, J., 15, 23, 29.
Brainerd, D., 46, 62, 65, 127, 137.
Brickell, J., 64.
Brunner, D. F., 52, 57.

Campanius, T., 66, =75=, 96, 116, 126, 131.
Clark, W. P., 152.
Copway, G., 61, 160, 219.
Cummings, A., 87.
Cuoq, F. H., 71, 105.

Darlington, W., 50.
Darwin, C., 140.
De Laet, 31.
Dencke, C. F., 84.
Denny, E., 86, 94.
Donkers, J., 132.
Drake, S. G., 163.
Duponceau, P. S., 77, 102, 121, 155.
Durant, M., 122.

Eager, 36.
Ettwein, J., 14, 18, 47, 51, =83=, 132, 229, etc.
Evelin, R., 41.

Fast, C., 125.
Fleet, H., 27.
Force, M. J., 29, 31.
Foulke, W. P., 116.

Gallatin, A., 31, 112, 120.
Gray, A., 149, 155.
Grube, B. A., 83, 256.
Guss, N. L., 14.

Haldeman, S. S., 150, 162.
Hale, H., 12, 17, 18, 36, 95, 112, 156.
Hammond, W. A., 110.
Harrison, W. H., 64, 112.
Haven, S. F., 150.
Haywood, J., 17.
Heckewelder, J., 15-16, 18, 20-23, 30, 35, 43, 78, 92, 128,
136, 140, 146, 219, etc.
Hendricks, Capt., 21.
Henry, M. J., 37, 45, =86=.
Hoffman, W. J., 152.
Holland, F. R., 85.
Hough, 125, 229.
Howse, J., 13, 94, 98, 103, 105.

James, E., 61, 152.
Jogues, I., 225.
Jones, D., 60.
Jones, P., 16.
Johnston, J., 26, 30, 125, 145.

Kalm, P., 46, 50, 52.
Kampman, Rev., 28, 84.

Lacombe, A., 12, 26, 43, 103, etc.
Lawson, J., 61.
Lindstrom, 131.
Long, J., 20.
Loskiel, G. H., 18, 29, 47, 70, 91, 137, 229, etc.
Luckenbach, A., 85.

McCoy, I., 125.
McKenney, T. L., 224.
Mallery, G., 152.
Martin, H., 54.
Maurault, J. A., 256.
Mayer, B., 162.
Meeker, J., 87.
Mezzofanti, Cardinal, 108.
Morgan, L. H., 12, 19, 21, 34, 40, 47, 93.
Morse, J., 31, 113, 145.
Murray, W. V., 24.

Neill, E. D., 27.

Occum, S., 67, 70.

Peale, F., 51.
Peet, S. D., 124.
Penn, Wm., 58, 75, 122.
Petitot, E., 256.
Pickering, J., 94.
Porter, T. C., 57.
Proud, R., 20, 37, 45.

Rafinesque, C. S., =148=, etc.
Rasles, S., 60, 94, etc.
Reichel, W. C., 22.
Richardson, J., 58.
Roth, J., =78=.
Ruttenber, E. M., 20, 21, 36, 42, 55, 116, 119.

Schmick, J. J., 22.
Schoolcraft, H. R., 20, 58, 62, 87, 109, 133, 160, 129, etc.
Schweinitz, E. de, 25, 62, 129, etc.
Scull, N., 36.
Shea, J. G., 14, 231.
Silliman, B., 155.
Sluyter, Peter, 132.
Smith, G., 38.
Smith, J., 23, 26, 114.
Smith, S., 37.
Squier, E. G., 163, 167, 219, etc.
Stiles, Pres., 35.
Strachey, W., 67.

Tanner, J., 152, 160, 219.
Thomas, C., 17.
Thomas, G., 54, =75=, 91, 96.
Thompson, C., 48, 115, 121.
Tobias, G., 87, 88.
Trumbull, J. H., 20, 30, 33, 46, 49, 71,
74, 90, 97, 105, 219, etc.
Tryon, G. W., 150.

Van der Donck, 44, 51, 136.
Vincent, F., 60.

Ward, Dr., 153-4.
Wassenaer, 55, 72.
Watson, J.,
Weiser, Conrad, 60, 123.
Whipple, Lt., 87, 96.
White, A., 27, 28.
Wied, Prince of, 55.
Williams, R., 30, 55, 61, 94.

Young, T., 38, 63.

Zeisberger, 35, 55, 62, 69, =76=, 105,
113, 129, 134, etc.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

(_The principal references are in full-faced type_.)

Abnaki, 11, 19.
derivation of name, 256.
Age of Gold, 135, 222.
Agozhagauta, 14, 255.
derivation of, 255
Algonkins, location, 9.
dialects, 11, 89, 93.
dialects, traits of, 89.
myths, 67, 130, 164, 167.
legends, 145.
eastern origin of, 14, 145, 256.
Allemœbi, chief, 123.
Alligewi, 141-2, 229-31.
Alleghany, derivation, 229-31.
Alternating consonants, 94.
Andastes, 14.
Arms, native, 53.
Assigunaik, 228.
Assiwikales, 32.
Auquitsaukon, 35.

Bear, Naked, legend of, 146.
Blackfeet, 9, 49, 130.
Bones, preservation of, 25, 54.
Book, Lenape word for, 59.
Brandywine creek, Indians on, 48.
Brant, Joseph, 122.
Brush nets, 53.
Buffalo, the, 226.

Cachnawayes, 26.
Canai. See _Conoys_.
Canassatego, 15, 114, 121.
Canaways. See _Conoys_.
Cantico, derivation, 73.
Cape May, tribes at, 41.
Cardinal Points, the, 67.
Carolina, tribes from, 25, 31, 32.
Catawbas, 31.
Cherokees, 13, =16=, 166, 230.
Chesapeake Bay, Indians on, 15, 23-5.
Chicomoztoc, 139.
Chihohockies, 37.
Chiholacki, the, 20, 37.
Chilicothe, 30.
Chipeways, 9, 56, 62, 113, 130-1, 151-2, 222.
Christina Creek, 15.
Civility, chief, 48.
Cohongorontas, 15.
Condolence, custom of, 18.
Conestoga Creek, 15.
Conestogas, 14.
Confederacy, Algonkin, 19.
Conoys, =25=.
Conoy town, 29.
Copper, use of, 50, 52.
Cree dialect, 10, 12, 98.
Crees, 9.
Crosweeksung, _or_ Crosswicks, 45.

Dance, sacred, 73.
Deed, First Indian, 120.
Delamattenos, 16. See _Talamatans_ and _Hurons_.
Delawares. See _Lenape_.
Deluge, Myth of, 134, 167.
Dialects of the Lenni Lenape, 91.
Dogs, 54.
Dreams, belief in, 70.
Dyes, use of, 53.

Eastlanders, 19.
Eries, 13.
Ermomex, 42.
Eskimos, 70, 232.

Fairfield, founding of, 124.
Fire worship, 65, 73.
Fish River, 229.
Five Nations. See _Iroquois_.
"Four Sticks," the, 152.
Four winds as deities, 65, 67.
Foxes, tribe, 11, 113.
Friends, their relations to the Indians, 63, 126.
Frog Indians, 44.

Ganawese. See _Conoys_.
Gekelemukpechunk, town, 123.
Gesture-speech, native, 152.
Glus-kap, Micmac god, 130.
Gnadenhütten, 124-5, 128.
Gollitchy, chief, 118.
Gookin, Governor, 118.
Gordon, Governor, 119.
Grave Creek Mounds, 17.
Grandfathers, Delawares as, 23, 113.
Grandfathers, Fire as, 65, 73.
Guaranis, the, 70.

Hare, the Great, 66.
Head, idols of, 68.
Heart, symbolic meaning of, 71.
Hieroglyphics, native, 57.
Hithquoquean, chief, 117.
Hurons, 13, =16=, 144, 165, 168, 231.

Idols, 68.
Indian corn. See _Maize_.
Indian paths, the, 45.
Inscribed stones, 57.
Interments, 54.
Iroquois, location, 13.
history, 110, 114, 120.

Kanawha, derivation, 26.
Kanawhas. See _Conoys_.
Kansas, Delawares in, 126.
Kikeron, 132-3.
Kittawa-Cherokees, 16.
Koquethagachton, chief. See _White Eyes_.
Kuscarawocks, 23.

Lenape, the, =33=.
myths of, 130.
Lenape dialects, 91, sqq.
prefixes, 99.
grammatical structure, 105.
derivation, 33.
Light, worship of, 65, 130, 132.
Long Island, Indians of, 67, 70.
Long Walk, the, 115, 128.

Machtoga, a festival, 73.
Macocks, 38.
Mahicanni. See _Mohegans_.
Maize, native name of, 48.
origin of, 228.
Manabozho, See _Michabo_.
Manito, derivation of, 219.
Mantes, 42, =44=.
Manufactures, 51.
Marcus Hook, derivation, 39.
Masco, chief, 145.
Meday worship, 71.
Medicine men, 71, 135.
rattle, 135.
lodge, 71.
Mengwe, derivation, 14, 116, 141.
Mesukkummegokwa, 222.
Miamis, 9, 144, 146.
Michabo, 130, 167.
Micmacs, 10, 48, 130.
Milky Way, myth of, 70.
Mingo, 15, 116, 118.
Mingo Creek, 15.
Minisink. See _Minsi_.
Minquas, 14.
Minsi, 19, 36, 114, 116-7, 122.
dialect, 92.
Mission Delaware dialect, 97.
Mohegan dialect, 22, 93.
Mohegans, 19, =20=, 165.
myths of, 136, 139.
Monsey. See _Minsi_.
Montauk Indians, 67.
Mounds, building of, 17, 51.
builders, 231.
Munsees. See _Minsi_,
Myths of Lenapes, 130.

Namaes sipu, 141, 143.
Nanabozho, 130-1, 166, 224.
Nanticoke dialect, 24.
Nanticokes, =22=, 145.
traditions of, 139.
Narraticons, 42.
Neobagun, the, 151-2.
Neutral Nation, 13.
New Albion, 41.
New Jersey Lenape, =40=, 127, 256.
New Jersey Lenape, their dialect, 46, 93, 95.
Ninniwas, 151.
Nottoways, 13.

Obviative, in Lenape, 107.
Ohio, Delawares in, 124-5.
Okahokis, 38.
Old Sack, 25
OLUM, derivation of, 153.
Onas, name of Penn, derivation, 95.
Onondagas, 117.
Opings, 21, 42.
Opossum, the, 43.
Opuhnarke, the, 19.
Osages, 151, 161.
Ossuaries, 23, 54.
Otayachgo, tribe, 22.
Ottawas, 113, 122, 140, 145, 232.

Paint, word for, 60.
Paints, use of, 53.
Paint Creek, 60.
Palisades, 51.
Pascatoway, derivation, 26.
Pascatoways, 15, =26=, 47.
Passive voice, in American languages, 108.
Peace-belt, the, 47, 114.
Peace chiefs, 47.
Penn, Wm., 75, 116, 122, 127.
his Indian name, 95.
his treaties, 120.
Pequods, 30.
Pictographs, 56.
Pipes, 40, 118.
Piquas, 29.
Piscatoways. See _Pascatoways_.
Playwickey, derivation, 39.
Pohhegan, the, 35.
Pomptons, 42-3.
Potomac, Indians near, 25, 67.
Iroquois name of, 15.
Pottawatomies, 11, 113.
Pottery, native, 51.
Powwow, derivation, 70, 227.
Priests, native, 70.
Pueblo Indians, 110.

Record Sticks, 59.
RED SCORE, the, 161.

Sachem, derivation, 46.
Sacs _or_ Sauks, 11, 113.
Safe Harbor, inscription, 57.
Sanhicans, 43.
Sapoonies, the, 31.
Scheyichbi, 40, 143.
Scythians, disease of, 110.
Senecas, 117, 121.
Serpent worship, 71-2, 167, 222, 231.
Seven, as a sacred number, 139.
Shamokin, 29, 115, 123.
Shawnees, =29=, 39, 113, 119, 145, 219.
sacred song of, 145, note.
Shekomeko, 128.
Sign-language, native, 152.
Snake, the Great, 71, 167.
Snake people, the, 165, 227, 231.
land, the, 167, 231.
water, 136.
Soap-stone, use of, 52.
Soul, doctrine of, 69.
Spears, use of, 53.
Stars, knowledge of, 55.
Stockbridge Indians, 45, 113.
Sun worship, 65.
Susquehanna, derivation of, 14.
lands, 120.
Susquehannocks, =13=, 53, 116, 121.

Tadirighrones, 31.
Talamatans, 165, 168, 231.
Talega, the, 165-6.
Talligewi, 141-2, 229, 231.
Tamany, 41, 117, 229.
Tatemy, Moses, 128.
Taurus, constellation of, 55.
Tawatawas, 146.
Taway _or_ Tawas, 232.
Tedpachxit, chief, 124-5.
Tedyuscung, 33, 40.
Thahutoolent, chief, 125.
Thousand Isles, the, 165.
Tiawoo, the, 22.
Time, computation of, 55.
Tobacco, name and culture, 49, 228.
Tockwhoghs, 23.
Tollan, 225.
Totemic animals, the, 39, 68.
marks, 39, 57.
Towanda, derivation,23.
Tsalaki, 166, 230.
Tula, 225.
Turkey River = Ohio, 39.
Turkey sub-tribe. See _Unalachtgos._
Turtle, symbol of, 132-5.
Turtle sub tribe. See _Unamis_,
Twelve, a sacred number, 73.
Twightees, 146, 232.

Unalachtgo, derivation, 36.
Unalachtgos, 37.
Unami, derivation, 36.
dialect, 79-80, 91.
Unamis, 37.

Virgin-mother, myth of, 131.
Vowel change in Lenape, 107.

WALAM, derivation, 60, 104, 161.
WALAM OLUM.
evidences of its authenticity, 67, 89, 155-8, 225.
history of, 151.
phonetic system, 159.
metrical form, 159.
pictographic system, 160.
MS. of, 162.
synopsis of, 164.
Wallamünk, 53, 60.
Wampanos, 21, 128.
Wampum belts, 47, 138.
Wapanachki, the, =19=.
Wapemmskmk, town, 124.
Wapings, 21, 24, 128.
Wappingers, the, 20.
War captains, 47.
Water god, the, 222.
Wendats. See _Hurons._
We-shellaqua, 219-20.
White Eyes, chief, 58, 121, 123.
White River, the, 124, 144, 153.
Winicaco, 24.
Wingenund, chief, 58.
Wiwash, the, 25.
Women, the Lenape as, 109.
Wonameys, 36.
Wolf sub-tribe. See _Minsis_.
Wyandots, 13, =16=, 231.

Year, the native, 55.

Zanzendorf, Count, 128.

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