Chapter XVI: Appendix: I. Methods of Collecting and Preserving Crustacea

It may be useful to give here a few hints as to the methods of collecting Crustacea. Of the species that live in the sea, many may be found between tide-marks by turning over stones and searching among sea-weeds and in rock crevices. A small hand-net, made by fastening a bag of coarse muslin to a stout wire ring of a few inches diameter, is useful for fishing in rock pools. Shore-collecting in this manner is most productive at spring-tides, when the deeper levels of the shore are open to exploration.

Many burrowing species are to be found by digging in the sand near low-water mark. In addition to Crabs and other large species, many minute forms, Amphipods, Cumacea, and the like, inhabit such localities. The best way of collecting these is to stir up a spadeful of the sand in a bucket of water, and, after allowing the sand to settle for a few seconds, to pour off the water through a muslin bag. After repeating the operation two or three times, the contents of the bag are washed out into a jar or dish of sea-water for examination with a lens or under the microscope.

Dredging is the most effective method of obtaining Crustacea that live in deeper water. The dredge usually employed by naturalists consists of a heavy rectangular iron frame to which is attached a strong bag-shaped net. The two longer sides of the frame are sharp-edged and bevelled outwards, so as to "bite" when the dredge is dragged along the sea-bottom. To the shorter sides are hinged a pair of arms ending in rings. The dredge-rope is made fast to one of these rings, while the other is held only by a "stopping" of yarn, which gives way if the dredge should catch on a rock, and permits it to be dragged sideways off the obstruction. The size and weight of the dredge may vary according to the depth at which it is to be used and the power available for working it. A convenient size for use with a small sailing boat at moderate depths has a frame 20 by 5 inches.

Apart from dredging, many specimens from moderately deep water may be picked out from among the "rubbish" brought up on fishermen's lines or by the trawl, and various Crustacea besides the edible species find their way into Lobster and Crab pots. The true deep-sea fauna is, for the most part, only to be reached by specially-equipped expeditions, although specimens from great depths are occasionally obtained during the operations for the repair of submarine telegraph cables.

The floating animals of the surface of the sea are to be captured by means of the tow-net. This consists of a conical bag of muslin, cheese-cloth, or, best of all, silk "bolting-cloth," attached to a galvanized iron-ring of one or two feet in diameter, and having a zinc can or a strong glass jar fixed to the narrow end. The ring is attached by three equidistant cords to the towing line, and the net is towed slowly at or near the surface of the sea. When taken on board, the contents of the can are emptied into a jar of sea-water for examination. The tow-net is best used when there is only enough way on the boat to keep the net from sinking; if towed more rapidly, delicate organisms are apt to be crushed by the pressure of the water, or the net itself may be burst. The use of unnecessarily fine nets should be avoided. A fine-meshed net may not capture a single specimen of the larger Crustacea, even though these may be swarming in the water through which it is drawn.

By weighting the tow-net it may be used at various depths to capture the floating animals of mid-water. When it is so used, however, it is impossible to tell from what depth any particular specimen may have come, since it may have been captured during the hauling in of the net. For more precise investigations in deep water, "closing tow-nets" of various types have been devised, which can be opened by a "messenger" sent down the line when the net has reached the desired depth, and closed again by another "messenger" before it is hauled in.

A simple method that has proved very successful for collecting small Crustacea living on a sandy bottom in shallow water is to employ a light tow-net with a cane ring, and with a heavy sinker attached to the towing line at a distance of a few feet in front of the net. As the sinker is dragged along the bottom, the net floats up behind it, and catches small animals stirred up by its passage.

For collecting the smaller fresh-water Crustacea--Water-fleas and the like--a small muslin ring-net may be used in ponds and ditches. The plankton of the open water of lakes is best obtained by means of a tow-net like that described above for use in the sea.

The interesting blind species known as "Well Shrimps" are to be looked for in the water of springs and wells. In wells fitted with a pump, Professor Chilton found that "the Crustacea are often brought up most abundantly when pumping is first commenced, and that jerking the handle of the pump somewhat violently is often more successful than pumping at the ordinary rate." In disused open wells, they may be trapped by baiting a muslin ring-net with a piece of stale meat or fish, and pulling it up rapidly after it has remained in the well for a few hours. The subterranean waters of caves have yielded many curious species in various parts of the world. For the capture of species living in the deep water of large lakes, a special form of dredge has been devised with runners to prevent it from sinking into the soft mud, while the mouth of the net is raised a few inches above the bottom.

For preserving Crustacea the best medium to use is 70 per cent. alcohol. Strong spirit diluted with a little less than one-third its bulk of water gives about the required strength. If too strong spirit is used, the specimens tend to be hard and brittle, and delicate organisms become shrivelled. Methylated spirit as sold in the shops in this country contains mineral naphtha, and turns milky when water is added, so that it is unsuitable for preserving specimens. Methylated alcohol without naphtha can be bought, by permission of the Inland Revenue authorities, but only in considerable quantities at a time.

Formalin is very cheap and readily obtained, but it is much less suitable than spirit for most Crustacea, as it tends to make them stiff and fragile, and small forms containing much lime, such as Cumacea, may become decalcified. For Crustacea collected by the tow-net, however, formalin gives good results. A few drops of strong formalin, added to the water into which the tow-net has been washed, kills the animals in a few minutes. After they have sunk to the bottom, the liquid may be poured off and replaced by formalin diluted with sea-water (for marine plankton), or by a mixture of formalin and spirit. The most suitable strength of formalin varies with different organisms, but 5 per cent. (_i.e._, 1 part of commercial formalin to 19 parts of water) is perhaps most generally useful.

Crabs, Prawns, and the like, if put alive into strong spirit, may throw off some of their limbs, or else become so rigid that these break on the slightest manipulation. This may often be avoided by killing the animals in weak spirit (30 per cent. or less) before preserving in strong spirit. Marine species may also be killed by placing them in fresh water, care being taken not to allow them to remain in it longer than is necessary, as it causes distortion of the membranous appendages.

The larger Crabs, Lobsters, and the like, may be preserved dry, although in this state they are unsuitable for examination of the more delicate appendages. The carapace should be detached, and the soft parts cleaned away as far as possible, a bent wire being used, if necessary, to remove the flesh from the legs. The specimens should be dried in the shade, to preserve as much as possible of the natural colour.

With specimens intended for permanent preservation in spirit, the use of corks should be avoided, as they discolour the spirit, and ultimately the specimens. Small specimens are most conveniently kept in glass tubes closed with a piece of clean elder-pith (not cotton-wool), and placed, upside down, in a bottle of spirit. Labels to be placed inside the tubes are best written with Indian ink, and allowed to dry before immersion in the spirit.

II. NOTES ON BOOKS

The literature of Carcinology is bewildering in its extent, and is for the most part scattered through the volumes of scientific periodicals and the publications of learned societies in most of the languages of Europe. A guide to the current literature is provided by the _Zoological Record_, the latest volume of which, relating to the year 1909, enumerates no fewer than 337 papers dealing wholly or in part with this group of animals.

The following short list of books in the English language may be of some help to the beginner. Most of them give references to the literature which will provide the necessary guidance towards a further study of the subject.

GENERAL WORK

_Huxley, T. H._ The Crayfish: an Introduction to the Study of
Zoology. International Science Series, vol. xxviii. London, 1880.

_Stebbing, T. R. R._ A History of Crustacea: Recent Malacostraca.
International Science Series, vol. lxxiv. London, 1893.

_Calman, W. T._ Crustacea. A Treatise on Zoology, edited by Sir Ray
Lankester. Part vii., fascicle iii. London, 1909.

_Smith, G._, and _Weldon, W. F. R._ Crustacea. The Cambridge
Natural History, vol. iv. London, 1909.

_Lister, J. J._ Crustacea, in "A Student's Textbook of Zoology," by
Adam Sedgwick. Vol. iii. London, 1909.

BRITISH CRUSTACEA

_Baird, W._ The Natural History of the British Entomostraca. (Ray
Society.) London, 1850.

_Bell, T._ A History of the British Stalk-eyed Crustacea. London,
1853.

_Spence Bate, C._, and _Westwood, J. O._ A History of the British
Sessile-eyed Crustacea. 2 vols. London, 1863 and 1868.

_Brady, G. S._ A Monograph of the Free and Semiparasitic Copepoda
of the British Islands. (Ray Society.) 3 vols. London, 1878-1880.

These works, although still valuable, and indeed indispensable, are now more or less out of date. A list of British Malacostraca (except Amphipoda) will be found in Mr. Stebbing's volume mentioned above.

_Sars, G. O._ An Account of the Crustacea of Norway. Vol. i.,
Amphipoda, 1890-1895. Vol. ii., Isopoda, 1896-1899. Vol. iii.,
Cumacea, 1899-1900. Vols. iv. and v., Copepoda, 1903 (in progress).
Christiana and Bergen.

A very large proportion of the British species in the groups mentioned are described and figured in this splendid series of volumes. The text is in English.

_Norman, A. M._, and _Scott, T._ The Crustacea of Devon and
Cornwall. London, 1906.

_Webb, W. M._, and _Sillem, C._ The British Woodlice. London, 1906.

Memoirs of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, edited by
Professor _W. A. Herdman_. A useful series of monographs on the
structure and life-history of common British marine animals and
plants. The following relate to Crustacea:

Memoir VI. Lepeophtheirus and Lernæa (Parasitic Copepoda). By _A.
Scott_. 1901.

Memoir XII. Gammarus (Amphipod). By _M. Cussans_. 1904.

Memoir XIV. Ligia (Isopod). By _C. G. Hewitt_. 1907.

Memoir XVI. Cancer (Edible Crab). By _J. Pearson_. 1908.

Descriptions of all the British species of Barnacles will be found
in _Darwin's_ "Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia." (Ray
Society.) 2 vols. London, 1851-1854.

INDEX

Abdomen of Lobster, 6

Abyssal fauna of lakes, 185

Acanthephyridæ, 268

Acorn-shells, 41

_Æga_: in Sponges, 210;
parasitic on fish, 219

_Æger_, 267

_Æglea_, 181

Air-breathing Crabs, 188

_Albunea_, 102

Alcock, A.: on habits of _Ocypode_, 105;
on temperature of sea, 120;
on eyes of deep-sea Crustacea, 124;
on colour in deep-sea Crustacea, 127;
on luminosity of deep-sea Crustacea, 125, 126;
on eggs of deep-sea Prawn, 130;
on _Nephrops_, 132;
on habits of _Coenobita_, 194, 195

Allen, E. J., on Mackerel fishery, 251

Alpheidæ, 211

American Lobster, 32

Amphibious Crustacea, 104, 188

Amphipoda, 52;
seashore, 95, 107;
plankton, 145;
terrestrial, 189;
fresh-water, 172;
in Sponges, 210;
on Jellyfishes, 212;
and Hermit Crabs, 215;
parasitic, 223;
wood-boring, 255

_Amphithoë_, 95

_Anaspides_, structure and fossil allies, 264

Andrews, C. W.:
on Land Crabs, 190;
on habits of _Coenobita_, 195;
on habits of _Birgus_, 197, 198

_Anomalocera_, 150

Anomura, 60;
fresh-water, 181

Anostraca, 36;
habits, 162, 164

Antennæ of Lobster, 8, 14;
use in respiration in _Corystes_, 100;
in _Albunea_, 102

Antennule of Lobster, 8, 14

Ants, Woodlice living with, 205

_Apseudes_, 50

_Apus_, 36;
habitats, 161;
occurrence in Britain, 162;
habits, 163;
hæmoglobin in, 165;
fossil allies of, 260

Appendages of Lobster, 8;
of Trilobites, 259

_Aratus_, 189

_Argulus_, 41

Aristotle on Shrimp living with Mollusc, 218

_Armadillidium_, 203

_Artemia_:
larvæ of, 81;
habitat, 164

Arthropoda, 2;
classification, 204

_Asellus_, 172;
destroying fishing nets, 253

Astacidæ, 176

_Astacoides_, 178

_Astacopsis_, 177;
used for food, 243

Astacura, 60

_Astacus_:
habits, 174;
young, 76;
distribution, 177;
used for food, 241

Asymmetry of Lobster, 29

Atyidæ, 179;
used for food, 248

Autotomy, 113;
in Lobster, 30

Baikal, Lake, 182

_Balanus_, 42;
larvæ, 83;
habits, 114;
used for food, 237;
cultivated for manure, 250

Barnacles, 41;
development, 83;
seashore, 114;
of high seas, 155;
on Whales, Turtles, and Crabs, 209;
parasitic, on fish, 235;
used for food, 237;
cultivated for manure, 250;
fossil, 261

_Bathynomus_, 131

Beach-fleas, 107

Bell, T., on development of Land Crabs, 193

"Berry," Lobster in, 28

Bipolarity, 132

_Birgus_, 94;
habits and structure, 195;
breeding habits, 199.
See also Robber Crab

Bloodvessels of Lobster, 17

Blue Crab, 249

_Bopyroides_, 221

_Bopyrus_, 221

Borradaile, L. A.:
on habits of _Remipes_, 102;
on _Huenia_, 110;
on larvæ of Robber Crab, 199

Bouvier, E. L., on Dromiacea, 134

Brachygnatha, 63

Brachyrhyncha, 64;
fossil, 270

Brachyura, 62;
fossil, 269

Brain of Lobster, 20

Branchiopoda, 35;
larvæ, 80;
habitats, 161;
fossil, 260

Branchiostegite, 18

_Branchipus_, 165

Branchiura, 41

Brine Shrimp, 164;
larvæ, 81

Brood-pouch of Peracarida, 46

Brown Shrimp, 244

Browne, F. Balfour, on _Apus_ in Scotland, 162

Browne, Patrick, on Mountain Crab, 193

Bullen, G. E., on food of Mackerel, 251

_Bythotrephes_, 168

Caligidæ, 225

_Caligus_, 225

_Callianassa_, 103

_Callinectes_, 249

_Calocalanus_, 149

_Cambaroides_, 177

_Cambarus_:
distribution, 177;
habits, 178;
blind species, 185;
used for food, 243

_Cancer_:
used for food, 248;
fossil, 270.
See also Edible Crab

_Cancrinus_, 269

_Canthocamptus_, 170;
resting stage, 171

_Caprella_, 54

Caprellidæ, 55;
habits, 109

Carapace of Lobster, 6, 9

_Carcinus_:
larval stages, 68;
habits, 107.
See also Shore Crab

_Cardisoma_, 191

Caridea, 59;
zoëa of, 73;
fossil, 268

_Caridina_, 248

Carp-lice, 41

Caspian Sea, 182

Caudal fork, 40

Cephalothorax of Lobster, 8

_Ceratiocaris_, 262

_Chalimus_, 225

Chela of Lobster, 12

Cheliped of Lobster, 8

_Chelonobia_, 155, 209

_Chelura_, 255

_Cheraps_, 177

Chilton, C., on Woodlice in New Zealand, 206

_Chirocephalus_, 35, 161

Chitin, 15

_Chondracanthus_, 228

Chromatophores, 31, 110

Chun, C., on eyes of plankton Crustacea, 154

_Chydorus_, 165

_Cirolana_, 218

Cirripedia, 41;
development, 82;
on Whales, 209;
parasitic, 231;
fossil, 261.
See also Barnacles

Cladocera, 37;
development, 80;
habits, 165;
in plankton of lakes, 168;
absence from Tanganyika, 184

Claspers of _Chirocephalus_, 35

Classification of Crustacea, table, 34;
of Decapoda, table, 58

Close time for Lobsters, 239

Coconut Crab. See Robber Crab

Cocoons of Copepoda, 171

_Coenobita_:
habits, 194;
respiration, 195

Coenobitidæ, 61;
habits, 194

Colour of Lobster, 31;
deep-sea Crustacea, 127;
plankton Crustacea, 150;
Branchiopoda, 165;
subterranean Crustacea, 187

Colour-change, 110

Columbus and Gulf-weed Crab, 155

Commensalism, 207

_Conchoderma_, 209

_Conchoecia_, 144

Conchostraca, 37;
habits, 163

Convergent evolution, 205

Copepoda, 40;
development, 82;
of open sea, 140;
plankton, 149;
luminosity, 150;
eyes, 152;
of fresh water, 170;
of Tanganyika, 184;
and Hermit Crabs, 215;
parasitic, 224;
as food of Mackerel, 250

_Copilia_, 152

Coral of Lobster, 27

Corals, Crustacea on, 210

_Coronula_, 155, 209

Corycæidæ, 152

_Corystes_, 99

Crabs:
true, 62;
sand-burrowing, 99;
of fresh water, 179;
of Tanganyika, 183;
on Corals, 211;
carrying Sea-anemones, 215;
living with Molluscs, 217;
living in Sea-urchin, 218;
Isopods parasitic on, 223;
Rhizocephala parasitic on, 231;
used for food, 248;
fossil, 269.
See also Shore Crab, Edible Crab, etc.

_Crangon_, 59;
habits, 97;
fishery, 244

Crawfish, Sea-, 59

Crayfish:
young of, 76;
habits, 174;
distribution, 176;
terrestrial, 178, 189;
blind, in caves, 185;
in British Isles, 241;
used for food, 241;
disease of, 243

Cumacea, 48;
habits, 98;
of deep sea, 129;
of plankton, 141

Cunningham, J. T., on development of Land Crabs, 192

Cup Shrimps, 245

Cyamidæ, 56;
habits, 224

_Cyclops_, 40;
nauplius, 82;
habits, 170;
resting stage, 171;
as host of Guinea-worm, 252

_Cymothoa_, 220

Cymothoidæ, habits, 218

Cymothoinæ, habits, 220

_Cypris_, 38;
reproduction, 172

Cypris stage of Barnacles, 84;
of _Sacculina_, 233

_Cystisoma_, 145

_Cythereis_, 38

_Daphnia_, 38;
development, 81;
habits, 165;
in plankton of lakes, 168

Darwin, C.:
on fresh-water fauna, 157, 159;
on habits of _Birgus_, 198, 199;
on Barnacles used for food, 237

Decapoda, 57;
fossil, 267

Deep-water Prawn, 246

Delage, Y., on development of _Sacculina_, 232

Development of Lobster, 28;
of Crayfish, 77;
of River Crab, 78;
of Peracarida, 78;
of Woodlice, 79;
of Opossum Shrimp, 79;
of Cladocera, 80;
of Ostracoda, 81;
of Copepoda, 82;
of fresh-water Crustacea, 160;
of Epicaridea, 223;
of parasitic Copepoda, 225, 227, 230;
of Rhizocephala, 232

_Diaptomus_, 170

_Diastylis_, 49

Diatoms, 139;
relation to Mackerel fishery, 251

_Dichelaspis_, 209

Digestive gland, 17

Dispersal of fresh-water Crustacea, 159;
of Crayfishes, 174

Distribution of Woodlice, 206

Doflein, F., on luminosity in marine animals, 126

Dogfish, Barnacle parasitic on, 235

_Dorippe_, 95

_Dracunculus_, 252

_Dromia_, 63;
habits, 96;
and Sponge, 215

Dromiacea, 63;
of deep Sea, 128, 134

Dublin Prawn, 33;
fishery, 240

_Ebalia_, 63;
protective resemblance, 109

Écrevisse, 242

Edelkrebs, 242

Edible Crab, 64, 248

Eggs of Lobster, 27;
of deep-sea Crustacea, 130;
of fresh water Branchiopoda, 161

Endopodite, 11

_Engæus_:
distribution, 177;
habits, 179, 189

Entoniscidæ, 223

Ephippium of Cladocera, 167

Epicaridea, habits, 221

Epiplankton, 143

Epipodite, 11

Epistome, 62

_Erichthus_ larva, fossil, 266

_Eryon_, 135

Eryonidea, 60;
eye-stalks of, 122;
luminosity, 126;
eggs of, 131;
fossil and living species, 133, 268

_Estheria_, 36;
habitats, 161

Eucarida, 56

Eucopepoda, 41

Eumalacostraca, 45

_Eupagurus_, 91;
commensals, 213

Euphausiacea, 56;
larvæ, 76;
of deep sea, 124, 125;
luminous organs, 125, 151;
eyes, 153;
fossil, 263

European Lobster, 32

_Eurydice_, 219

Evolution, 256

Excretory organs, 19

Exopodite, 10

Exoskeleton, 15

Eyes of Lobster, 20;
of _Cyclops_, 40;
of deep-sea Crustacea, 121;
of plankton Crustacea, 151;
of _Bythotrephes_, 169;
degeneration in subterranean Crustacea, 186

Eye-stalk of Lobster, 14

Fairy Shrimp, 35;
habitats, 161

_Filaria_, 252

Fiddler Crab:
habits, 106;
colour-change, 111

Fish:
attacked by Isopods, 219;
Crustacea as food of, 250

Fish-lice, 224

Flagellum, 14

Foraminifera, 118

Fossil Crustacea, 256

_Galathea_, 130

Galatheidea, 60

Galls on Corals, 211

Gamble, F. W., on colour-changes, 111

Gammaridea, eyes of, 154

_Gammarus_, 53;
distribution, 172;
in Lake Baikal, 183

Ganglia of Lobster, 20

Garstang, W., on habits of Masked Crab, 100

Gastric Mill of Lobster, 17

Geographical distribution of Lobsters, 32;
of Crayfishes, 174

Gecarcinidæ, 190

_Gecarcinus_, 190;
supposed metamorphosis, 192

_Gecarcoidea_, 190

_Gelasimus_, 188;
habits, 106;
colour-changes, 111

Generative organs of Lobster, 27

Giant Crab, 64

Giesbrecht on luminosity of Copepoda, 150

Gill chamber of Lobster, 18

Gills of Lobster, 12, 18;
of Mysidacea, 48

Globigerina ooze, 119

_Glomeris_, a Millipede, 3, 203

Glyphæidæ, 268

Gnathobases of Trilobites, 259

_Gnathophausia_, 48

Goose Barnacle, 42

Gosse, P. H., on Porcelain Crabs, 115

Grapsidæ, 180

_Grapsus_, 107

Green gland, 19

Gribble, 253

Guilding, L., on development of Land Crabs, 193

Guinea-worm, 252

Gulf-weed Crab, 155;
on Turtles, 208

Habitations of shore Crustacea, 95

_Hæmocera_, 229

Hæmoglobin in Branchiopoda, 165

Hairs of Lobster, 22

Hall. See Spencer and Hall

Halocypridæ, 141, 144;
luminosity, 151

_Hapalocarcinus_, 211

Head of Lobster, 7

Hearing, sense of, in Lobster, 22

Heart of Lobster, 17

Hermaphroditism of Cirripedia, 43;
in Isopoda, 52;
of Cymothoinæ, 221;
of Epicaridea, 223;
of Rhizocephala, 231

Hermit Crabs, 61;
of seashore, 91;
of deep sea, 124, 136;
terrestrial, 194;
commensals, 213;
Isopods parasitic on, 221

_Heterocarpus_, 125

Hickson, S. J., on _Caridina_, 248

_Hippa_, 102

Hippidea, 62;
habits, 102

_Hippolyte_, colour-changes, 111

_Holopedium_, 170

Homaridæ, 33

_Homarus_, 32;
fishery, 238

Homolodromiidæ, 134;
fossil allies, 269

Homologous organs, 10

Hoplocarida, 64

_Huenia_, 109

Huxley, T. H.: on Barnacles, 115;
on distribution of Crayfishes, 176

_Hyas_, masking habits, 96

_Hyperia_, 142;
on Jellyfishes, 212

Hyperiidea, 141;
eyes, 154

Hypoplankton, 143

Hypostome, 259

_Inachus_ infected with _Sacculina_, 235

Intestine of Lobster, 16

Isopoda, 51;
deep-sea, 131;
fresh-water, 172;
subterranean, 186;
land, 199;
in Sponges, 210;
parasitic, 218;
wood-boring, 253;
fossil, 266

_Jasus_, 241

Jellyfishes, Amphipods on, 212

Keeble, F., on colour-changes, 111

Kidney, 19

_Koonunga_, 264

Land Crabs, 189;
injuring crops, 253

Land Hermit Crabs, 194

Land-hoppers, 189

Langouste, 241

Lankester, E. Ray, on hæmoglobin in Branchiopoda, 165

Larvæ of Lobster, 28;
of Norway Lobster, 71;
of Stomatopoda, 80;
of Brine Shrimp, 81;
of Land Crabs, 191;
of Robber Crab, 199;
fossil, of Stomatopoda, 266

Larval stages, 66;
significance of, 85

_Latreillia_, 128

Leach, W. E., on the Gribble, 254

_Leander_, 59, 179;
Isopod parasitic on, 221;
used for food, 245

Legs of Lobster, 8, 12

_Lepas_, 42;
habitat, 155;
nauplius, 148

_Lepeophthirus_, 225

_Leptodora_, 169

Leptostraca, 45

_Lernæa_, 226

Leucosiidæ, 109

_Ligia_, structure and habits, 200

_Limnoria_, 254

_Linuparus_, 269

_Lithodes_, 62, 94

Lithodidæ, 61

Liver of Lobster, 17

Lobsters:
deep-sea, 121;
fishery, 238

Lovén, S., on relict Crustacea, 181

Luminosity of deep-sea Crustacea, 125;
of plankton Crustacea, 150

Lynceidæ, 165

Mackerel feeding on plankton, 250

_Macropodia_, masking habits, 97

_Maia_, masking habits, 96

Malacostraca, 43;
fossil, 261

Mammoth Cave, Crayfish of, 185

Mandible of Lobster, 8, 14

Masked Crab, 99

Masking of Crabs, 96, 215

Maxilla of Lobster, 8;
of _Argulus_, 41

Maxillipeds of Lobster, 8, 11

Maxillula of Lobster, 8

Medusæ, Amphipods on, 212

Megalopa of Shore Crab, 70

_Meganyctiphanes_, 56, 151

_Melia_, 215

_Mesidotea_, 181

Mesoplankton, 143

Messmates, 208

Metamorphosis of Lobster, 28;
of Land Crabs, 191

Metanauplius of _Penæus_, 75

Mimicry, 204

_Mimonectes_, 145

Mitsukuri, K., on cultivation of Barnacles, 250

Mole Crabs, 102

Monstrillidæ, 230

Moulting of Lobster, 15;
of Woodlice, 206

Mountain Shrimps, 181;
structure and fossil allies, 264

Mouth-frame of Crabs, 62

Müller, Fritz:
on larval stages of _Penæus_, 73;
on habits of _Aratus_, 189

Müller, O. F., on Nauplius, 82

_Munida_, larva of, 71

_Munidopsis_:
eyes, 123;
eggs, 130

Murray River Lobster, 243

Mussels and Pea Crab, 217

Myodocopa, 39

Mysidacea, 46;
development, 79;
luminosity, 127;
eyes, 153;
and Hermit Crabs, 215;
fossil, 263

_Mysis_, 47;
in lakes, 181, 182

Natantia, 58; used for food,
243

Nauplius
of _Penæus_, 73;
of Crayfish, 79;
of Opossum Shrimp, 79;
of Branchiopoda, 80;
of _Cyclops_, 82;
of Ostracoda, 82;
of Barnacles, 83;
of _Lepas_, 148;
of _Leptodora_, 170;
of _Sacculina_, 233;
eye, 40

_Nebalia_, 44;
fossil allies, 261

Nebaliacea, 44

Necton, 138

Nematocarcinidæ, 128

_Nephrops_, 33;
larva, 71;
distribution, 132;
fishery, 240

Nephropsidea, 33, 60

_Nephropsis_, 121

_Neptunus_, 156;
used for food, 249

Neritic plankton, 141

Nervous system of Lobster, 20

_Niphargus_, 184

Northern Crayfishes, 176

Norway Lobster, 33;
larva, 71;
fishery, 240

Norwegian Prawn, 246

Notostraca, 36;
habits, 162

Oceanic plankton, 141

Octopus preying on Crustacea, 89

_Ocypode_, 188;
habits, 104;
carnivorous, 195

Olfactory filaments of Lobster, 25

_Oniscus_, 51;
Structure and habits, 201

Operculata, 43

Opossum Shrimps, 46;
development of, 79

_Orchestia_, 107

Orientation, organs of, 24

Ostracoda, 38;
development, 81;
luminosity, 127, 151;
plankton, 144;
fresh-water, 172;
of Tanganyika, 184;
fossil, 261

Ovary of Lobster, 27

Oxyrhyncha, 64;
masking habits, 96;
fossil, 270

Oxystomata, 63;
habits, 101;
protective resemblance, 109;
deep-sea, 128;
fossil, 269

_Oxyuropoda_, 266

Oyster Crab, 249

Oysters and Pea Crab, 217

Paguridea, 61

_Paguropsis_ and Sea-anemones, 214

_Palæmon_, 179;
used for food, 248

_Palæmonetes_, 174

Palinura, 59

Palinuridæ, 241;
fossil, 269

_Palinurus_, larva of, 72;
fishery, 240

Palp, 14

_Pandalus_, 59, 137;
used for food, 245

_Panulirus_, 241

_Paracyamus_, 55

_Paranaspides_, 264

_Paranephrops_, 177

_Parapagurus_, 124;
and Sea-anemones, 213

Parasitism, 208

Parastacidæ, 176

_Parastacus_, 178

Partan, 248

Parthenogenesis, 163;
of Cladocera, 166;
of Ostracoda, 172

Pea Crab, 217

Pedunculata, 43

_Peltogaster_, 232

Penæidea, 59;
fossil, 267

_Penæus_, 59;
larvæ, 73;
used for food, 247;
fossil, 268

Peracarida, 46;
development, 78

Pericardium, 17

_Peripatus_, tracheæ of, 204

Peter's stone, 220

_Philomedes_, 38

Phosphorescence. See Luminosity

Photophores of Euphausiacea, 125

Phreatoicidea, 173

_Phronima_, 154

Phronimidæ, eyes of, 154

_Phtisica_, 54

Phyllocarida, 261

_Phyllosoma_, 149;
of Spiny Lobster, 72

Phylogeny, 205, 256

Pill Millipede, 203

Pink Shrimp, 137, 245

_Pinnaxodes_, 218

_Pinnotheres_, 217;
used for food, 249

_Planes_, 155

Plankton, 139;
of fresh water, 160;
of lakes, 168, 170;
relation to fisheries, 250

_Platyarthrus_, 205

_Platycuma_, 129

_Platymaia_, 130

_Platytelphusa_, 184

Pleuron, 9

Podocopa, 39

_Podocrates_, 269

_Pollicipes_ used for food, 237;
fossil, 261

_Polycheles_, 133

_Pontonia_, 218

_Pontoporeia_, 181

Porcelain Crab: zoëa of, 70;
autotomy, 114;
feeding, 115;
and Hermit Crabs, 215

_Porcellana_: zoëa of, 70;
autotomy, 114;
feeding, 116

Porcellanidæ, 60

_Porcellio_, 51;
structure and habits, 202;
distribution, 206

Portunidæ: swimming, 90;
sand-burrowing, 99;
used for food, 249

Potamobiidæ, 176

Potamobius, 174

_Potamon_, 180;
young of, 78

_Præanaspides_, 265

Prawns, 58;
luminosity of, 127;
of deep sea, 136;
of fresh water, 174, 179;
of Tanganyika, 183;
blind, in caves, 185;
in Sponges, 210;
Isopods parasitic on, 221;
Common, 245;
used for food, 245;
deep-water, 247;
fossil, 268

Prosoponidæ, 135, 269

Protandrous hermaphroditism, 221

Protective resemblance, 108

_Protocarcinus_, 269

_Protocaris_, 260

Protopodite, 10

Protozoëa of _Penæus_, 75

_Psathyrocaris_, 130

_Pseudothelphusa_, 193

Pseudo-tracheæ, 202

Pygidium, 259

_Pygocephalus_, 263

_Pylocheles_, 94

Pylochelidæ of deep sea, 136

Recapitulation, theory of, 86

Red-clawed Crayfish, 242

Regeneration in Lobster, 30

Relict faunas, 182

_Remipes_, 102

Reproduction of Cladocera, 166;
of _Leptodora_, 169;
of Cymothoinæ, 220

Reptantia, 59

Respiration in sand-burrowing Crabs, 99;
in amphibious Crabs, 106;
in Land Crabs, 193;
in _Coenobita_, 195;
in _Birgus_, 196;
in Land Isopods, 201, 202, 203

Resting eggs of Cladocera, 166;
of Copepoda, 170

Resting stage of Copepoda, 171

Reversal of asymmetry in Lobster, 30

Rhizocephala, 43;
larvæ, 84;
structure and development, 231

River Crabs: young of, 78;
habits and distribution, 180;
development of, 193

River Prawns, 179;
used for food, 248

Robber Crab, 61, 94;
habits and structure, 195;
breeding, 199

Robertson, David, on habits of Crabs, 97

Rock Lobster. See Spiny Lobster

Rostrum of Lobster, 6

_Sacculina_, 231

Salt lakes, Branchiopoda of, 165

Sand-burrowing Crustacea, 97

Sand-hoppers, 52;
habits, 107, 189

_Sapphirina_, 150

Sargasso Sea, 155

Scampo, 240

_Scapellum_, fossil, 261

Scaphognathite, 19

Schizopod Stage of Lobster, 71;
of _Penæus_, 75

_Scylla_, 249

Scyllaridæ, fossil, 269

Scyllaridea, 59;
Phyllosoma larvæ, 149;
fossil, 268

_Scyllarus_, fossil, 269

Sea-slater, 200

Sea-anemones: and Hermit Crabs, 213;
carried by Crab, 215

Sea-crawfish. See Spiny Lobster

Sea-urchin, Crab living in, 218

Sedentary Crustacea, 114

Self-mutilation in Lobster, 30

Senses of Lobster, 25

_Sergestes_, zoëa of, 75, 148

Serial homology, 10

_Sesarma_, habits, 180, 189

Sessile Barnacles, 43

Sexes of Lobster, 26

Sexual characters of Crabs infected with _Sacculina_, 235

Sharks, Barnacle parasitic on, 235

Shore Crab, 64;
larval stages, 68;
habits, 107, 188;
infested by _Sacculina_, 231;
used for food, 249

Shrimps, 58;
fresh-water, 53, 172;
Common, habits of, 97;
protective resemblance, 108;
living with Mollusc, 218;
fishery, 244.
See also Brown Shrimp, Pink Shrimp, etc.

Sight, sense of, in Lobster, 21

Skeleton Shrimps, 109

Slaters, 51;
Sea-, 200

Sloane, H., on Gulf-weed Crab, 155

Smell, sense of, in Lobster, 24

Smith, G.: on terrestrial Amphipoda, 189;
on development of _Sacculina_, 233

Smith, S. I., on habits of _Ocypode_, 105

Somites of Lobster, 6, 8

Southern Crayfishes, 176

Spencer and Hall on Australian Branchiopoda, 161, 163

Sperm-receptacle of Lobster, 27

Spider Crabs, 64;
masking habits, 96, 215;
deep-sea, 128

Spiny Lobster, 59;
larva of, 72;
fishery, 240

_Spirontocaris_, Isopod parasitic on, 221

Sponge Crab, 95

Sponges, Crustacea in, 210

_Spongicola_, 210

_Squilla_, 64;
larva of, 80;
fossil, 266

Stalked Barnacles, 43

Statocyst of Lobster, 24;
of Mysidacea, 47

Statolith, 47

Stebbing, T. R. R.: on Land Crabs, 190;
on habits of _Cirolana_, 219

Steinkrebs, 242

Stenopidea, 59;
fossil, 267

_Stenorhynchus_, 97

Sternum, 9

Stevenson, R., on the Gribble, 254

Stomach of Lobster, 16

Stone Crab, 61, 94

Stomatopoda, 64;
larvæ, 80;
habits, 104;
fossil, 266

Stridulating organ of _Ocypode_, 105

Subterranean Crustacea, 184

Swimmerets of Lobster, 6, 10

Swimming Crabs, 90;
sand-burrowing, 99;
used for food, 249

Symbiosis, 207

Syncarida, 45, 181;
fossil, 264

Tail-fan of Lobster, 6

Talitridæ, 107

_Talitrus_: habits, 107;
terrestrial Species, 189

Tanaidacea, 50

Tanganyika, Lake, Crustacea of, 183

Taste, sense of, in Lobster, 25

_Telphusa_, 180

Telson of Lobster, 6

Tergum, 9

Testis of Lobster, 27

Thalassinidea, 61;
habits, 103

_Thaumastocheles_, 130, 132

Thompson, J. Vaughan: discovery of metamorphoses of Crustacea, 67;
on larvæ of Cirripedia, 83;
on development of _Sacculina_, 232

Thoracica, 43

Thorax of Lobster, 7

Thread-worms, 252

Touch, sense of, in Lobster, 22

Tracheæ, 204

Tracheæ, pseudo-, 202

Trapeziidæ, 211

_Triarthrus_, 258

Trilobites, structure and history, 258

_Tubicinella_, 209

_Turrilepas_, 261

Turtles: Barnacles on, 209;
Gulf-weed Crab on, 209

Underground Crustacea, 184

Uropods of Lobster, 6

Venus's Flower-basket, Crustacea in, 210

Water-fleas, 37, 165

Weismann on parthenogenesis of _Cypris_, 172

Well Shrimp, 184

Westwood, J. O., on development of Land Crabs, 192

Whales, Barnacles on, 209

Whale-food, 138

Whale-lice, 56;
habits, 224

White-clawed Crayfish, 242

Willey, A., on breeding of Robber Crab, 199

Williamson, H. C., on habits of Lobster, 25

Wood-boring Crustacea, 253

Woodlice, 51;
development of, 79;
habits and structure, 199;
distribution of, 206;
destructive in gardens, 253

Worms: and Hermit Crabs, 215;
Copepoda parasitic in, 230

Zoëa of Shore Crab, 69;
of Caridea, 73;
of Porcelain Crab, 70;
of _Munida_, 71;
of _Penæus_, 75;
of _Sergestes_, 75, 148;
of Robber Crab, 199

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Transcriber's note:

In general every effort has been made to replicate the original text as faithfully as possible, including some instances of non-standard spelling and punctuation. Certain animal names (notably, "Lobster", "Crab") have occasionally been changed from lowercase to capitalized when the pattern of capitalization used by the author has permitted the transcriber to judge that the omission of such capitalization was likely to be typographical in nature and not intentional. The hyphenation is occasionally variable; this has not been altered. A few obvious punctuation errors have been corrected, as well as the following apparently typographical errors:

p. ix (List of Illus.) "8. _Diastylis goodsiri_...," 8 changed to 18
p. xiv (List of Illus.) Plate II page ref., changed from 63 to 36
p. xv (List of Illus.) Plate XXI caption, Palamon changed to Palæmon
p. xvi (List of Illus.) Plate XXVII caption, "THE COCO NUT CRAB,
Birgus latro," Coco nut changed to Coconut
p. 78 Fig 31 caption, "The adult of an allied species is figured on
Plate XXV," XXV changed to XXIII
p. 165 "Daphnia pulex and other speces," speces changed to species
p. 169 "the addomen, however, is drawn" addomen changed to abdomen
p. 196 Plate XXVII caption, "THE COCO-NUT CRAB, Birgus latro,"
COCO-NUT changed to COCONUT
p. 208 Plate labeled XXVII (Group of Barnacles...) changed to XXVIII
p. 214 "a fleshy mass formed by a colony of Sea-amenones," amenones
changed to anemones
p. 215 "woud be of little use by themselves," woud changed to would
p. 288 (index) missing italics placed on "Sapphirina"
p. 289 (index) tergum page reference 8 changed to 9

Some illustrations have been moved from their original locations to paragraph breaks, so as to be nearer to their corresponding text, and for ease of document navigation. Missing page numbers correspond to pages not numbered in the original document. References to scale in illustration captions are those of the original publication, and therefore do not correspond to the scale of the images in the HTML version of this ebook.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Life of Crustacea, by William Thomas Calman