Chapter II: Appendix

I. METHODS OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING CRUSTACEA 271

II. NOTES ON BOOKS 277

INDEX 280

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

FIG. PAGE

1. THE COMMON LOBSTER (_Homarus gammarus_), FEMALE,
FROM THE SIDE 7

2. ONE OF THE ABDOMINAL SOMITES OF THE LOBSTER, WITH ITS
APPENDAGES, SEPARATED AND VIEWED FROM IN FRONT 9

3. THIRD MAXILLIPED OF LOBSTER 11

4. WALKING LEGS OF LOBSTER 12

5. APPENDAGES OF LOBSTER IN FRONT OF THIRD MAXILLIPED 13

6. DISSECTION OF MALE LOBSTER, FROM THE SIDE 16

7. GILLS OF THE LOBSTER, EXPOSED BY CUTTING AWAY THE
SIDE-FLAP OF THE CARAPACE (BRANCHIOSTEGITE) 18

8. FIRST LARVAL STAGE OF THE COMMON LOBSTER. × 4 28

9. SIDE-VIEW OF ROSTRUM OF (A) COMMON LOBSTER
(_Homarus gammarus_) AND (B) AMERICAN LOBSTER
(_Homarus americanus_) 32

10. THE "FAIRY SHRIMP" (_Chirocephalus diaphanus_), MALE. × 2 35

11. _Estheria obliqua_, ONE OF THE CONCHOSTRACA 36

12. _Daphnia pulex_, A COMMON SPECIES OF "WATER-FLEA."
MUCH ENLARGED 37

13. SHELLS OF OSTRACODA. MUCH ENLARGED 38

14. _Cyclops albidus_, A SPECIES OF COPEPOD FOUND IN FRESH
WATER 39

15. _Nebalia bipes._ ENLARGED 44

16. _Mysis relicta_, ONE OF THE MYSIDACEA. ENLARGED 47

17. _Gnathophausia willemoesii_, ONE OF THE DEEP-SEA MYSIDACEA.
HALF NATURAL SIZE 48

18. _Diastylis goodsiri_, ONE OF THE CUMACEA. ENLARGED 49

19. _Apseudes spinosus_, ONE OF THE TANAIDACEA. ENLARGED 50

20. A WOODLOUSE (_Porcellio scaber_), ONE OF THE ISOPODA.
ENLARGED 51

21. AN AMPHIPOD (_Gammarus locusta_). ENLARGED 53

22. TWO SPECIES OF CAPRELLIDÆ 54

23. _Paracyamus boopis_, THE WHALE-LOUSE OF THE HUMPBACK
WHALE 55

24. _Meganyctiphanes norvegica_, ONE OF THE EUPHAUSIACEA.
TWICE NATURAL SIZE 56

25. LARVAL STAGES OF THE COMMON SHORE CRAB (_Carcinus
mænas_--SEE PLATE IX.) 68

26. LAST LARVAL STAGE OF THE COMMON PORCELAIN CRAB
(_Porcellana longicornis_--SEE FIG. 41, P. 113). × 9 70

27. FIRST LARVAL STAGE OF _Munida rugosa_ (SEE PLATE VI.) × 10 71

28. THE PHYLLOSOMA LARVA OF THE COMMON SPINY LOBSTER
(_Palinurus vulgaris_--SEE PLATE V.). MUCH ENLARGED 72

29. LARVAL STAGES OF THE PRAWN _Penæus_ (SEE PLATE IV.). × 45 74

30. NEWLY-HATCHED YOUNG OF A CRAYFISH (_Astacus fluviatilis_).
ENLARGED 76

31. YOUNG SPECIMEN OF AN AFRICAN RIVER CRAB (_Potamon
johnstoni_), TAKEN FROM THE ABDOMEN OF THE MOTHER.
MUCH ENLARGED 78

32. EARLY LARVAL STAGE OF A SPECIES OF SQUILLA, PROBABLY
_S. dubia_. × 10 80

33. LARVAL STAGES OF THE BRINE SHRIMP (_Artemia salina_) 81

34. EARLY NAUPLIUS LARVA OF A COPEPOD (_Cyclops_). MUCH
ENLARGED 82

35. LARVAL STAGES OF THE COMMON ROCK BARNACLE
(_Balanus balanoides_--SEE PLATE III.) 83

36. A COMMON HERMIT CRAB (_Eupagurus bernhardus_) REMOVED
FROM THE SHELL 91

37. _Pylocheles miersii_, A SYMMETRICAL HERMIT CRAB 94

38. _Callianassa stebbingi_ (FEMALE), A SAND-BURROWING
THALASSINID FROM THE SOUTH COAST OF ENGLAND.
NATURAL SIZE 103

39. THE COMMON SAND-HOPPER (_Talitrus saltator_), MALE,
FROM THE SIDE. × 3 108

40. A, A PIECE OF A TROPICAL SEA-WEED (_Halimeda_); B, A
CRAB (_Huenia proteus_) WHICH LIVES AMONG THE FRONDS
OF _Halimeda_, AND CLOSELY RESEMBLES THEM IN FORM
AND COLOUR. REDUCED 110

41. THE COMMON PORCELAIN CRAB (_Porcellana longicornis_),
SLIGHTLY ENLARGED, AND ONE OF THE THIRD MAXILLIPEDS
DETACHED AND FURTHER ENLARGED TO SHOW
THE FRINGE OF LONG HAIRS 113

42. A DEEP-SEA LOBSTER (_Nephropsis stewartii_), FROM THE
BAY OF BENGAL. REDUCED 122

43. _Munidopsis regia_, A DEEP-SEA GALATHEID FROM THE BAY
OF BENGAL. REDUCED 123

44. _Thaumastocheles zaleucus._ REDUCED 129

45. A DEEP-SEA CRAB (_Platymaia wyville-thomsoni._) REDUCED 131

46. _Polycheles phosphorus_, ONE OF THE ERYONIDEA, FEMALE,
FROM THE INDIAN SEAS 133

47. _Eryon propinquus_, ONE OF THE FOSSIL ERYONIDEA, FROM
THE JURASSIC ROCKS OF SOLENHOFEN 135

48. _Conchoecia curta_, AN OSTRACOD OF THE PLANKTON. × 40 144

49. _Mimonectes loveni._ A FEMALE SPECIMEN SEEN FROM THE
SIDE AND FROM BELOW, SHOWING THE DISTENDED-BALLOON-LIKE
FORM OF THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE
BODY. × 3 145

50. THE ZOËA LARVA OF A SPECIES OF _Sergestes_, TAKEN BY
THE "CHALLENGER" EXPEDITION. × 25 146

51. THE NAUPLIUS LARVA OF A SPECIES OF BARNACLE OF
THE FAMILY LEPADIDÆ, SHOWING GREATLY-DEVELOPED
SPINES. FROM A SPECIMEN TAKEN IN THE ATLANTIC
OCEAN, NEAR MADEIRA. × 11 147

52. _Calocalanus pavo_, ONE OF THE FREE-SWIMMING COPEPODA
OF THE PLANKTON. ENLARGED 148

53. _Copilia quadrata_ (FEMALE), A COPEPOD OF THE FAMILY
CORYCÆIDÆ, SHOWING THE PAIR OF LARGE "TELESCOPIC"
EYES. × 20 153

54. _Phronima colletti_, MALE. FROM A SPECIMEN TAKEN IN
DEEP WATER NEAR THE CANARY ISLANDS. × 12 154

55. THE BRINE SHRIMP (_Artemia salina_) 164

56. _Chydorus sphæricus_, A COMMON SPECIES OF WATER-FLEA.
× 50 166

57. A WATER-FLEA (_Daphnia pulex_), FEMALE, WITH EPHIPPIUM
CONTAINING TWO "RESTING EGGS." × 20 167

58. _Bythotrephes longimanus_, FEMALE, WITH EMBRYOS IN THE
BROOD-SAC. × 12 169

59. _Diaptomus coeruleus_, FEMALE. × 25 171

60. _Asellus aquaticus_, FEMALE. × 4 173

61. MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF CRAYFISHES 175

62. A WELL SHRIMP (_Niphargus aquilex_). × 7. 185

63. THE SEA-SLATER (_Ligia oceanica_). ABOUT TWICE NATURAL
SIZE 200

64. STRUCTURE OF THE BREATHING ORGANS OF _Porcellio
scaber_ 202

65. _Armadillidium vulgare._ × 2-1/2 203

66. TWO BRANCHES OF A CORAL (_Seriatopora_) SHOWING
"GALLS" INHABITED BY THE CRAB _Hapalocarcinus
marsupialis_. ON THE RIGHT THE FEMALE CRAB,
EXTRACTED FROM THE GALL AND FURTHER ENLARGED 211

67. _Hyperia galba_, FEMALE. ENLARGED 213

68. A, THE CRAB _Melia tessellata_ CLINGING TO A BRANCH OF
CORAL, AND CARRYING IN EACH CLAW A LIVING SEA-ANEMONE;
B, ONE OF THE CLAWS FURTHER ENLARGED
TO SHOW THE WAY IN WHICH THE ANEMONE IS HELD 216

69. THE COMMON PEA CRAB (_Pinnotheres pisum_), FEMALE.
NATURAL SIZE 217

70. _Cirolana borealis._ ABOUT TWICE NATURAL SIZE 219

71. A, FRONT PART OF BODY OF A PRAWN (_Spirontocaris
polaris_), FROM ABOVE, SHOWING ON THE RIGHT SIDE A
SWELLING OF THE CARAPACE CAUSED BY THE PRESENCE OF THE
PARASITE _Bopyroides hippolytes_ IN THE GILL CHAMBER;
B, THE FEMALE PARASITE EXTRACTED AND FURTHER ENLARGED;
C, THE MALE PARASITE ON SAME SCALE AS THE FEMALE 222

72. A FISH-LOUSE (_Caligus rapax_), FEMALE. × 5 225

73. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF _Lernæa branchialis_. F IS
SLIGHTLY, THE OTHER FIGURES GREATLY, ENLARGED 226

74. STAGES OF THE LIFE-HISTORY OF _Hæmocera danæ_, ONE
OF THE MONSTRILLIDÆ 229

75. FREE-SWIMMING STAGES OF _Sacculina carcini_. MUCH
ENLARGED 232

76. EARLY STAGE OF _Sacculina_ WITHIN THE BODY OF A CRAB 234

77. ROSTRUM AND FORE PART OF CARAPACE, SEEN FROM ABOVE, OF
(A) RED-CLAWED CRAYFISH (_Astacus fluviatilis_) AND
(B) WHITE-CLAWED OR ENGLISH CRAYFISH
(_Astacus pallipes_) 242

78. THE COMMON SHRIMP (_Crangon vulgaris_). NATURAL SIZE 244

79. THE NORWEGIAN DEEP-WATER PRAWN (_Pandalus borealis_),
FEMALE 246

80. THE GRIBBLE (_Limnoria lignorum_). MUCH ENLARGED 254

81. RESTORATION OF A TRILOBITE (_Triarthrus becki_), SHOWING
THE APPENDAGES. UPPER SIDE ON RIGHT, UNDER SIDE ON
LEFT. SLIGHTLY ENLARGED 258

82. _Ceratiocaris papilio_, ONE OF THE FOSSIL PHYLLOCARIDA 262

83. _Pygocephalus cooperi_, FROM THE COAL-MEASURES: UNDER
SIDE OF A FEMALE SPECIMEN, SHOWING THE OVERLAPPING
PLATES OF THE BROOD-POUCH 263

84. THE TASMANIAN "MOUNTAIN SHRIMP" (_Anaspides tasmaniæ_),
A LIVING REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SYNCARIDA.
SLIGHTLY ENLARGED 264

85. _Præanaspides præcursor_, ONE OF THE FOSSIL SYNCARIDA,
FROM THE COAL-MEASURES OF DERBYSHIRE. SLIGHTLY
ENLARGED 265

FULL-PAGE PLATES

PLATE FACING PAGE

I. MALE AND FEMALE LOBSTERS, SHOWING THE DIFFERENCE IN THE
RELATIVE BREADTH OF THE ABDOMEN IN THE TWO SEXES. THIS
FIGURE ALSO ILLUSTRATES THE DISSIMILARITY OF THE LARGE
CLAWS, AND THE FACT THAT THE "CRUSHING CLAW" MAY BE ON
EITHER THE RIGHT OR LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY.
(_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 26

II. _Apus cancriformis_ FROM KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE. SLIGHTLY
ENLARGED 36

{ GROUP OF SPECIMENS OF THE GOOSE BARNACLE }
{ (_Lepas anatifera_), ONE SHOWING THE CIRRI }
{ EXTENDED AS IN LIFE. NATURAL SIZE. }
III. { (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) } 42
{ }
{ GROUP OF A COMMON SPECIES OF ACORN-SHELL OR ROCK }
{ BARNACLE (_Balanus balanoides_). NATURAL SIZE }

IV. _Penæus caramote_, FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN. ABOUT
HALF NATURAL SIZE. (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 57

V. THE COMMON SPINY LOBSTER (_Palinurus vulgaris_).
MUCH REDUCED. (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 59

VI. _Munida rugosa._ BRITISH. REDUCED 60

VII. THE COMMON HERMIT CRAB, _Eupagurus bernhardus_, IN THE
SHELL OF A WHELK. REDUCED. (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 62

VIII. THE "NORTHERN STONE CRAB," _Lithodes maia_. MUCH REDUCED.
THE LAST PAIR OF LEGS ARE FOLDED OUT OF SIGHT IN THE
GILL CHAMBERS. (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 63

{ THE COMMON SHORE CRAB (_Carcinus mænas_). REDUCED }
IX. { }
{ _Dromia vulgaris_, CARRYING ON ITS BACK A MASS OF } 68
{ THE SPONGE, _Clione celata_. BRITISH. REDUCED }

X. _Calappa flammea._ BRAZIL. REDUCED 72

XI. THE GIANT JAPANESE CRAB, _Macrocheira kæmpferi_. MALE. THE
SCALE OF THE FIGURE IS GIVEN BY A TWO-FOOT RULE PLACED
BELOW THE SPECIMEN. (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 76

XII. _Squilla mantis_, FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN. ABOUT ONE-HALF
NATURAL SIZE. (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 82

{ A SWIMMING CRAB, _Portunus depurator_. BRITISH. }
{ REDUCED }
XIII. { }
{ A SPIDER CRAB, _Maia squinado_, DRESSED IN FRAGMENTS } 96
{ OF WEEDS. BRITISH. REDUCED }

{ _Corystes cassivelaunus._ MALE (ON LEFT) AND FEMALE }
{ (ON RIGHT). BRITISH. REDUCED }
XIV. { } 100
{ _Albunea symnista_, ONE OF THE HIPPIDEA. INDIAN }
{ SEAS. REDUCED }

{ _Ocypode cursor._ WEST AFRICA. REDUCED }
XV. { }
{ _Gelasimus tangeri._ MALE ABOVE, FEMALE BELOW. } 104
{ WEST AFRICA. REDUCED }

XVI. A DEEP-SEA HERMIT CRAB, _Parapagurus pilosimanus_,
SHELTERED BY A COLONY OF _Epizoanthus_. FROM DEEP WATER
OFF THE WEST OF IRELAND. SLIGHTLY REDUCED 124

XVII. A DEEP-SEA PRAWN, _Nematocarcinus undulatipes_.
SLIGHTLY REDUCED. (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 128

XVIII. _Bathynomus giganteus._ ABOUT ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE.
(_From Lankester's "Treatise on Zoology," after
Milne-Edwards and Bouvier_) 131

{ _Latreillia elegans_, ONE OF THE DROMIACEA WHICH }
{ RESEMBLES A SPIDER CRAB. FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN. }
XIX. { NATURAL SIZE } 155
{ }
{ THE GULF-WEED CRAB, _Planes minutus_. SLIGHTLY }
{ ENLARGED }

{ THE MURRAY RIVER "LOBSTER," _Astacopsis spinifer_. }
XX. { NEW SOUTH WALES. MUCH REDUCED } 177
{ THE LAND CRAYFISH, _Engæus cunicularis_. TASMANIA. }
{ NATURAL SIZE }

XXI. _Palæmon jamaicensis._ A LARGE FRESHWATER
PRAWN OF THE FAMILY PALÆMONIDÆ. WEST
INDIES. MUCH REDUCED 179

XXII. _Atya scabra._ A FRESHWATER PRAWN OF THE
FAMILY ATYIDÆ, WEST INDIES. REDUCED 180

{ THE RIVER CRAB OF SOUTHERN EUROPE, _Potamon edule_ }
{ (OR _Telphusa fluviatilis_). REDUCED }
XXIII.{ } 182
{ _Sesarma chiragra._ A FRESHWATER CRAB OF THE FAMILY }
{ GRAPSIDÆ. FROM BRAZIL. SLIGHTLY REDUCED }

XXIV. _Æglea lævis._ SOUTH AMERICA. NATURAL SIZE 184

XXV. THE BLIND CRAYFISH OF THE MAMMOTH CAVE OF KENTUCKY,
_Cambarus pellucidus_. NATURAL SIZE 186

{ A WEST INDIAN LAND CRAB, _Gecarcinus ruricola_. }
XXVI. { REDUCED } 190
{ }
{ A LAND HERMIT CRAB, _Coenobita rugosa_. REDUCED }

XXVII. THE COCONUT CRAB, _Birgus latro_. MUCH REDUCED 196

XXVIII. GROUP OF BARNACLES, _Coronula diadema_, ON THE
SKIN OF A WHALE. JAPAN. REDUCED 209

{ _Cymothoa oestrum._ AN ISOPOD PARASITE OF FISH. }
{ SLIGHTLY ENLARGED }
XXIX. { } 220
{ _Sacculina carcini_ ATTACHED UNDER THE ABDOMEN }
{ OF A COMMON SHORE CRAB. REDUCED }

XXX. THE "NORWAY LOBSTER," _Nephrops norvegicus_. ABOUT
ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE. (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 240

XXXI. THE COMMON EDIBLE CRAB, _Cancer pagurus_. BRITISH.
MUCH REDUCED 248

XXXII. PIECE OF TIMBER FROM RYDE PIER, SHOWING DAMAGE CAUSED
BY _Limnoria_ AND _Chelura_. (_From Brit. Mus. Guide_) 255

THE LIFE OF CRUSTACEA