Chapter V: The Ever Victorious Army (1)

The appointment of any English officer would have led to some improvement in the direction of the Chinese Imperial forces assembled for the suppression of the Taeping rebellion; but the nature of the operations to be carried out, which were exclusively the capture of a number of towns strongly stockaded and protected by rivers and canals, rendered it specially necessary that that officer should be an engineer. In addition to the advantages of his scientific training, Major Gordon enjoyed the benefit of the preliminary course he had gone through under General Staveley. He had seen the Taepings fight, and something also of the defence and capture of their positions. He had also thoroughly mastered the topographical features of the region in and beyond which he was about to conduct military operations. There is little doubt that he assumed the command with a plan of campaign already decided upon in his brain. The Taepings with whom he had to deal derived their power and importance from the possession of Soochow, and from their access to several ports whence they obtained arms and ammunition. Therefore the capture of that city and the cutting off of their supplies represented his principal objects. Very much had to be accomplished before Soochow could be even approached, and the main object of Gordon's first campaign was the capture of Quinsan, which he saw would be far more suitable as headquarters for him and his force than the existing one at Sungkiang. Even before that could be attempted many matters had to be arranged. Not only had Major Gordon to relieve more than one beleaguered loyal garrison, but he had to establish his authority over his own force, which was on the verge of mutiny and clamouring for the return of Burgevine. His own opinion of that force was given in the following letter to a military friend:--

"I hope you do not think that I have a magnificent army. You
never did see such a rabble as it was; and although I think I
have improved it, it is still sadly wanting. Now both officers
and men, although ragged and perhaps slightly disreputable, are
in capital order and well disposed."

Before entering on these matters the following letter to his mother will be read with interest, as showing what was in Gordon's mind at the time he assumed the command. The letter was written on 24th March 1863, the day before he rode over to Sungkiang to take up his command.

"I am afraid you will be much vexed at my having taken the
command of the Sungkiang force, and that I am now a mandarin. I
have taken the step on consideration. I think that anyone who
contributes to putting down this rebellion fulfils a humane task,
and I also think tends a great deal to open China to
civilization. I will not act rashly, and I trust to be able soon
to return to England; at the same time, I will remember your and
my father's wishes, and endeavour to remain as short a time as
possible. I can say that, if I had not accepted the command, I
believe the force would have been broken up and the rebellion
gone on in its misery for years. I trust this will not now be the
case, and that I may soon be able to comfort you on this subject.
You must not fret on this matter. I think I am doing a good
service.... I keep your likeness before me, and can assure you
and my father that I will not be rash, and that as soon as I can
conveniently, and with due regard to the object I have in view, I
will return home."

Major Gordon rode over to Sungkiang, situated on the line of the thirty-mile radius from Shanghai, on 25th March, and the following morning he inspected his force. He delivered a brief address, stating that there was no intention to dismiss any of them, and that so long as they behaved well he would carefully uphold their rights and interests. These words had a tranquillising effect, and Major Gordon's assumption of the command might be described as being then ratified by the Ever Victorious Army. The good he effected was very nearly undone two days later by the civil magistrate hanging some soldiers for marauding. After the affair looked like becoming serious, Gordon succeeded in pacifying his men and restoring order. In this state of affairs it was most desirable that no time should be lost in resuming active operations, and the Taeping successes at Taitsan and Fushan rendered them doubly necessary.

The first task entrusted to Major Gordon was the relief of Chanzu, which was closely assailed by the Taepings and believed to be on the point of surrendering. Chanzu lies some distance south of Fushan and west of Taitsan, and its garrison at this time was composed of Taepings who had deserted their comrades and joined the Imperial forces. Several attempts had been made to relieve it, but without success, and Gordon was urged by his Chinese colleagues to signalise his assumption of the command by carrying out this most desirable and necessary task. The best means of approaching it was by the river, and on 31st March Gordon accordingly sailed from Shanghai to the mouth of the Fushan Creek. His force numbered about 1200 men, and included 200 artillery with four 12-pounders and one 32-pounder. The enemy had constructed some stockades at Fushan, outside the ruined city of that name, and Gordon attacked these on the 4th April. He began with a heavy bombardment, and when he ordered the advance the Taepings, disheartened by his fire, evacuated their positions and retired with very little loss to either side. Gordon then marched on Chanzu, ten miles south of Fushan, and reached it without further fighting. The relief of Chanzu being thus effected, Gordon hastened back to Sungkiang, where he arrived little more than a week after he left it. The success and swiftness of this movement greatly impressed Li Hung Chang, who publicly recorded his great satisfaction at the very different manner in which the new commander transacted business from Burgevine.

In a letter to the British Consul at Shanghai, Mr Markham, Li wrote:--

"The officer Gordon having received command of the Ever
Victorious Army, having immediately on doing so proceeded to
Fushan, working day and night, having worked harmoniously with
the other generals there, having exerted himself and attacked
with success the walled city of Fushan and relieved Chanzu, and
at once returned to Sungkiang and organised his force for further
operations to sweep out the rebels, having proved himself
valiant, able, and honest, I have congratulated myself and
memorialised his Imperial Majesty to confer on him the dignity
and office of Tsung-ping (Brigadier-General), to enable me to
consider him as part of my command. Again, since Gordon has taken
the command, he has exerted himself to organise the force, and
though he has had but one month he has got the force into shape.
As the people and place are charmed with him, as he has already
given me returns of the organisation of the force, the formation
of each regiment, and the expenses ordinary and extraordinary in
the clearest manner, wishing to drill our troops and save our
money, it is evident that he fully comprehends the state of
affairs."

On his return to Sungkiang, Major Gordon devoted himself to the thorough reorganisation of his force. He began by abolishing the system of rewards for the capture of towns, and he forbade plundering on pain of death. These were strong steps to take with a force such as that he had under him, but he succeeded in making them acceptable by increasing the pay of the men, and by substituting on his staff English officers--the services of a few being lent him by the commanding officer at Shanghai--for the adventurers who had followed Ward and Burgevine. The total strength of the force was fixed at 4000 men, and his artillery consisted of four siege and two field batteries. The men were paid regularly by a Chinese official appointed by Li Hung Chang, and the cost to the Chinese Government averaged L20,000 a month. At the same time, Gordon collected a pontoon train and practised his men in all the work of attacking fortified places before he ventured to assume the offensive. He also organised a flotilla of small steamers and Chinese gunboats capable of navigating the canals and creeks which traversed the province of Kiangsu in all directions. Of these the principal was the steamer _Hyson_--a paddle-wheel vessel drawing 3-1/2 feet of water, armed with a 32-pounder in her bow, and a 12-pounder at her stern, and possessing the faculty of moving over the bed of a creek on her wheels--and it took a very active and prominent part in the subsequent operations.

The strategy on which Major Gordon at once decided, and from which he never deviated, was to cut off the Taeping communications with the sea and the river Yangtsekiang, whence they were able to obtain supplies of ammunition and arms from little-scrupulous foreign traders. The expulsion of the Taepings from the Shanghai district and from Ningpo had done something towards the success of this project, but they still held Hangchow and the line of the Yangtsekiang to within ten miles of the entrance of the Woosung River on which Shanghai stands. The loss of Fushan and Chanzu had made an indent in this territory, and in order to complete this breach in the Taeping position, Gordon had decided and made all his plans to attack Quinsan, when he was compelled to defer it in consequence of the following incident.

The rude repulse at Taitsan had been, it will be recollected, the culminating misfortune of the force before Gordon's assumption of the command, but a Chinese army under Li Hung Chang's brother, San Tajin, continued to remain in the neighbourhood of the place. The Taeping commander laid a trap for him, into which he fell in what was, for a Chinese officer fully acquainted with the fact that treachery formed part of the usages of war in China, a very credulous manner. He expressed a desire to come over, presents and vows were exchanged, and at a certain hour he was to surrender one of the gates. The Imperial troops went to take possession, and were even admitted within the walls, when they were suddenly attacked on both flanks by the treacherous Taepings. Fifteen hundred of San Tajin's men were killed or captured, and he himself was severely wounded. In consequence of this reverse, the main Chinese army, under General Ching, a brave but inexperienced officer, could not co-operate with Gordon against Quinsan, and it was then decided that Gordon himself should proceed against Taitsan, and read the triumphant foe at that place a lesson. It was computed that its garrison numbered 10,000 men, and that it had several European deserters and renegades among its leaders, while the total force under Gordon did not exceed 3000 men. Their recent successes had also inspired the Taepings with confidence, and, judging by the previous encounters, there seemed little reason to anticipate a satisfactory, or at least a speedy issue of the affair for the Imperialists. That the result was more favourable was entirely due to Gordon's military capacity and genius.

Major Gordon acted with remarkable and characteristic promptitude. He only heard of the catastrophe to San Tajin on 27th April; on 29th April, after two forced marches across country, he appeared before Taitsan, and captured a stockade in front of one of its gates. Bad weather prevented operations the next day, but on 1st May, Gordon having satisfied himself by personal examination that the western gate offered the best point of attack, began the bombardment soon after daybreak. Two stone stockades in front of the gate had first to be carried, and these, after twenty minutes' firing, were evacuated on part of Gordon's force threatening the retreat of their garrison back to the town. The capture of these stockades began and ended the operations on that day. The next morning Gordon stationed one regiment in front of the north gate to cut off the retreat of the garrison in that direction, and then resumed his main attack on the west gate. By this time he had been joined by some of his gunboats, and their fire, aided by the artillery he had with him, gradually made a good impression on the wall, especially after the guns had been drawn as near as 200 yards to it. The breach was then deemed sufficiently practicable; the gunboats went up the creek as near the walls as possible, and the two regiments advanced to the assault. The Taepings fought desperately in the breach itself, and no progress was made. It is probable that a reverse would have followed had not the howitzers continued to throw shells over the wall, thus inflicting heavy losses on the Taepings, who swarmed in their thousands behind. At that critical moment Gordon directed another regiment to escalade the wall at a point which the Taepings had left unguarded, and the appearance of these fresh troops on their flank at once decided the day, and induced the Taeping leaders to order a retreat. The Taepings lost heavily, but the loss of the Ever Victorious Army was in proportion equally great. The latter had twenty men killed and 142 wounded, one European officer killed and six wounded. But the capture of Taitsan under all the circumstances was an exceptionally brilliant and decisive affair. With it may be said to have begun the military reputation of the young commander, whose admirable dispositions had retrieved a great disaster and inflicted a rude blow on the confidence of a daring enemy.

From Taitsan he marched to Quinsan; but his force was not yet thoroughly in hand, and wished to return to Sungkiang, in accordance with their practice under Ward of spending their pay and prize-money after any successful affair before attempting another. Gordon yielded on this occasion the more easily because he was impressed by the strength of Quinsan, and also because his ammunition had run short. But his trouble with his men was not yet over, and he had to face a serious mutiny on the part of his officers. For improved economy and efficiency Gordon appointed an English commissariat officer, named Cookesley, to control all the stores, and he gave him the rank of lieutenant-colonel. This gave umbrage to the majors in command of regiments, who presented a request that they should be allowed the higher rank and pay of lieutenant-colonel; and when this was refused they sent in their resignations, which were accepted. The affair was nearly taking a serious turn, as the troops refused to march; but Gordon's firmness overcame the difficulty. Two of the majors were reinstated, and the others dismissed, but this incident finally decided Gordon to change his headquarters from Sungkiang to some place where the bad traditions of Ward and Burgevine were not in force. The active operations now undertaken against Quinsan served to distract the attention of the men, and to strengthen their commander's influence over them. General Gordon's own description of this affair is well worth quoting:--

"The force arrived at their old camping ground near the east gate
of Quinsan on the evening of 27th of May. General Ching had
established some five or six very strong stockades at this place,
and, thanks to the steamer _Hyson_, had been able to hold them
against the repeated attacks of the rebels. The line of rebel
stockades was not more than 800 yards from his position. The
force encamped near the stockades; and at daybreak of the 28th
the 4th and 5th Regiments, with the field artillery, moved to
attack them. The right stockade was attacked in front, and its
right flank turned, on seeing which the rebels retreated. They
were in large force, and had it not been for the numerous bridges
they had constructed in their rear, they would have suffered
much, as the pursuit was pressed beyond the north gate close up
to a stockade they held at the north-east angle of the city.
Captain Clayton, 99th Regiment, a very gallant officer who had
gained the goodwill and admiration of every one of the force, was
unfortunately wounded in the attack, and died some months
afterwards of his wounds. Our loss was two killed and sixteen
wounded.

"General Ching was now most anxious to get me to attack the east
gate on the following day. His object was that he had written to
the Futai Li, who had in turn passed the statement on to Peking,
to say that he had his stockades on the edge of the ditch, and
merely wanted a boat to get into the city. This he showed by a
plan. The east gate looked, if possible, more unpromising than it
did before, and I declined to attack it without reconnoitring the
other side of the city. Accordingly, the next day, 29th May, I
went in the _Hyson_ with General Ching and Li Hung Chang to
reconnoitre the west side, and after three hours' steaming came
within 1000 yards of the main canal, which runs from the west
gate of Quinsan to Soochow. At the junction of the creek we came
up with this main canal at the village of Chunye. This place is
eight miles from Quinsan, and twelve from Soochow. The only road
between these two places runs along the bank of the creek. The
rebels had here on its bank two stockades of no great strength,
and about 500 yards inland, they had, near the village of Chunye,
a very strong stone fort. About 1000 yards from the stockades the
creek was staked across. At the time of our arrival large numbers
of troops were passing towards and from Soochow with horsemen,
etc. We opened fire on them and on their boats. The rebels seemed
perfectly amazed at seeing us, and were ready for a run. General
Ching was as sulky as a bear when he was informed that I thought
it advisable to take these stockades the next day, and to attack
on this side of the city.

"At dawn on 30th May the 4th Regiment, 350 strong, with field
artillery, all in boats and _Hyson_, accompanied by some fifty
Imperial gunboats, started for Chunye. The Imperial gunboats
started some hours previous, but had contented themselves with
halting one and a half miles from the stockades. The whole
flotilla--some eighty boats, with their large white sails and
decorated with the usual amount of various-coloured flags, with
the _Hyson_ in the middle--presented a very picturesque sight,
and must have made the garrison of Quinsan feel uncomfortable, as
they could see the smallest move from the high hill inside the
city, and knew, of course, more than we did of the importance of
the stockades about to be attacked.

"At noon we came up to the stakes before alluded to, and landed
the infantry. The Imperial gunboats, now very brave, pulled up
the stakes, and a general advance with the steamer and troops
was made. The rebels stood for a minute, and then vacated the
stockades and ran. The reason of the rebels defending these
stockades so badly was on account of the ill-feeling between the
chiefs in charge of Quinsan and Chunye, and the neglect of the
former to furnish rice to the latter.

"The _Hyson_ [with Gordon on board] now steamed up towards
Soochow at a slow pace, owing to the innumerable boats that
crowded the creek, which, vacated by their owners, were drifting
about with their sails up in every direction. The rebels were in
clusters along the bank, marching in an orderly way towards
Soochow. The _Hyson_ opened fire on them and hurried their
progress, and, hanging on their rear, kept up a steady fire till
they reached Ta Edin, where a large arch bridge spanned the
creek, and where the rebels had constructed a splendid stone
fort. We expected that the rebels would make a stand here, but
they merely fired one shot, which was answered by a shell from
the _Hyson_, which went into the embrasure, and the rebels
continued their flight. It became rather hazardous to pass this
fort and leave it unoccupied, with the number of armed rebels who
were between Chunye and Ta Edin. The _Hyson_, moreover, had no
force on board of any importance. There were with me five or six
Europeans and some thirty Chinamen--gunners, etc. However, six of
us landed, and held the fort somehow till more Imperialists came
up, while the _Hyson_ pushed on towards Soochow.

"The _Hyson_ continued the pursuit, threading her way through the
boats of all descriptions which crowded the creek, and harassing
the rear of the rebel columns which extended along the road for
over a mile. About two miles from Ta Edin another stone fort was
passed without a shot being fired; this was Siaon Edin.
Everything was left in the forts by the rebels. Soon after
passing this place the steamer headed some 400 rebels, and
Captain Davidson ran her into the bank, and took 150 of them
prisoners on board the _Hyson_--rather a risk, considering the
crew of that vessel and her size. Soon after this four horsemen
were descried riding at full speed about a mile in rear of the
steamer. They came up, passed the steamer amid a storm of
bullets, and joined the rebel column. One of them was struck off
his horse, but the others coolly waited for him, and one of them
stopped and took him up behind him. They deserved to get off.
About three miles further on another stockade of stone was passed
at a broken bridge called Waiquaidong, and the pursuit was
carried on to about three-quarters of a mile from Soochow. It was
now getting late (6 P.M.), and we did not know if the rebels in
our rear might not have occupied the stockades, in which case we
should have had to find another route back. On our return we met
crowds of villagers, who burnt at our suggestion the houses in
the forts at Waiquaidong and Siaon Edin, and took the boats that
were in the creek.

"We met many boats that had appeared deserted on our passing up
sailing merrily towards Soochow, but which, when they saw the red
and green of the steamer and heard her whistle, were immediately
run into the bank and were deserted. Just before Siaon Edin was
reached we came on a large body of rebels, who opened a sharp
fire of rifles on us striking the gun twice. They had got under
cover of a bridge, which, however, after a short delay, we
managed to enfilade with a charge of grape and thus cleared them
out. We then steamed into the bank and took in more prisoners.
Four chiefs, one a Wang, galloped past on horseback; and although
not two yards from the steamer, they got away. The Wang got
shoved into the water and lost his pony. A party of rebels were
encamped in Siaon Edin, not dreaming of any further annoyance for
that night, and were accordingly astonished to hear the steamer's
whistle, and rushed out in amazement, to meet a shell at the
entrance, which killed two of them. The steamer now pushed on to
Ta Edin, and found it unoccupied; while waiting there to collect
some of the prisoners, about 200 rebels came so suddenly on the
steamer that we were obliged to whistle to keep them off till the
gun could be got ready.

"It was now 10.30 P.M., and the night was not very clear. At this
moment the most tremendous firing and cheering was heard from
Chunye, and hurried our progress to that place. Just before we
reached it a gunboat disarranged the rudder, and then we were
dodging about from side to side for some ten minutes, the firing
and cheering going on as before. At last we got up to the
junction of the creek, and steaming through the Imperial, and
other boats, we came on the scene of action. The gunboats were
drawn up in line, and were firing as fast as they could. The
stone fort at the village was sparkling with musketry, and at
times astounding yells burst forth from it. The _Hyson_ blew her
whistle, and was received with deafening cheers from the
gunboats, which were on the eve of bolting. She steamed up the
creek towards Quinsan, and at the distance of 200 yards we saw a
confused mass near a high bridge. It was too dark to distinguish
very clearly, but on the steamer blowing the whistle the mass
wavered, yelled, and turned back. It was the garrison of Quinsan
attempting to escape to Soochow, some seven or eight thousand
men.

"Matters were in too critical a state to hesitate, as the mass of
the rebels, goaded into desperation, would have swept our small
force away. We were therefore forced to fire into them, and
pursue them towards Quinsan, firing, however, very rarely, and
only when the rebels looked as if they would make a stand. The
steamer went up to about a mile from Quinsan, and then returned.
Several officers landed and took charge of the prisoners who were
extended along the bank, and at 4 A.M., 31st May, everything was
quiet. The _Hyson_ had fired some eighty or ninety rounds during
the day and night; and although humanity might have desired a
smaller destruction, it was indispensably necessary to inflict
such a blow on the garrison of Soochow as would cause them not to
risk another such engagement, and thus enable us to live in peace
during the summer--which it indeed did, for the rebels never came
on this road again. Their loss must have been from three to four
thousand killed, drowned, and prisoners. We took 800, most of
whom entered our ranks. They lost all their arms and a very large
number of boats. At 5 A.M. on 31st May the troops at Chunye and
the _Hyson_ moved towards Quinsan, and found the remainder of the
force who had been left at the east gate already in the city. The
possession of Quinsan was of immense importance in a strategical
point of view. The circumference of its walls is some five miles,
but they are very inferior. Its ditch is over forty yards wide,
and from the nature of the creeks around it would prove very
difficult to take. The high hill enclosed within its walls would
enable the slightest move to be seen, and if two or three guns
were placed on the spurs of this hill it would form a very
formidable citadel. The rebels did not know its importance till
they lost it."

Such was the capture of Quinsan, told in the simple words of its captor. It confirmed the reputation gained by the fall of Taitsan, and proved that the new commander was a man of extraordinary military intuition as well as energy. There is scarcely room to doubt that if Gordon had attacked Quinsan where the Chinese commander wished him to do, at its very strongest point, he would have met with a rude repulse. By attacking them on the side of Soochow, and by threatening their communication with that place, he terrified the large garrison so much that in the end they evacuated the place without resistance. Gordon himself believed that if the mandarins at the head of the Imperial army would have consented to support him in immediate measures for an assault on Soochow, that city would have fallen in the panic that ensued after the loss of Quinsan. The opportunity being lost, it will be seen that many months of arduous fighting followed before the same result was achieved.

The reasons which rendered a change in the headquarters of the force desirable have already been mentioned, and Major Gordon at once decided to remove them to Quinsan, a strong and advantageously-placed position embarrassing to the Taepings, and equally encouraging to the Imperialists. But if this removal was necessary on grounds of discipline and policy, it was very unpopular with the men themselves, who were attached to Sungkiang, where they could easily dispose of their plunder. They determined to make an effort to get the offensive order withdrawn, and a proclamation was drawn up by the most disaffected, who were the non-commissioned officers, and sent to Major Gordon with an intimation that the artillery would blow all the officers to pieces unless their demands were complied with. Major Gordon at once sent for all the non-commissioned officers, who paraded before him. When he demanded the name of the writer of the proclamation they were silent. At this Major Gordon announced that unless the name was given up, he would shoot one out of every five of them. At this statement the men groaned, when Gordon, noticing the man who groaned loudest, and shrewdly conceiving him to be a ringleader, seized him with his own hands, dragged him from the ranks, and ordered two of his bodyguard to shoot the man on the spot. The order was at once carried out, and then Gordon, turning to the rest, gave them one hour to reflect whether they would obey orders, or compel him to shoot one in every five. Within this time they gave way, and discipline was restored. Gordon in his official despatch expressed regret for the man's death, but, as he truly said, "it saved many others which must have been lost if a stop had not been put to the independent way of the men." But the matter did not quite end here, for more than 2000 men deserted, but Gordon found no difficulty in filling their places from his prisoners and the villages round Quinsan. It is worthy of note that his own bodyguard was mainly composed of Taeping prisoners, and some of the most faithful of them had been the bearers of the Snake banners of the rebel Wangs.

Having thus settled the differences within his own force, and having fully established his own authority, Major Gordon would have prosecuted the attack on Soochow with vigour, if other difficulties had not occurred which occupied his time and attention. In the first place, there was a serious quarrel with General Ching, who was sore because he had not gained the credit for the capture of Quinsan, and who did everything he could to hamper and humiliate the force. At last he went to the length of firing on a column of Gordon's force, and as he refused all satisfaction, that officer was on the point of marching to attack him, when Dr--now Sir Halliday--Macartney arrived in his camp, being sent in a fully accredited manner, and escorted by the Futai's bodyguard, as a peace messenger from Li Hung Chang. On this occasion Sir Halliday Macartney first gave evidence of the exceptional diplomatic tact which he has since evinced in so many important negotiations, when China derived much advantage from his energy, ability, and devotion to her cause. The storm then blew over, but the second affair was more serious. Li Hung Chang became remiss in his payment of the force, and on 25th July Gordon sent in his formal resignation. There is every reason to believe that at this moment Gordon was thoroughly sick of his command, and would willingly have returned to Europe. The difficulties with his own men, the want of co-operation, to say nothing of appreciation on the part of the Chinese authorities, had damped even his zeal in what he reiterated was the good cause of restoring peace and security to a suffering people; and in addition to these troubles he had to carry on a correspondence with anonymous writers, who made many baseless charges in the Shanghai and Hongkong papers of cruelty against the men under his command. The English General at Shanghai used all his influence, however, with the Chinese Governor to pay up the arrears, and with Gordon to retain the command, because, as he said, there was "no other officer who combined so many dashing qualities, let alone skill and judgment."

But the event that really decided Gordon to withdraw his resignation was the unexpected return of Burgevine. That adventurer had proceeded to Peking after his dismissal from the command, and obtained some support from the American minister in pressing his claims on the Chinese. He had been sent back to Shanghai with letters which, although they left some loophole of escape, might be interpreted as ordering Li Hung Chang to reinstate him in the command. This Li, supported by the English commanding officer at Shanghai, had resolutely refused to do, and the feud between the men became more bitter than ever. Burgevine remained in Shanghai and employed his time in selling the Taepings arms and ammunition. In this way he established secret relations with their chiefs, and seeing no chance of Imperial employment he was not unwilling to join his fortunes to theirs. This inclination was increased by the belief that he might be able to form a force of his own which would give a decisive turn to the struggle, and his vanity led him to think that he might pose on the rebel side as no unequal adversary of Gordon, to whom all the time he professed the greatest friendship. These feelings arose from or were certainly strengthened by the representations made by several of the officers and men whom Gordon had dismissed from his army. They easily led Burgevine to think that he was not forgotten, and that he had only to raise his standard to be joined by many of his old men.

A fortnight before Gordon's resignation Dr Macartney--who had some time before begun his remarkable career in the Chinese service, and of whom Gordon himself said: "He drilled troops, supervised the manufacture of shells, gave advice, brightened the Futai's intellect about foreigners, and made peace, in which last accomplishment his _forte_ lay"--wrote to him, stating that he had positive information that Burgevine was enlisting men for some enterprise, that he had already enrolled 300, and that he had even chosen a special flag for his force. A few days later Burgevine, probably hearing of this communication, wrote to Gordon, begging him not to believe any rumours about him, and stating that he was coming up to see him. Gordon unfortunately believed in this statement, and as he wished to exhibit special lenience towards the man whom he had displaced in the command, he went bail for him, so that he retained his personal liberty when the Chinese arrested Burgevine's agent Beechy, and wished to arrest Burgevine himself. On 2nd August Burgevine threw off the mask. At the head of a band of thirty-two rowdies, he seized the new steamer _Kajow_ at Sungkiang, and with that vessel hastened to join the Taepings. The very day that this happened Gordon reached Shanghai for the purpose of resigning his command, but on the receipt of this intelligence he at once withdrew his resignation and hastened back to Quinsan. Apart from public considerations, he felt doubly bound to do this because Burgevine had not been arrested on his pledged word.

The position was undoubtedly critical, for the prospect of plunder offered by Burgevine was very attractive to mercenaries like the Ever Victorious Army, and there was a very real risk that the force at Quinsan, deprived of its commander, might be induced to desert _en masse_ under the persuasive promises of Burgevine. When Gordon reached Quinsan he was so apprehensive as to what might occur that he removed his heavy artillery and most of his munitions of war to Taitsan, where General Brown, in command at Shanghai, undertook to see that they were protected. The situation at Quinsan was full of peril, for although Burgevine had thrown away a chance, by taking a roundabout instead of a direct route to Soochow, of striking a decisive blow before Gordon could get back, the Taeping leader, Mow Wang, had not been so negligent, and his operations for the recovery of several places taken by Gordon in the last few days of his command were on the point of success, when that officer's return arrested the course of his plans. It must be pointed out that after this date the Taepings fought with far more skill than before. They had a very considerable European contingent, probably nearly 300 men, and these served not only as leaders, but as trainers of the rebel Chinese forces. They had also obtained some good cannon, and the steamer _Kajow_ proved of material value on water. Gordon found on his return, therefore, that the difficulties of the campaign were materially increased. His opponents were far stronger and more confident, while his own resources remained unchanged. Gordon tersely summed up the situation in an official despatch: "There is no knowing what an immense amount of damage might have been done if the rebels had had a more energetic man than Burgevine, and it would be as well not to point out the line which might have been taken."

The first engagements of this more difficult and keenly-contested phase of the campaign took place at Kahpoo, a place on the canal some miles south of Soochow. Gordon had taken it a week before he left for Shanghai, as a sort of parting gift to the Chinese, but when he arrived there on 9th August he found the garrison hard pressed, although the _Hyson_ was stationed there--and indeed nothing but his arrival with a third steamer, the _Cricket_, averted its recapture. After five days' operations, that do not require description, the neighbourhood of Kahpoo was cleared of rebels, and Gordon returned to Quinsan, where the most essential task had to be accomplished of restoring the discipline of his own force. As some assistance in this difficult task General Brown lent him the services of 200 Beluches, whose admirable conduct and splendid appearance went far to restore a healthy spirit among his own men. At the same time these troops ensured the safety of Quinsan and also of Gordon himself, at least against the treachery of Burgevine's sympathisers.

The season of the year, the hottest and most trying of the long Chinese summer, compelled inaction, and Gordon felt doubly the need of caution now that he was brought face to face with the most arduous undertaking of the whole war, viz. the siege and capture of Soochow. General Ching's headquarters were at Ta Edin, and he had also occupied in force Waiquaidong, only two miles from the eastern gate of Soochow. Before the end of September he had pushed on still further, and erected his stockades within half a mile of that position. At this moment Gordon, anxious as to what might happen to his too-adventurous colleague, advanced with his force to his aid, and took up the supreme direction of the attack on Soochow. As usual, Gordon began by making a careful examination of the extensive rebel positions at and round Soochow, and the result of it was that he decided to capture the stockades and village of Patachiaou, one mile distant from the south wall of that city. His plan met with easy success, for the Taepings were not expecting an attack in that quarter, and offered little resistance.

Easily as they had been driven out of it, the Taepings made a very determined effort to retake it a few days later, and it was only by desperate exertions that Gordon succeeded in holding what he had won. This was the first occasion on which Burgevine and the _Kajow_ steamer, commanded by Captain Jones, "a daring and capable officer," to use Gordon's words, came into action. The rebels were extremely confident for this reason, and also because they had some heavy artillery. Gordon had to keep to his stockades, and to send the _Hyson_ out of action from fear of its being damaged by the enemy's shell, but the Taepings were afraid to come to close quarters, and eventually retreated before a well-timed _sortie_. In this engagement Gordon had the co-operation of a French-trained Chinese regiment, under the command of a gallant officer, Captain Bonnefoy. After this there was a lull, but Gordon felt too weak to attempt anything serious against Soochow, and he deprecated all operations until he could strike an effective blow. In this respect he differed materially from his Chinese colleague, General Ching, who was most restless and enterprising, but his ill-directed energy produced no result, and even assisted the enemy's plans.

At this juncture the Taeping hero Chung Wang arrived from Nanking with reinforcements, and imparted a new vigour to the defence. But whether on account of jealousy, or of disappointment at the poor services he had rendered, it also resulted in the dismissal of Burgevine, an incident of which some brief account may be given before following the main course of the campaign. More than one ground of dispute led up to this conclusion. In the first place, Burgevine was disappointed at finding several of the rebel Wangs as clever and ambitious as he was, and they were disappointed at the amount of service and help he could give them. This feeling culminated in angry scenes, when, on being sent into Shanghai in disguise to purchase arms with a large sum of money, he returned to Soochow without either money or weapons. He was apparently given, as a last chance, the opportunity of regaining his reputation by entrapping Gordon into the rebel power, and he thoroughly entered into the scheme, although he failed to carry it out. On 3rd October--that is to say, two days after the failure to retake Patachiaou--Burgevine made the first step in this plot by addressing a letter to Gordon, thanking him for the offer of medicines he had sent, and offering to meet him whenever he liked to discuss matters. On the 6th he met Gordon at the stockades, and declared his willingness to abandon the Taepings and come over with all his force, including the _Kajow_. He and his companions were guaranteed their lives, and the arrangement seemed complete. Two days later he had a second interview with the English officer, when he made the extraordinary proposition that he and Gordon should join bands, attack both Taepings and Imperialists, and fight for their own hand. This mad and unprincipled proposal excited Gordon's anger, but it was only Burgevine's old filibustering idea revived under unfavourable conditions. It was while smarting under this rebuff that Burgevine proposed to Captain Jones a fresh plot for entrapping Gordon, while he, unsuspecting evil, was engaged in conferences for their surrender; but to Jones's credit, let it be stated that he refused to have any part in such black treachery. Thereupon Burgevine attempted to take Jones's life, either to conceal his own treachery or to enable him to carry out his interrupted plans. Much delay occurred in carrying out the project of Burgevine's desertion, and Gordon, rendered specially anxious to save his and the other foreigners' lives, because one party had escaped without Burgevine, wrote a strong letter on the subject to Mow Wang, Chung Wang's chief lieutenant. He also sent him a present of a pony, at which the rebel chief was so much pleased that he agreed to release Burgevine, and on 18th October that person appeared at the outworks of Gordon's position. His personal safety was entirely due to Gordon's humane efforts, and to the impression that officer had made on the Taepings as a chivalrous opponent. The American Consul at Shanghai, Mr Seward, officially thanked Major Gordon for his "great kindness to misguided General Burgevine and his men." Nearly two years later this adventurer met the fate he so narrowly escaped on several occasions. He had been forbidden by his own Consul as well as the Chinese Government ever to return to China, but in June 1865 he broke his parole. Before he could be arrested he met with his death by accident, being drowned when crossing a Chinese river, but rumours were prevalent that his death was an act of vengeance instigated by his old enemy the Futai, Li Hung Chang.

The assumption of the supreme command by Chung Wang was soon followed by those offensive operations which had made that dashing leader the most famous of all the rebel generals. Gordon and the bulk of his corps were at Patachiaou, south of Soochow--only General Ching and the Chinese army were north of that place--and he resolved to attack them and force his way through to Chanzu, which he wished to recover as opening a road to the river and the outer world. Gordon divined his intention, and for some time prevented him carrying it out by making threatening demonstrations with his gunboats on the western side of Soochow; but his own attention was soon diverted to another part of the country where a new and unexpected danger threatened his own position and communications. A large rebel force, computed to number 20,000 men, had suddenly appeared behind Major Gordon's position and attacked the Imperial garrison stationed at Wokong, a place on the canal twelve or thirteen miles south of Soochow. The news that reached Gordon on 12th October from this quarter was that the garrison, having been repulsed in a _sortie_ with a loss of several hundred men, could not hold out many hours. Gordon at once hastened to the rescue at the head of one of his regiments, and with the invaluable _Hyson_ steamer. He found his allies quite cowed, afraid even to open the gates of their stockades to admit him and his men, and the enemy drawn up in imposing lines at a distance of about 1500 yards. He at once ordered the attack, and during three hours the engagement was contested in the most obstinate and spirited manner. The rebels, having their line of retreat secure, fought bravely. Gordon had to bring up his heavy guns to within forty yards of the wall before they would gave way, and even then they stood at the second and third inner stockades. Gordon never gave them a chance of recovering, but having got them on the run, kept them at it for a distance of ten miles. This was one of Gordon's greatest victories in the open field. The Taepings never fought better, yet with 1000 good Chinese troops Gordon routed more than 20,000 of them.

Chung Wang had begun his march towards Chanzu, but after some slight successes met with a rude repulse at Monding, where he also lost the steamer _Kajow_, which was sunk by an accidental explosion. He then established his headquarters at Wusieh, a place on the Grand Canal, about twenty-five miles north of Soochow. Here he hoped to effect some diversion that might relieve the increasing pressure on Soochow itself.

In the meantime that pressure had greatly increased, owing to the bolder measures to which Gordon resorted after the European contingent abandoned the Taeping side. His first step was to attack and capture the stockades at Wuliungchow, a village two miles west of Patachiaou, which commanded a passage leading from the Taiho Lake to the south gate of Soochow. Gordon managed to conceal the real object of his attack from the Taepings, and to capture the stockades with little loss. The wet weather and the unexpected nature of the attack explained this easy success, for the stockades were strong and well placed. Chung Wang returned from Wusieh with the special object of retaking them, but he was repulsed with some loss, and then hurried back to that place. A few days later part of Gordon's force, under Major Kirkham, was sent to Wokong, which was again being threatened by the Taepings, and obtained a brilliant success, capturing 1300 prisoners and not fewer than 1600 boats, including sixteen gunboats.

Having achieved this success on the south, Gordon proceeded with his plans to secure an equally advantageous position on the north side. He left two regiments at Wuliungchow, which he greatly strengthened, and with the remainder he went to Waiquaidong, where he proposed to deliver his attack on the Leeku stockades, only a short distance in front of the north gate of Soochow. This operation was carried out with complete success, and it was promptly followed up by the capture of the rebel positions at Wanti, which enabled the forces round Soochow to join hands with the other considerable Imperial army that had been placed in the field by the energy of Li Hung Chang, and entrusted to the command of his brother, San Tajin. This last force was opposed to Chung Wang, but although numerically the stronger, the want of the most rudimentary military knowledge in its commander reduced this army of 20,000 men to inglorious inaction. At this stage of the struggle it will be well to sum up in Gordon's own words the different positions held by the contending forces:--

"We held the Taiho Lake with the steamers the _Hyson_, the
_Tsatlee_, _Firefly_, and 200 men (Imperialists), which cruised
off Moodow, and prevented supplies coming to Soochow up the creek
which leads from that village to the small West Gate, or
Shih-mun, of Soochow, and where they had many actions with the
rebel gunboats. The next great water outlet was closed to the
rebels by our possession with 1000 men (Imperialists) of
Wuliungchow. Off the Pon-mun, or South Gate, the next main water
and road communication to the south was closed to them by our
occupation by 1500 men (Imperialists) of the Patachiaou stockades
on the Grand Canal, south of the south-east angle of Soochow. The
next, which led from the east gate of Soochow to Quinsan, was
closed by Ching's force of 3000 or 4000 men, nearly two miles
from the gate. These men were well posted in strong and
well-constructed stockades. The next position held was Leeku,
where I had one regiment, and at Wanti there was another
regiment. The total force in the stockades was about 8500 men,
leaving for field operation 2500 Imperialists, 2100 of the
Quinsan Corps, and 400 Franco-Chinese. San Tajin had 20,000 to
30,000, in three separate camps. He was utterly incapable for
command of any sort.

"The rebels held Soochow with some 40,000 men in and around the
city. The city of Wusieh held some 20,000 men, and Chung Wang had
at Mahtanchow some 18,000 more. Chung Wang's position was central
between Wusieh and Soochow, some ten miles in advance of the
Grand Canal, so as to be able to give help to either city, and to
attack on the flank any advance made by us on their grand line of
communications by that canal."

The city of Soochow, now so closely beleaguered, was of imposing appearance. An English traveller who saw it at this time thus describes it:--

"Further than the eye could penetrate in the misty morning
stretched the grizzled walls of Soochow, a city celebrated for
ages in the history of China for its size, population, wealth,
and luxury, but now stripped of its magnificence, and held by an
army of Taeping banditti against the Imperial forces. To the
right and left, mile after mile, rose the line of lofty wall and
grey turret, while above all appeared not only the graceful
pagodas, which have been for ages the boast of Soochow and the
dense foliage of secular trees--the invariable glory of Chinese
cities--but also the shimmering roofs of newly decorated palaces
confidently occupied by the vainglorious leaders of the
rebellion. The proximity of the rebel line became apparent with
surprising suddenness, for, following their usual custom, they
greeted the rising sun with a simultaneous display of gaudy
banners above the line of their entrenchments. The mud walls they
had thrown up in advance, scarcely distinguishable before, were
now marked out by thousands of flags of every colour from black
to crimson, whilst behind them rose the jangling roll of gongs,
and the murmurs of an invisible multitude."

Had Gordon been free to act, or even if he had possessed authority over the two Chinese commanders, his plan of campaign would have been simple and decisive. He would have effected a junction of his forces with San Tajin; and having overwhelmed Chung Wang and his 18,000 men with his combined army of double that strength, he would have appeared at the head of his victorious troops before the bewildered garrison of Wusieh. He would probably have thus terminated the campaign at a stroke. Even the decisive defeat of Chung Wang alone might have entailed the collapse of the cause now tottering to its fall. But Major Gordon had to consider not merely the military quality of his allies, but also their jealousies and differences. General Ching hated San Tajin on private as well as on public grounds. He desired a monopoly of the profit and honour of the campaign. His own reputation would be made by the capture of Soochow. It would be diminished and cast into the shade were another Imperial commander to defeat Chung Wang and close the line of the Grand Canal. If Gordon detached himself from General Ching, he could not feel sure what folly that jealous and impulsive commander might not commit. He would certainly not pursue the vigilant defence before Soochow necessary to guard the extensive line of stockades, and to prevent its large garrison sallying out and assailing his own rear. Gordon had consequently for these considerations to abandon the tempting idea of crushing Chung Wang and capturing the towns in the rear of Nanking, and to have recourse to safer if slower methods.