Chapter II: Preface: v

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix

CHAPTER

I. HISTORICAL NOTICE 1

II. CELLULOSE AND PAPER-MAKING FIBRES 20

III. THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER FROM RAGS 47

IV. ESPARTO AND STRAW 72

V. WOOD PULP, AND WOOD PULP PAPERS 95

VI. BROWN PAPERS AND BOARDS 126

VII. SPECIAL KINDS OF PAPER 137

VIII. CHEMICALS USED IN PAPER-MAKING 153

IX. THE PROCESS OF "BEATING" 175

X. THE DYEING AND COLOURING OF PAPER PULP 199

XI. PAPER MILL MACHINERY 214

XII. THE DETERIORATION OF PAPER 229

XIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 253

INDEX 273

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. SHEET OF PAPYRUS, SHOWING THE LAYERS CROSSING ONE
ANOTHER 3

2. AN EARLY PAPER MILL (FROM "KULTURHISTORISCHEN BILDERBUCH,"
A.D. 1564) 10

3. THE PAPER MILL OF ULMAN STROMER, A.D. 1390 (SUPPOSED
TO BE THE OLDEST KNOWN DRAWING OF A PAPER MILL) 12

4. THE FIRST PAPER MACHINE, A.D. 1802. PLAN AND ELEVATION 17

5. THE IMPROVED PAPER MACHINE OF A.D. 1810 18

6. A RAG SORTING HOUSE 47

7. A RAG DUSTER 49

8. A RAG CUTTER 50

9. INTERIOR OF PAPER MILL FOR HAND-MADE PAPER (R. BATCHELOR
& SONS) 51

10. VIEW OF A RAG BOILER, SHOWING CONNECTIONS 52

11. A BREAKING AND WASHING ENGINE 54

12. OETTEL AND HAAS' APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
ELECTROLYTIC BLEACH LIQUOR 58

13. THE "HOLLANDER" BEATING ENGINE 59

14. THE HAND MOULD, SHOWING FRAME AND DECKLE 61

15. APPARATUS FOR SIZING PAPER IN CONTINUOUS ROLLS 63

16. A SUPERCALENDER 65

17. THE FIRST WATERMARK IN PAPER 67

18. COTTON 69

19. LINEN 70

20. AN ESPARTO DUSTER 74

21. SINCLAIR'S "VOMITING" ESPARTO BOILER 75

22. A PORION EVAPORATOR 76

23. SCOTT'S MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR 79

24. A PRESSE-PÂTE FOR ESPARTO PULP 85

25. ESPARTO PULP 88

26. A CYLINDRICAL DIGESTER FOR BOILING FIBRE 89

27. STRAW 93

28. A PAIR OF BARKERS FOR REMOVING BARK FROM LOGS OF WOOD 98

29. VIEW OF HORIZONTAL GRINDER (A), WITH SECTION (B) 99

30. A VERTICAL GRINDER FOR MAKING HOT GROUND MECHANICAL
WOOD PULP 101

31. CENTRIFUGAL SCREEN FOR WOOD PULP 102

32. SECTION OF CENTRIFUGAL SCREEN FOR WOOD PULP 103

33. WOOD PULP DIGESTER, PARTLY IN ELEVATION, PARTLY IN