Chapter XII (2)

In Toxoceras (_bow-horn_), _Lign. 160, fig. 1_, the shell is slightly curved, like a horn. Two or three species of _Toxoceras_ are found at Hamsey. The tubercles, in the casts, are the bases of spines, with which the back of the shell was armed, as I have ascertained by examples examined in the rock (see _Foss. South D._ tab. xxiii. _fig._ 1). The specimens figured of the above two genera occur in the _Neocomian_ strata of France.

Hamites (_hook-shaped_). _Lign. 161, fig. 1._--Shell involute, spiral, the turns not contiguous; spire irregular, elliptical; the large end reflected towards the spire. The term _Hamite_, proposed by the late Mr. Parkinson, was formerly given to all the fragments of sub-cylindrical chambered shells, that were bent, or slightly hooked; and the genera _Ancyloceras_, _Toxoceras_, &c., have been separated from them, by M. D’Orbigny. But from fossils recently obtained from Cretaceous strata in Pondicherry, and other parts of India, it seems probable that these genera will be found to merge into each other; at present it is convenient to keep up the distinction. The Hamites are distinguished from Ancyloceras, which they most resemble, by their elliptical, irregular spire.

Ptychoceras (_folded horn_). _Lign. 161, fig. 4._--This is another genus formed from the Hamites. The shell is bent double in the shape of a siphon, and the limbs are united together. The specimen figured is from the _Neocomian_ strata of the Lower Alps.

Fig. 1.--Hamites cylindraceus, with part of the shell. (_M. D’Orbigny._)
2.--Baculites baculoides, with the mouth entire. _Hamsey._
3.--Part of the stem of the same species, showing the sinuous
septa. A detached septum is figured above.
4.--Ptychoceras Emericianum. (_M. D’Orbigny._)
]

[Sidenote: BACULITES.]

Baculites (_staff-like_). _Lign._ 161, figs._ 2 and 3.--This, as the name implies, is a straight, elongated, conical, chambered shell; the upper part is destitute of septa, and probably contained the body of the animal.

In my early researches in the Chalk-marl of Hamsey, I discovered numerous solid, oval, and cylindrical pipes of marl, with scarcely any vestige of organic structure, whose origin it was impossible to determine. At length I found the specimen, _Lign. 161, fig. 2_, which showed the perfect aperture of a chambered shell; and afterwards I found portions which displayed the foliated septa. (_Foss. South D._ tab. xxiii. _figs._ 5, 6, 7.) The Baculite, when perfect, is elongated to a point; the septa are very numerous and foliated; the siphuncle is situated on the margin. I have a splendid specimen from the Chalk of France, (collected by _M. Alex. Brongniart_,) which is composed of distinct casts of the cells, held together by the deep inflections of their margins, in the same manner as are the sparry casts of Ammonites, previously described.[421]

[421] See _Bd._ pl. xliv, _fig._ 5.

The Galt, near Folkstone, abounds in fossils of the above genera, principally of _Hamites_; and the nacreous substance of the shells is very often preserved. From the Chalk-marl near Dover, Southbourn, Ringmer, and Southerham, near Lewes, and from Clayton, near Hurstpierpoint, in Sussex, I have obtained examples of several species.

[Sidenote: SCAPHITES.]

Scaphites (_boat-like_). _Lign. 162._--This name was given by Mr. Parkinson (_Org. Rem._ vol. iii. pl. x. See _Pict. Atlas_) to some small chambered shells from the Chalk and Shanklin Sand, of a boat-like form, with the inner whorls coiled up in a spire, and half hidden by the outer chamber, which becomes contracted and recurved on itself, is destitute of septa, and terminates in an oval or transverse mouth. The siphuncle is dorsal. An _Ancyloceras_ closely coiled would be a Scaphite. Hamsey marl-pit yielded to my early researches the first Scaphites discovered in the British strata, together with Turrilites, and other cephalopodous shells, previously unknown in England.[422] The Scaphite is of an elliptical form, the spire and the mouth approaching close to each other; the spire occupies about one-half of the shell. Except the thick outer lip or margin of the aperture, which is almost constantly found changed into pyrites, it is rarely that any vestige of the shell remains. The same mineral constitutes casts of the spiral part; and these, when separated from the other portion, might be taken for Ammonites; see _fig._ 2. There are two varieties at Hamsey; one, with the surface covered by fine transverse striæ, which arise singly from the inner margins, and bifurcate on the dorsal part; _fig._ 1. The other is also striated, but has a row of prominent ribs on the inner half of the broad central portion of the shell; _fig._ 4. Scaphites occur in the Upper Green Sand of Dorsetshire, and in the Chalk-marl in several places in England; and at Rouen, in France; and a large species, _S. Cuvieri_, has been found in New Jersey.

[422] Sow. Min. Conch, vol, i. p. 53.

Fig. 1 and 4.--Scaphites æqualis. (_Parkinson._)
2.--Cast in pyrites of the spiral part of a Scaphite.
2_a_.--Front view of the same specimen.
3.--Front view of Scaphites æqualis.

Fig. 1.--Turrilites catenatus. (_M. D’Orbigny._) _France._
_a._--One of the septa.
2.--Turrilites costatus. _Hamsey._

[Sidenote: TURRILITES.]

Turrilites. _Lign. 163._--Shell spiral, more or less conical, coiled obliquely round an axis, and turriculated. Spire sinistral, whorls contiguous, apparent, with a perforated umbilicus. Edges of septa very sinuous. Siphuncle continuous, situated either on the external convexity, or near the suture at the base of the wreath.

The discovery of three species of these elegant shells rewarded my researches in the little marl-pit at Hamsey, already noticed, and were the first examples of the genus found in England.[423] Like the Ammonites, Scaphites, Hamites, &c. with which they are associated, the Turrilites of our Chalk-marl seldom possess any traces of their shells. The specimens are solid and tolerably sharp casts, with occasional indications of the septa, and more rarely of the siphunculus. They vary in size from two or three inches to two feet in length; and are frequently more or less elliptical, from compression. The three species which generally occur in the Sussex and Kentish chalk, are _T. costatus_, _Lign. 163, fig. 2_; _T. tuberculatus_ (_Foss. South D._ pl. xxiv. _fig._ 7), characterised by its four rows of tubercles; and _T. undulatus_ (_Foss. South D._ pl. xxiv. _fig._ 8), the wreaths of which are ornamented with plain, slightly undulated, transverse ribs. These are all reversed, or _sinistral_ shells; that is, the spire is twisted to the left, the aperture being on the right hand of the observer when the shell is placed on its apex, as in _fig._ 1. Several other species of Turrilites occur in the Chalk of France,[424] one of which, _T. catenatus_, is represented _Lign. 163, fig. 1_.

[423] Sow. Min. Conch, tab. xxxvi.

[424] See M. D’Orbigny’s Paléontologie Française.

Some of the Turrilites attain a considerable magnitude. The largest found in England is a specimen of _T. tuberculatus_ (_Min. Conch._ tab. lxxiv.), from Middleham, in the parish of Ringmer, near Lewes; when perfect, it must have been full two feet in length: it consists of six wreaths, the siphuncle, in the state of pyrites, appearing in three or four; portions of the nacreous internal layer of the shell remain.[425] In some specimens in my possession, the form of the aperture, and the termination of the columella, are distinctly shown; as in the fine example the last whorl of which is represented in _Lign. 164_.

[425] This specimen is now in the British Museum.

_Chalk-marl, Lewes._

Showing the form of the aperture, and the spinous tubercles. The specimen is a cast in indurated chalk-marl; the last wreath only is figured.]

Fig. 1.--Posterior view, exhibiting the expanded outer lip, and the
obtuse termination of the columella.
2.--Front view, showing the form of the aperture.
_a._--Two tubercles, bearing spines.

The Chalk-marl of Lewes, of the Sussex coast, and of the cliffs near Dover, and the Upper Green Sand of Dorsetshire, have yielded the principal British specimens of this genus. Several species occur in the lower cretaceous strata, at St. Catherine’s Mount, near Rouen, associated, as in England, with Scaphites, Hamites, and other allied genera.[426]

[426] See Fossils of the South. Downs for figures of many species of the Cephalopoda of the Sussex Chalk.

[Sidenote: APTYCHUS.]

Aptychus, Meyer. (Trigonellites, _Parkinson_.) _Lign. 165._--Associated with the remains of Ammonites in several localities, are found flattened triangular bodies, from less than an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, the nature of which is still somewhat problematical. A good figure is given by Mr. Parkinson of one species (_Org. Rem._ vol. iii. pl. xiii. figs. 9, 10, 12. See _Pict. Atlas_), with the name _Trigonellites latus_. These bodies frequently occur in pairs and in apposition, as in the specimen figured in _Lign. 165_. Their structure is cellular; one surface is slightly concave and striated, and the other covered with minute circular pores. Altogether their appearance is that of bodies enclosed in vascular integuments. It is supposed that they are the opercula of Ammonites. These fossils are commonly found in the last or body chamber of Ammonites, in the Oxford Clay, near Chippenham, the Coral Oolite of Malton, the Lias of Lyme Regis, and the lithographic limestone of Solenhofen. M. Ewald states that they may be found in the Chalk _Scaphites_ by making a longitudinal section of the body chamber: but I have not succeeded in detecting them in the examples from the chalk-marl which I have broken up for that purpose. As these bodies (alluded to by authors as _Trigonellites_, _Aptychus_, _Munsteria_, &c.) will probably come under the observation of the collector, especially among the fossils of the Kimmeridge Clay, these remarks are introduced to suggest diligent research, in the hope that the origin of these fossils may at length be discovered.

_Kimmeridge Clay, Hartwell, Bucks._]

Fig. 1.--The convex surface.
1_a_.--Magnified section of portion.
2.--The concave side.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: DISTRIBUTION OF FOSSIL CEPHALOPODA.]

Geological Distribution of Fossil Cephalopoda.--Even from this short review of the principal types of the fossil Cephalopoda, the great interest which attaches to the study of this class of organic remains is strikingly demonstrated. Their geological distribution is alike replete with phenomena of an important character. In the Lower Palæozoic (Lower and Upper Silurian) strata, the chambered mollusks belong (with a very few doubtful exceptions) to the Nautilidæ, namely, Nautilus, Lituites, Cyrtoceras, Orthoceras, &c. The Devonian and Carboniferous systems contain Nautilus, Clymenia, Gyroceras, Cyrtoceras, and Orthoceras, together with a peculiar group of Ammonitidæ, the _Goniatites_. The Trias in general is extremely poor in Cephalopoda; the Permian group affording but two species of Nautilus, and the Muschelkalk two other species: but, in addition to these, the Muschelkalk contains Ceratites, which is a genus peculiar to the Triassic group, and chiefly abounds in the St. Cassian beds (in the Austrian Alps), where it is accompanied by Nautilus, Orthoceras, Ammonites, and Goniatites. In the Lias and Oolite Nautili abound, and we meet for the first time with Belemnites. The same families, viz. Nautilidæ, Ammonitidæ, and Belemnitidæ, prevail throughout the Cretaceous strata. The Tertiary formations contain a few Nautilidæ only; no vestiges of the Ammonitidæ and true Belemnitidæ, which, as we have seen, swarmed in the ancient seas, are perceptible, while in the existing oceans, the _Nautilus_ and _Spirula_ are the sole representatives of the numerous shell-bearing cephalopoda of the ancient geological eras. Thus, the Nautilidæ extend from the oldest to the newest fossiliferous strata, the genus being still in existence: the Ammonitidæ, on the other hand, though less ancient in origin, do not pass beyond the limits of the cretaceous epoch.

In the following tabular arrangement these facts are placed in a more distinct point of view:--

_Tabular View of the Distribution of Cephalopoda
through the Geological Epochs._

_Existing Genera_
{ Argonauta. } Octopoda. }
{ Octopus, &c. } }
{ }
{ Loligo, Cranchia. }(_Teuthidæ_).} }
{ Sepiola, Onychoteuthis, &c. } } } Dibranchiata.
{ }Decapoda. }
{ Sepia (_Sepiadæ_). } }
{ } }
{ Spirula. } }
{
{ Nautilus (_Nautilidæ_). Tetrabranchiata.

_General fossil in the Tertiary Formations_
{ Sepiadæ { Sepia, Spirulirostra, Beloptera, Belemnosis.
{
{ Nautilidæ { Nautilus and Aturia

_Cretaceous Deposits_
{ Belemnitidæ { Belemnites, Belemnitella, and Conoteuthis.
{
{ Nautilidæ { Nautilus.
{
{ Ammonitidæ { Ammonites, Crioceras, Scaphites, Ancyloceras,
{ Toxoceras, Hamites. Ptychoceras, Helicoceras,
{ Turrilites, Baculites.

_Oolite and Lias_
{ Sepiadæ { Sepia.
{
{ Teuthidæ { Teudopsis, Beloteuthis, Geoteuthis, Leptoteuthis,
{ { Ommastrephes.
{
{ Belemnitidæ { Belemnites. Acanthoteuthis, and Belemnoteuthis.
{
{ Nautilidæ { Nautilus.
{
{ Ammonitidæ { Ammonites, Ancyloceras.

_Trias_
{ Nautilidæ { Nautilus.
{
{ Ammonitidæ[427] {Ammonites, Goniatites, and Ceratites.

_Carboniferous System_
{ Nautilidæ { Nautilus, Gyroceras, Cyrtoceras, Gomphoceras, and
{ { Orthoceras, Actinoceras, &c.
{
{ Ammonitidæ { Goniatites.

_Devonian System_
{ Nautilidæ { Nautilus, Clymenia, Cyrtoceras, Phragmoceras,
{ { Gomphoceras, Orthoceras, Actinoceras, &c.
{
{ Ammonitidæ { Goniatites.

_Upper and Lower Silurian Systems_
{ Nautilidæ { Nautilus, Lituites, Gyroceras, Cyrtoceras,
{ { Phragmoceras, Gomphoceras, Oncoceras, Ascoceras,
{ { Orthoceras, Actinoceras, &c.
X/

[427] The Ammonitidæ are from the St. Cassian beds only.

With regard to the zoological affinities between the living and extinct species of testaceous Cephalopoda, Dr. Buckland remarks, "that they are all connected by one plan of organization; each forming a link in the common chain which unites the existing species with those that prevailed among the earliest conditions of life upon our globe; and all attesting the identity of the design that has effected so many similar ends, through such a variety of instruments, the principle of whose construction is, in every species, fundamentally the same.

"Throughout the various living and extinct genera of these beings, the use of the air-chambers and siphuncle of their shells, to adjust the specific gravity of the animals in rising and sinking, appears to have been identical. The addition of a new transverse plate within the coiled shell added a new air-chamber, larger than the preceding one, to counterbalance the increase of weight that attended the growth of the shell and body of these animals." (_Bd._ p. 380.)

The occurrence of the Nautilus, and its congeners, among the earliest traces of the animal kingdom, and their continuance throughout the immense periods during which the family of Ammonitidæ was created, flourished, and became extinct, and the existence of species of the same genus at the present time, are facts too remarkable to have escaped the notice even of those who are not professed cultivators of geological science; and I am induced to quote the following beautiful lines, by Mrs. Howitt, to impress this interesting phenomenon more strongly on the mind of the youthful reader.[428]

[428] The poetess has, however, not been literally accurate regarding the Nautilus and its habits, nor as to the formation of stratified rocks, but has given a romantic rather than a scientifically correct view of this interesting Cephalopod, and of the disappearance of its congener. The young reader must, therefore, remember that the Nautilus sometimes _floats_, but _never sails_; and that the whole race of Ammonites _died out_ in course of time, and were not annihilated by convulsive movements of earth and sea.

"TO THE NAUTILUS.

"Thou didst laugh at sun and breeze,
In the new created seas;
Thou wast with the reptile broods
In the old sea solitudes,
Sailing in the new-made light,
With the curl’d-up Ammonite.
Thou surviv’dst the awful shock,
Which turn’d the ocean bed to rock,
And changed its myriad living swarms,
To the marble’s veined forms.

"Thou wast there, thy little boat,
Airy voyager! kept afloat,
O’er the waters wild and dismal,
O’er the yawning gulfs abysmal;
Amid wreck and overturning,
Rock-imbedding, heaving, burning,
Mid the tumult and the stir;
Thou, most ancient mariner,
In that pearly boat of thine,
Sail’dst upon the troubled brine."

* * * * *

[Sidenote: ON COLLECTING FOSSIL CEPHALOPODA.]

On the Collection of British Fossil Cephalopoda.--In the Tertiary formations of England, the remains of but seven species of Nautilus (comprising Aturia) have been noticed; the large species (_N. imperialis_) is the most common. These are generally in a good state of preservation, and only require the careful removal of the surrounding clay or marl. When pyrites largely enters into the composition of the specimens, the investing matrix can seldom be effectually cleared off: if the outer surface, and general form, be not well displayed, breaking the specimen will often expose the inner cells, with the siphunculus, in a beautiful state. The _Nautilus imperialis_ is occasionally imbedded in the septaria of the Isle of Sheppey, and of Bognor and Bracklesham, on the Sussex coast. Sections of such examples, in the vertical direction of the enclosed shell, afford, when polished, very brilliant and interesting fossils; the septa and the shelly tube of the siphunculus are often preserved.

The Cephalopods of the Cretaceous formation, with the exception of those in the argillaceous strata of the Galt, are generally destitute of their shells, and only occur in the state of casts; and the Chalk Nautili are liable to separate at the divisions of the septa, and an entire series of the casts of the chambers may sometimes be obtained, so as to display the entire form of the original shell. The Ammonites of the White Chalk, although mere casts, yet retain their configuration, the foliated margins of the septa dove-tailing them together. I have already mentioned that search should be made along the back of these specimens for the siphuncle, the shelly tube of which is sometimes well defined. In the Chalk-marl the casts are sharper than in the White Chalk, and generally of a deep ochreous colour, with the lines of the sinuous septa clearly defined. The siphuncle is occasionally preserved in pyrites, in the Ammonites, Nautili, Turrilites, and Scaphites; and the outer lip or margin of the mouth, or aperture, of the latter, and of the Ammonites, is frequently replaced by the same mineral.

The Ammonites, Hamites, &c. of the Galt have their pearly coat remaining, but this investment is extremely delicate; and although when first removed from the marl it is beautifully iridescent, the vivid hues are very evanescent, and the shell becomes opaque and of a light fawn colour. Very commonly the shell flakes off, wholly or in part, leaving a cast of indurated pyritous marl. I have preserved specimens with the shell many years, by applying a thin coat of mastic varnish with a soft camel-hair pencil, before the marl had become dry, and while the shells were entire. The Galt Ammonites, like the Nautili of the London Clay, are often invested with pyrites, and have the inner cells and siphuncle well preserved.

The argillaceous strata of the Oolite and Lias contain Ammonites, &c. in much the same state of mineralization as those of the Galt. The Kimmeridge Clay, in some localities, particularly around Aylesbury (and especially at Hartwell Park, the seat of Dr. Lee), abounds in Ammonites with the shell as perfect and beautiful as if just dredged up from the sea. But, like the fossils of the Galt, few of the specimens are durable; although in many examples the shell may be preserved by the application of mastic varnish. The most common Ammonite at Hartwell is _A. biplex_ (_Sow. Min. Conch._), which varies from three inches to one foot in diameter; the surface is covered by very strong ribs that encircle the whorls. The shell is thick, and composed of several laminæ.[429]

[429] According to the observations of my son, the outer layers, when highly magnified, present an appearance of opaque areolæ, with irregular radiating fibres; the inner laminæ are covered with minute pores, apparently the orifices of tubuli, some of which are arranged singly in crescents, and others are confluent, like short strands of beads. I mention the fact to direct attention to the microscopic examination of the structure of these splendid fossils.

The sparry casts of the separate cells of Ammonites which occur in some of the calcareous beds of the Oolite, will not fail to be observed by the collector. It is convenient to preserve such specimens either on a tray or board, in which a groove is made for their reception, or in a mould of gutta percha.

In collecting _Belemnitidæ_, the caution already given, of examining the surrounding clay or marl, must not be disregarded; the student should remember, that traces of the soft parts of the animals, even of mere impressions of the body and head, with the tentacula and their acetabula, or little horny rings and hooks, are more important than the most splendid examples of the spathose durable osselet. The guards should be selected with especial reference to their containing the phragmocone (see _Lign. 141, fig. 2_), or chambered conical shell, in the alveolus or cavity of the upper and larger end. An apparently worthless fragment of a Belemnite will often be found to possess this part of the structure, as in the example figured, which, until fractured longitudinally, had been thrown by among useless duplicates. The search for the remains of the fossil naked Cephalopoda, as the Teuthidæ and Sepiadæ, and their ink-bags, must be made in a like cautious manner. In the Lias marls, the ink-bag and its duct is often found partially covered by a pellicle of nacre, without any trace of the other parts of the animal. A reference to Dr. Buckland’s plates (_Bd._ pl. xxviii. xxix) will familiarize the student with the appearance of these fossil remains.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: LOCALITIES OF FOSSIL CEPHALOPODA.]

A FEW BRITISH LOCALITIES OF FOSSIL CEPHALOPODA.

Abingdon, Berks. Ammonites, fine casts in spar and limestone; Middle
Oolite.

Aylesbury, Bucks. Ammonites, several species; splendid examples of
_A. biplex_, with the shell remaining, in the Kimmeridge Clay.

Aymestry. Upper Silurian; Gomphoceras, Orthoceras, &c.

Bath. Fine Ammonites in the Oolite.

Beachy Head. Along the shore, gigantic Ammonites in the Chalk, at
low-water.

Benson, Oxfordshire. Fine Hamites, in Chalk-marl.

Blackdown, Devonshire. Beautiful siliceous casts of Ammonites; Green
Sand.

Bognor, Sussex. Nautili, in the Tertiary Clays and sandy Limestones;
also, along the neighbouring coast, in Septaria.

Bolland, Yorkshire. Mountain Limestone; Goniatites.

Boreham, near Warminster, Wilts. Nautili and Ammonites in Green Sand.

Bracklesham Bay, Sussex. Nautili in Tertiary Clay.

Bridport, Dorset. Ammonites; Inferior Oolite.

Brighton. In the Chalk, Ammonites, Belemnitellæ, &c.

Brill, Lucks. Ammonites, as at Aylesbury.

Buxton, Derbyshire. Goniatites; Mountain Limestone.

Charmouth, Dorsetshire. Ammonites, Belemnites, &c.; Lias.

Cheltenham. Ammonites, Belemnites, Nautili, &c. in abundance;
Inferior Oolite and Lias.

Chicksgrove, Tisbury, Wilts. Ammonites, several species; some
chalcedonic; Upper Oolite.

Christian Malford, near Chippenham. In Oxford Clay, Belemnites,
Belemnoteuthis, and Geoteuthis; _very fine_.

Clayton, near Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. In Chalk-marl, Ammonites,
Nautili, and Turrilites; very fine specimens.

Closeburn, Dumfriesshire. Orthocerata, large species; Silurian.

Comb Down, near Bath. Ammonites and Nautili; Oolite.

Connaught, Ireland. Goniatites; Mountain Limestone.

Cork. Orthocerata; Mountain Limestone.

Crockerton, near Warminster. Ammonites, in Galt.

Dover. In the cliffs, and along the shore, in Chalk and Chalk-marl,
Turrilites, Ammonites, Nautili, &c.

Dowlands, near Lyme. Fine Ammonites, &c. in the Lias.

Dundry, near Bristol. Ammonites, &c. Inferior Oolite.

Earlstoke, Wilts. Hamites, Ammonites, &c. in Green Sand.

Faringdon, Berks. In the gravel-pits, Nautili, Ammonites, &c. In the
Coral Rag, beautiful casts in limestone and spar of Ammonites,
Belemnites, &c.

Folkstone, Kent. In the Galt, at Eastware Bay, in the cliff, and
along the shore at low-water, Belemnites, Hamites, Ammonites, &c.
in profusion.

Hamsey, near Lewes, Sussex. Chalk-marl; Turrilites, Scaphites,
Hamites, Baculites, Crioceratites, Ammonites, Nautili; Belemnites,
very rare.

Hartwell, Bucks, seat of Dr. Lee. Splendid Ammonites, with their
shells, in Kimmeridge Clay.

Heytesbury, Wilts. Nautilus elegans, and other Chalk-marl Cephalopoda.

Horncastle. Very fine Ammonites.

Hythe, Kent. In Green Sand, large Ancyloceratites, Ammonites, &c.

Ilminster, Somerset. Upper Lias, Ammonites; Marlstone, Belemnites and
Ammonites.

Kelloway. Many beautiful Ammonites, &c.; Middle Oolite.

Keynsham, near Bristol. Splendid Nautili and Ammonites; the large _A.
giganteus_, two or three feet in diameter; and specimens with the
chamber filled with spar, of surpassing beauty; Lias.

Lewes, Sussex. Nautili, Ammonites, &c. in the Chalk and Marl quarries
of the vicinity.

London. Tertiary strata in the vicinity. Highgate Hill, fine Nautili,
and Aturia ziczac, Beloptera, &c.

Ludlow. Upper Silurian; Lituites, Orthoceras, Phragmoceras, &c.

Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire. Ammonites, Nautili, Belemnites, Sepiæ, &c.
in profusion in the Lias; and Scaphites and Turrilites in the Chalk.

Lympne, Kent. Ammonites, Ancyloceratites, &c. in Green Sand.

Maidstone, Kent. Ammonites, of large size, in Shanklin Sand.

Malton. Ammonites, several large species. Lower Oolite.

Marsham, near Abingdon. Ammonites; Oolite.

Marston Magna, near Ilchester. _Ammonite-marble_; Lias.

Newton Bushel, Devonshire. Nautilus, Orthoceras, Cyrtoceras,
Goniatites, &c. in the Devonian rocks.

Norwich. In Chalk, Belemnites in profusion; Ammonites, &c.

Nutfield, Surrey. Fuller’s-earth pits: beautiful Nautili (_N.
undulatus_, and _A. Nutfieldiensis_), and Ammonites.

Offham, near Lewes. In the Chalk-pits, large Ammonites; Chalk-marl
in a pit, on the right-hand side of the road, a quarter of a mile
north of the village, Hamites, Turrilites, Scaphites, Nautili, rare
species of Ammonites, &c.

Oxford. Quarries in the vicinity, Ammonites, Belemnites, &c.

Petherwin, Cornwall. Clymenia, Goniatites, Orthoceras, &c. in the
Upper Devonian rocks.

Portland. Upper Oolite; gigantic Ammonites.

Roak, near Benson, Oxfordshire. In Chalk-marl, Hamites, Ammonites, &c.

Scarborough. Kelloway Rock; Ammonites, &c.

Scarlet, Isle of Man. Nautili, &c.; Mountain Limestone.

Settle, Yorkshire. Goniatites; Mountain Limestone.

Sherbourn, Somersetshire. _Ammonite-marble_; Lias.

Southerham, near Lewes. In the Chalk-pits, large Ammonites; in the
Marl, Nautili, Ammonites, Turrilites, &c.

South Petherton, Somerset. Marlstone; Belemnites and Ammonites in
profusion.

Speeton, Yorkshire. Galt; Crioceras, Ancyloceras, &c.

Steyning, Sussex. In Chalk-marl near the town, Belemnites (_B.
lanceolatus_), Nautili, Ammonites, &c.

Swindon, Wilts. In the Portland-stone quarries, Ammonites, in
abundance; principally casts of _A. biplex_, and _A. triplicate_.
In the Kimmeridge Clay in the vicinity, Ammonites with the shell
preserved.

Tisbury, Wilts. In Portland-stone, fine Ammonites, often chalcedonic
(see _Bd._ pl. xli.).

Trowbridge, Wilts. In Oxford Clay, Ammonites, Belemnites, &c. were
obtained in great numbers during the railway cuttings.

Watchett, Somersetshire. Ink-bags of Sepiadæ, &c.; splendid
Ammonites; Lias.
Whitby, Yorkshire. Ammonites, Belemnites, &c. in abundance; Nautili,
&c.; Lias.

Yeovil, Somersetshire. Nautili and Ammonites; Inferior Oolite.