Chapter XXV: Humanism and Mediaevalism (15)

Craft-guilds, miracle-plays maintained by, ii. 111, 113, 115;
levies on members of, 116;
appropriateness of plays to occupations of, 118, 131;
and Corpus Christi procession, 162.

_Creation of the World_ of W. Jordan, ii. 435.

_Creed Play_, ii. 120, 130.

‘Creeping to the cross,’ ii. 17.

‘Crib’ at Christmas, i. 272, 333, ii. 42, 157.

Cromwell, and Protestant interludes, ii. 220.

Croxton _Sacrament_ play, ii. 427.

Cucking-stool, i. 122.

Cuckoo, the herald of summer, i. 188.

Cues, ii. 144.

Cult, its permanence, i. 99.

Cycles of miracle-plays, formed by expansion and merging, ii. 72;
become ‘cosmic’ drama, 77;
spread over successive days or years, 86, 130;
popularity of in England, 113;
their subject-matter, 125, 321.

_Cynewulf_, a _scôp_, i. 31.

Dance, a form of play, i. 160;
attacked by Church, 161;
in churches, 162;
at folk-festivals, 163, 272;
in Middle Ages, 164;
processional and circular, 164;
dramatic tendency of, 188;
at Feast of Fools, 326;
in miracle-plays, ii. 141.
_See_ Morris-dance, Sword-dance.

_Dance of Death_, ii. 153.

Dancers, in Rome, i. 6, 9;
as minstrels, 71.

Dancing sun, at Easter, i. 129.

Daniel, liturgical plays on, ii. 58, 60.

_Danse des bouffons_, i. 191.

Dati, his _Hiempsal_, ii. 212.

_Daurel et Beton_, i. 67.

Deacons, feast of, on St. Stephen’s day, i. 336.

Dead, feast of, i. 228, 247, 264.

_Deasil_, i. 123, 129, 165.

_Death_, _Dance of_, ii. 153.

Death, expulsion of, i. 183.

Death, mock, in sword-dance, i. 206;
in folk-plays, 210, 213, 219.

_Débats_, i. 79, 187;
and moralities, ii. 153;
acted as interludes, 201.

‘Decoration’ at New Year, i. 251.

Dedication of churches, wake on day of, i. 96, 114;
dramatic ceremony of, ii. 4.

Dee, John, play translated by, ii. 195.

_Degollada_, _la_, figure in sword-dance, i. 204.

_Depositio Crucis_, ii. 17.

_Deposuit_, feast of, i. 277, 306, 309, 325, 339, 345, 376.

_Descensus Christi ad inferos_, dramatic treatment of, ii. 73.

_Destruction of Jerusalem_, play on, ii. 132.

_De Symbolo_, pseudo-Augustinian sermon, ii. 52.

Devils, in miracle-plays, ii. 91, 148.

_Devozioni_, ii. 92.

Dialogues, in Anglo-Saxon literature, i. 80;
in minstrelsy, 77;
in liturgical tropes, ii. 8;
recited in schools, 212.

Dice, a temptation to minstrels, i. 48, 60;
played at mummings, 394.

_Digby Plays_, ii. 428.

Disguisings, i. 393, 400.
_See_ Mummings, Masques, Drama, Interludes.

_Disobedient Child, The_, of Ingelend, ii. 214, 223, 456.

_Disours_, i. 75, 387.

_Dit des Taboureurs_, i. 63.

_Dits_, i. 74.

Doctor, in folk-drama, i. 185;
in sword-dances, 207;
in Plough Monday play, 210;
in St. George play, 213, 218, 226.

_Doctors de trobar_, i. 63.

Domestic feast at New Year, i. 262.

_Domus_ of religious plays, ii. 79, 83, 136.

Donaueschingen, stage of Passion-play at, ii. 84.

_Dout_, i. 217.

‘Ducking’ at folk-festivals, i. 122;
at Feast of Fools, 298, 307, 313, 327.

Dumb-show, in folk-drama, i. 211.

Dracontius, his _Orestes_, ii. 209.

Dragon, in morris-dance, i. 196;
in St. George play, 212, 217, 226.

Drama, decay of, at Rome, i. 3;
elements of, in minstrelsy, 77;
developed from _pastourelles_, 171;
at English May-games, 177;
folk-element in, 182;
relation of, to dance, 188;
magical efficacy of, 192;
influence of schoolmaster on, 202;
at Feasts of Fools and Boy Bishop, 380;
element of, in liturgy, ii. 3;
process of secularization in, from thirteenth century, 69;
expansion of, 69;
brought outside the church, 79;
acted by lay guilds, 87;
vernacular introduced into, 88;
vogue of devils in, 91;
at feast of Corpus Christi, 95;
processional type of, 95;
liturgical survivals in, 96;
passes into interlude, 180;
mediaeval confusion as to nature of, 208;
controversial use of, at Reformation, 216.
_See_ Actors, Comedy, Folk-drama, Interludes, Liturgical plays,
Miracle-plays, Moralities, Tragedy, &c. &c.

_Draw a Pail of Water_, i. 124.

_Droichis Part of the Play_, assigned to Dunbar, ii. 454.

Druids, i. 251.

Dunbar, his banns for a May-game, ii. 454.

Durham Priory, extracts from accounts of, ii. 240.

Dwarf effigies, i. 353.

Earth-goddess, i. 105;
cult of, in India, 149, ii. 266;
swine sacrificed to, i. 257;
as ruler of dead, 264.

Easter, i. 114;
folk-customs at, 124, 126, 128, 150, 156, 157, 163, 165, &c.;
St. George play at, 226;
dialogued tropes for, ii. 9;
religious drama at, 15, 27, 73, 129.
_See_ _Quem quaeritis_, _Peregrini_.

Easter sepulchre. _See_ Sepulchre.

_Ecerinis_ of Mussato, ii. 211.

Edward I, his Pentecost feast, minstrels at, i. 47, ii. 234.

Edward VI, his _De Meretrice Babylonica_, ii. 218, 222.

Eggs, at Easter, i. 128;
in _Quem quaeritis_, ii. 36.

‘Elegiac’ comedies and tragedies, ii. 212.

_Elevatio Crucis_, at Easter, ii. 17, 20.

_Elisaeus_, liturgical play of, ii. 60.

Eltham, mummings at, i. 395, 397.

_Enfants-sans-Souci_, i. 374, 382.

English, John, a player, ii. 187.

_Enseignamens por Joglars_, i. 67.

Entries, royal, pageants at, ii. 166, 174, 336;
elements from miracle-plays and moralities in, 172.

Eostre, i. 108.

‘Epic’ comedies and tragedies, ii. 212.

Epicharmus, his mimes, i. 2.

_Epinette_, _roi de l’_, i. 373.

Epiphany, early significance of, i. 239;
subordinated to Christmas, 244;
New Year customs at, 247, 260;
Feast of Fools at, 323;
religious drama at, ii. 44, 129.
_See_ _Stella_.

_Episcopus puerorum_, or _Nicholatensis_, i. 369. _See_ Boy Bishop.

Erasmus, his sermon for Boy Bishop, i. 356.

_Erberie_, _Dit de l’_, of Rutebeuf, i. 33, 85.

Erce, i. 108.

_Ermulus_, i. 258.

_Esclaffardi_, i. 290, 315, 323.

Esem Esquesem, in Plough Monday play, i. 210.

_Estrifs_, i. 81.
_See_ _Débats_.

Ethelwold, St., author of _Concordia Regularis_, ii. 14, 307.

Ethnology, of Europe, i. 101;
in folk-custom, 270.

_Étourdis_, _prévot des_, i. 373.

_Étrennes._ _See_ _Strenae_.

Evergreens, as representing fertilization spirit, i. 251.

_Everyman_, _Summoning of_, ii. 155, 217, 439.

_Exemplum_, term for religious play, ii. 104.

Exeter, order of Brothelyngham at, i. 383;
fourteenth-century theatre at, 383, ii. 190.

Expulsion of Death, i. 183.

_Fabliaux_, i. 43, 74.

‘Faddy’ dance at Helston, i. 119, 165.

Fall, the, introduced into religious drama, ii. 71, 77.

Family, feast of, at New Year, i. 262.

Farce, vogue of, at Rome, i. 2, 4;
played by minstrels, 83;
in fifteenth-century France, ii. 197;
in interludes, 202.

_Farsura_, i. 277.

_Fasching_ in sword-dance, i. 192.

_Fastnachtspiele_, i. 382.

_Fatui._ _See_ Fools.

‘Feasten’ cakes, i. 133, 142, 236, 260.

Feasts, of primitive Europe, i. 110;
village, customs of, 116;
play at, 146;
at beginning of winter, 228;
in mid-winter, 234;
between harvest and New Year, 247.
_See_ Asses, Feast of; Fools, Feast of.

Ferrers, George, i. 405.

Fertilization spirit, in winter customs, i. 250.

_Feuillée_, _Jeu de la_, of Adan de la Hale, i. 381.

Fire, not taken from house at New Year, i. 217, 238, 269.

Fires at folk-festivals, i. 125, 255;
in pestilence, 127;
at Feast of Fools, 327.

‘First foot,’ i. 270.

Flagellants, and mediaeval drama in Italy, ii. 92.

Fleury, liturgical plays at, ii. 32, 37, 50, 59, 60, 61.

Flight into Egypt, representations of, i. 287, 333.

_Floralia_, a festival at Rome, i. 5.

Flower-dances, i. 166.

Flytings, i. 80.

Folk-drama, i. 182;
relation of, to sword-dance, 207, 218.

Folk-elements, in Feast of Fools, i. 298, 326;
in miracle-plays, ii. 91, 120, 147;
in royal entries, 172.

Folk-medicine, i. 117, 123.

Folk-song, of Teutons, i. 25;
adapted by minstrels, 78;
as source of _débats_, 80.
_See_ _Chansons_, Song.

Food, an object of cult, i. 104;
left on table at New Year, 266.

‘Fool,’ meaning of term, i. 334;
in folk-custom, 142, 150, 192, 196, 208, 214;
costume of, 384, 387;
in household, 386;
at miracle-plays, ii. 141;
in interludes, 141.
_See_ Buffoon, ‘Vice.’

Fool-literature, i. 382.

Fools, Feast of, i. 275;
condemned by Innocent III (1207), 279;
by council of Paris (1212), 279;
by Odo of Tusculum (1245);
described in thirteenth century, 290;
condemned by Gerson, 292;
by council of Basle (1435), 293;
by Pragmatic Sanction (1438), 293;
by Paris theologians (1445), 293;
later attacks on, 300;
customs of, 323;
possible eastern origin of, 327;
loose use of term, 337;
inherited by _sociétés joyeuses_, 373;
relation of, to liturgical drama, ii. 56;
at Paris, i. 276, 300;
at Sens, 279, 291, 297;
at Beauvais, 284, 300;
at St. Omer, 289, 305;
at Bayeux, 289;
at Autun, 289, 312;
at Nevers, 290;
at Romans, 290;
at Laon, 290, 303;
at Amiens, 290, 300;
at Troyes, 295;
at Noyon, 302;
at Soissons, 302;
at Senlis, 303;
at Rheims, 304;
at Châlons-sur-Marne, 305;
at Béthune, 305;
at Lille, 306;
at Tournai, 307;
at Chartres, 308;
at Tours, 309;
at Bourges, 309;
at Avallon, 309;
at Auxerre, 309;
at Besançon, 311;
at Dijon, 313;
at Châlons-sur-Saône, 314;
at Valence, 314;
at Vienne, 314;
at Viviers, 315;
at Arles, 317;
at Fréjus, 317;
at Aix, 317;
at Antibes, 317;
in Spain, 318;
at Mosburg, 319;
at Cologne, 320;
in Bohemia, 320;
at Lincoln, 321;
at Beverley, 322;
at St. Paul’s, 323;
at Salisbury, 323.

Fools, order of, i. 375, 382.

Football, at folk-festivals, i. 149.

Footing, payment of, i. 157.

‘Forced fire,’ i. 127.

_Four Elements, Nature of_, of John Rastell, ii. 200, 453.

_Four Ps_ of Heywood, ii. 445.

_Fous_, _prince des_, i. 373.

Foxe, John, his _Christus Triumphans_, ii. 458.

Francis, St., his divine minstrelsy, i. 46;
and the _praesepe_, ii. 42.

Frazer, J. G., his theory of human sacrifice, i. 134.

_Freewill_ of Henry Cheke, ii. 461.

French influence on English miracle-plays, ii. 108, 146.

Freyja, i. 96, 108.

Freyr, i. 98, 108, 118, 257.

Frîja, i. 108.

_Funambuli_, i. 70.

Functions of heathen gods transferred to saints, i. 98, 109.

‘Funeral of Alleluia,’ i. 186.

Future, curiosity of peasant as to, i. 271.

‘Gaderyng.’ _See_ _Quête_.

_Gaigizons_, folk-custom of, at Autun, i. 313.

Galgacus, hero of folk-play, i. 211.

Games, festival origin of, i. 148.

_Gammer Gurton’s Needle_, ii. 195, 216, 457.

‘Gang-week,’ i. 120.

_Garçon et l’Aveugle, Le_, i. 86.

‘Geese-dancers,’ or disguisers, i. 402.

_Gemeinwoche_, i. 247.

Genesius, St., a converted mime, i. 10;
the patron of minstrels, 42.

_Gentleness and Nobility_, assigned to Heywood, ii. 446.

Geoffrey of St. Albans, his play on St. Catherine, ii. 64, 107.

_Geola_, i. 230.

‘George’ in churches, i. 224.

George, St., his day, i. 114;
in morris-dance, 197;
legend of, 138, 225;
ridings of, 118, 221;
miracle-plays on, 224, ii. 132.

George, St., or Mummers’ play, range of, i. 211, 220;
analysis of, 211;
characters of, 212;
relation to sword-dance, 207, 218;
symbolism of spring in, 218;
relation to Seven Champions, 220;
to St. George ridings, 221;
transferred from spring to mid-winter, 226;
text of, ii. 276.

Gerhoh von Reichersberg, ii. 64, 86, 98.

Germano-Kelts, their feasts, i. 228;
ignorance of solstices, 228;
influence of Rome upon, 232.

_Gesta Grayorum_, i. 417.

_Gestator regis_, i. 68.

_Geta_, ii. 207.

‘Giants’ in folk-festivals, i. 120, 139;
at royal entries, ii. 173.

Gladiators, suppressed, i. 20;
survival of, in minstrelsy, 72.

Glastonbury thorn, i. 252.

Gleeman (_gleómon_), name for _scôp_, i. 28, 30, 34;
survival of, after Conquest, 43, 75.

Gleewood, or harp, i. 29.

_Gloriosi et famosi_, ii. 54.

God, the concept of, i. 104.

Godiva procession at Coventry, i. 119, ii. 163.

_God’s Promises_ of Bale, ii. 448.

‘Golden Mass,’ at Tournai, ii. 67, 318.

_Goliardi_, i. 60, 280, 327, ii. 8, 27, 37, 57, 72.

‘Gooding,’ i. 253.

Γοτθικόν, τό, at Byzantium, i. 273.

_Grange_, _Prince de la_, at Lincoln’s Inn, i. 415.

Green Knight, of Arthurian romance, i. 186.

Gregory the Great, his missionary policy, i. 95.

Grimald, Nicholas, his plays, ii. 194, 218, 450.

Grosseteste, Robert, his harper, i. 56;
against minstrels, 39;
against folk-ludi, 91;
against Feast of Fools, 321;
his name given to Christmas king, 411;
against miracle-plays, ii. 100.

Grotesques, as survivals of sacrifice, i. 142;
in sword-dance, 192;
in morris-dance, 196;
in St. George play, 214.

Gubbio, _Ceri_ procession at, i. 119.

Guenever, her Maying, i. 179.

Guilds, of minstrels, i. 55, ii. 258;
for Feast of Fools, i. 373;
religious and miracle-plays, ii. 87, 118;
and secular plays, 198.
_See_ Corpus Christi Guilds, Craft-guilds, _Puys_, _Sociétés
joyeuses_.

Guiraut de Riquier, his _Supplicatio_, i. 63.

Guisers, i. 227, 402.

Gunpowder day, i. 115.

Guy Fawkes, his day, i. 248, 253, 255.

_Gwyl_, i. 231.

Gyst-ale, i. 179.

Hale, Adan de la, his _jeux_, i. 171, 381.

Halls, interludes in, ii. 188.

Hare, a divine animal, i. 131.

_Harlots_, the, a theatre at Constantinople, i. 16.

Harp, used by minstrels, i. 73.

_Harrowing of Hell_, an _estrif_, i. 80, 83, ii. 74.

Harrowing of Hell, in Easter drama, ii. 73.

Harvest festival, i. 111, 114.

Harvest field, sacrificial customs of, i. 158.

Harvest-lords, i. 143.

Harvest-May, i. 117, 250.

_Hastiludia_, i. 392.

‘Haxey hood,’ on Epiphany, i. 150.

Heads of sacrificed animals worn by worshippers, i. 132;
in folk-custom, 141, 258, 268, 327, 385, 391, &c.

Hearse, i. 277.

Heat-charms. _See_ Sun-charms.

Heathenism, its survival in folk-custom, i. 94, ii. 290, &c.

Heaven-god, i. 105.

‘Heaving,’ at Easter, i. 157.

Hell, Harrowing of, in Easter drama, ii. 73.

Hell, representation of, in miracle-plays, ii. 86, 137, 142.

Heralds of summer, i. 110.

Hereward, Saxon lays of, i. 43, 76.

Herman, Guillaume, unedited play by, ii. 152.

_Herod_, drama of. _See_ _Stella_.

Herod, how acted in miracle-plays, ii. 48, 57, 90, 139.

Herodas, his mimes, i. 2.

Herodias, i. 109.

_Herodis Convivium_, liturgical play of, ii. 61.

Heroic lays sung by minstrels, i. 62.

Herrad von Landsberg, on Feast of Fools, i. 318;
on miracle-plays, ii. 98.

Heywood, John, his interludes, ii. 196, 203, 443.

_Hickscorner_, ii. 200, 453.

Higden, Randulph, probable author of _Chester Plays_, ii. 145, 352.

Higgs, Griffin, his _Christmas Prince_, i. 408.

Hilarius, his liturgical plays, ii. 57, 107.

Hills, cults on, i. 107, 129.

_Histrio_, classical sense of, i. 6. _See_ Minstrels.

_Hiver et de l’Été, Débat de l’_, i. 80, 187.

Hobby-horse, i. 142, 196, 214, 258.

Hockey, at folk-festivals, i. 149, 157.

Hocking, i. 155.

‘Hockney day’ at Hungerford, i. 156.

Hock-tide, i. 154, 187, ii. 264.

_Hodie cantandus_, a Christmas trope, ii. 8.

Hogmanay, i. 254.

Holly, as fertilization spirit, i. 251.

_Holophernes_, alleged play of, ii. 196.

Holophernes, his part in folk-drama, i. 202, 219, 221.

Holy Rood legend in miracle-plays, ii. 127.

Holy water, i. 124.

Holy wells, i. 122.

‘Honour,’ minstrels of, i. 54.

Hood of fools, i. 308, 384.

Hood, Robin, in May-game, i. 174;
origin of, 175;
plays on, 177;
in morris-dance, 195;
in St. George play, 216;
as lord of misrule, ii. 334.

‘Hooding,’ i. 253.

‘Horn-dance’ at Abbot’s Bromley, i. 166.

Horses, sacrificed by Teutons, i. 131;
let blood on St. Stephen’s day, 257.

_Hortulanus_ scene in _Quem quaeritis_, ii. 31.

Household, minstrels in, i. 48;
fool in, 386;
players in, ii. 186.

House-spirits fed at New Year, i. 266.

_How many Miles to Babylon_, i. 152.

Howards, extracts from accounts of, ii. 255.

Hrotsvitha, plays of, ii. 207.

Humanist influence on drama, ii. 181, 206, 214.

Humanity, represented in moralities, ii. 155.

Human sacrifice, its meaning, i. 133;
abolition of, 136;
traces of, in folk-festivals, 143, 260, &c.

Hunt, Christmas, at Inner Temple, i. 415.

Hunters, religion of, i. 106.

‘Husbands’ of miracle-play, ii. 119.

_Iiuleis_, i. 230.

Images, origin of, i. 259.

_Impatient Poverty_, ii. 461.

_Imperator_, lord of misrule, i. 413.

Indian earth-goddess, her festival, i. 149, ii. 266.

_Inductio Autumni_, i. 91.

_Inductio Maii_, i. 91, 172.

_Infanterie Dijonnaise_, i. 373, 384.

Ingelend, Thomas, his _Disobedient Child_, ii. 214, 223, 457.

Innocent III, against Feast of Fools, i. 279, 337, ii. 99.

Innocents’ day, i. 247, 260, 344.
_See_ Boy Bishop.

Inns, interludes in, ii. 189.

Inns of Court, revels at, i. 413;
interludes at, ii. 194.

Interlude, a form of disguising, i. 400;
origin and meaning of name, ii. 181;
chiefly applied to domestic plays, 183;
characteristics of, 188;
public performances of, 189;
by villagers, 192;
by inns of court, 194;
in universities, 194;
in schools, 195;
subject-matter of, 199;
controversial use of, 216;
state regulation of, 220, 225;
inheritance of Elizabethan stage from, 224.

_Interludentes_, ii. 186, 233.

Interludes, players of, ii. 179.
_See_ Actors.

_Interludium de Clerico et Puella_, i. 86, ii. 181, 202;
text of, 324.

_Interlusores_, ii. 186, 233.

_Introit_, tropes to, ii. 8.

_Ioculator Regis_, i. 68.

_Ioculatores_, ii. 230.
_See_ Minstrels.

Iron, not taken from house at New Year, i. 238, 269.

Isaac and Rebecca, liturgical play on, ii. 60.

Italy, special developments of mediaeval drama in, ii. 91.

_Iubilus_, ii. 7.

Ivy, as fertilization spirit, i. 251.

‘Jack i’ the green,’ i. 117.

_Jack Juggler_, ii. 457.

‘Jack o’ Lent,’ i. 186.

‘Jack Straw,’ at Lincoln’s Inn Christmas, i. 414.

Jape, i. 84.

Jerome, St., and theatre, i. 17, 25.

Jesters, i. 68, 386.

_Jeu de la Feuillée_, i. 381.

_Jeu de Robin et Marion_, i. 171.

_Jeu du Pèlerin_, i. 171.

_Jeunesse_, _prince de la_, i. 373.

Jevons, F. B., on human sacrifice, i. 135.

_Jocs-partitz_ (_jeux-partis_), i. 78.

_Joglars_, i. 63.

_John Baptist_ of Bale, ii. 448.

John Baptist, St., his day, i. 126, 241;
_sacre rappresentazioni_ on, at Florence, ii. 94.

John Evangelist, St., his day, i. 247;
feast of priests on, 336.

‘John Jack,’ in St. George play, i. 215.

_John, Tib, and Sir John_ of Heywood, ii. 445.

Jordan, W., his _Creation of the World_, ii. 435.

_Jougleurs._ _See_ Minstrels.

Jugglers, i. 68, 71, ii. 231.

Julian Hospitator, St., patron of minstrels, i. 42.

_Julian the Apostate_, play of, ii. 132.

Julian, the Emperor, his dislike of the theatre, i. 10;
his cult of the Sun, 235.

Justinian, code of, theatrical legislation in, i. 14, 16.

Kalends, of January, the New Year feast of the Roman Empire, i. 237;
hostility of Church to, 244, ii. 290;
relation of, to Christmas, i. 246;
customs of, 250, 262, 266;
_cervulus_ at, 258;
survival of, in Feast of Fools, 329.

Keltic minstrels, i. 76.

Kelts and Teutons, their common civilization, i. 100.

‘Kern-baby,’ i. 117.

King, why slain at festivals, i. 134.

‘King-ale,’ i. 179.

‘King-game,’ varying sense of, i. 173.

_King John_, of Bale, ii. 221, 449.

King of Egypt, in St. George play, i. 217.

Kings, mock, in folk-custom, i. 143, 260;
in singing games, 152, 165;
at May-games, 173;
at _Saturnalia_, 236;
at Feast of Fools, 326;
as Boy Bishops, 368;
of _Sociétés joyeuses_, 373;
as lords of misrule, 403.
_See_ Rex.

Kirchmayer, his plays, ii. 217.

Kite, Bishop, as actor, ii. 193.

Kölbigk, dancers of, i. 162, 272.

Laberius, a mimograph, i. 4, 9.

_Lâc_, i. 160.

‘Lady’ at folk-festivals, i. 173.

_Lais_, i. 74.

‘Lamb-ale,’ i. 179.

Lammas-tide, i. 114.

Laneham, Robert, his account of Hock Tuesday, i. 154, ii. 264.

Langland, William, against minstrels, i. 41.

Langton, Stephen, unedited play by, ii. 152.

‘Largess,’ i. 158.

_Larvae._ _See_ Masks.

Lath, sword of, worn by fool, i. 387.

Latin, known to minstrels, i. 60.

_Laudesi_, ii. 92.

Lazarus, liturgical plays on, ii. 58, 60.

Legends in miracle-plays, ii. 126.

Liberius, not founder of Christmas, i. 239.

_Libertas Decembrica_, i. 236.

Limoges, liturgical dramas at, ii. 44, 45, 53, 61.

‘Little Devil Dout,’ in St. George play, i. 215.

Liturgical drama, origin of, in tropes, ii. 7;
at Easter, 27;
at Christmas, 41;
later developments of, 57;
passes into miracle-play, 69;
in England, 107.
_See_ _Peregrini_, _Prophetae_, _Quem quaeritis_, _Stella_.

Liturgy, dramatic element in, ii. 3.

_Loca_ of religious plays, ii. 79, 83, 136.

Lord mayor’s show, ii. 165.

Lord of misrule. _See_ Misrule, lord of.

Lord’s Prayer, plays of. _See_ _Paternoster_ plays.

Loschi, his _Achilleis_, ii. 212.

Love, as _motif_ of folk-song, i. 169.

_Love_, of Heywood, ii. 444.

Lucas de Barre, blinded for minstrelsy, i. 46;
a _trouvère_, 64.

_Lucrece_, an interlude, ii. 458.

_Ludi_ of folk, attacked by thirteenth-century bishops, i. 90;
their loose morals, 93;
their heathen origin, 94.

_Ludi regis_, i. 393.

_Ludi theatrales_, in churches, condemned, i. 342, ii. 100.

_Ludus_, meaning of term, i. 393, ii. 104.

_Ludus Coventriae_, ii. 124, 126, 145, 146, 152, 416.

_Ludus de Rege et Regina_, i. 91, 172.

_Ludus Septem Sapientum_ of Ausonius, ii. 212.

_Lugnassad_, i. 111, 231.

Luke, St., his day, i. 247.

_Lusor_, meaning of term, ii. 185, 233.

_Lusty Juventus_ of R. Wever, ii. 223, 460.

_Lusus Troiae_, i. 203.

Luther in interludes, ii. 219.

Lutheran drama, ii. 216.

Lydgate, his devices for mummings, i. 396;
claimed as author of miracle-plays, ii. 145;
his verses for Corpus Christi, 161.

Lyndsay, Sir David, his play, ii. 157, 441.

Macro manuscript of plays, ii. 155, 436.

Magdalen, St. Mary, in religious drama, ii. 32, 60, 75, 90, 131, 155.

Magdalen College, Oxford, extracts from accounts of, ii. 248.

_Magi_, drama of. _See_ _Stella_.

Magic and religion, i. 102;
‘sympathetic’ and ‘mimetic,’ 121.

_Magnificence_ of John Skelton, ii. 157, 441.

Magnus, plays of, ii. 207.

Maid Marian, relation of, to Robin Hood legend, i. 175;
in morris-dance, 195.

_Maierolles_, i. 168.

_Maistre_, title for minstrels, i. 47.

‘Making Christ’s bed,’ i. 187.

_Mankind_, ii. 155, 438.

Mannyng, Robert, of Brunne, against minstrels, i. 40;
against folk-_ludi_, 93;
against interludes, ii. 182.

_Marescallus_, title for minstrels, i. 50, ii. 239.

Margaret, St., in St. George ridings, i. 223.

Marham, ‘abbot’ of, at Shrewsbury, i. 173, 383, ii. 252.

_Marienklagen_, ii. 40.

Marion, and Robin, in _pastourelles_, i. 171.

_Marionnettes_, i. 71, ii. 158.

Mark, St., his day, i. 114.

Market place, miracle-plays in, ii. 135.

_Marotte_ of fool, i. 385.

‘Marriage’ of fruit-trees, i. 250.

Marriage of heaven and earth, i. 105, 144, 187.

Marseilles, forbids mimes, i. 7.

Martin, St., his day, i. 230, 247, 256;
as gift-giver, 268.

Masks, in folk-processions, i. 258;
in Feast of Fools, 327;
sacrificial origin of, 391;
sale of, forbidden, 396.

Masques, at Christmas, i. 391;
development of mummings, 401;
origin of name, 402.

Mass, dramatic character of, ii. 3.

_Matres_, i. 231, 264.

_Mattacino_, i. 191.

Maundy Thursday, dramatic ceremony on, ii. 6.

Maxstoke Priory, extracts from accounts of, ii. 244.

May-brides, i. 144.

May-day, origin of, i. 114;
its customs, 116, 126, 140, 173, &c.;
songs of, 168.

May-game, early notices of, i. 173;
nature of, 176;
plays in, 177;
dances at, 178;
decay of, 179;
morris-dance in, 196.

May-garland, i. 117.

May-kings, i. 143.

May-poles, i. 117;
destroyed at Reformation, 180.

May-queens, i. 144.

Mayors, mock, i. 261.

Mead, i. 133.

Medwall, Henry, his plays, ii. 200, 443.

_Mehlweib_, in sword-dance, i. 192.

_Mercator_ in _Quem quaeritis_, ii. 33, 75, 91.

_Meriasek_, _St._, play of, ii. 132, 435.

_Messe à liesse_, i. 304.

Methodius, dialogues of, ii. 206.

Michael III, his riots at Constantinople, i. 327.

Michaelmas, i. 114, 247.

Midsummer day, i. 114, 126;
‘watches’ on, 118, ii. 165.

_Mimae_ play naked at _Floralia_, i. 5.

Mime, a type of farce, in Magna Graecia, i. 2;
in Roman world, 4.

_Mimi_, players in mimes, i. 6;
type of, preserved in minstrelsy, 24, 65, ii. 232;
their modes of entertainment, i. 70;
farces possibly played by, in Middle Ages, 83.

_Mind, Will, and Understanding_, ii. 155, 438.

_Minni_, i. 98, 133, 229, 267.

Minorites, taken for minstrels, i. 57.

Minot, Laurence, i. 76.

Minstrels, origin in Latin _mimus_ and Teutonic _scôp_, i. 25, 33, 58;
disrepute with Saxon churchmen, 31;
with Frankish churchmen, 35;
with mediaeval church, 38;
their sense of their own _infamia_, 42;
their life in mediaeval England, 44;
its seamy side, 48;
in households, 48;
origin of name, 48;
their testimonials, 53;
legal restrictions on their movements, 54;
partial toleration of them by the church, 55;
classification of, by Thomas de Cabham, 59;
professional distinctions amongst, 62;
distinction between composer and executant appears amongst, 63;
many-sidedness of, 66;
decay of, at invention of printing, 68;
various modes of entertainment by, 70;
dramatic tendencies amongst, 77;
at miracle-plays, ii. 140;
become interlude-players, 186;
various names for, 230;
hierarchy of, 238;
guilds of, 258;
courts of, 259.

Miracle-plays, development of, from liturgical plays, ii. 79;
attitude of Church to, 97;
names for, 103;
early notices of, in England, 108;
wide range of, 109, 121;
disliked by Lollards and Reformers, 111;
revived under Mary, 112;
extinction of, 112;
organization of, 113;
processional type of, 133;
where played, 134;
pageants of, 136;
time of playing, 138;
dates for, 138;
style of acting in, 139;
properties of, 141;
books of, 143;
authorship of, 144;
interrelations of, 146;
folk-elements in, 147;
liturgical survivals in, 148;
later developments from, 149;
allegory in, 151;
given in halls, 184;
by travelling companies, 184;
relation of interludes to, 191, 205.
_See_ Corpus Christi, Craft-guilds, Cycles, Guilds, Municipalities,
Parish plays, &c.

_Miracula._ _See_ Miracle-plays.

Misrule, lord of, at folk-festivals, i. 173, 260;
at English and Scottish courts, 403;
George Ferrers as, 405;
at universities, 407;
at inns of court, 413;
in private households, 418.
_See also_ Abbot, Christmas Prince, Kings.

_Missa Praesanctificatorum_, ii. 17.

_Missel des Fous_ at Sens, i. 279.

Mistletoe, as fertilization spirit, i. 251.

Mithraism, i. 235, 242.

Mock bishops. _See_ Bishops of Fools, Boy Bishops.

Mock fights in folk-custom, i. 187.

Mock kings, mayors. _See_ Kings, Mayors.

_Modranicht_, i. 231, 265.

Moors, in morris-dance, i. 199.

Moral licence of folk-festivals, i. 145.

Moralities, origins of, ii. 151;
themes of, 153;
mode of representing, 156;
in interlude form, 199;
list of extant, 436.

More, Sir Thomas, his love of plays, ii. 193.

Morris-dance, in England, i. 195;
relation to May-game, 179, 196;
in Europe, 198;
origin of name, 199;
identity of, with sword-dance, 200;
in St. George play, 219.

Mother-goddess, i. 105.

‘Motions,’ ii. 158.

Mummers, at modern Christmas, i. 227, 402.

Mummers’ play. _See_ St. George play.

Mummings, nature and origin of, i. 393;
devices for, by Lydgate, 396;
pageants in, 397, 399;
development into masques, 401.

_Mundus et Infans_, ii. 155, 439.

Municipal minstrels, or waits, i. 51.

Municipal plays, origin of, in fourteenth century, ii. 109;
under control of corporation, 114;
maintenance of, 115. _See_ Craft-guilds.

Music in minstrelsy, i. 73.

Mussato, his _Ecerinis_, ii. 211.

_Mystères mimés_, ii. 173.

Mystery-play, meaning of term, ii. 105.

Myth in folk-songs, i. 169.

Nakedness, of _mimae_ at _Floralia_, i. 5;
at Feast of Fools, 327;
how represented in miracle-plays, ii. 142.

_Narr_, in sword-dance, i. 192.

Narrative literature of minstrels, i. 74.

Nativity. _See_ Christmas.

_Nature_ of Medwall, ii. 200, 443.

Nebuchadnezzar, episode of, in _Prophetae_, ii. 55.

‘Neck,’ at harvest, i. 117.

_Necromantia_, ii. 455.

‘Need-fire,’ i. 127.

Nehellenia, i. 109.

Neo-Latin drama, ii. 216.

Nero appears in theatre, i. 9.

Nerthus, i. 108, 118, 122.

_Neumae_, ii. 7.

‘New’ fire, i. 229.

‘New’ water, at New Year, i. 255.

New Year, at beginning of winter, i. 228;
on January Kalends, 237;
at Christmas, Annunciation, Easter, 246;
customs of, at Christmas, 246;
at other winter feasts, 247;
festival customs of, 249;
fertilization spirit at, 250;
water and fire rites at, 255;
sacrifice at, 256;
mock kings at, 260;
domestic feast at, 262;
dead commemorated at, 263;
omens at, 269;
play at, 272;
ecclesiastical revels at, 275.
_See_ Kalends.

Newcastle, plays at, ii. 424.

_Nice Wanton_, ii. 223, 460.

Nicholas, St., in sword-dance, i. 195;
his day, 232, 247;
patron of children and schools, 263, 369;
as gift-giver, 268;
relation of Boy Bishop to, 363, 369;
religious plays on, ii. 59, 132.

_Nigramansir_, alleged play of, by Skelton, ii. 440.

_Nigremance_, i. 71.

Njordr, i. 108.

_Noëls_, i. 272.

‘Noise,’ Sneak’s, in Eastcheap, i. 69.

Norwich, plays at, ii. 425.

Notker Labeo translates Terence, ii. 207.

_Nuts in May_, i. 189.

_Oats and Beans and Barley_, i. 189.

_Obstetrices_ in liturgical drama, ii. 41, 46, 126.

Odin, i. 108, 264.

‘_Oes_,’ i. 344.

_Officium_, term for religious play, ii. 103.

_Officium Circumcisionis_, i. 280, 289, 297, ii. 279.

‘Old Father Christmas,’ in St. George play, i. 216.

Omens for New Year, i. 238, 250, 266, 269.

‘Open the Door,’ in St. George play, i. 216.

_Oranges and Lemons_, i. 151.

_Ordinale_, book of miracle-play, ii. 143.

‘Ordinary,’ prompter, ii. 140.

_Ordo_, term for religious play, ii. 103.

‘Originals,’ books of miracle-plays, ii. 114, 143.

Orosius, his attack on the theatre, i. 18.

Owls, sacrifice of, i. 257.

‘Pace-eggers,’ and St. George play, i. 226.

_Paedonomus_, lord of misrule, i. 413.

‘Pageant-masters,’ ii. 116.

Pageants, for miracle-plays, ii. 95, 115, 133;
structure of, 136;
in processions, 161;
in royal entries, 166;
in masques, i. 398, ii. 176.

‘Pagent pencys,’ ii. 116.

‘Pajaunt silver,’ ii. 116.

Palm Sunday, i. 114;
dramatic ceremonies on, ii. 4.

_Palmesel_, i. 333, ii. 5.

Palsgrave, John, his _Acolastus_, ii. 459.

_Pammachius_ of Kirchmayer, ii. 195, 217, 220, 224.

_Pantomimi_, i. 6, 23.

_Parade_ of minstrels, i. 72, 85.

_Parcae_, table laid for, at New Year, i. 266.

_Pardoner and the Friar, The_, of Heywood, ii. 444.

Parish clerks, their plays in London, ii. 119.

Parish plays, frequency of, ii. 109, 121;
organization of, 121;
decay of, 191.

Passion, dramatic recitation of, ii. 5.

Passion play, begins in Good Friday _planctus_, ii. 40;
development of, 75;
in England, 129.

_Pastores_, a Christmas liturgical play, abuses of, i. 343;
origin and absorption of, ii. 41.

_Pastourelles_, i. 78, 171.

_Paternoster_ plays, ii. 120, 154.

Patriarch of Fools, i. 303, 326, 329. _See_ Feast of Fools.

_Pauli Conversio_, liturgical play of, ii. 61.

_Pèlerin_, _Jeu du_, i. 85.

Perchta, i. 109, 264, 266.

Percy, bishop, his view of minstrelsy, i. 66.

_Peregrini_, an Easter liturgical drama, ii. 36, 107.

_Personnages_, _joueurs de_, ii. 198.

Pestilence, charms for, i. 127, 140.

Petrarch, his _Philologia_, ii. 212.

_Pfingstl_, in folk-drama, i. 185.

Philistion, his mimes, i. 4.

Pickle Herring, i. 208.

Pilate, in religious drama, ii. 38, 139.

_Planctus_, in religious drama, ii. 33, 40, 44, 75, 129.

_Platea_, in religious plays, ii. 80, 135.

‘Play,’ in sense of ‘jest,’ i. 84.

Play, instinct of, i. 147;
at village festivals, 147;
at New Year, 272.

Play-books, ii. 143.

‘Player,’ meaning of term, ii. 185, 233.

Player-chambers, ii. 188.

Players. _See_ Actors.

Plays. _See_ Comedy, Drama, Interludes, Liturgical Drama,
Miracle-plays, Moralities, Passion plays, St. George play, Tragedy,
&c.

Plough Monday, i. 114, 121, 150, 209;
folk-plays on, 207.
_See_ Ship processions.

Ploughing charm of Anglo-Saxons, i. 108, 167.

Ploughing festival, i. 111, 114.

Politics, in minstrelsy, i. 45, 76;
in interludes, ii. 219.

Polytheism, origin of, i. 107.

Pope of Fools, i. 302, 326.
_See_ Feast of Fools.

_Praesepe._ _See_ Crib.

_Praestigiatores_, i. 7, 71.

Prayer in folk-song, i. 167;
at end of interludes, ii. 189.

Pre-Aryan elements in folk-lore, i. 101.

_Pride of Life_, ii. 155, 436.

Priests, feast of, on St. John’s day, i. 336.

Printing, the ruin of minstrelsy, i. 68.

_Prisio_, a sacrificial forfeit, i. 156, 298.

Privy council, plays regulated by, ii. 223, 225.

_Procession noire_, at Evreux, i. 378.

Processional dances, i. 164.

Processional miracle-plays, ii. 95, 133, 160.

Processions, at folk-festivals, i. 118, ii. 165;
at Kalends, 237;
at Feast of Fools, 327;
at religious feasts, i. 222, ii. 160;
in cities, 165;
called ‘pageants,’ 176.
_See_ Corpus Christi procession, Ridings.

‘Prodigal Son’ motive in drama, ii. 217.

Prompters, ii. 140, 144.

‘Properties’ of miracle-plays, ii. 141.

Prophet, on Palm Sunday, ii. 5.

_Prophetae_, liturgical drama of, and Feast of Fools, i. 109, ii. 56;
origin and development of, ii. 52, 70;
in England, 67, 107.

_Prosae_, i. 277, ii. 8.

‘Prose of the Ass,’ i. 282, 284, 287, 309, 312, 329, 331;
text of, ii. 279.

Publilius Syrus, a mimograph, i. 4.

_Pulcinella_, ii. 159.

_Pulpita_, ii. 135.

_Punch and Judy_, ii. 159.

Punishments, survivals of folk-custom in, i. 152.

Puppet-shows, i. 71, ii. 157.

Puritans, dislike minstrelsy, i. 41;
dislike May-day, 168, 180;
dislike _sepulchrum_, ii. 24;
dislike miracle-plays, 103, 111;
dislike interludes, 99, 111, 216.

Purpoole, Prince of, at Gray’s Inn, i. 416.

_Puy_, a bourgeois institution, i. 65;
minstrels in, i. 376, ii. 258;
relation of, to Feast of Fools, i. 376;
in London, i. 376, ii. 198;
secular plays acted by, i. 172, 376, ii. 197;
miracle-plays acted by, ii. 87.

_Pyrrhicha_, i. 7, 203.

Quack. _See_ Doctor.

‘Queen’ at folk-festivals, i. 170, 173, 261.

_Quem quaeritis_, an Easter trope, ii. 9;
at Winchester, 12;
becomes a drama, 15, 306;
relation of, to Easter sepulchre, 16, 25;
a _Visitatio sepulchri_, 25;
precedes _Te Deum_ at Matins, 26;
varieties of custom, 26;
texts of, 26;
doubtful origin of, 27;
diffusion of, 27;
development of, 28;
_Victimae paschali_ in, 29;
the Maries scenes, 30;
the Apostles scene, 30;
the risen Christ or _Hortulanus_ scene, 31;
_planctus_ in, 32;
_unguentarius_ in, 33;
staging of, 34;
remains part of liturgy, 35;
folk and religious Easter motives in, 36;
in England, 107;
text of Dublin version, 315.

_Querolus_, ii. 207.

_Quêtes_, at folk-festivals, i. 119, 156, 176, 209, 217, 253, 257,
263, &c.;
songs for, 168;
by Boy Bishop, 356, ii. 287;
for miracle-plays, ii. 117.

_Rabardiaux_, procession of, at Laon, i. 303.

Races, at folk-festivals, i. 148.

_Rachel_, liturgical drama of, ii. 44.

Radclif, Ralph, plays by, ii. 196, 205, 218.

Raherus, a minstrel, founds St. Bartholomew’s, i. 48.

Rain-charms, i. 103, 121, 255, 327.

‘Ram-raisings,’ at folk-festivals, i. 91, 148.

Rastell, John, his stage at Finsbury, ii. 183;
his _Nature of the Four Elements_, 200, 453.

Ravisius Textor, his dialogues, ii. 214.

Reading, the habit of, a rival to minstrelsy, i. 65, 68;
plays used for, ii. 186.

_Reconciliation of the Heavenly Virtues_, a theme of moralities, ii.
152.

Redford, John, his _Wit and Science_, ii. 200, 454.

Refectory, religious plays in, ii. 86.

Reformation, controversial use of drama at, ii. 216. _See_ Puritans.

_Refrain_ in folk-songs, i. 171.

_Registrum_, ii. 143.

Religion, of Kelto-Teutons, its origin, i. 99;
and magic, 102;
higher elements of, 146.

Religious controversy in interludes, ii. 216.

_Remember us poor Mayers all_, i. 169.

_Repraesentatio_, term for religious play, ii. 104, 210.

Representations of miracle-plays, list of, ii. 329.

_Responsorium_, nature of, ii. 6.

_Respublica_, ii. 460.

Resurrection, treatment of, in Easter drama, ii. 38, 73;
plays on, in England, 129.
_See_ _Quem quaeritis_, _Peregrini_.

Resurrection motive, in folk-drama, i. 185;
in sword-dance, 207;
in St. George play, 213, 218.

Revels, at court, i. 393;
master of, 399, 404.

Revesby, Plow Boys’ play at, i. 207.

_Rex_, of minstrels, i. 50, ii. 232, 238, 259;
_aestivalis_, 173;
_Saturnalitius_, 236.
_See_ Kings.

‘Riding the stang,’ i. 152.

‘Ridings,’ on festivals, i. 221, ii. 160.

‘Risin’ and buryin’ Peter,’ i. 187.

Ritson, Joseph, his view of minstrelsy, i. 66.

Ritwise, John, ii. 196, 215, 219.

‘_Robene hude_,’ a dance, i. 178.

Robert of Sicily, plays on, ii. 151, 205.

Robin and Marion, in _pastourelles_, i. 171, 175.

_Robin Conscience_, ii. 461.

Robin Hood, in May-game, i. 174;
legend of, 175;
plays on, 177, ii. 205.

Robin Hood’s ale, i. 179.

Rogations, i. 114, 119.

_Roi._ _See_ _Rex_.

_Roi d’Angleterre, et le Jougleur d’Ely, Le_, i. 85.

_Roister Doister_ of Udall, ii. 215, 452.

Romance, in interludes, ii. 205.

_Romans d’aventure_, i. 74.

_Rondes_, i. 165.

Roo, Thomas, play by, ii. 194, 219.

‘Room,’ in St. George play, i. 216.

_Round the Mulberry Bush_, i. 189.

Rounds, for miracle-plays, ii. 85, 123, 135.

Royal household. _See_ Household.

Royal Oak day, i. 115.

Rushbearing, i. 114, 168.

Rutebeuf, a typical minstrel, i. 48, 65;
his _Chariot et le Barbier_, 79;
his _Dit de l’Erberie_, 83, 85.

Sabra, in St. George play, i. 217.

_Sacci_, in Twelve nights, i. 215, 268.

_Sacrament_, Croxton play of, ii. 133, 427.

_Sacre rappresentazioni_, ii. 92.

Sacrifice, attitude of Christianity to, i. 98;
types of, 130;
ceremonies at, 132, ii. 266;
survivals of, in folk-custom, i. 139, 256;
at beginning of winter, 229;
in athletics, 148;
in singing games, 151;
in forfeits, 157;
in sword-dance, 203;
in St. George play, 218;
heads and skins of victims, worn by worshippers at, 166, 258, 385,
391.
_See_ Masks.

Saint Gall, song-school of, i. 338.

Saint Magnus’ church, Kölbigk, legend of dancers at, i. 162.

Saint Paul’s, two schools at, and their plays, ii. 196, 203, 219.

Saints, legends of, sung by minstrels, i. 62;
religious plays on, ii. 97, 123, 132.

_Salii_, dance of, i. 203.

_Saltatores_, i. 71.

_Samhain_, i. 111, 230, 234.

_Satura_, early type of Italian farce, i. 2.

_Saturnalia_, i. 235, 330.

_Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis_ of Sir David Lyndsay, ii. 157, 441.

‘Sawing the Old Woman,’ i. 183.

Scaffolds for miracle-plays, ii. 136.

Scapegoat, i. 184.

Scenic arrangements of religious plays, ii, 79, 83.

School-drama of humanists, ii. 214.

Schoolmaster, his influence on folk-drama. _See_ Holophernes.

Schools, Boy Bishop in, i. 362, 413;
interludes in, ii. 195;
recitations in, during Middle Ages, 212.

_Schul-Bischof_, i. 369.

Scilling, a _scôp_, i. 29.

Scogan, John, his _comoediae_, ii. 211.

_Scolae ministrallorum_, i. 53.

_Scolares vagantes._ _See_ _Goliardi_.

_Scôp_, of Teutons, i. 25, 34;
relation of, to _comitatus_, 27;
in England, 28.

_Scotales_, i. 91.

_Scurra_, ii. 233.

Secular plays, on lines of miracle-plays, ii. 150.

Secularization of religious drama, ii. 69.

_Sedes_ of religious plays, ii. 79, 83, 136.

Seneca, his tragedies, i. 3;
at Renascence, ii. 211, 216.

Sepulchre at Easter, in _Concordia Regularis_, ii. 16;
doubtful origin of, 18;
vogue of, in England, 19;
varying ceremonies of, 19;
host laid in, 21;
structure of, 21;
light and watch before, 23;
at Reformation, 24;
at Durham, 310;
at Salisbury, 312.

_Sequentiae_, ii. 8.

_Sermons joyeuses_, i. 381, ii. 157, 203.

Seven Champions of Christendom, in sword-dance, i. 194;
in St. George play, 220.

Sex-costume, change of, at festivals, i. 144, 214, 216, 218, 238,
262, 327, &c.

Sexagesimal calendar. _See_ Three-score-day-tide calendar.

Sex-cults, i. 105, 144, 159.

Shakespeare, folk-lore of, in _Hamlet_, i. 267;
his fools, 388.

Shaven heads of minstrels, i. 45.

‘Ship,’ for play of _Noah_, ii. 136.

Ship processions, i. 121;
play on Noah attached to, ii. 119, 131.

Shoes, capture of, i. 157.

‘Shows’ of craft-guilds, ii. 162.

Shrewsbury, fragments of religious plays found at, ii. 90;
extracts from corporation accounts of, 250.

Shrovetide, i. 114, 150, 157, 163, 382, &c.
_See_ Carnival.

Sibyl, in _Prophetae_, ii. 53.

Sidney, Philip, moved by minstrelsy, i. 69.

_Sigillaria_, i. 236.

_Signs of Judgement_, ii. 53.

Singing games, survival of sacrifice in, i. 151;
dance in, 165;
drama in, 189.

_Sir Roger de Coverley_, a dance, i. 165.

Skalds, of Scandinavia, i. 43.

Skelton, John, his plays, ii. 157, 440.

‘Skimmington riding,’ i. 153.

Skins, ceremonial wearing of. _See_ Sacrifice.

‘Slasher,’ in St. George play, i. 212.

Sleeping Beauty, i. 187.

Smith, John, his _Destruction of Jerusalem_, ii. 132, 145.

Smith, W. Robertson, on sacrifice, i. 130, 135.

_Sociétés joyeuses_, i. 373;
at summer feasts, 377;
and _charivari_, 153, 379;
play farces, _sotties_, _sermons joyeuses_, 379;
traces of, in England, 383.

_Sol Invictus_, i. 234;
feast of, chosen for Christmas, 238, 241.

Solstices, unknown to Germano-Kelts, i. 113, 228;
feast on, at Rome, 234;
relation to Christian feasts, 241.

_Somebody, Avarice, and Minister_, ii. 223, 461.

Song, relation of, to dance, i. 161;
at folk-festivals, 163;
_motifs_ of, 166;
at Christmas, 273.
_See_ _Caroles_, _Chansons_.

Songs in miracle-plays, ii. 140, 144.

Sophron, his mimes, i. 2.

_Sotelties_, i. 224, ii. 397.

_Sots._ _See_ Fools.

_Sotties_, i. 381, ii. 203.

‘Souling,’ i. 253.

Sources of miracle-plays, ii. 126.

_Spectacula_, a preoccupation of Roman Empire, i. 3, 13, 16, 19, 21.
_See_ Actors, Drama, Theatre.

_Speculum Stultorum_ of Wireker, i. 382.

Spirits, cult of, in primitive religion, i. 103;
evil, expulsion of, 184;
wanderings of, in Twelve nights, 267.

_Sponsus_, liturgical play of, ii. 61.

Spring, distinguished from summer, i. 111;
savour of, in folk-song, 167;
symbolized in folk-drama, 183, 219.

Sprinkling at folk-festivals, i. 122.

‘Squire,’ name for ‘fool,’ i. 142, 198.

Squire minstrel, ii. 239, 263.

‘Squire’s son,’ i. 194.

Squirrels, sacrifice of, i. 257.

Stage of miracle-plays, ii. 85, 136.

‘Standing’ play, ii. 134.

‘Stang,’ i. 152.

‘Star,’ at Epiphany, ii. 44.

Stationary miracle-plays, ii. 122, 134.

‘Stations’ for miracle-plays, ii. 115, 138.

_Statutes of Labourers_, effect of, on minstrelsy, i. 54.

_Stella_, liturgical drama of, at Epiphany, ii. 44;
absorbs _Rachel_ and _Pastores_, 48;
textual development of, 51;
a dramatized _offertorium_, 52;
later forms of, 69, 129;
merged with _Prophetae_, 72.

Stephen, St., his day, i. 247;
feast of deacons on, 336.

Stercatherus, in sword-dance, i. 195.

Stevenson, William, probable author of _Gammer Gurton’s Needle_, ii.
195, 216, 457.

_Strenae_, i. 238, 250, 253, 263, 268, 271.

_Stulti._ _See_ Fools.

_Stultorum feriae_, i. 335.

Sub-deacons, feast of, i. 323, 335.
_See_ Fools, Feast of.

_Sumer is icumen in_, i. 168.

Summer, beginning of, i. 110;
festivals of, 114, 126, 173;
in folk-drama, 183;
_sociétés joyeuses_ in, 377.

Summer-kings, i. 143, 173.
_See_ Kings.

_Summoning of Everyman._ _See_ _Everyman_.

Sun, dance of, at Easter, i. 129;
cults of, at Rome, 234.

Sun-charms, i. 121, 124, 255.

_Suscitatio Lazari_, liturgical plays of, ii. 58, 60.

Sword-dance, historic notices of, i. 190, ii. 270;
range of, in British isles, i. 192;
rhymes and personages of, 192, ii. 272;
identity of, with morris-dance, i. 195;
sacrificial rather than military, 201;
figures of, 203;
mock death in, 206;
continuity of, with folk-dramas, 207;
relation of, to _Fastnachtspiele_, 382.

_Tabour_, i. 73.

_Taboureurs_, _Dit des_, i. 63.

_Tabula_, i. 282.

Taillefer, his minstrelsy at Senlac, i. 43.

Tanfana, i. 108.

_Tcharnican_, i. 133.

Temporary kings, i. 137, 143. _See_ Kings.

_Temptation_ of Bale, ii. 448.

_Tenebrae_, a dramatic ceremony, ii. 6.

_Tensons_ (_tençons_), i. 78.

_Tenti_ of religious plays, ii. 135.

Terence, vogue of, in Middle Ages, ii. 207.

_Terens in Englysh._ _See_ _Andria_.

_Terentius et Delusor_, i. 85, ii. 208;
text of, 326.

Tertullian, against stage, i. 1, 11;
against Kalends, 238.

Testimonials to travelling minstrels, i. 53.

Teutons and Kelts, their common folk-lore, i. 100.

Texts of miracle-plays, ii. 124;
authorship of, 144;
interrelations of, 146.

_Thaleia_ of Arius, i. 13.

_Theatrales ludi_, condemned by Innocent III, i. 279, ii. 100;
by Paris theologians, i. 295.

Theatre, in Greek and Roman world, i. 1;
censured by pagan moralists, 9;
and by Christian Fathers, 10;
sympathy of Arius for, 13;
at Constantinople (fourth to seventh centuries), 15;
fall of, in East, 17;
at Trèves, Carthage, Ravenna, Rome, Narbonne (fifth century), 18;
under Theodoric the Ostrogoth at Rome (sixth century), 19;
fall of, in West, 21;
literary mention of, in twelfth century, 81;
mediaeval, at Paris and Exeter, 383, ii. 190.

Theodora, mime and Empress, i. 16.

Theodosius, _Code_ of, theatrical legislation in, i. 12.

_Thersites_, ii. 214, 456.

Thetford Priory, extracts from accounts of, ii. 245.

Thévenin de St. Leger, his tomb, i. 386.

Thomas the Apostle, St., his day, i. 247.

Thomas the Martyr, St., pageant of, ii. 164.

‘Thomasing,’ i. 253.

Thor, i. 107.

Thorns, flowering at Christmas, i. 252.

_Thread the Needle_, i. 165.

Three-score-day-tide calendar, i. 152, 229.

Threshing-floor, sacrificial customs of, i. 158.

_Thrie Estaitis._ _See_ _Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis_.

_Three Laws_ of Bale, ii. 449.

_Through the Needle Eye_, i. 152.

Tillage, effect of, on calendar, i. 232.

Tiwaz, i. 105.

_Tobit_, play of, ii. 131.

_Tollite portas_, ii. 4, 5, 20, 36, 74.

_Tombeor de Notre Dame_, i. 42.

_Tombeors_, i. 70.

‘Tommy’ in sword-dance, i. 192.

Topographical list of miracle-plays, ii. 329.

Tops, whipped on festivals, i. 128.

_Tower of London_, i. 152.

_Towneley Plays_, ii. 124, 412.

Tragedy, extinction of classical, i. 2, ii. 206;
mediaeval conception of, 209;
humanist revival of, 211;
in Tudor interlude, 216.

Transformation of intention in folk-customs, i. 122, 124, 130, 138,
147.

_Transformations_, i. 170.

Travelling of miracle-plays, ii. 122.

_Tregetours_, i. 71.

_Tres Reges_, drama of. _See_ _Stella_.

_Tretise of miraclis pleyinge_, i. 84, ii. 102.

Triads of divinities, i. 107, 231.

_Tribunus voluptatum_, i. 15, 21, ii. 229.

_Triduum_, relation of, to Feast of Fools, i. 323;
feasts of, 336;
early notices of, 338;
at St. Gall, 338;
at Winchester, 339;
during Middle Ages, 339;
abuses of, 340;
at Wells, 342;
at Exeter, 342.

Trimalchio, his Atellane, i. 5.

_Trimousette_, i. 170.

Trinity Sunday, i. 114.

_Tripudia_, in churches, i. 275, 326, 336.

Triumphs, i. 393, ii. 176.

_Trobaires_, i. 63.

_Troparia_, ii. 8.

Tropes, origin and nature of, ii. 7;
dialogue in, 8.

_Trouvères_, their relation to minstrels, i. 64.

‘Tug-of-war,’ at folk-festivals, i. 149.

Tumblers, i. 70.

Turkish Knight, in St. George play, i. 212.

‘Tutti men,’ at Hungerford, i. 156.

Twelfth Night. _See_ Epiphany.

Twelve nights, origin of, i. 244;
spirits abroad in, 267;
influence of, on months of year, 269.

Udall, Nicholas, his plays, ii. 144, 192, 196, 215, 218, 451.

_Ululatus_, ii. 7.

_Unguentarius_ in _Quem quaeritis_, ii. 33, 38.

Unidentified miracle-plays, ii. 432.

Universities, lord of misrule at, i. 407;
interludes at, ii. 194.

Unreason, ‘abbot’ of, i. 403.

_Vagantes_, _scolares_. _See_ _Goliardi_.

Vernacular in religious plays, ii. 58, 61, 89.

Vestments used in miracle-plays, ii. 117.

_Vexillatores_, ii. 141, 156.

Vicars choral, and Feast of Fools, i. 324.

‘Vice,’ name for ‘fool,’ i. 387, ii. 203;
at miracle-plays, 141, 205;
in interludes, 203;
costume of, 205.

_Vice and Virtue, Conflict of_, a theme of moralities, ii. 153.

_Victimae paschali_, ii. 29;
in _Quem quaeritis_, 30.

_Vielle_, i. 73.

Village festivals, presence of the fertilization spirit at, i. 116,
250;
processions at, 118, 253;
images at, 120;
rain-charms at, 121, 255;
sun-charms at, 124, 255;
sacrifice at, 132, 276, ii. 266;
play at, i. 146;
dance at, 160, 272;
mock king at, 172, 260;
folk-drama at, 183.

Virgil, in _Prophetae_, ii. 53.

_Visitatio sepulchri._ _See_ _Quem quaeritis_.

Visors. _See_ Masks.

_Vota_, i. 237.

Waits, i. 51.

Wakes, i. 114, 247.

Wantonness at folk-festivals, i. 93, 145, 169.

War, in early cult, i. 26.

Wassail, i. 254, 260.

Watches at midsummer, i. 118, ii. 165.

Water-charms. _See_ Rain-charms.

Watson, Edward, comedy by, ii. 194.

Watson, Thomas, his _Absalon_, ii. 195, 458.

_Wealth and Health_, ii. 461.

_Weather_ of Heywood, ii. 445.

Well-dressing, i. 120, 124.

Wells, cult of fertilization spirit at, i. 122.

Werwolf, i. 267.

‘Wesley-bob,’ i. 253.

Wever, R., his _Lusty Juventus_, ii. 223, 460.

Wheel, as sun-charm, i. 128.

Whipping, at Easter, i. 157;
at Christmas, 260;
at Feast of Fools, 327.

‘Whipping Toms,’ at Leicester, i. 157.

White smocks worn in folk-dances, i. 200.

‘Whitepot’ queen, i. 174.

Whitsuntide, i. 114, 141, 173, 179;
dramatic ceremonies at, ii. 66;
miracle-plays at, 94, 138.

_Widsith_, i. 28.

‘Wild hunt,’ i. 264, 267.

‘Wild man,’ i. 185.

Winchester College, extracts from accounts of, ii. 246.

_Winileodi_, i. 170.

Winter, beginning of, i. 110, 228, 249;
represented in folk-drama, 183, 220;
Roman feasts during, 234.

_Wit and Science_ of John Redford, ii. 200, 454.

Witch-trials, heathenism in, i. 98.

_Withershins_, i. 129, 165.

_Witty and Witless_ of Heywood, ii. 446.

Wodan, i. 108.

‘Wod-woz,’ i. 185, 392.

Woman, sawing the old, i. 183.

Women, primitive agricultural cult by, i. 106;
position of, in village festivals, 144.
_See_ Sex-costume.

Work, begun on feast day, i. 269.

_World and the Child, The._ _See_ _Mundus et Infans_.

Worship, dramatic element in, ii. 3.

Worthies, the six, in sword-dance, i. 195.

_Would you know how doth the farmer?_, i. 189.

Wren, sacrifice of, i. 132, 257.

Wrestling at folk-festivals, i. 148.

Wyclifites, against minstrelsy, i. 40;
against miracle-plays, ii. 102.

Wylley, Thomas, his plays, ii. 220.

Year. _See_ Calendar, New Year’s day, Spring, Summer, Winter.

_York Plays_, ii. 409.

‘Youling,’ i. 120, 142, 260.

_Youth_, ii. 200, 453.

Yule, derivation of name, i. 230.

Yule-log, i. 262, 267.

Yule-straw, i. 250.

THE END