Chapter III (3)

Such as the reader can imagine the medicine-man to be from this description of his paraphernalia, such he has been since the white man first landed in America. Never desirous of winning proselytes to his own ideas, he has held on to those ideas with a tenacity never suspected until purposely investigated. The first of the Spanish writers seem to have employed the native terms for the medicine-men, and we come across them as cemis or zemis, bohiti, pachuaci, and others; but soon they were recognized as the emissaries of Satan and the preachers of witchcraft, and henceforth they appear in the documents as "hechicheros" and "brujos" almost exclusively. "Tienan los Apaches profetas ó adivinos que gozan de la mas alta estimacion. Esos adivinos pratican la medicina lamas rudimental, la aplicacion de algunas yerbas y esto acompañado de ceremonias y cantos supersticiosos."[745] Pimentel seems to have derived his information from Cordero, a Spanish officer who had served against the Apache at various times between 1770 and 1795, and seemed to understand them well.

"There was no class of persons who so widely and deeply influenced the culture and shaped the destiny of the Indian tribes as their priests. In attempting to gain a true conception of the race's capacities and history there is no one element of their social life which demands closer attention than the power of these teachers.... However much we may deplore the use they made of their skill, we must estimate it fairly and grant it its due weight in measuring the influence of the religious sentiment on the history of man."[746]

"Like Old Men of the Sea, they have clung to the neck of their nations, throttling all attempts at progress, binding them to the thraldom of superstition and profligacy, dragging them down to wretchedness and death. Christianity and civilization meet in them their most determined, most implacable foes."[747]

In spite of all the zeal and vigilance of the Spanish friars, supported by military power, the Indians of Bogotá clung to their idolatry. Padre Simon cites several instances and says tersely: "De manera que no lo hay del Indio que parece mas Cristiano y ladino, de que no tenga ídolos á quien adore, como nos lo dice cada dia la experiencia." (So that there is no Indian, no matter how well educated he may appear in our language and the Christian doctrine, who has not idols which he adores, as experience teaches us every day.)[748]

"The Indian doctor relied far more on magic than on natural remedies. Dreams, beating of the drum, songs, magic feasts and dances, and howling to frighten the female demon from the patient, were his ordinary methods of cure."[749]

In a very rare work by Padre José de Arriaga, published in Lima, 1621, it is shown that the Indians among whom this priest was sent on a special tour of investigation were still practicing their old idolatrous rites in secret. This work may be found quoted in Montesinos, Mémoires sur l'Ancien Pérou, in Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 17; the title of Arriaga's work is Extirpacion de la Idolatría de los Indios del Peru. Arriaga also states that the functions of the priesthood were exercised by both sexes.

It will only be after we have thoroughly routed the medicine-men from their intrenchments and made them an object of ridicule that we can hope to bend and train the mind of our Indian wards in the direction of civilization. In my own opinion, the reduction of the medicine-men will effect more for the savages than the giving of land in severalty or instruction in the schools at Carlisle and Hampton; rather, the latter should be conducted with this great object mainly in view: to let pupils insensibly absorb such knowledge as may soonest and most completely convince them of the impotency of the charlatans who hold the tribes in bondage.

Teach the scholars at Carlisle and Hampton some of the wonders of electricity, magnetism, chemistry, the spectroscope, magic lantern, ventriloquism, music, and then, when they return to their own people, each will despise the fraud of the medicine-men and be a focus of growing antagonism to their pretensions. Teach them to love their own people and not to despise them; but impress upon each one that he is to return as a missionary of civilization. Let them see that the world is free to the civilized, that law is liberty.

FOOTNOTES:

[533] Relation of the Voyage of Don Fernando Alarcon, in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. 3, p. 508.

[534] Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 288.

[535] Davis, ibid., pp. 280, 284, 285.

[536] Ibid., pp. 277, 292.

[537] Catlin, North American Indians, London, 1845, vol. 2, p. 117.

[538] Tanner's Narrative, p. 188.

[539] Journal, p. 289.

[540] North American Indians, London, 1845, vol. 1, p. 135.

[541] Schultze, Fetichism, New York, 1885, p. 32, quoting Bastian.

[542] Coxe, Russian Discoveries between America and Asia, London, 1803, p. 254.

[543] Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, pp. xxix, 112.

[544] Ibid., vol. 1, p. 68.

[545] Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, Philadelphia, 1844, pp. 67, 72, 74.

[546] Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, Amsterdam, 1739, vol. 2, pp. 28, 29.

[547] Ibid., p. 29.

[548] Higgins, Anacalypsis, vol. 2, book 2, p. 77.

[549] Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, Philadelphia, 1844, p. 61. See also Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 93.

[550] Citations, Common place Book, p. 395, London, 1872.

[551] Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, pp. 310, 311.

[552] Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 310.

[553] Holiday Customs of Ireland, pp. 381 et seq.

[554] Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 325.

[555] Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 10, p. 56.

[556] Massingberd, The English Reformation, London, 1857, p. 105.

[557] Mendieta, p. 110.

[558] Vol. 3, cap. 5, p. 234.

[559] Herrera, dec. 2, lib. 6, p. 141.

[560] Kingsborough, vol. 7, chap. 4.

[561] Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1233.

[562] Ibid.

[563] Fables and Rites of the Incas, Padre Christoval de Molina (Cuzco, 1570-1584), transl. by Clements R. Markham, Hakluyt Society trans., vol. 48, London, 1873, p. 48.

[564] The common people wore a black "llautu." See Garcilaso, Comentarios, Markham's transl., Hak. Soc., vol. 41, pp. 88, 89.

[565] Ibid., p. 85.

[566] Ibid., p. 89.

[567] "Quando vàn à sembrar las Tierras del Sol, vàn solos los Principales à trabajar, i vàn con insignias blancas, i en las espaldas unos Cordones tendidos blancos, à modo de Ministros del Altar."--Herrera, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 6, pp. 94-95.

[568] Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, p. 92.

[569] Montfaucon, L'antiquité expliquée, tome 2, pt. 1, p. 33.

[570] Hawkesworth, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 229.

[571] Voyage to Congo, in Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 16, p. 237.

[572] Pinkerton, Voyages, vol. 16, p. 388.

[573] Speke, Source of the Nile, London, 1863, p. 125.

[574] London, 1877, vol. 2, p. 131.

[575] Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, vol. 2, p. 330.

[576] Schweinfurth, Heart of Africa, London, 1873, vol. 1, p. 154.

[577] Winstanley, Abyssinia, vol. 2, p. 68.

[578] This cord is worn about the neck. Ibid., p. 257.

[579] Ibid., vol. 1, p. 235.

[580] Ibid., vol. 2, p. 132.

[581] Ibid., p. 165.

[582] Ibid., p. 292.

[583] Malte-Brun, Universal Geography, vol. 4, p. 259, Phila., 1832.

[584] Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 2, p. 640.

[585] Nightingale, quoted in Madden, Shrines and Sepulchres, vol. 1, pp. 557, 558.

[586] Leems, Account of Danish Lapland, in Pinkerton, Voyages, London, 1808, vol. 1, p. 471.

[587] Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 5. See also John Scheffer, Lapland, Oxford, 1674, p. 58.

[588] Act IV, scene 1.

[589] Benjamin, Persia, London, 1877, p. 99.

[590] Cérémonies et Coûtumes, vol. 7, p. 320.

[591] Du Halde, History of China, London, 1736, vol. 4, pp. 244, 245, and elsewhere.

[592] Higgins, Anacalypsis, vol. 2, p. 218.

[593] Vining, An Inglorious Columbus, p. 635.

[594] Du Halde, History of China, London, 1736, vol. 1, p. 270.

[595] Univ. Geog., vol. 3, book 75, p. 144, Phila., 1832.

[596] Brinton, Myths of the New World, N. Y., 1868, p. 15.

[597] Early History of Mankind, London, 1870, p. 156.

[598] Voyages, vol. 3, p. 102.

[599] Shâyast lâ-Shâyast, cap. 4, pp. 285, 286. In Sacred Books of the East, Max Müller's edition, vol. 5.

[600] Monier Williams, Modern India, p. 56.

[601] Ibid., pp. 179, 180.

[602] Cérémonies et Coûtumes, vol. 7, p. 28.

[603] Marco Polo, Travels, in Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 7, p. 163.

[604] Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 99.

[605] Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., vol. 2, lib. 50, p. 235, Philadelphia, 1832.

[606] Dr. J. L. August Von Eye, The history of culture, in Iconographic Encyc., Philadelphia, 1886, vol. 2, p. 169.

[607] Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 120.

[608] Ibid., pp. 240-241.

[609] Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 328.

[610] Ibid., p. 323.

[611] Dubois, People of India, p. 9.

[612] Mythology of the Hindus.

[613] Mythology of the Hindus, pp. 9, 10, 11.

[614] Ibid., p. 92.

[615] Ibid., p. 155.

[616] Ibid., pp. 135, 154, 155.

[617] Maurice, Indian Antiquities, London, 1801, vol. 5, p. 205.

[618] Ibid., vol. 4, p. 375, where a description of the mode of weaving and twining is given.

[619] Ibid., p. 376.

[620] Ibid., vol. 5, p. 206.

[621] Notes of Richard Johnson, Voyages of Sir Hugh Willoughby and others to the northern part of Russia and Siberia, Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 1, p. 63.

[622] Caron's account of Japan in Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 7, p. 631.

[623] Rev. Father Dandini's Voyage to Mount Libanus, in Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 10, p. 286.

[624] Henry Charles Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, vol. 1, p. 92, New York, 1888.

[625] Müller, Sacred Books of the East, vol. 14, Vasish_th_a, cap. 2, par 6.

[626] Ibid., Baudhâyana, prasna 1, adhyâya 5, kandikâ 8, pars. 5-10, p. 165.

[627] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. 1, pp. xli-xliii.

[628] Ibid., p. xliii.

[629] Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 2, pp. 108,109.

[630] Browne, Religio Medici, p. 392.

[631] Brand, op. cit., p. 110.

[632] Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 22.

[633] Ibid., lib. 28, cap. 17.

[634] Ibid.

[635] Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1169.

[636] Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, London, 1827, vol. 1, p. 91; vol. 2, pp. 288, 290.

[637] Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, London, 1827, vol. 1, p. 91; vol. 2, p. 290.

[638] Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 10, pp. 69-73.

[639] Dæmonology, p. 100.

[640] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 3, p. 299.

[641] Ibid., p. 170.

[642] Frommann, Tractatus de Fascinatione, Nuremberg, 1675, p. 731.

[643] Markham, Bogle's mission to Tibet, London, 1876, p. 85.

[644] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 149.

[645] Thomas Wright, Sorcery and Magic, London, 1851, vol. 2, p. 10.

[646] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 143.

[647] Pennant, in Pinkerton, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 382.

[648] Hoffman, quoting Friend, in Jour. Am. Folk Lore, 1888, p. 134.

[649] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, pp. 127 et seq.

[650] Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1174. He also speaks of the "nouer l'aiguillette", ibid., p. 1175.

[651] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. 1, p. xliv.

[652] Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, pp. 185, 186.

[653] Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 9.

[654] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 67.

[655] Ibid., p. 170.

[656] Sextus Placitus, De Medicamentis ex Animalibus, Lyons, 1537, pages not numbered, article "de Puello et Puellæ Virgine."

[657] Etmüller, Opera Omnia, Lyons, 1690, vol. 2, p. 279, Schroderii Dilucidati Zoologia.

[658] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 68, footnote.

[659] Ibid., p. 67.

[660] Paracelsus, Chirurgia Minora, in Opera Omnia, Geneva, 1662, vol. 2, p. 70.

[661] Ibid., p. 174.

[662] Beckherius, Medicus Microcosmus, London, 1660, p. 174.

[663] Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1094, footnote.

[664] Ibid., p. 1096.

[665] Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 30, cap. 12.

[666] Etmüller, Opera Omnia, Lyons, 1690, vol. 2, pp. 282, 283, Schroderii Dilucidati Zoologia.

[667] Ibid., p. 278a.

[668] Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 113.

[669] Forlong, Rivers of Life, London, 1883, vol. 2, p. 313.

[670] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 69.

[671] Notes and Queries, 1st series, vol. 4, p. 500.

[672] See also Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 79.

[673] Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1233.

[674] Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 114.

[675] Herrera, dec. 6, lib. 8, cap. 1, p. 171.

[676] Ibid., dec. 7, lib. 4, cap. 5, p. 70.

[677] Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. 351. See also previous references to the use of such cords by the Australians.

[678] Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 27.

[679] Highlands of Æthiopia, vol. 1, p. 247.

[680] Through the Dark Continent, vol. 1, p. 398.

[681] Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 11.

[682] Notes and Queries, 4th series, vol. 5, pp. 295, 390.

[683] Traité des Superstitions, tome 1, chap. 3, paragraph 8.

[684] Pop. Ant., vol. 3, p. 276.

[685] Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 109.

[686] Anatomy of Melancholy, vol. 2, pp. 288, 290.

[687] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 107.

[688] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 78.

[689] Ibid., p. 91.

[690] Ibid., p. 93.

[691] Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 1, p. 41.

[692] Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, pp. 185, 186.

[693] P. 41.

[694] Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 186.

[695] Ibid., (after Tylor) pp. 176, 177.

[696] Ibid., p. 178.

[697] Pop. Ant., vol. 3, p. 276.

[698] Salverte, Philosophy of Magic, vol. 1, p. 195.

[699] Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 197.

[700] Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 24, cap. 118.

[701] Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 451.

[702] Pennant, quoted by Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 54.

[703] Ibid., p. 285.

[704] Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, pp. 185, 186.

[705] Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 113.

[706] Ibid., p. 57.

[707] Ephemeridum Physico-medicarum, Leipzig, 1694, vol. 1, p. 49.

[708] Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 112.

[709] Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 112.

[710] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 86.

[711] Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 38.

[712] Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 30, cap. 38.

[713] Ibid.

[714] Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 111.

[715] Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 3, pp. 288, 324.

[716] This fact is stated by Torquemada, Monarchia Indiana, lib. 10, cap. 33, and by Gomara, Hist. of the Conq. of Mexico, p. 446; see also Diego Duran, lib. 1, cap. 20, p. 226.

[717] Herrera, dec. 3, lib. 2, p. 67.

[718] John Gilmary Shea, The Catholic Church in Colonial Days, p. 472.

[719] Diego Duran, vol. 3, cap. 4, p. 217.

[720] Anatomy of Melancholy, London, 1827, vol. 1, p. 337.

[721] Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., Amsterdam, 1729, vol. 5, p. 50.

[722] Lady of the Lake, canto 3, stanza 4, Sir Rhoderick Dhu, summoning Clan Alpine against the king.

[723] Teatro Mexicano, vol. 3, p. 323.

[724] Lib. 14, cap. 4, and lib. 16, cap. 16.

[725] Lib. 1, cap. 23, pp. 251-252.

[726] Ximenez, Hist. Orig. Indios, p. 211.

[727] Mendieta, p. 83.

[728] Ibid., p. 78.

[729] Researches in South America, p. 83.

[730] Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 13, cap. 45, and elsewhere.

[731] Emory, Reconnoissance, p. 88.

[732] Gomara, Historia de la Conquista de Méjico, Veytia's edition, p. 299.

[733] Ibid., p. 310.

[734] Smithsonian Contributions, "Ancient monuments of New York," vol. 2.

[735] Buckingham Smith, Relacion de la Jornada de Coronado á Cibola, Coleccion de Documentos para la Historia de Florida, London, 1857, vol. 1, p. 148.

[736] Ibid., vol. 1, p. 150.

[737] Brinton, Myths of the New World, p. 253.

[738] London, 1844, vol. 1, pp. 26, 29, 36, 93.

[739] Ibid., p. 278.

[740] Ibid., vol. 2, p. 389.

[741] Monarchia Indiana, lib. 6, cap. 45, p. 80.

[742] Ibid., lib. 19, cap. 22, pp. 357-358.

[743] Ternaux-Compans, vol. 10, p. 240.

[744] London, 1843, p. 248.

[745] Pimentel, Lenguas Indígenas de México, vol. 3, pp. 498, 499.

[746] Brinton, Myths of the New World, pp. 285, 286.

[747] Ibid., p. 264.

[748] Kingsborough, vol. 8, sup., p. 249.

[749] Parkman, Jesuits, introduction, p. lxxxiv.

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Vols. I-II. London: 1829.

=Dobrizhoffer, Martin.=

An account of the Abipones, an equestrian people of Paraguay.
Vol. I-III. London: 1822.

=Dodge, Richard I.=

Our wild Indians: thirty-three years' personal experience
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=Domenech, Em.=

Seven years' residence in the great deserts of North America.
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Origin of primitive superstitions. Philadelphia: 1881.

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Description of the character, manners, and customs of the
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Glossarium ad scriptores mediæ et infirmæ Latinitatis. Vols.
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The general history of China. Containing a geographical,
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Origine de tons le cultes, ou religion universelle. Vols.
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Historia antigua de la Nueva España con noticias de los ritos
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Dacotah; or, life and legends of the Sioux around Fort
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Indian myths or legends, traditions, and symbols of the
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Notes of a military reconnoissance from Fort Leavenworth, in
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Opera omnia. Lyons: 1690.

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See Iconographic Encyclopædia.

=Fernandez, Alonso.=

Historia eclesiastica de nuestros tiempos. Toledo: 1611.

=Flemming, Samuel Augustus.=

De remediis ex corpore humano desumtis. Erfurt: 1738.

=Fletcher, Robert.=

On prehistoric trephining and cranial amulets. (In
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=Forlong, J. G. R.=

Rivers of life, or the sources and streams of the faiths of
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=Forster, George.=

A voyage round the world, in his Britannic majesty's sloop
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=Fosbrooke, Thomas Dudley.=

British monachism; or, manners and customs of the monks and
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=Franklin, John.=

Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar
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=Fraser, John.=

The aborigines of Australia: their ethnic position and
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Totemism. Edinburg: 1887.

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Historical collections of Louisiana. Compiled with historical
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Voyage round the world. London: 1823.

=Frommann, Johannes Christianus.=

Tractatus de fascinatione. Nuremberg: 1675.

=Gabb, William M.=

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The English-American, his travail by sea and land: or, a new
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=Gallatin, Albert.=

Notes on the semicivilized nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and
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=Gatschet, Albert S.=

Migration legend of the Creek Indians. Vol. I, Philadelphia:
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=Gayarre, Charles.=

Louisiana: its colonial history and romance. New York: 1851.

=Gilmour, James.=

Among the Mongols. London: 1883.

=Gomara, Francisco L. de.=

Historia general de las Indias. (In Vedin, Historiadores
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=Gomara, Francisco L. de.=

Conquista de Méjico. Segunda parte de la crónica general de
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Tuckahoe, or Indian bread. (In Smithsonian Institution Ann.
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Commerce of the prairies. Vols. I-II. New York and London:
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Teutonic mythology. Translated from the fourth edition, with
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The healing art as practiced by the Indians of the plains.

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The Pima Indians of Arizona. (In Smithsonian Institution Ann.
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Zoological mythology or the legends of animals. Vols. I-II.
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El Orinoco ilustrado, historia natural, civil, y geographica,
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Collection of the early voyages, travels, and discoveries of
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Works. London: Vol. II, 1817; vol. XVI, 1854; vol. XXI, 1857;
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=Harmon, Daniel W.=

Journal of voyages and travels in the interiour of North
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=Harris, W. Cornwallis.=

The highlands of Æthiopia. Vols. I-III. London: 1844.

=Hatch, Edwin.=

See Hibbert Lectures, 1888.

=Hawkesworth, John.=

An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of his
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A Hoosier in Russia. New York: 1888.

=Henderson, John G.=

Aboriginal remains near Naples, Illinois. (In Smithsonian
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=Hennepin, Louis.=

See French, B. F.

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Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las
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=Hibbert Lectures, 1879.=

On the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by the
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=Hibbert Lectures, 1881.=

On the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by some
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=Hibbert Lectures, 1888.=

The influence of Greek ideas and usages upon the Christian
church, by Edwin Hatch. London: 1890.

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Anacalypsis, an attempt to draw aside the veil of the Saitic
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=Hind, Henry Youle.=

Narrative of the Canadian Red River exploring expedition of
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=Hoffman, Walter J.=

Folk-lore of the Pennsylvania Germans. (In Jour. of Am.
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=Hone, William.=

Every-day book and table book. Vol. II. London: 1838.

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Researches concerning the institutions and monuments of the
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=Icazbalecta, Joaquin G.=

See Mendieta, Gerónimo de.

=Iconographic Encyclopædia.=

Prehistoric archæology by Daniel G. Brinton. History of
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=Inman, Thomas.=

Ancient faiths embodied in ancient names: or an attempt to
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=James, Edwin.=

See Tanner, John.

=Jarvis, Samuel F.=

Discourse on the religion of the Indian tribes of North
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=Joutel.=

See French, B. F.

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Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America.
London: 1859.

=Kelly, Fanny.=

Narrative of my captivity among the Sioux Indians.
Cincinnati: 1871.

=Kennon, George.=

Tent life in Siberia. New York and London: 1883.

=King, Edward= (_Lord Kingsborough_).

Antiquities of Mexico: comprising facsimiles of ancient
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=King, P. P.= (and others).

Narrative of the surveying voyages of the _Adventure_ and
_Beagle_, between the years 1826 and 1836. Vols. I-III,
London: 1839.

=Kingsborough.=

See King, Edward.

=Knox, J.=

A new collection of voyages, discoveries, and travels.
Printed for J. Knox. Vol. II. London: 1767.

=Kohl, J. G.=

Kitchi-gami. Wanderings around Lake Superior. London: 1860.

=Kotzebue, Otto von.=

A voyage of discovery into the South Sea and Beering's
Straits. Vols. I-III. London: 1821.

=Kraskenninikoff, S.=

History of Kamtschatka, and the Kurilski islands, with the
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=Laet, Joannes de.=

L'histoire du nouveau monde ou description des Indes
Occidentales. Leyde: 1640.

=Lafitau, Joseph François.=

Mœurs des sauvages Ameriquains, comparées aux mœurs des
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=Landa, Diego de.=

Relation des choses de Yucatan. (Translated and edited by
Brasseur de Bourbourg.) Forms vol. III of Collection de
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=Lang, Andrew.=

Custom and myth. New York: 1885.

=Langsdorff, G. H. von.=

Voyages and travels in various parts of the world during the
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=Lanzoni, Joseph.=

Ephemeridum physico-medicarum. Vols. I-II. Leipsig: 1694.

=Lea, Henry Charles.=

History of the inquisition of the middle ages. Vols. I-III.
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=Le Clercq, Chrestien.=

Nouvelle relation de la Gaspesie. Paris: 1691.

=Le Jeune, Paul.=

See Relations des Jésuites.

=Lenormant, François.=

Chaldean magic: its origin and development. London: 1877.

=Lisiansky, Urey.=

Voyage round the world, in the years 1803-1806. London: 1814.

=Long, Stephen H.=

Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky
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=Mackenzie, Alexander.=

Voyages from Montreal, on the river St. Laurence, through the
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=Madden, R. R.=

The shrines and sepulchres of the old and new world. Vols.
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=Malte-Brun.=

Universal geography, or a description of all the parts of the
world, on a new plan. Vols. I, II, and III. Philadelphia,
1817; Ibid., 1827; Ibid., 1832.

=Malte-Brun.=

Universal geography. Vols. I-V. Boston: 1825-'26.

=Manning, Thomas.=

See Markham, Clements R.

=Markham, Clements R.=

First part of the royal commentaries of the Yncas by the Ynca
Garcilasso de la Vega. (Forms Vol. 41 of "Works issued by the
Hakluyt Society," London: 1869.)

=Markham, Clements R.=

Narratives of the rites and laws of the Yncas. Translated
from the original Spanish manuscripts, and edited by Clements
R. Markham. (Forms Vol. 48 of Hakluyt's Society's Works,
London: 1873.)

=Markham, Clements R.=

Narratives of the mission of George Bogle to Tibet, and of
the journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa. London: 1876.

=Massingberd, Francis C.=

The English reformation. London: 1842; Ibid., 1857.

=Matthews, Washington.=

The mountain chant: a Navajo ceremony. (In Ann. Rep. Bu.
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=Matthews, Washington.=

The prayer of a Navajo shaman. (In the American
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=Maurice, Thomas.=

Indian antiquities: or, dissertations relative to ...
Hindostan. Vols. I-V. London: 1800-'01.

=Maximilian Prince of Wied.=

Travels in the interior of North America. London: 1843.

=Meignan, Victor.=

From Paris to Pekin. London: 1885.

=Mendieta, Gerónimo de.=

Historia eclesiástica Indiana; obra escrita á fines del siglo
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=Miles, W. Augustus.=

How did the natives of Australia become acquainted with the
demigods and dæmonia and with the superstitions of the
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=Molina, Christoval de.=

An account of the fables and rites of the Yncas. Translated
by C. R. Markham. (In Hakluyt Society's Works, vol. 48,
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=Molina, Ignacio.=

Compendio de la historia geográfica, natural y civil del
reyno de Chile. (Translation of Mendoza and Cruz y
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=Montesinos, Fernando.=

Mémoires historiques sur l'ancien Péron. (Forms Vol. XVII of
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=Montfaucon, Bernard de.=

L'antiquité expliquêe et representée en figures. Tom. II,
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=Mooney, James.=

Holiday customs of Ireland. Reprinted from the Proceedings of
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=Müller, Max.=

Lectures on the science of religion. New York: 1872.

=Müller, Max.=

The sacred books of the East, translated by various oriental
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Oxford: 1882.

=New York Historical Society.=

Collections ... for the year 1821. Vol. III. New York: 1821.

=Nightingale, J.=

The religions and religious ceremonies of all nations.
London: 1821.

=North Carolina.=

Colonial records. Vol. I--1662-1712. Raleigh: 1886.

=Notes and Queries.=

First series. London: Vol. IV, July-December, 1851. Fourth
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=Pane, Roman.=

Des antiquités des Indiens. Translation of Brasseur de
Bourbourg. Paris: 1864.

=Parkman, Francis.=

The Jesuits in North America in the seventeenth century.
Boston: 1867.

=Parr, Bartholomew.=

London medical dictionary. Vol. I. Philadelphia: 1820.

=Pennant, Thomas.=

A tour in Scotland, 1769. (In Pinkerton, Collection of
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=Perrot, Nicholas.=

Memoire sur les mœurs, coustumes et relligion des sauvages
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=Pettigrew, Thomas J.=

On superstitions connected with the history and practice of
medicine and surgery. Philadelphia: 1844.

=Pettit, James S.=

Apache campaign notes--'86. (In Jour. Military Service
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=Peyronie, Gauthier de la.=

Voyages de M. P. S. Pallas. Tome 4. Paris: 1793.

=Picart, Bernard.=

Ceremonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du
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=Pimentel, Francisco.=

Cuadro descriptivo y comparativo de las lenguas indígenas de
México. Vol. III. México: 1875.

=Pinkerton, John.=

A general collection of the best and most interesting voyages
and travels in all parts of the world. London: Vol. I, 1808;
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=Pliny.=

Natural history. Translation of Bostock and Riley. Vols.
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=Popol Vuh.=

Popol Vuh. Le livre sacré et les mythes de l'antiquité
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Tribes of California. (Contributions to North American
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=Purchas, Samuel.=

Haklvytvs posthumus or Purchas his pilgrimage. Vols. I-V.
London: 1825-'26.

=Rau, Charles.=

Ancient aboriginal trade in North America. (In Smithsonian
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=Relations des Jésuites.=

Relations des Jésuites contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus
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=Renouf, P. Le Page.=

See Hibbert Lectures, 1879.

=Richardson, John.=

Arctic searching expedition. Vols. I-II. London: 1851.

=Robinson, A.=

Life in California. New York: 1846.

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The fur hunters of the far West. Vols. I-II. London: 1855.

=Salverte, Eusche.=

Philosophy of magic, prodigies, and apparent miracles. With
notes, etc., by Anthony Todd Thomson. Vols. I-II. London:
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=Saxon Leechdoms.=

See Cockayne, Oswald.

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The history of Lapland wherein are shewed the original
manners, habits, marriages, conjurations, etc., of that
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Information respecting the history, condition and prospects
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Fetichism: a contribution to anthropology and the history of
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The heart of Africa. Translated by Ellen E. Frewer. Vols.
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Letters on demonology and witchcraft. Addressed to J. G.
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=Scott, Walter.=

Lady of the lake.

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De medicamentis ex animalibus. Lyons: 1537.

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Macbeth. Collated with the old and modern editions [by
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=Shâyast lâ-Shâyast.=

See Müller, Max.

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The Catholic church in colonial days. New York: 1886.

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Report of an expedition into the Navajo country in 1849.
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Notes on the "Tonto" Apaches. (In Smithsonian Institution
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=Smet, P. J. de.=

Oregon missions and travels over the Rocky mountains in
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Coleccion de varios documentos para la historia de la Florida
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=Smith, Buckingham.=

Relation of Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca translated from the
Spanish. New York: 1871.

=Smith, Edmund R.=

The Araucanians; or, notes of a tour among the Indian tribes
of southern Chili. New York: 1855.

=Smith, John.=

True travels, adventures and observations. Vol. I. The
generall historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer
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Aborigines of Victoria: with notes relating to the habits of
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Indian remains in Cass County, Illinois. (In Smithsonian
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=Speke, John Hanning.=

Journal of the discovery of the source of the Nile. Edinburgh
and London: 1863.

=Spencer, Herbert.=

Descriptive sociology; or, groups of sociological facts,
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=Spencer, Herbert.=

Ecclesiastical institutions: being part VI of the principles
of sociology. New York: 1886.

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The serpent symbol, and the worship of the reciprocal
principles of nature in America. New York: 1851.

=Squier, E. G.=

Aboriginal monuments of the state of New York. (In
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=Squier, E. G., and Davis, E. H.=

Ancient monuments of the Mississippi valley. (Forms
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1848.)

=Staden de Homberg, Hans.=

Histoire d'un pays dans le Nouveau Monde, nommé Amérique.
Marbourg, 1557. (Forms Vol. III of Ternaux-Compans, Voyages,
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=Stanley, H. M.=

Through the dark continent. Vols. I-II. New York: 1878.

=Strabo.=

The geography of Strabo. Literally translated by H. C.
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=Strutt, Joseph.=

Sports and pastimes of the people of England. London: 1855.

=Tanner, John.=

Narrative of the captivity and adventures of John Tanner ...
during three years' residence among the Indians. Prepared for
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=Ternaux-Compans.=

Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir à
l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique. Paris: Vols. III,
VII, 1837; vols. IX, X, 1838; vols. XV, XVII, 1840.

=Theal, George McC.=

Kaffir folk-lore. London: 1882.

=Thiers, Jean-Baptiste.=

Traité des superstitions que regardent les sacremens. Vols.
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=Thomas, Cyrus.=

Notes on certain Maya and Mexican manuscripts. (In Ann. Rep.
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=Thurn, Everard F. im.=

Among the Indians of Guiana. London: 1883.

=Torquemada, Juan de.=

Primera [-tercera] parte de los veinte i un libros rituales i
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Researches into the early history of mankind and the
development of civilization. London: 1870.

=Tylor, Edward B.=

Primitive culture. Vols. I-II. London: 1871.

=Vaca.=

See Cabeça de Vaca; Smith, Buckingham.

=Vasishtha and Baudhâyana.=

See Müller, Max.

=Vedia, Enrique de.=

Historiadores primitivos de Indias. Vols. I-II. Madrid:
1852-'53.

=Vega, Garcilasso de la.=

First part of the royal commentaries of the Yncas by the Ynca
Garcilasso de la Vega. Translated and edited by Clements R.
Markham. (Forms vol. XLI of Hakluyt Society's Works, London:
1869.)

=Venegas, Miguel.=

A natural and civil history of California. Vols. I-II.
London: 1759.

=Vetancurt, Agustin de.=

Teatro Mexicano. Descripcion breve de los sucesos ejemplares,
historicos, politicos, militares y religiosos del nuevo mundo
occidental de las Indias. Vols. I-III. Mexico: 1870-'71.

=Villagrá, Gaspar de.=

Historia de la Nueva Mexico. Alcala: 1610.

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Historia de la conquista de la provincia de el Itza. [Madrid:
1701.]

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An inglorious Columbus. New York: 1885.

=Waitz, Theodor.=

Introduction to anthropology. Edited by J. Frederick
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A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an
account of the native tribes. London: 1853.

=Whipple, A. W.=

Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most
practicable and economical route for a railroad from the
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1856.

=Whitney, W. Norton.=

Notes from the history of medical progress in Japan.
Yokohama: 1885.

=Williams, Monier.=

Modern India and the Indians. London: 1878.

=Winstanley, W.=

A visit to Abyssinia: an account of travel in modern
Ethiopia. Vols. I-II. London: 1881.

=Wrangell, Ferdinand P. von.=

Narrative of an expedition to the Polar Sea. New York: 1841.

=Wright, Thomas.=

Narratives of sorcery and magic, from the most authentic
sources. Vols. I-II. London: 1851.

=Ximenez, Francisco.=

Las historias del origen de los Indios de esta provincia de
Guatemala. Translated by C. Scherzer. Vienna: 1857.

INDEX.

A.

Acosta, José, cited on sacrifices of Indian corn 525
Alarcon, quoted on Indian customs 491, 494, 511
quoted on Indian sacred cords 555
Albinos, not medicine-men among the Apaches 460
Alegre, Francisco J., cited on Indian remedies 472
cited on ceremonial scratching among Indians 492
Amulets of the Apache 587-91
Arriaga, José de, cited on Indian medicine-men 594
Ashes, use of, in religious formalities 536
Asylum, right of, among Apache and other Indians 453-454

B.

Backus, E., quoted on magic powder of Indians 513
Baker, Frank, cited on "hand of glory" 486
Baker, Samuel, cited on African customs 489
Baking, origin of 542
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez, cited on Indian medicine-men 467
cited on Peruvian festival 527
Bancroft, H. H., cited on Indian medicine-men 457, 511
cited on mutilation by Indians 483
cited on scratching, by Indians 491
cited on Indian cakes 524
cited on Indian use of feathers 534, 535
Barcia, Gabriel de Cardenas, cited on sacred meal of Indians 512
quoted on magic powder of Indians 549
Bean, aversion to, by Egyptians and Abyssinians 517
Beans, string of, used as signal by Tecumseh 555
Benzoni, Girolamo, cited on Indian medicine-men 461
Black, William G., cited on magic knots and cords 570, 572, 573,
575, 576, 577, 579, 580
Blankets, blessed, used at Zuñi feasts 526
Bledos, meaning of the term 522
Blindness among Indian medicine-men 470
Blount, Thomas, cited on symbolic use of meal 513, 514
Bock, Carl, cited on Borneo water vessels 494
Bollaert, William, cited on emeralds of Peruvians 590
Brand, John, cited on bell-ringing 465
"hand of glory" 486
cited on powders 514, 532, 536
cited on sacred cakes 541, 544, 545, 546, 547
cited on cords and girdles 557, 561, 568, 569, 570, 571,
573, 575, 576, 578, 579, 580
Brasseur de Bourbourg, cited on Indian medicine-men 466
cited on origin of labrets 498
cited on tzoalli 523
Bread, sacred 541-547
unleavened 543, 544
Brinton, Daniel G., cited on Indian medicine-men 457, 480, 532
cited on Peruvian quipu 562
cited on chalchihuitl among Mexicans 590
quoted on influence of Indian medicine-men 593, 594
Bruce, James, quoted on Abyssinian hair dressing 492
Bull-roarer, use of among Indians 476-479
Buns, hot cross, of Good Friday 544-545
Burton, Robert, cited on magic cords and girdles 568, 569, 575
cited on exorcism 584

C.

Cakes, sacred 518, 541-547
Cameron, V. Lovett, cited on African customs 494, 514, 515
Castañeda, cited on Indian bread 522
Castration of Indian priests and medicine-men 454
Catlin, George, cited on Indian medicine-men 463
cited on Indian wigs 475
Chalchihuitl, an Indian amulet 588-591
Christmas foods 547
Clavigero, Francisco S., cited on Indian labret 497
cited on Indian mats of reeds 527-528
cited on Indian food 523
Clay-eating 537-540
Coleman, Charles, cited on Hindu powders 515
cited on sacred cords 565
Columbus, Christopher, quoted on magic powder of Indians 513
Commerce between "Buffalo" Indians and Pueblos 529, 530
Confessions of patient to Indian medicine-men 465, 466
Corbusier, Wm. F., quoted on galena among the Indians 549
cited on use of pollen by Indians 505
cited on Indian medicine-men 460
cited on Indian wigs 474
Cord of St. Francis, the 556-557
Cords, used in casting lots 558-559
magic wind, of the Lapps 560-561
mnemonic 561-563
sacred, of the Parsis and Brahmins 563-567
Mahometan belief concerning 566
measuring 572-573
sacred, ophic origin of 574
formerly used in binding prisoners 574-575
unclassified superstitions concerning 576-580
superstitions concerning 553-580
Countercharms to Indian "medicine" 459-460
Coxe, William, quoted on Indian magic powder 548
Crantz, David, cited on scratching among Eskimo 491
Crispellæ 541
Cross, place of the, in Indian symbolism 479-480
Cushing, F. H., cited on Zuñi water-vessels 494
cited on Zuñi Indians 452
cited on Zuñi drinking tubes 494

D.

Dall, William H., cited on Eskimo labrets 496
Davis, John, cited on Pueblo rebellion 555
Diaz, Bernal, cited on Indian medicine-women 469
cited on chalchihuitl among the Mexicans 591, 592
Diaz, Melchior, cited on Indian wig-making 475
Disease, method of treating by Indian medicine-men 462-468
Divination with grains and seeds 454-532, 533
Dobrizhoffer, Father, quoted on Abipones medicine-men 459-463
Dorman, Rushton M., cited on Peruvian priests 456
Dorsey, J. Owen, cited on Siouan medicine 452
Down of birds in ceremonial observances 533-535
Drinking reed and tubes, use of among Indians 493-498
Drinks and drugs used by Indian medicine-men 454, 455-456
Du Halde, P., cited on cords worn by Lamas 561
Dupuis, cited on castration of priests of Cybele 454
Duran, Diego, cited on Mexican priests 454, 456, 464
cited on Indian drinking tubes 495, 496
cited on sacred meal of Indians 510
cited on Indian idol of dough 524, 525, 529
quoted on clay eating by Mexicans 538
cited on cords among Mexicans 558
cited on Mexican headdress 582
Dust from churches, superstitions concerning 537

E.

Earth eating 537-540
Emerson, Mrs. Ellen Russell, cited on Indian customs 490, 495
Epileptic and insane, how regarded by Apache 460-461
Etmüller, Michael, quoted on girdles and cords 571, 572

F.

"Far," radical of "farina," etc. 545-546
Feathers, use of, in ceremonial observances 533-535
use of, in medicine hat 582
Fernandez, Alonso, quoted on sacrificial bread of Pueblos 545
Forlong, J. G. R., quoted on manna 517
quoted on sacred cakes 518, 544
cited on sacred cords 564, 565, 578
Fosbrooke, Thomas D., quoted on use of rushes at Easter 528
cited on symbolic use of ashes 536
Franklin, Sir John, cited on earth-eating by Eskimo 539
Frazer, J. G., cited on Indian customs 485
Frommann, J. C., on magic knots 569

G.

Galena, powdered, ceremonial use of, by Indians 548-549
pieces of, used in sacrifices 549
Gibberish always used by Indian medicine-men 464
Girdles, superstitions concerning 557-558, 570-572, 577
use of, in parturition 570-571
of human skin 571
Gomara cited on Indian medicine-men 459, 463, 464, 470, 472, 512
cited on Indian medicine-women 469
cited on Indian necklaces 488
cited on Indian cakes 526
cited on Indian mats 527
cited on clay-eating by Indians 538, 539
cited on chalchihuitl among Mexicans 590
Gonzales de Mendoza quoted on Indians throwing meal 510
Graffenreid, Baron de, cited on magic powder of Indians 512
Grimm, Jacob, cited on ancient German superstitions 487, 491,
541, 559, 561, 568, 570, 573
Grossman, Capt., cited on Apache purification 475

H.

Harris, W. Cornwallis, quoted on magic cords 574-575
Hawkins, ----, cited on scratching among Indians 491
Hair and wigs, use of, by Indian medicine-men 474-475
"Hand of glory," superstitions concerning 486
Hangman's rope, superstitions concerning 574, 575
Headdresses of Indian gods 582
of Apache medicine-men 584
Heath, Perry S., cited on use of down at Russian weddings 535
cited on Russian cakes 542
cited on Russian kostia 547
Hereditary priesthood among Indians 455-456
Herodotus, cited on Egyptian priests 454
Herrera, Antonio, quoted on Indian medicine-men 459, 461, 463,
472, 475, 553
quoted on Indian medicine-women 469
quoted on cross among Indians 480
quoted on Indian labrets 497
quoted on sacred meal of Indians 510
quoted on "powder of grass" 519
cited on Indian cakes 527
quoted on cords among Indians 558, 559, 574
cited on Indian headdress 582
Higgins, Godfrey, cited on hierophants of Athens 454
cited on Hindu powders 516
cited on use of flour in sacrifice 517
cited on use of pollen by the ancients 532
cited on girdles 557
Hind, Henry Youle, cited on Indian medicine-men 464, 513
cited on finger necklace 483
cited on Indian powder 513
Hoddentin, employment of, by the Apache 499-507
bags for carrying 500
offered to sun, moon, etc. 501-502
employment in corn culture 502
employment in sickness 502-505
employment as an amulet 503-506
a prehistoric food 518
the yiauhtli of the Aztecs 521-522
analogues of 530-532
Hoffman, W. J., cited on Ojibwa medicine 452, 511
Hutchinson, consul, cited on African magic powders 515

I.

Impotence, self-induced in Indian medicine-men 454
Indian corn, sacrifice of 525
Insanity, how regarded in Apache "medicine" 460
Izze-kloth of the Apache 550-558
Izze-kloth, analogues of other people 558

J.

James, Edwin, cited on Indian sacrifices 526
Jus primæ noctis claimed by Indian medicine-men 461

K.

Kalm, quoted on use of roots of rushes by Indians 520, 521
Kan or Apache gods 581-582
Kane, Paul, cited on scratching by Indians 491
Kelly, Fanny, cited on Sioux medicine-men 453
quoted on Sioux games with bones 486
Kennan, Geo., quoted on use of roots by Siberians 521
Kingsborough, Edward, quoted on Indian medical practice 594
Knots, magic wind, of the Lapps 560-561
mnemonic use of 562-563
magic, preventive of sexual intercourse 567, 569, 570
true lovers 567, 568-576
magic, various powers of 568-570
nuptial 568-570
use of in parturition 570-571
used in capturing hyena 574
used in finding lost animal 574
in garments 576
cure for warts, scrofula, epilepsy, etc. 578-579
Kohl, J. G., cited on mutilation by Indians 483, 484
cited on Ojibwa customs 490, 511, 531
Kolben, Peter, cited on Hottentot customs 485, 536
Kraskenninikoff, cited on Eskimo remedies 472, 473
Kunque, use of by the Apache and Pueblo 508-511
analogy of to flour in Spanish carnival 509-510

L.

Labrets, tubes used for, by Indians 497-498
Lafitau, Joseph François, cited on sacred powder of Indians 512
La Flèche, Francis, cited on Indian ghost food 527
La Salle, Robert C., quoted on use of corn by Indians in burials
513
Lea, Henry Charles, cited on sacred cords 567
Le Clerq, Chrestien, quoted on cross as an Indian symbol 480
Lucky days and seasons 461
Lycanthropy, power of, claimed by Indian medicine-men 458-459

M.

Malte-Brun, cited on earth-eating by Siberians 539
cited on cords and girdles 561, 562, 564
Mason, Otis T., cited on superstition connected with scratching
493
Maurice, Thomas, cited on sacred cords 566
Meal, sacred, use of, by Apache and Pueblo 508-511
use of, by other people 510-515
Measuring cords 572-573
Meat, sacred, of the Zuñis 545
Medicine cord of the Apache 550-558
Medicine hat of the Apache 502-503, 580-581
symbolism of 582
Medicine-men of the Indians, who may be 451-457
no organization of 452
manner of becoming one 453-454
powers claimed by 454-459, 462, 470-471
penalty for failure of, to cure disease 466-467
food of 470
disposal of, when dead 470
Medicine-women of the Indians 468-469
Medidas 572
Mendieta, Geronimo, cited on Indian medicine-women 469
quoted on Indian idols of flour or seeds 526
quoted on Indian divination with corn 533
Metamorphosis, power of, claimed by Indian medicine-men 458-459
Montesinos, Fernando, cited on Peruvian sacred flour 511
Montfaucon, Bernard de, cited on girdles of Saliens 559
Mud, plastering the head with, by Indians 475-476
Müller, Max, cited on scratching among the Parsi 493
cited on parched grain among the Hindus 546
cited on Hindu drinking custom 496
cited on sacred cords of Hindus 563, 567
Music, use of, by Indian medicine-men 465

N.

Name of an American Indian not to be divulged by himself 461
when given 461-462
battle or agnomen 462
Necklaces, of human fingers 480-487
of various parts of the human body 483-489
of human teeth 487-489

P.

Painting in Apache ceremonies 583
Pancakes, superstitions concerning 541, 542, 543
Parkman, Francis, cited on Indian medicine-men 455, 459, 475
Parturition, use of cords and knots in 570-572
Payment of Indian medicine-men 467-468
Pennant, Thomas, quoted on magic knots 569, 578
Perrot, Nicolas, quoted on magic powder of Indians 514
Pettit, Lieut., cited on Indian medicine-men 473
Phylacteries of the Apache 591-592
Picart, Bernard, cited on Indian medicine-men 457, 512
cited on Indian necklaces 488
cited on Indian drinking tubes 495
cited on Indian labrets 498
cited on sacred powders of Hindus 516
cited on reeds among the Romans 528
quoted on hair powder 535
quoted on cords 556-557, 558, 559, 561, 563, 564, 576
cited on Arab divination 584
Pimentel, Francisco, quoted on Indian medicine-men 593
Pliny, Caius, cited on Roman superstitions 486, 487, 568, 570,
572, 574, 575, 578, 579
Pollen, use of by Israelites and Egyptians 517-518
use of among Hindus and Romans 532
Polo, Marco, cited on cords worn by Brahmans 563
Porter, J. Hampden, cited on ceremonial scratching among Indians
492
Powder, sacred, use of, by various peoples 513-517
Powder of grass and straw used as food 519-520
sacred, general use of, among Indians 528-529
hair, use by Indians 535-536
Prehistoric foods used in covenant 540-541
sacrificed by Romans 545
Purchas, Samuel, quoted on Indian "mud-heads" 476

Q.