Chapter VIII: Mental Images and Ideas

1. The part played by past experience: Present thinking depends on past experience--The present interpreted by the past--The future also depends on the past--Rank determined by ability to utilize past experience. 2. How past experience is conserved: Past experience conserved in both mental and physical terms--The image and the idea--All our past experience potentially at our command. 3. Individual differences in imagery: Images to be viewed by introspection--The varied imagery suggested by one's dining table--Power of imagery varies in different people--Imagery types. 4. The function of images: Images supply material for imagination and memory--Imagery in the thought processes--The use of imagery in literature--Points where images are of greatest service. 5. The cultivation of imagery: Images depend on sensory stimuli--The influence of frequent recall--The reconstruction of our images. 6. Problems in introspection and observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

CHAPTER IX

IMAGINATION

1. The place of imagination in mental economy: Practical nature of imagination--Imagination in the interpretation of history, literature, and art--Imagination and science--Everyday uses of imagination--The building of ideals and plans--Imagination and conduct--Imagination and thinking. 2. The material used by imagination: Images the stuff of imagination--The two factors in imagination--Imagination limited by stock of images--Limited also by our constructive ability--The need of a purpose. 3. Types of imagination: Reproductive imagination--Creative imagination. 4. Training the imagination: Gathering of material for imagination--We must not fail to build--We should carry our ideals into action. 5. Problems for observation and introspection . . . . . . . . 127

CHAPTER X

ASSOCIATION

1. The nature of association: The neural basis of association--Association the basis of memory--Factors determining direction of recall--Association in thinking--Association and action. 2. The types of association: Fundamental law of association--Association by contiguity--At the mercy of our associations--Association by similarity and contrast--Partial, or selective, association--The remedy. 3. Training in association: The pleasure-pain motive in association--Interest as a basis for association--Association and methods of learning. 4. Problems in observation and introspection . . 144

CHAPTER XI

MEMORY

1. The nature of memory: What is retained--The physical basis of memory--How we remember--Dependence of memory on brain quality. 2. The four factors involved in memory: Registration--Retention--Recall--Recognition. 3. The stuff of memory: Images as the material of memory--Images vary as to type--Other memory material. 4. Laws underlying memory: The law of association--The law of repetition--The law of recency--The law of vividness. 5. Rules for using the memory: Wholes versus parts--Rate of forgetting--Divided practice--Forcing the memory to act--Not a memory, but memories. 6. What constitutes a good memory: A good memory selects its material--A good memory requires good thinking--Memory must be specialized. 7. Memory devices: The effects of cramming--Remembering isolated facts--Mnemonic devices. 8. Problems in observation and introspection . . . . . . . . 160

CHAPTER XII

THINKING

1. Different types of thinking: Chance, or idle thinking--Uncritical belief--Assimilative thinking--Deliberative thinking. 2. The function of thinking: Meaning depends on relations--The function of thinking is to discover relations--Near and remote relations--Child and adult thinking. 3. The mechanism of thinking: Sensations and percepts as elements in thinking. 4. The concept: The concepts serve to group and classify--Growth of a concept--Definition of concept--Language and the concept--The necessity for growing concepts. 5. Judgment: Nature of judgment--Judgment used in percepts and concepts--Judgment leads to general truths--The validity of judgments. 6. Reasoning: Nature of reasoning--How judgments function in reasoning--Deduction and the syllogism--Induction--The necessity for broad induction--The interrelation of induction and deduction. 7. Problems in observation and introspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179