Chapter VI

[1] This chapter is reprinted from the _Harvard Theological Review_ for April, 1909.

[2] I have treated this matter more fully in my _Approach to Philosophy_, Chapters III and IV. At the close of that book the reader will find a selected bibliography of the subject.

[3] John Henry Newman: _Apologia pro Vita Sua_, p. 239. The whole book is of interest in this connection.

[4] Munro and Sellery: _Mediaeval Civilization_, p. 69.

[5] _Fragments of Xenophanes_, in Burnet's _Early Greek Philosophy_, p. 115.

[6] Lucretius: _De Rerum Natura_, Book I, lines 1021-1028, translated by Munro.

[7] _Isaiah_ 1:15-17.

[8] For a brief account of primitive religion, _cf._ J. B. Pratt's _Psychology of Religious Belief_. For a fuller account, _cf._ F. B. Jevons's _Introduction to the History of Religion_.

[9] Munro and Sellery: _Op. cit._, pp. 80, 75.

[10] A. H. Sayce: _Babylonians and Assyrians_, p. 253.

[11] A. Wiedemann: _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 250.

[12] _Cf._ H. C. Warren's _Buddhism in Translation_.

[13] The reader will find a good exposition of mysticism in Royce's _World and the Individual_, First Series, Lectures II, IV, V.

[14] _Cf., e. g._, _Epictetus_: Discourses, Book II, Chapter VIII.

[15] _Cf._ Spinoza's Ethics, _passim_, translated by Elwes.

[16] _Cf._ Royce's account of Romanticism and Hegel, in his _Spirit of Modern Philosophy_, Lectures VI, VII. This motive, together with the motive of mysticism, appears in such writings as J. McT. E. McTaggart's _Studies in Hegelian Cosmology_, Chapter IX; and A. E. Taylor's _Problem of Conduct_, Chapter VIII.

[17] Thomas Hardy: _The Dynasts_, Part I, p. 5.

[18] John Davidson: _A Rosary_, p. 88.

[19] James: _Pragmatism_, p. 144. The whole chapter is a brilliant representation of the stand-point of moral idealism.

[20] G. K. Chesterton: _The Man Who Was Thursday_, pp. 278-279.

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INDEX

Achievement, 79, 81, 97.
Adaptation, 22.
Aesthetic Interest, definition of, 179; varieties of, 181 _ff._,
189; moral limitation of, 190; sell-sufficiency of, 192;
exaggeration of, 192, 195, 198 _ff._; its pervasiveness,
194 _ff._; vicariousness of, 197; stimulating character
of, 201, 203 _ff._; liberality of, 209 _ff._;
in religion, 246 _ff._
Aimlessness, 94.
Anarchism, 107.
Aristotle, quoted, 100, 106, 192, 204.
Arnold, M., quoted, 108, 109, 112, 164, 211.
Art, moral criticism of, Ch. V;
its liability to moral criticism, 173 ff; definition of,
177; distinction between industrial and fine, 177 _ff._;
emotion in, 182 _ff._; representative function of, 185 _ff._,
203 _ff._; Greek, 185 _ff._; of Renaissance, 187;
censorship of, 190; stimulating character of, 201 _ff._;
truth in, 205 _ff._; universality and particularity of,
207 _ff._; and liberality, 209 _ff._; moral function of, 212.
Asceticism, 79, 81, 92 _ff._

Bagehot, quoted, 106, 127, 132.
Beauty, and goodness, 172 _ff._
Belief, and religion, 216, 220, 228.
Benson, A., quoted, 194.
Bigotry, 79, 81, 101 _ff._
Browne, Sir Thomas, quoted, 115, 117, 118.
Buddhism, 243.
Burke, quoted, 6, 92, 158, 214.
Butler, J., quoted, 1.

Castiglione, quoted, 89, 90, 119.
Character, 97.
Chesterton, G. K., 32; quoted, 28, 55, 250.
Christianity, 94, 111, 114 _ff._, 140, 158, 187, 228, 239, 243.
Civilization, 3, 6, 10, 23, 32, 124, 137, 167, 170, 215. See
Progress.
Competition, 14, 129, 130; relation to morality, 24 _ff._
Conscience, 34, 36. See Duty.
Conservatism, 144 _ff._
Convention, 36, 38 ff.
Cosmological, test of religion, 224, 225, 234, 237,
240, 241, 252.
Courage, 95.
Culture, 211, 253. Chap. V, _passim_.
Cynics, the Greek, 92 _ff._, 137.

Davidson, J., quoted, 70, 248.
Democracy, 29, 39; modern idea of, 158 _ff._, 163 _ff._
Descartes, quoted, 35.
Desire, 11. See Interest.
Discussion, 106, 132.
Dogmatism, 4.
Duty, Ch. II, 40, 72; formalism and, 76.

Egoism, theoretical, 59 _ff._; practical, 79, 81, 101.
Emotion, and art, 182 _ff._, 201 _ff._
Epictetus, quoted, 93, 96, 100.
Equality, 65, 66, 158 _ff._, 163 _ff._
Ethics, and history, 124; and religion, 224 _ff._, 233, 240,
241, 252; independence of, 228. See Morality.
Euripides, quoted, 114.
Evil, 11, 15, 84, 86; religious conception of, 243 _ff._,
249 _ff._ See Good, Vice, Formalism, Materialism.

Faith, 33, 71.
Fine Art. See Art.
Formalism, 74 _ff._, 92; and duty, 76, 77; varieties of,
79, 81, 92, 98, 107, 116, 209, 242.
Freedom, 36, 107, 164.

God, 216, 224 _ff._, 229, 232, 237, 240, 245, 249.
Good, basal definition of, 11 _ff._, 44; definition of moral,
15 _ff._; relativity of, 45 _ff._; relation to beautiful,
172 _ff._, 212.
Good-will, logic of, 67 _ff._; virtue of, 79, 81, 113 _ff._, 158.
Government, 14; progress in, 148 _ff._; Platonic theory of,
148; definition of, 150; ancient forms of, 152 _ff._;
summary of modern, 160 _ff._
Greece, morality of, 110, 114; government in, 154 _ff._; art
of, 185 _ff._, 204; religion of, 226.

Happiness, 18, 115, 116 _ff._
Hardy, T., quoted, 247.
Health, 79, 81, 88 _ff._
Hebrews, government of, 152; religion of, 227, 239.
Hedonism, 16.
History, meaning of, 123 _ff._
Hobbes, 89.
Honesty, 88.
Huxley, theory of morality and nature, 21 _ff._

Idealism, metaphysical, 242 _ff._; aesthetic, 246;
moral, 248 _ff._
Idleness, 94.
Imagination, 28, 69, 111.
Imprudence, 79, 81, 85 _ff._
Incapacity, 79, 81, 83.
Individualism, 34 _ff._
Injustice, 79, 81, 103. See Justice.
Institutions, their necessity, 3, 147. See Government.
Intelligence, 79, 81, 82 _ff._
Interest, definition of, 11, 43; organization of, 13, 14, 19,
variety of, 16, 17; the higher, 52; conflict of, 53;
objective validity of, 54; private, 57 _ff._; the
potential, 67, 68, 167; present and ulterior, 74 _ff._;
economies of, 78; simple, 78, 81, 82 _ff._; reciprocity
of, 78, 81, 87 _ff._, incorporation of, 78, 81, 95 _ff._;
fraternity of, 78, 81, 105 _ff._; universal system
of, 79, 81, 112 _ff._; and progress, 132; and reform, 137;
and revolution, 139; and government, 148 _ff._; the
aesthetic, 179; the theoretical, 180, 193; varieties of
the aesthetic, 181 _ff._ See Aesthetic Interest.

James, W., quoted, 116, 199, 249.
Justice, meanings of, 63, 79, 81, 105, 158, 163;
logic of, 63 _ff._

Kant, quoted, 64.

Laissez-faire, 108.
Liberality, 156; and art, 209.
Life, morality as the organization of, Ch. I; versus
mechanism, 10, 22; morality one with, 19, 27; method of, 23.
Locke, quoted, 34, 35, 62.
Logic, of the moral appeal, Ch. II; and the imagination, 69.
Lord, H. G., quoted, 69.
Lucretius, quoted, 226.

Maeterlinck, quoted, 71.
Manners, 121.
Materialism, 74 _ff._, 84; varieties of, 79, 81, 94, 101,
110, 243.
Mechanical Nature, 12; lack of value in, 9, 84; and
progress, 130.
Menander, quoted, 88.
Metaphysics and religion, 242 _ff._
Moderation, 87.
Moore, G. E., critique of egoism, 59 _ff._
Morality, as the organization of life, Ch. I; the dulness
of, 1; as verified truth, 7; its universal pertinence,
7 _ff._; essential to life, 9, 32; natural genesis of,
9 _ff._; basal definition of, 13; and nature, 20 _ff._;
and competition, 24 _ff._; the logic of, Ch. II; rational
ground of, 38, 40 _ff._; material and formal aspects of,
74 _ff._, 121; and progress, Ch. IV; and art, Ch. V; and
aesthetic standards, 172 _ff._; and religion, Ch. VI;
and idealism, 248 _ff._
Mysticism, 116, 244; and art, 208.

Nationalism, 99.
Nature, genesis of morality in, 9 _ff._; and morality,
20 _ff._; theories of, in religion, 224, 225, 234, 237, 240.
Newman, J. H., quoted, 220.
Nietsche, his conception of morality, 1, 5, 6, 20, 29 _ff._, 165.

Optimism, 230, 242, 247.
Other-worldliness, 115, 243.
Overindulgence, 79, 81, 84 _ff._

Panlogism, 244.
Pater, quoted, 185, 188; on the aesthetic interest, 196.
Patience, 95.
Pessimism, 114, 243.
Philosophy, of history, 123 _ff._; and religion, 241 _ff._
Piety, 67, 68, 120, 223, 253, 254.
Pity, 111, 163.
Plato, quoted, 32; individualism in, 37; nationalism in,
100; account of disinterested activity in, 135 _ff._;
theory of government in, 148; on art, 190, 193, 202, 212;
on religion, 244.
Pleasure, its relation to morality, 16 _ff._
Preference, 50; the quantitative principle of, 55 _ff._, 127.
Progress, moral test of, Ch. IV, 127; definition of, 125 _ff._;
principles of, 130 _ff._; by constructive reform, 134 _ff._;
by revolution, 139 _ff._
Prudence, 79, 81, logical ground of, 43 _ff._; limits of,
49, 88, 90, 91, 94; meaning of, 87 _ff._; basal character of,
91; in religion, 232.
Purpose, logic of, 50 _ff._; virtue of, 95 _ff._

Radicalism, 145 _ff._
Rationality, 37, 42, 65; and progress, 134, 142; in
government, 152.
Reform, 134 _ff._
Religion, 79, 81; and good-will, 113; mysticism in, 117; as an
institution, 148; and progress, 170; moral justification
of, Ch. VI; moral necessity of, 214 _ff._; definition
of, 215 _ff._; quantitative tests of, 218 _ff._;
psychological study of, 220; belief in, 216, 220; therapeutic
test of, 222 _ff._; superstitious, 232 _ff._; primitive,
233 _ff._; and ethics, 224 _ff._, 233, 240, 241, 252;
cosmological test of, 224, 225, 234, 237, 240, 241,
252; tutelary, 237 _ff._; Assyrian, 238; Egyptian, 238;
Hebrew, 227, 239; philosophical, 241 _ff._; generic
proof of, 252 _ff._ See Piety, Good-will, Worship and
Christianity.
Revolution, definition of, 139; the Christian, 140; the
French, 141.
Rightness, 18. See Virtue.

Satisfaction, 11, 79, 81, 83.
Scepticism, 4 _ff._, 36, 108.
Sentimentalism, 98 _ff._, and art, 209.
Society, Chap. I, _passim_, 38; prudential basis of, 89;
character of modern, 39, 166; progress in, 126, 132;
continuity of, 143; and the aesthetic interest, 195, 211.
Sophocles, quoted, 102, 151.
Sordidness, 79, 81, 94.
Spinoza, quoted, 35.
Stoics, religion of, 245. See Epictetus.
Struggle for existence, 30; its relation to morality, 21 _ff._;
its relation to progress, 130.
Superstition, 232 _ff._
Survival, 24, 131.

Tact, 88.
Taine, quoted, 185.
Taylor, J., quoted, 86, 94.
Temperance, 90.
Thrift, 68, 87.
Thucydides, quoted, 156.
Tolerance, 38, 105, 164.
Tolstóy, on art, 207.
Truth, of art, 205 _ff._; of religion, 220 _ff._
Truthfulness, 96. See Veracity.
Tyranny, 36, 39, 151 _ff._

Value, the simpler terms of, 11, 82; definition of moral,
15; varieties of moral, 79, 81.
Veracity, 88, 96, 105.
Vice, varieties of, 79, 81. See Virtue, Formalism, and
Materialism.
Virtue, the order of, Ch. III; verification of, 73;
varieties of, 73, 79; classification of, 73 _ff._; table
of, 81. See under particular virtues, Prudence, etc.

War, and morality, 24 _ff._, 30; the passing of, 28, 162; and
progress, 131.
Wells, H. G., quoted, 89, 167.
Worldliness, 79, 81, 110 _ff._
Worship, 122, 232, 235, 237, 240.

Xenophanes, quoted, 326.