Chapter X (2)

In Durango, besides the sepulchral deposits alluded to, Ribas in his standard and very rare work on the 'triumphs of the faith' in the northern regions, mentions the existence of idols, columns, and the ruins of habitations at Zape, in the central part of the state; and Larios tells us that in the vicinity of the church which was being built in his time, there were found at every step burial vases, containing ashes and human bones, stones of various colors, and, most wonderful of all, statues or images of men and animals, one resembling a priest.[X-49] At San Agustin, between the city of Durango and San Juan del Rio, Arlegui notes the existence of some bones of giants. The good padre did not rely in making his statement on mere reports, but saw with his own eyes a jaw-tooth which measured over eight inches square, and belonged to a jaw which must, according to his calculations, have measured nine feet and a half in the semicircle.[X-50] In the volcanic region extending south-eastward from the city of Durango, known as La Breña, there are large numbers of very curious natural caves, the bottoms of which are covered with a thick layer of fine dust, containing much saltpetre. In this dust, Sr José Fernando Ramirez discovered various antiquarian relics, which he deposited in the National Museum of Mexico. The only one specially mentioned was a very small stone turtle, not over half an inch in diameter, very perfectly carved from a hard material. The region of La Breña has always been a land of mystery popularly supposed to contain immense concealed treasure, the localities of the deposits being marked by small heaps of stones which occurred frequently in out-of-the-way places not covered by the torrent of lava. Most of these stone heaps, perhaps altars or burial places of the ancient inhabitants, have been destroyed by the treasure-seekers, always without yielding the sought-for deposits of gold or silver. The only other relics of aboriginal times in La Breña are certain small cup-shaped excavations in the living rock, supposed to have been used originally for offerings to the deities worshiped by the natives.[X-51]

* * * * *

I find no record of any ancient monuments in Sinaloa, and across the gulf in the state of Lower California, with the exception of some idols, said to have been brought to the priests by the natives they were attempting to convert, and a smooth stone about six feet long, bearing a kind of coat of arms and some inscribed characters,[X-52] the only accounts of antiquities relate to cave and cliff paintings and inscriptions, which have never been copied, and concerning which consequently not much can be said. Clavigero says that the Jesuits found, between latitude 27° and 28°, "several great caves excavated in living rock, and painted with figures of men and women decently clad, and of several kinds of animals. These pictures, though rude, represented distinctly the objects. The colors employed in them were obtained, as may be plainly seen, from the mineral earths which are found about the volcano of Virgenes." The paintings were not the work of the natives found in possession of the country, at least so the Spaniards decided, and it was considered remarkable that they had remained through so many centuries fresh and uninjured by time. The colors were yellow, red, green, and black, and many designs were placed so high on cliffs that it seemed necessary to some of the missionaries to suppose the agency of the giants that were in 'those days.' Indeed, giants' bones were found on the peninsula, as in all other parts of the country, and the natives are said to have had a tradition that the paintings were the work of giants who came from the north. Clavigero mentions one cave whose walls and roof formed an arch resting on the floor. It was about fifteen by eighty feet, and the pictures on its walls represented men and women dressed like Mexicans, but barefooted. The men had their arms raised and spread apart, and one woman wore her hair loose and flowing down her back, and also had a plume. Some animals were noted both native and foreign. One author says they bore no resemblance to Mexican paintings. A series of red hands are reported on a cliff near Santiago mission in the south, and also, towards the sea, some painted fishes, bows, arrows, and obscure characters. A rock-inscription near Purmo, thirty leagues from Santiago, seemed to the Spanish observer to contain Gothic, Hebrew, and Chaldean letters. From all that is known of the Lower California rock-paintings and inscriptions, there is no reason to suppose that they differ much from, or at least are superior to, those in the New Mexican region, of which we shall find so many specimens in the next chapter. It is not improbable that these ruder inscriptions and pictures exist in the southern country already passed over, to a much greater extent than appears in the preceding pages, but have remained comparatively unnoticed by travelers in search of more wonderful or perfect relics of antiquity.[X-53]

[Sidenote: CERRO DE LAS TRINCHERAS.]

Only one monument is known in Sonora, and that only through newspaper reports. It is known as the Cerro de las Trincheras, and is situated about fifty miles south-east of Altar. An isolated conical hill has a spring of water on its summit, also some heaps of loose stones. The sides of the cerro are encircled by fifty or sixty walls of rough stones; each about nine feet high and from three to six feet thick, occurring at irregular intervals of fifty to a hundred feet. Each wall, except that at the base of the hill, has a gateway, but these entrances occur alternately on opposite sides of the hill, so that to reach the summit an enemy would have to fight his way about twenty-five times round the circumference. One writer tells us that Las Trincheras were first found--probably by the Spaniards--in 1650; according to another, the natives say that the fortifications existed in their present state long before the Spaniards came; and finally Sr C. M. Galan, ex-governor of Sinaloa and Lower California, a gentleman well acquainted with all the north-western region, informs me that there is much doubt among the inhabitants of the locality whether the walls have not been built since the Spanish Conquest. Sonora also furnished its quota of giants' bones.[X-54]

* * * * *

There are three or four localities in the state of Chihuahua where miscellaneous remains are vaguely mentioned in addition to the burial caves already referred to in the extreme south-east. Hardy reports a cave near the presidio of San Buenaventura, from which saltpetre is taken for the manufacture of powder, and in which some arrows have been found, with some curious shoes intended for the hoof of an animal, arranged to be tied on heel in front, with a view of misleading pursuers. The cave is very large, and the natives have a tradition of a subterranean passage leading northward to the Casas Grandes, over twenty miles.[X-55] Lamberg mentions the existence of some remains at Corralitos, and announces his intention to explore them.[X-56] García Conde says that ancient works are found at various points in the state, specifying, however, only one of them, which consists of a spiral parapet wall encircling the sides of a hill from top to bottom, near the cañon of Bachimba.[X-57]

* * * * *

[Sidenote: CASAS GRANDES OF CHIHUAHUA.]

One celebrated group of ruins remains to be described in this chapter--the Casas Grandes of northern Chihuahua. These ruins are situated on the Casas Grandes River,--which, flowing northward, empties into a lake near the United States boundary,--about midway between the towns of Janos and Galeana, and one hundred and fifty miles north-west of the city of Chihuahua. They are frequently mentioned by the early writers as a probable station of the migrating Aztecs, but these early accounts are more than usually inaccurate in this case. Robertson found in a manuscript work a mention of the Casas Grandes as "the remains of a paltry building of turf and stone, plastered over with white earth or lime."[X-58] Arlegui, in his _Chrónica_, speaks of them as "grand edifices all of stone well-hewn and polished from time immemorial." So nicely joined were the blocks of stone that they seemed to have been 'born so,' without the slightest trace of mortar; but the author adds that they might have been joined with the juice of some herbs or roots.[X-59] Clavigero, who claims to have derived his information from parties who had visited the ruins,--since the hostile attitude of the Apaches at the time of his own residence in the country made a visit impracticable--was the first to give any definite idea of these monuments, although he also falls into several errors. He says: "This place is known by the name of Casas Grandes on account of a vast edifice still standing, which according to the universal tradition of the people was built by the Mexicans in their pilgrimage. This edifice is constructed according to the plan of those in New Mexico, that is composed of three stories and a terrace above them, without doors in the lower story. The entrance to the edifice is in the second story; so that a ladder is required."[X-60]

Sr Escudero examined the ruins in 1819, and describes them as "a group of rooms built with mud walls, exactly oriented according to the four cardinal points. The blocks of earth are of unequal size, but placed with symmetry, and the perfection with which they have lasted during a period which cannot be less than three hundred years shows great skill in the art of building. It is seen that the edifice had three stories and a roof, with exterior stairways probably of wood. The same class of construction is found still in all the independent Indian towns of Moqui, north-east from the state of Chihuahua. Most of the rooms are very small with doors so small and narrow that they seem like the cells of a prison."[X-61] A writer in the _Album Mexicano_, who visited the Casas Grandes in 1842, wrote a description which is far superior to anything that preceded it.[X-62] Mr Hardy visited the place, but his account affords very little information;[X-63] and Mr Wizlizenus gives a brief description evidently drawn from some of the earlier authorities and consequently faulty.[X-64] Finally Mr Bartlett explored the locality in 1851, and his description illustrated with cuts is by far the most satisfactory extant. From his account and that in the _Album_ most of the following information is derived.[X-65]

The ruined casas are about half a mile from the modern Mexican town of the same name, located in a finely chosen site, commanding a broad view over the fertile valley of the Casas Grandes or San Miguel river, which valley--or at least the river bottom--is here two miles wide. This bottom is bounded by a plateau about twenty-five feet higher, and the ruins are found partly on the bottom and partly on the more sterile plateau above. They consist of walls, generally fallen and crumbled into heaps of rubbish, but at some points, as at the corners and where supported by partition walls, still standing to a height of from five to thirty feet above the heaps of débris, and some of them as high as fifty feet, if reckoned from the level of the ground. The cuts on this and the opposite pages represent views of the ruins from three different standpoints, as sketched by Mr Bartlett.

[Sidenote: CASAS GRANDES.]

The material of the walls is sun-dried blocks of mud and gravel, about twenty-two inches thick, and of irregular length, generally about three feet, probably formed and dried in situ. Of this material and method of construction more details will be given in the following chapter on the New Mexican region, where the buildings are of a similar nature. The walls are in some parts five feet thick, but were so much damaged at the time of Mr Bartlett's visit that nothing could be ascertained, at least without excavation, respecting their finish on either surface. The author of the account in the _Album_ states that the plaster which covers the blocks is of powdered stone, but this may be doubted. There is no doubt, however, that they were plastered on both interior and exterior, with a composition much like that of which the blocks were made; Escudero found some portions of the plaster still in place, but does not state what was its composition. The remains of the main structure, which was rectangular in its plan, extend over an area measuring about eight hundred feet from north to south, and two hundred and fifty from east to west.[X-66] Within this area are three great heaps of ruined walls, but low connecting lines of débris indicate that all formed one edifice, or were at least connected by corridors. On the south the wall, or the heaps indicating its existence, is continuous and regular; of the northern side nothing is said; but on the east and west the walls are very irregular, with many angles and projections.

* * * * *

The ground plan of the whole structure could not be made out, at least in the limited time at Mr Bartlett's disposal. He found, however, one row of apartments whose plan is shown in the cut. Each of the six shown is ten by twenty feet, and the small structure in the corner of each is a pen rather than a room, being only three or four feet high. In the _Album_, the usual dimensions of the rooms are given as about twelve and a half by sixteen and a half feet; one very perfect room, however, being a little over four feet square. Bartlett found many rooms altogether too small for sleeping apartments, some of great size, whose dimensions are not given, and several enclosures too large to have been covered by a roof, doubtless enclosed courtyards. One portion of standing wall in the interior had a doorway narrower at the top than at the bottom, and two circular openings or windows above it. The explorer of 1842 speaks of doorways long, square, and round, some of them being walled up at the bottom so as to form windows.

* * * * *

Not a fragment of wood or stone remained in 1851; nor could any holes in the walls be found which seemed to have held the original floor-timbers; and consequently there was no way of determining the number of stories. In 1842, however, a piece of rotten wood was found, over a window as it seems; and the people in the vicinity said they had found many beams. No traces of any stairway was, however, visible. No doubt the earlier accounts spoke of wooden stairways, or ladders, because such means of entrance were commonly used in similar and more modern buildings in New Mexico; later writers converted the conjectures of the first visitors into actual fact; hence the galleries of wood and exterior stairways spoken of by Wizlizenus and others.

It is difficult to determine where the idea originated that the structure had three stories; for the walls still standing in places to a height of fifty feet, notwithstanding the wear of three centuries at least, would certainly indicate six or seven stories rather than three. These high walls are always in the interior, and the outer walls are in no part of a sufficient height to indicate more than one story. The general idea of the structure in its original condition, formed from the descriptions and views, is that of an immense central pile--similar to some of the Pueblo towns of New Mexico, and particularly that of Taos, of which a cut will be given in the following chapter--rising to a height of six or seven stories, and surrounded by lower houses built about several courtyards, and presenting on the exterior a rectangular form. Notwithstanding the imperfect exploration of this ruin and its advanced state of dilapidation, the reader of the following chapter will not fail to understand clearly what this Casa Grande was like when still inhabited; for there is no doubt that this building was used for a dwelling as well as for other purposes, and this may be regarded as the first instance in the northward progress of our investigation where any remains of authentic aboriginal dwellings have been met.

[Sidenote: BROKEN POTTERY.]

About one hundred and fifty yards west of the main building and somewhat higher on the plateau, are seen the foundations of another structure of similar nature and material, indicating a line of small apartments built round an interior court, according to the ground plan shown in the cut, the whole forming a square with sides of about one hundred and fifty feet. There are some other heaps in the vicinity which may very likely represent buildings, of whose original forms, however, they convey no idea, besides some remains of what seemed to Mr Bartlett to be very evidently those of modern Spanish buildings. Between the two buildings described there are three mounds or heaps of loose stones each about fifteen feet high, which have not been opened. Escudero, followed by García Conde, states that throughout an extent of twenty leagues in length and ten leagues in width in the valleys of the Casas Grandes and Janos, mounds are found in great numbers--over two thousand, as estimated in the _Album_--and that such as have been opened have furnished painted pottery, metates, stone axes, and other utensils. One visitor thought that one of the mounds presented great regularity in its form and had a summit platform.

Escudero and Hardy report the existence of an aqueduct or canal which formerly brought water from a spring to the town. The following cut shows specimens of broken pottery found in connection with the ruins. The ornamentation is in black, red, or brown, on a white or reddish ground. The material is said to be superior in texture to any manufactured in later times by the natives of this region. The whole valley for miles around is strewn with such fragments. Unbroken specimens of pottery are not abundant, as is naturally the case in a country traversed continually by roving bands of natives to whom it is easier to pick up or dig out earthen utensils than to manufacture or buy them. Three specimens were however found by Mr Bartlett, and are shown in the cut. Mr Hardy also sketched a vase very similar to the first figure of the cut, and he speaks of "good specimens of earthen images in the Egyptian style, which are, to me at least, so perfectly uninteresting, that I was at no pains to procure any of them." According to the _Album_, some idols had been found by the inhabitants among other relics, and the women claimed to have discovered a monument of antiquity which was of practical utility to themselves, as well as of interest to archæologists--namely, a jar filled with bear's grease! The pipe shown in the cut, has a suspiciously modern look, although included in Bartlett's plate of Chihuahuan antiquities.

[Sidenote: FORTRESS AT CASAS GRANDES.]

The inhabitants pointed out to Bartlett, on the top of a high mountain, some ten miles south-west of the ruins described, what they said was a stone fortress of two or three stories. Escudero describes this monument, which he locates at a distance of only two leagues, as a watch-tower or sentry-station on the top of a high cliff; and says that the southern slope of the hill has many lines of stones at irregular intervals, with heaps of loose stones at their extremities. This is probably, in the absence of more definite information the more credible account. The _Album_ represents this monument as a fortress built of great stones very perfectly joined, though without the aid of mortar. The wall is said to be eighteen or twenty feet thick, and a road cut in the rock leads to the summit. At this time, 1842, the works were being destroyed for the stone they contained. Clavigero speaks of the hill works as "a fortress defended on one side by a high mountain, and on other sides by a wall about seven feet thick, the foundations of which yet remain. There are seen in this fortress stones as large as millstones; the beams of the roofs are of pine, and well worked. In the centre of the vast edifice is a mound, built as it seems, for the purpose of keeping guard and watching the enemy." Clavigero evidently confounds the two groups of ruins, and from his error, and a similar one by others, come the accounts which represent the Casas Grandes as built of stone. He mentions obsidian mirrors among the relics dug up here, probably without any authority. The cut from Bartlett shows a stone metate found among the ruins.

So far as any conclusions or comparisons suggested by this Chihuahuan ruin are concerned, they may best be deferred to the end of the following chapter. The Casas Grandes, and the ruins of the northern or New Mexican group, should be classed together. They were the work of the same people, at about the same epoch.

FOOTNOTES:

[X-1] _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. iv., p. 58.

[X-2] _Beaumont_, _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., pp. 45-6. Ihuatzio, probably the true name of the town called by Beaumont Ignatzio, 'recuerda por sus antiguedades (la Pirámide aun no destruida, que les servia de plaza de armas: otras _Yácatas_, ó sepulcros de sus Reyes: las reliquias de una torre que fabricó su primer fundador antes venir los Españoles, y la _via_, calle ó camino de _Queréndaro_, que comunicaba con la Capital) tristes memorias de la grandeza michuacana.' _Michuacan_, _Análisis Estad., por J. J. L._, p. 166.

[X-3] _Lyon's Journal_, vol. ii., pp. 71-2. 'Some relics of the Tarascan architecture are said to be found at this place, but we do not possess any authentic accounts or drawings of them.' _Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 291. Mention in _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 369; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 167.

[X-4] _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 70-1; mention in _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 154.

[X-5] _Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr._, p. 199.

[X-6] _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. iv., p. 559.

[X-7] _Humboldt_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. ii., p. 30, suppl., pl. vii., fig. 13; _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii., p. 558.

[X-8] _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. iii., p. 277.

[X-9] _Gutierrez_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. iii., pp. 277-80.

[X-10] _Rico_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. iii., p. 183.

[X-11] _Löwenstern_, _Mexique_, pp. 265-7, 280, 344; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1840, tom. lxxxvi., pp. 119-20; _Id._, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 104; _Cincinnatus' Travels_, p. 259.

[X-12] _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 311.

[X-13] _Florencia_, _Origen de los Santuarios_, p. 8; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia_, MS., pp. 217-19.

[X-14] _Acazitli_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., pp. 313-14; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 269-70.

[X-15] _Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 515.

[X-16] _Gil_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii., p. 496; _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1842, tom. xcv., p. 295; same account in _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 161.

[X-17] _Retes_, in _Museo Mex._, 2da época, tom. i., pp. 3-6.

[X-18] _Id._, p. 6.

[X-19] _Lyon's Journal_, vol. i., pp. 322-3.

[X-20] _Bustamante_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. i., pp. 56-7.

[X-21] _Castillo_, in _Id._, 2da época, tom. iv., pp. 107-8.

[X-22] _Berlandier and Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 25.

[X-23] _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. iii., pp. 278-9, preceded by an account quoted from Torquemada.

[X-24] _Lyon's Journal_, vol. i., pp. 225-44.

[X-25] _Esparza_, _Informe_, pp. 56-8. The same report also published in 1843, in the _Museo Mex._, tom. i., p. 185, et seq., with some remarks by the editor, who saw the ruins in 1831. The article also includes a quotation from _Frejes_, _Conquista de Zacatecas_, an attempt to clear up the origin and history of the ruined city, and a plate reduced from Nebel.

[X-26] _Burkart_, _Aufenthalt_, tom. ii., pp. 97-105.

[X-27] _Viaje._ His Mexican trip began in 1831, _Soc. Géog., Bulletin_, tom. xv., No. 95, p. 141, and Burkart met him in Zacatecas some time before 1834.

[X-28] Other accounts containing no additional information, and made up, except one or two, from the authorities already mentioned:--_Gil_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii., pp. 441-2; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 240-6; _Id._, _Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., pp. 317-23, Lyon's description and Nebel's plate; _Id._, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 581; _Bradford's Amer. Antiq._, pp. 90-5; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 492; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 204; _Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex._, pp. 58-66; _Id._, _Great Cities_, pp. 304-12, cuts; _Rio_, _Beschreib. einer alt. Stadt_, appendix, pp. 70-5.

[X-29] _Tello_, _Fragmentos_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., p. 344.

[X-30] _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii., pp. 441-2, 496; _Frejes_, in _Museo Mex._, tom. i., pp. 186-9; _Lyon's Journal_, vol. i., p. 243.

[X-31] The explanation of the plan by the lettering given in Nebel's work is as follows: A i., A ii., A iii., A iv. Temples and structures connected therewith. B. Enclosing walls. C. Walls supporting terraces. D. Pyramids in the interior of temples. E. Isolated Pyramids. F. Ruins of dwellings. G. Stairways. H. Ancient roads. J. Kind of a 'plaza de armas.' K. Fortifications. L. Small stairways leading to the court of the temple. M. A small altar. N. Ancient foundations. O. Batteries in the form of flat roofs (azotéas). P. Modern cross on the summit of the hill. Q. Well. R. Large hall with 11 columns to support the roof. S. Two columns. T. Rock. U. Stream.

[X-32] Rivera, pp. 56-8, says that the causeway leading toward the hacienda runs S.E.

[X-33] _Frejes_, in _Museo Mex._, tom. i., p. 186, speaks of 'tres calzadas de seis varas de ancho que por líneas divergentes corren al mediodía algunas leguas hasta perderse de vista.'

[X-34] _Lyon._ According to the _Museo Mex._, tom. i., p. 187, it is 5 or 6 varas high and 10 thick.

[X-35] Burkart gives the dimensions as 194 by 232 Rhenish feet, somewhat larger than English feet; Rivera says 35 or 40 varas square. This author also noticed on the slope of the hill before reaching the steepest part, a pyramid about 20 feet high and 11 feet square, now truncated but apparently pointed in its original condition. This was probably the heap of stones mentioned above.

[X-36] Burkart implies that the terrace extends entirely round the square, forming a sunken basin 4 or 5 feet deep; and this is probably the case, as it agrees with the plan of some other structures on the hill.

[X-37] Lyon says 137 by 154 feet; Rivera, 50 to 60 varas, with walls 8 to 9 varas high.

[X-38] Burkart gives the dimensions of the pyramid as 30 feet square and 30 feet high; and of the altar in front as 6 feet square and 6 feet high.

[X-39] 'Tiene este pueblo [Teul] por cabeza un cerro al principio cuadrado como de peña tajada, y arriba otro cerro redondo, y encima del primero hay tanta capacidad que caben mas de veinte mil indios.... En este monte estaba una sala, en donde estaba su ídolo, que llamaban el Teotl ... tiene más una pila de losas de junturas de cinco varas de largo y tres de ancho, y mas ancha de arriba que de abajo.... Esta pila tiene dos entradas; la una en la esquina que mira al Norte, con cinco gradas, y la otra que mira en esquina al Sur, con otras cinco: no lejos de esta pila, como dos tiros de arcabuz, están dos montecillos que eran los osarios de los indios que sacrificaban.' _Tello_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., pp. 362-4; _Id._, in _Beaumont_, _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., p. 300; description of the temple, _Gil_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii., p. 497; mention of ruins, _Frejes_, in _Museo Mex._, tom. i., p. 186; stone axes, _Esparza_, _Informe_, p. 7; concealed temples and idols, _Arlegui_, _Chrón. Zacatecas_, p. 95.

[X-40] _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, p. 98; _Cabrera_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. iv., p. 24; _Annual Scien. Discov._, 1850, p. 361.

[X-41] _Furber's Twelve Months Volunteer_, pp. 387-8.

[X-42] _Lyon's Journal_, vol. i., pp. 141-2.

[X-43] _Norman's Rambles by Land and Water_, pp. 169-70.

[X-44] _Norman's Rambles by Land and Water_, pp. 121-37.

[X-45] _Lyon's Journal_, vol. i., pp. 21, 28, 114. Mention of Tamaulipas antiquities from Norman and Lyon, in _Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., pp. 207-9; _Id._, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 581. Newspaper account of some relics of Christianity, in _Cronise's California_, p. 30.

[X-46] _Berlandier and Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 151.

[X-47] _Wizlizenus' Tour_, pp. 69, 70. This author says the bodies are supposed to belong to the Lipans. _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 518; _Severn's Journal_, vol. xxx., p. 38; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, pp. 239-40; _Id._, _Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 333; _Silliman's Jour._, vol. xxxvi., p. 200; _Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences_, vol. iii., pp. 160-1; _Pac. Monthly_, vol. xi., p. 783; _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1839, tom. lxxxi., pp. 126-7; _Lemprière's Notes in Mex._, p. 135; _Avila_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 465-8; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 418; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 685.

[X-48] _Donnavan's Adven._, pp. 30-1.

[X-49] _Larios_, in _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., pp. 54-5; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 583; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 318.

[X-50] _Arlegui_, _Chrón. Zacatecas_, pp. 6, 67.

[X-51] _Ramirez_, _Noticias Hist. de Durango_, pp. 6-9; _Id._, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. v., pp. 10-11.

[X-52] _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. v., pp. 213, 254.

[X-53] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 107-9; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. v., pp. 213, 254; _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, Dec. 21, 1860, Nov. 22, 1861, Jan. 10, 1862; _Hesperian_, vol. iii., p. 530.

[X-54] _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, July 16, 1864; _Cal. Farmer_, March 20, 1863, April 4, 1862; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., pp. 626-7.

[X-55] _Hardy's Trav._, p. 467.

[X-56] _Lamberg_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. iii., p. 25.

[X-57] _García Conde_, _Ensayo sobre Chihuahua_, p. 74.

[X-58] _Robertson's Hist. Amer._, vol. i., p. 269.

[X-59] _Arlegui_, _Chrón. Zacatecas_, pp. 104-5. Same in _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia_, MS., pp. 484-5.

[X-60] _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. i., p. 159; _Heredia y Sarmiento_, _Sermon_, pp. 89-90.

[X-61] _Escudero_, _Noticias Estad. del Estado de Chihuahua_, pp. 234-5; repeated in _García Conde_, _Ensayo sobre Chihuahua_, p. 74; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 110-11.

[X-62] _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 374-5.

[X-63] _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 465-6.

[X-64] _Wizlizenus' Tour_, pp. 59-60.

[X-65] _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 347-64. Other compiled accounts may be found in _Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 339; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mex._, pp. 269-70; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 312-13; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 525; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 347; _Ranking's Hist. Researches_, pp. 282-3; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 216; _Willson's Amer. Hist._, p. 561; _Gordon's Ancient Mex._, vol. i., p. 105; _Gregory's Hist. Mex._, p. 71.

[X-66] Although the dimensions in the _Album_ are given as 414 by 1380 feet, probably including some structures reckoned by Bartlett as detached.