Chapter XI: Antiquities of Arizona and New Mexico (3)

[XI-8] Padre Garcés says, 'on this river is situated the house which they call Moctezuma's, and many other ruins of other edifices with very many fragments of pottery both painted and plain. From what I afterwards saw of the Moqui, I have formed a very different idea from that which I before entertained respecting these buildings,' referring to Padre Font for more details. _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série ii., tom. i., p. 242. Font's account is substantially as follows:--'We carefully examined this edifice and its ruins; the echnographical plan of which I here lay down [The plan does not accompany the translation, but I have the same plan in another MS. which I shall presently mention] and the better to understand it I give the following description and explanation. [Here follows an account of the building of the Casa by the Aztecs when the Devil led them through these regions on their way to Anáhuac]. The site on which this house is built is flat on all sides and at the distance of about one league from the river Gila, and the ruins of the houses which composed the town extend more than a league towards the East and the Cardinal points; and all this land is partially covered with pieces of pots, jugs, plates, &c., some common and others painted of different colours, white, blue, red,' &c., very different from the work of the Pimas. A careful measurement made with a lance showed that 'the house forms an oblong square, facing exactly the four Cardinal points ... and round about it there are ruins indicating a fence or wall which surrounded the house and other buildings, particularly in the corners, where it appears that there has been some edifice like an interior castle or watch-tower, for in the angle which faces towards the S.W. there stands a ruin with its divisions and an upper story. The exterior place [plaza] extends from N. to S. 420 feet and from E. to W. 260 feet. The interior of the house consists of five halls, the three middle ones being of one size and the two extreme ones longer.' The three middle ones are 26 by 10 feet, and the others 38 by 12 feet, and all 11 feet high. The inner doors are of equal size, two by five feet, the outer ones being of double width. The inner walls are four feet thick and well plastered, and the outer walls six feet thick. The house is 70 by 50 feet, the walls sloping somewhat on the outside. 'Before the Eastern doorway, separate from the house there is another building,' 26 by 18 feet, 'without counting the thickness of the walls. The timber, it appears, was of pine, and the nearest mountain bearing pine is at the distance of 25 leagues; it likewise bears some mezquite. All the building is of earth, and according to appearances the walls are built in boxes [moldes] of different sizes. A trench leads from the river at a great distance, by which the town was supplied with water; it is now nearly buried up. Finally, it is perceptible that the Edifice had three stories, and if it be true what the Indians say it had 4, the last being a kind of subterranean vault. For the purpose of giving light to the rooms, nothing is seen but the doors and some round holes in the middle of the walls which face to the East and West, and the Indians said that the Prince whom they call the "bitter man" used to salute the sun through these holes (which are pretty large) at its rising and setting. No signs of stairs remain, and we therefore suppose that they must have been of wood, and that they were destroyed when the building was burnt by the Apaches.' _Font's Journal_, MS., pp. 8-10; also quoted in _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 278-80; also French translation in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 383-6.

[XI-9] _Beaumont_, _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., pp. 504-8. See an abridged account from the same source in _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia_, MS., p. 125; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 462-3.

[XI-10] _Sonora_, _Rudo Ensayo_, pp. 18-9; same also in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., pp. 503-4; _Velarde_, _Descrip. de la Pimería_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. i., pp. 362-3. This author speaks of 'algunas paredes de un gran estanque, hecho á mano de cal y canto.' Similar account in _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., pp. 211-12.

[XI-11] _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 81-3; _Johnston's Journal_, in _Id._, pp. 567-600; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 114-24; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 271-84. Other authorities, containing, I believe, no original information, are as follows: _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, pp. 297-8; _Baldwin's Anc. Amer._, p. 82; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 361; _Gondra_, in _Prescott_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. iii., p. 19; _Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 396, with cut; _Id._, _Observations_, p. 15; _Id._, _Mex. as it Was_, p. 239; _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Hist. Nat. Civ._, tom. ii., p. 197; _Conder's Mex. Guat._, vol. ii., pp. 68-9; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 297; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, pp. 186-8; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 381-4; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 309-14; _Lafond_, _Voyages_, tom. i., p. 135; _Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 12; _Long's Amer. and W. I._, pp. 180-1; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., pp. 453; _Mill's Hist. Mex._, pp. 192-3; _Monglave_, _Résumé_, p. 176; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 435-6; _Müller_, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 532; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 284-6, 261; _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. ii., pp. 451-2; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, pp. 86-7; _Id._, _Ancient Mex._, vol. i., p. 104; _Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book_, p. 669; _Robinson's Cal._, pp. 93-4; _Velasco_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. xi., p. 96; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 347; _DeBercy_, _L'Europe et L'Amér._, pp. 238-9; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 40, 46, 52; _San Francisco Chronicle_, Jan. 15, 1875; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 299-300; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 219.

[XI-12] Adobes are properly sun-dried bricks without any particular reference to the exact quality or proportions of the ingredients, many varieties of earth or clay being employed, according to the locality and the nature of the structure, with or without a mixture of straw or pebbles. But adobe is a very convenient word to indicate the material itself without reference to the form and size of its blocks or the exact nature of its ingredients; and such a use of the word seems allowable.

[XI-13] _Smithsonian Rept._, 1869, p. 326; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 41, 161-2.

[XI-14] 36 by 21 paces, _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. i., p. 283; 70 by 50 feet, outer walls 6 feet thick, inner 4 feet, _Font's Journal_, MS., pp. 8-9; walls between 4 and 5 feet thick, _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 272; 60 feet square, _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 81.

[XI-15] Central rooms, 26 by 10 feet; the others 38 by 12 feet. _Font's Journal_, MS., p. 9.

[XI-16] It will be noticed that although Mr Bartlett speaks of an entrance in the centre of each side, his plan shows none in the south. 'Il n'existe point de portes au rez-de-chaussée.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 361.

[XI-17] _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. i., pp. 282-3.

[XI-18] _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 118.

[XI-19] _Johnston_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 598.

[XI-20] _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 462-3; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 297.

[XI-21] _Johnston_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 598.

[XI-22] 'Habia tambien seis leguas distante del rio hácia el Sur, un algive de agua hecho á mano mas que cuadrado ó paralelo, grande de sesenta varas de largo y cuarenta de ancho; sus bordos parecian paredes ó pretil de argamasa ó cal y canto, segun lo fuerte y duro del material, y por sus cuatro ángulos tiene sus puertas por donde se conduce y se recoge el agua llovediza.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., p. 848. 'Se ven algunas paredes de un gran estanque, hecho á mano de cal y canto, y una acequia de los mismos materiales.' _Velarde_, in _Id._, série iv., tom. i., p. 362.

[XI-23] 'Paredes muy altas y anchas de mas de una vara, de un género de barro blanco muy fuerte, cuadrada, y muy grande.' _Bernal_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., p. 801. 'Paredes de dos varas de grueso, como un castillo y otras á sus contornos, pero todo de fábrica antigua.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Id._, série iv., tom. i., p. 282; _Sonora_, _Rudo Ensayo_, p. 19; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 83. Whipple, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 73, speaks of a circular depression in the earth at this point.

[XI-24] _Johnston_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 600.

[XI-25] _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., p. 847. There is no foundation whatever for the statement of Mofras that in this region 'en faisant des fouilles on trouve encore des idoles, des poteries, des armes, et des miroirs en pierre poli nommées itzli.' _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 361.

[XI-26] _Velarde_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. i., p. 363.

[XI-27] _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv. p. 847.

[XI-28] _Velarde_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. i., pp. 348, 363. 'De otros edificios de mas extencion, arte y simetria, he oido referir al Padre Ygnacio Xavier Keller, aunque no tengo presente en que paraje de sus Apostolicas carreras.' _Sonora_, _Rudo Ensayo_, pp. 19-20.

[XI-29] _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 87-8, 134; _Johnston_, in _Id._, p. 600; _Cincinnatus' Travels_, p. 356.

[XI-30] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 45, 47.

[XI-31] _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 242-8, with a cut of one of the heaps of ruins. _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 308-9. Cuts of many specimens of pottery from the Gila Valley, in _Johnston_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 596, 600.

[XI-32] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 14-15.

[XI-33] Mr Leroux also reported to Bartlett the existence in the Verde valley of heaps of débris like those on the Salado. _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 247. Mention of Verde remains. _Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 140-2; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538. Pike, _Explor. Trav._, p. 336, says very absurdly, "Those walls are of a black cement which encreases in stability with age, and bids defiance to the war of time; the secret of its composition is now entirely lost."

[XI-34] _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 91-4; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 348-9. Möllhausen was the artist connected with Whipple's expedition.

[XI-35] _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 63-9, 80, 133-4, with cuts and plates; _Johnston_, in _Id._, pp. 581-96; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 23, with cut illustrating the lines of foundation-stones. _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. ii., p. 421; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 488, with cut of hieroglyphics. Two plates of colored fragments of pottery, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 82-5, vol. vi., p. 68. Respecting the builders of the ruined structures, see _Garcés_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série ii., tom. i., pp. 320, 329; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 161-2; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., p. 847. Other references on Gila remains are: _Sonora_, _Rudo Ensayo_, p. 19, with cut of labyrinth; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 375-6; _Fremont_, in _Cal., Past, Pres. and Future_, p. 144; _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 46; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., pp. 422-3; _Id._, _Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., pp. 514-15, 568; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 382-3; _Cal. Farmer_, Feb. 28, 1862; _Cincinnatus' Travels_, pp. 355-7; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 293-4. I find an account going the rounds of the newspapers of a wonderful group of ruins 'on the Gila some miles east of Florence,' discovered by Lieut. Ward. They consist of very extensive fortifications, and other structures built of hewn stone, the walls being yet twelve feet high, and two towers standing 26 and 31 feet respectively. Copper and stone implements, golden ornaments and stone vases were found here. Finally, the whole account is doubtless a hoax.

[XI-36] A writer in the _N. Y. Tribune_,--see _Hist. Mag._, vol. x., suppl., p. 95--describes a pyramid on the Colorado River, without giving the locality. It is 104 feet square, 20 feet high, and has at present a summit platform. It seems, however, to have been originally pointed, judging from the débris. The material is hewn stone in blocks from 18 to 36 inches thick, those of the outer facing being out at an angle. This report is perhaps founded on some of the ruins on the Colorado Chiquito yet to be mentioned, or quite as probably it has no foundation whatever. 'Upon the lower part of the Rio Colorado no traces of permanent dwellings have been discovered.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 15. Arizona miners occasionally refer to the ruins of old Indian buildings on the Colorado, 40 miles above La Paz, on the eastern side, similar in character to those of the Gila. On Ehrenberg's _Map of Arizona_, 1858, they are so located, and that is all that is known of them. _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, July 14, 1864.

[XI-37] _Cal. Farmer_, March 27, 1863.

[XI-38] _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 376; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 106-7.

[XI-39] _Sitgreaves' Report, Zuñi and Colorado Rivers_, 1853, pp. 8-9; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 81, 46-50; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 117, no details; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 306-8; _Id._, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 148-50, 164-5, 399-401; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 253, vol. vi., p. 68, plates of inscriptions; _Hay_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. i., p. 29; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, pp. 146-7. A writer in the _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, July 3, 1868, says that the most extensive ruins in Arizona or New Mexico are situated above the high falls of the Little Colorado, 20 miles north of the San Francisco Mountains. They extend for miles along the river, and include well-made walls of hewn stone now standing to the height of six or eight feet. Both streets and irrigating canals may be traced for miles. This writer speaks of the Jesuit inscriptions. According to an article in the _San Francisco Herald_ of 1853, quoted in the _Cal. Farmer_ of June 22, 1860, Capt. Joseph Walker found some remarkable ruins on the Colorado Chiquito in 1850. He speaks of 'a kind of a citadel, around which lay the ruins of a city more than a mile in length.' The streets were still traceable, running at right angles. The buildings were all of stone 'reduced to ruins by the action of some great heat which had evidently passed over the whole country.... All the stones were burnt, some of them almost cindered, others glazed as if melted. This appearance was visible in every ruin he met with. A storm of fire seemed to have swept over the whole country and the inhabitants must have fallen before it.' The central building with walls 15 or 18 feet long and 10 feet high, of hewn stone, stood on a rock 20 or 30 feet high, itself fused by the heat. The ruins seen by Walker were in all probability similar to those described by Sitgreaves, and the Captain, or the writer of this article, drew heavily on his imagination for many of his facts.

[XI-40] _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 76.

[XI-41] _Möllhausen's Journey_, vol. ii., p. 121.

[XI-42] _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 73-4; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 255.

[XI-43] _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 6; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Repts_, vol. pp. 71, 39.

[XI-44] _Whipple, et al._, in _Pac. R. R. Repts_, vol. iii., pp. 69, 39-41, 45-6, with view of ruins; _Möllhausen's Journey_, vol. ii., p. 96, cut of altar; _Id._, _Reisen_, tom. ii., pp. 196, 402; _Id._, _Tagebuch_, pp. 283-4, 278, with cut of altar; _Simpson_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1869, pp. 329-32; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 128; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 211-13; _Barber and Howe's Western States_, p. 553; _Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book_, pp. 310-12.

[XI-45] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 45-6.

[XI-46] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 95-7; _Möllhausen's Journey_, vol. ii., p. 82; _Id._, _Tagebuch_, pp. 275-7; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 39. Col. Doniphan found in 1846 on the head-waters of the Piscao (Pescado, Zuñi?) the ruins of an ancient city, which formed a square surrounded by double walls of stone 14 feet apart. The space between the walls was divided into compartments 14 feet square, opening into the interior. The houses were three stories high, the lower story being partially subterranean. Large quantities of red cedar, apparently cut for firewood, were found in connection with the buildings. _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, pp. 197-8. Simpson explored the stream to its source, and found no ruins except three at Ojo del Pescado, which were probably the same on which Doniphan's report was founded, although there is no resemblance in the descriptions.

[XI-47] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 93-109, pl. 60-1, views of cliff; pl. 65-74, inscriptions; pl. 63, ground plan of building; pl. 64, pottery; cut p. 100, plan of rock. _Whipple, et al._, in _Pac. R. R. Repts_, vol. iii., pp. 22, 52, 63-4, with plates; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 266-72, pl. of plan and pottery; _Id._, _Journey_, vol. ii., pp. 68-79, 52, pl.; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 208-9, 415-18; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 422-3; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 147; _Barber and Howe's Western States_, p. 561.

[XI-48] _Dominguez and Escalante_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série ii., tom. i., pp. 400-2. A correspondent of the _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, July 8, 1864, says that the San Juan valley is strewn with ruins for hundreds of miles, some buildings three stories high of solid masonry still standing. Davis, _El Gringo_, p. 417, had heard of some ruins on the northern bank of the San Juan, but none further north. 'The valleys of the Rio de las Animas and San Juan are strewn with the ruins of cities, many of them of solid masonry. Stone buildings, three stories high, are yet standing, of Aztec architecture.' _Baker_, in _Cal. Farmer_, June 19, 1863.

[XI-49] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 74-5, pl. 53-4. Other slight accounts made up from Simpson: _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 201; _Annual Scien. Discov._, 1850, p. 362; _Barber and Howe's Western States_, pp. 559-60, with cut.

[XI-50] Dr Hammond, a companion of Simpson, describes this room as follows: 'It was in the second of three ranges of rooms, on the north side of the ruins. The door opened at the base of the wall, towards the interior of the building; it had never been more than two feet and a half high, and was filled two-thirds with rubbish. The lintels were of natural sticks of wood, one and a half to two and a half inches in diameter, deprived of the bark, and placed at distances of two or three inches apart; yet their ends were attached to each other by withes of oak with its bark well preserved. The room was in the form of a parallelogram, about twelve feet in length, eight feet high, and the walls, as they stood at the time of observation, seven feet high. The floor was of earth, and the surface irregular. The walls were about two feet thick, and plastered within with a layer of red mud one fourth of an inch thick. The latter, having fallen off in places, showed the material of the wall to be sandstone. The stone was ground into pieces the size of our ordinary bricks, the angles not as perfectly formed, though nearly so, and put up in break-joints, having intervals between them, on every side, of about two inches. The intervals were filled with laminæ of a dense sandstone, about three lines in thickness, driven firmly in, and broken off even with the general plane of the wall--the whole resembling mosaic work. Niches, varying in size from two inches to two feet and a half square, and two inches to one and a half feet in horizontal depth, were scattered irregularly over the walls, at various heights above the floor. Near the place of the ceiling, the walls were penetrated, and the surfaces of them perpendicular to the length of the beam. They had the appearance of having been sawed off originally, except that there were no marks of the saw left on them; time had slightly disintegrated the surfaces, rounding the edges somewhat here and there. Supporting the floor above were six cylindrical beams, about seven inches in diameter, passing transversely of the room, and at distances of less than two feet apart--the branches of the trees having been hewn off by means of a blunt-edged instrument. Above, and resting on these, running longitudinally with the room, were poles of various lengths, about two inches in diameter, irregularly straight, placed in contact with each other, covering all the top of the room, bound together at irregular and various distances, generally at their ends, by slips apparently of palm-leaf or marquez, and the same material converted into cords about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, formed of two strands, hung from the poles at several points. Above, and resting upon the poles, closing all above, passing transversely of the room, were planks of about seven inches wide, and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The width of the plank was uniform, and so was the thickness. They were in contact, or nearly so, admitting but little more than the passage of a knife blade between them, by the edges, through the whole of their lengths. They were not jointed; all their surfaces were level, and as smooth as if planed, excepting the ends; the angles as regular and perfect as could be retained by such vegetable matter--they are probably of pine or cedar--exposed to the atmosphere for as long a time as it is probable these have been. The ends of the plank, several of which were in view, terminated in lines perpendicular to the length of the plank, and the plank appears to have been severed by a blunt instrument. The planks--I examined them minutely by the eye and the touch, for the marks of the saw and other instruments--were smooth, and colored brown by time or by smoke. Beyond the plank nothing was distinguishable from within. The room was redolent with the perfume of cedar. Externally, upon the top, was a heap of stone and mud, ruins that have fallen from above, immovable by the instruments that we had along. The beams were probably severed by contusions from a dull instrument, and their surfaces ground plain and smooth by a slab of rock; and the planks, split or hewn from the trees, were, no doubt, rendered smooth by the same means.' _Hammond_, in _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 131-3.

[XI-51] Chaco ruins as discovered by Simpson: Pueblo Pintado, 403 feet circumference, 3 stories, 54 rooms on ground floor, pp. 34-6, pl. 20, 22, 41; view, specimens of masonry, and of pottery. Rock-inscriptions at Camp 9, p. 36, pl. 23-5. Pueblo Weje-gi, 13 miles from Pueblo Pintado, 700 feet in circumference, 99 rooms, walls 25 feet high, pp. 36-7, pl. 26-7; view and ground plan. Pueblo Una Vida, 15½ miles from Pueblo Pintado, circumference 994 feet, height 15 feet, 2 stories, 4 estufas, pp. 37-8, pl. 28-9; view and ground plan. Pueblo Hungo Pavie, 872 feet circumference, 30 feet high, 4 stories, 72 rooms, 1 estufa, p. 38, pl. 30-2; plan, pottery, and restoration (all copied above). Pueblo Chettro Kettle, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 124 rooms, 6 estufas, pp. 38-40, pl. 33-5; plan, interior, hieroglyphics. Pueblo Bonito, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 139 rooms traceable, 4 estufas, pp. 40-2, 131-3, pl. 36-38, 40-41; view, plan, interior, pottery, specimen of masonry. Pueblo Arroyo, 100 feet circumference, 2 undescribed ruins near it, p. 42. Pueblo Peñasco Blanco, on south side of river, 1700 feet circumference, 112 rooms, 3 stories, 7 estufas, pp. 42-3, pl. 41, fig. 2; specimen of masonry. _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 34-43, 131-3. Slight account from Simpson, in _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 199-200, 379-81, 385; _Annual Scien. Discov._, 1850, pp. 362-3; _Baldwin's Anc. Amer._, pp. 86-9, cut; _Barber and Howe's Western States_, pp. 556-9, cuts; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, pp. 347-8. A newspaper report of a ruin discovered by one Roberts may be as well mentioned here as elsewhere, although the locality given is 90 miles within the Arizona line, while the Chaco remains are in New Mexico. This city was built on a mesa with precipitous sides, and covered an area of 3 square miles, being enclosed by a wall of hewn sandstone, still standing in places 6 or 8 feet high. No remains of timber were found in the city, which must have contained originally 20,000 inhabitants. It was laid out in plazas and streets, and the walls bore sculptured hieroglyphics. _San Francisco Chronicle_, Dec. 12, 1872. See also _Alta California_, June 26, 1874. I give but few of these newspaper reports as specimens; a volume might be filled with them, without much profit.

[XI-52] Davis' list of Pueblo towns is as follows:--Taos, Picoris, Nambé, Tezuque, Pojuaque, San Juan, San Yldefonso, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Cochiti, Isleta, Silla, Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuñi, Sandia, Santa Clara. _El Gringo_, p. 115. Barreiro, _Ojeada_, p. 15, adds Pecos, and omits San Juan. Simpson, _Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 114, says that Cebolleta, Covero, and Moquino, are not properly Indian pueblos, but ordinary Mexican towns.

[XI-53] See vol. i., pp. 533-8.

[XI-54] _Abert's New Mex._, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 457; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 141-2. See also _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 276-7. This author says there is a similar edifice in the pueblo of Picuris. _Edwards' Campaign_, pp. 43-4; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 191-2. On the Arroyo Hondo 10 miles north of Taos, Mr Peters, _Life of Carson_, p. 437, speaks of the remains of the largest Aztec settlement in New Mexico, consisting of small cobble-stones in mud, pottery, arrow-heads, stone pipes, and rude tools.

[XI-55] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 114.

[XI-56] _Abert's New Mex._, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 470-1, with 3 views. The most ancient and extraordinary of all the Pueblos, on a table of 60 acres, 360 feet above the plain. Identical with Coronado's Acuco. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 202-3; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 277-8.

[XI-57] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 277; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 121; view of San Felipe, in _Abert's New Mex._, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 461.

[XI-58] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 13-4. 'The houses of this town are built in blocks.' 'To enter, you ascend to this platform by the means of ladders;' windows in the upper part of the lower story. _Abert's New Mex._, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 462, with view; _Möllhausen's Journey_, p. 231, with view; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 197.

[XI-59] _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, pp. 206-7.

[XI-60] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 90-3. 'It is divided into four solid squares, having but two streets, crossing its centre at right angles. All the buildings are two stories high, composed of sun-dried brick. The first story presents a solid wall to the street, and is so constructed, that each house joins, until one fourth of the city may be said to be one building. The second stories rise from this vast, solid structure, so as to designate each house, leaving room to walk upon the roof of the first story between each building.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 195; see also _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 67-8, with view; _Möllhausen's Journey_, p. 97.

[XI-61] _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 119-24, with plates.

[XI-62] 'Each pueblo contains an _estufa_, which is used both as a council-chamber and a place of worship, where they practice such of their heathen rites as still exist among them. It is built partly under ground, and is considered a consecrated and holy place. Here they hold all their deliberations upon public affairs, and transact the necessary business of the village.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 142. 'In the west end of the town [S. Domingo] is an _estuffa_, or public building, in which the people hold their religious and political meetings. The structure, which is built of _adobes_, is circular in plan, about nine feet in elevation, and thirty-five feet in diameter, and, with no doors or windows laterally, has a small trap-door in the terrace or flat roof by which admission is gained.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 62. Estufa at Jemez, with plates of paintings. _Id._, pp. 21-2, pl. 7-11.

[XI-63] _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 30, with plate; _Abert's New Mex._, in _Id._, pp. 446-7, 483, with plate; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 55; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, pp. 74-5; _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, pp. 255-8; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 270-3; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 293-8; _Cutt's Conq. of Cal._, p. 79; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 164-5, _Baldwin's Anc. Amer._, p. 79, with cut.

[XI-64] _Gage's New Survey_, p. 162; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 164-5; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 70, 123-7; _Abert's New Mex._, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 488-9; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 182-3; _Wizlizenus' Tour_, p. 25; _Carleton's Ruins of Abó_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, pp. 300-15; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. i., pp. 718-25, 229, 239, 267-72; _Id._, _Reisen_, tom. ii., pp. 296, 405-6; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 301; _Id._, _Aus Amer._, tom. ii., pp. 150-2; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 298-9. Abert, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 466-7, 484, tells us that at Tezique the ruins of the ancient Indian town are partially covered with the buildings of the modern; also that at Poblazon, on the Puerco River, the principal ruins of stone are arranged in a square with sides of 200 yards, but other remains are scattered in the vicinity, including a circular and one elliptical enclosure. According to Gregg, _Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 71, the inhabitants were driven from Valverde, on the Rio Grande, by the Navajos. Möllhausen, _Journey_, vol. ii., p. 55, speaks of ruins on rocky heights two miles from Laguna. 'The ruins of what is usually called _Old San Felipe_ are plainly visible, perched on the edge of the mésa, about a mile above the present town, on the west side of the river.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 121.

[XI-65] _Froebel_, _Aus Amer._, tom. ii., pp. 166, 469; _Johnston_, in _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 183; _Newberry_, in _Cal. Farmer_, April 10, 1863.

[XI-66] Abert, _New Mex._, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 489-92, identifies Cíbola with Acoma and the six adjoining Pueblo towns; and Morgan, in _N. Amer. Review_, April, 1869, with the Chaco ruins.

[XI-67] See _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 42, 69-71. 'Veynte y quatro leguas de aqui, hazia el Poniente, dieron con vna Prouincia, que se nombra en lengua de los naturales Zuny, y la llaman los Espannoles Cibola, ay en ella gran cantidad de Indios, en la qual estuuo Francisco Vasquez Coronado, y dexo muchas Cruzes puestas, y otras sennales de Christianidad que siempre se estauan en pie. Hallaron ansi mesmo tres Indios Christianos que se auian quedado de aquella jornada, cuyos nombres eran Andres de Cuyoacan, Gaspar de Mexico, y Antonio de Guadalajara, los quales tenian casi oluidada su mesma lengua, y sabian muy bien la delos naturales, aunque a pocas bueltas que les hablaron se entendieron facilmente.' _Espejo_, _Viaje_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 387. Hakluyt says the narrative is from _Mendoza_, _Hist. China_, Madrid, 1586; but nothing of the kind appears in the Spanish edition of that work, 1596, or in the Italian edition of 1586.

[XI-68] _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 82, 133; _Abert's New Mex._, in _Id._, p. 484; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 45, 47; _Whipple_, in _Id._, pp. 64, 69, 73, 76, 91; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 245-7; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 118; _Cal. Farmer_, June 22, 1860.

[XI-69] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 48-9; also _Whipple_, in _Id._, pp. 64-5, 69, 73, 76, 81. Of the cut given above, fig. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13-4, 17, 21, 24, 28, 31-2, are from the Colorado Chiquito; fig. 22, 27, are from Zuñi, and modern; fig. 34, from the Cosnino caves, the ornaments having been put on after the vessel had hardened; fig. 25, 29, 30, 35, are not painted, but incrusted or indented. 'It is a singular fact, that, although some of the most time-worn carvings upon rocks are of animals and men, ancient pottery contains no such representations. Upon one fragment, indeed, found upon Rio Gila, was pictured a turtle and a piece of pottery picked up near the same place was moulded into the form of a monkey's head. These appeared to be ancient, and afforded exceptions to the rule.' _Id._, p. 65. Cut of a fragment and comparison with one found in Indiana. _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, pp. 249-50.

[XI-70] _Möllhausen's Journey_, vol. i., p. 264, vol. ii., p. 52, with pl.; _Id._, _Tagebuch_, pp. 168-70; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 170-6; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 161-2, 419-20.

[XI-71] See vol. ii., p. 533, et seq.

[XI-72] See _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 20-2, pl. 7-11.

[XI-73] _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 521.