Chapter XIV: Introduction (13)

If a person wish to have this pleasing bird in the house, as it is
often seen in Hesse, he must take the young ones early from the nest,
feed them on ants' eggs and bullock's heart chopped small, and always
keep them in a warm place. As soon as the arbour bird has been placed
in the situation destined for it, it must be left there constantly;
its cage ought not to be changed, at least there should be no
difference in the one given it afterwards, as without this attention
it becomes sad, eats no longer, and dies in a short time. I may
observe here, that it moults in December or January, whence we may
infer that it passes the winter in a southern climate.

DISEASES.--These are the same as the nightingale's.

MODE OF TAKING.--This can rarely be accomplished but by placing limed
twigs on the nest, which is a cruel method, and the nest is often
deserted as soon as it has been approached. Neither will these birds
go to the water-trap: they may be caught occasionally in bird-traps
in August, by baiting them with currants[104]. The surest way then is
to take them young, especially as the old ones cannot be tamed.

ATTRACTIVE QUALITIES.--The song of the arbour bird is sweet, varied,
full of power and melody, long sustained; yet some harsh strains have
been remarked, and some resembling the notes of the chimney swallow.
Whilst singing its throat is much dilated. Its call is _dak, dak!
hyovie, hyovie!_ Its plumage is pretty.

ACCOUNT OF THE ARBOUR BIRD, FROM THE "FIELD NATURALIST'S MAGAZINE."

"British writers, since the time of Pennant and White, have rendered the history of several of our smallest birds a mass of confusion, which even now it will be difficult to clear up, though I feel confident I possess the means of loosening two at least of the knots of the controverted points, as I shall presently show.

"When I was residing, in the summer of 1832, at Bonn, on the Rhine, my friend M. Wichterich brought me a pair of birds with their young, which at first sight, judging from colour and size, I took to be pale canaries, till I looked at their bills; I perceived then that it was a species with which I was unacquainted, and certainly not known as British. I was accordingly not a little surprised when he told me it was the _Sylvia Hippolais_ of Bechstein, and astonished when he said it was one of the finest song birds in Europe, very superior to the blackcap and fauvette, and in some respects even to the nightingale. I thence concluded that it was the species whose splendid song had charmed and puzzled me in an orchard at Schiedam, in Holland, and again in the gardens of Prince Maximilian, at Neuwied, on the Rhine; the rich intonation and multitudinous variety of the notes fully bearing out my friend's opinion. This circumstance alone would go far to prove that the species is not British, for it would be impossible so fine a song bird could be concealed, particularly as it haunts gardens, and is rarely found in woods. The very contrary of the statement of Temminck, whose authority, how high soever it may be in other matters, is, with respect to habits and field observations, of not the slightest weight: he might have seen the bird, if he ever looked beyond his cabinet, in most of the gardens about Leyden, where he resides.

"I kept the old birds with their young, which they fed in a cage for some time, but to my great regret they fell a sacrifice to the common enemy of cage birds. About the same time I was delighted to find a nest of the same species in a lilac-tree in my own garden, about half a dozen yards from my parlour windows. Three of the young after leaving this nest were secured, and their mother was caught to feed them, which she did successfully, and I brought them all, and three others, home with me to England. The nest was about seven feet high from the garden level, and ten from the base of a low wall, over which the branch where it was built leaned. The workmanship of the nest is very superior to that of the blackcap, coming nearer in character to that of the finches. The frame-work is rather thick, made of dried grass stems, sewing thread, fine wood shavings, birch bark, and small pieces of linen rag. The inside is very neatly lined with roots, hair, and a few feathers and small locks of wool.

"In the full grown male the bill is about half an inch long, straight, somewhat blunt, broad and flat at the base. The upper mandible has an exceedingly indistinct notch, and is greyish blue; the under mandible yellowish, with a tinge of red; the angles yellowish, and the opening of the mouth lemon yellow. The tongue is yellow, abrupt at the point, and furnished with three bristles. The iris is dusky brown. The forehead is low, flat, angular, and pointed. The eyebrows and eyelids are yellow, and a yellow line runs from the nostrils to the eyes. The crown of the head, neck, back, and wing-coverts are olive grey, inclining more to green on the rump. The shoulder of the wing (_campterium_, ILLIGER) is yellow: the primary quill-feathers are dusky brown, with a slight fringe of olive grey; the rest of the quill-feathers have a broader fringe of greyish white, which, when the wing is closed, forms a whitish patch. The tail is two inches long, the feathers being of equal length, and of very nearly the same colours and tinge as the wing-quills. All the under parts of the body are of a fine clear lemon colour. The legs are five-sixths of an inch high, and of a lead colour; the claws greyish brown. The whole length is five inches and a half; the extent of the wings nine inches.

The female is sometimes, but not always, rather paler than the male. The young have the yellow parts very pale.

A species very similar to this has been discovered in Italy by Prince C. Buonaparte--the _Sylvia icterina_? of Vieillot, which frequents marshy places.

THE COMMON CHIFF-CHAFF.

Sylva loquax, HERBERT; S. Hippolais, MONTAGU; but not the _S.
Hippolais_ of the Continental authors, which is _S.
polyglotta_.

COLONEL MONTAGU AND MR. SWEET'S ACCOUNT OF THE CHIFF-CHAFF.

This bird weighs about two or nearly three drachms; the length varies from four inches and a half to five inches.

This species is nearly the same size as the hay-bird. In its plumage it so much resembles that bird, that we shall only make mention here of some essential marks of distinction, and refer our readers to the hay-bird.

Its general colour is not so much tinged with yellow, and the legs are dusky, which in the other are brown.

The plumage of the sexes are alike.

These two birds have been, and are, frequently confounded, and with them the wood wren of this work; but this last is at once distinguished by the under tail-coverts being a pure white, and the plumage of a more lively green on the upper parts than either of the others. The nest, eggs, and notes, will be found also different by consulting and comparing the history of each. This is the first of all the migrative warblers (_Sylviadæ_) in its annual visit, and is, perhaps, the only one that has occasionally been observed with us during the winter, and that only in the milder parts of England. It is generally heard on or before the first of April repeating its song, if that may be so called which consists only of four notes, which seem to express the words _chip, chop, cherry, churry_, four or five times successively. It is a busy, restless bird, always active among the trees and bushes in search of insects. From its early cry in our neighbourhood, we long suspected it would be found that this hardy little bird did not wholly quit us, and in this opinion we were confirmed by seeing one in the garden about Christmas, 1806. In the following January, we observed two of these little creatures busied in catching the small insects which a bright day had roused in great abundance about some fir trees, by springing upon them from the ends of the branches, one of which we succeeded in shooting. Another, which we killed in 1808, on the same spot, while feeding upon a small species of _culex_, weighed one drachm thirty-three grains; this will easily account for the very early cry of this bird in the spring, as it is highly probable that they remain with us the whole year, but are wholly silent in the winter. The earliest we ever heard was on the 14th of March, 1804, when vegetation was unusually early.

The nest of this species is oval, with a small hole near the top, composed externally of dry leaves, and then coarse dry grass, and lined with feathers; and is generally placed on or near the ground, frequently on a ditch bank, in a tuft of grass or low bush. The eggs are six in number, white, speckled with purplish red at the larger end only, with here and there a single speck on the sides.

It seems to be the hardiest and most generally diffused of all our summer visitants; and is found in all parts of the kingdom where wood or hedges afford it shelter and food. Its note is heard long after the hay-bird is silent. Dr. Latham says this is called in Dorsetshire the hay-bird; but as we are inclined to believe the three species before mentioned have been confounded, it is more probable that our hay-bird should obtain that name, as its nest is composed of that material.

Mr. Sweet tells us, "it is readily taken in a trap baited with small caterpillars. They soon get familiar in confinement; when first caught, they should, if possible, be put with other birds, and they will readily take to feed on bruised hemp-seed and bread, and on bread and milk, which must at first be stuck full of small insects, or a quantity of aphides may be shaken off a branch upon it; when they have once tasted it they will be very fond of it. One that I caught took to eat it directly, and became so familiar, that in three or four days it would take a fly out of the hand. It also learnt to drink milk out of a tea-spoon, of which it was so fond, that it would fly after it all round the room, and perch on the hand that held it, without showing the least symptoms of fear. It would also fly up to the ceiling, and bring down a fly in its mouth every time. At last it got so very tame, that it would sit on my knee by the fire and sleep; and when the windows were open, it would never attempt, nor seemed to have the least inclination, to fly out; so that I at last ventured to entice it out in the garden, to see whether it would return. I with difficulty enticed it out at the door with a spoon of milk; it returned twice to the room; the third time it ventured into a little tree; it then fled and perched on my hand, and drank milk out of the spoon; from thence it flew to the ground on some chickweed, in which it washed itself, and got into a holly-bush to dry. After getting among the leaves, I could see no more of it, but heard it call several times. I suppose after it got quite dry that it left the country directly, as I could never see or hear it afterwards, and it was then the end of November, when all the others had left for some time[105]."

THE RUFOUS CHIFF-CHAFF.

Sylvia rufa, BECHSTEIN; La Fauvette rousse, BUFFON; Der
Weidenzeisig, BECHSTEIN.

This and the gold-crested wren are the smallest of our European birds.

The full-grown male has the bill a third of an inch in length, very narrow, and pointed; of a blackish brown, except at the edges and within, where it is yellow. The iris is dusky brown. From the base of the bill on each side there runs a narrow yellowish white streak, and there is another straight streak of a dusky yellow over the eye. The sides of the head are of a very clear brown. The upper part of the head, neck, and back, are greyish brown, with a slight tinge of olive. The throat is greyish white; the breast light grey, with a very pale tinge of red, or rather rust brown. The belly is greyish white, with faint yellowish streaks.

The females and the young males, before the first moult, have the upper parts of a clear olive green, and the under parts reddish white.

I have never met with the nest; but it is said to be built on the ground amongst fallen leaves, domed, with a side entrance, and lined with feathers. The eggs are said to be from four to seven, white, with reddish black dots, most crowded at the larger end.

The young branchers may be caught in autumn by means of the owl, with limed twigs, and fed on ant's eggs and small meal-worms. They will also soon take to bread and milk, or German paste, and become exceedingly tame, but are very impatient of cold.

It is most probably a native of Britain, like the preceding; but is not yet distinctly proved to be so.

THE HAY-BIRD, OR WILLOW WREN.

Sylvia Fitis, BECHSTEIN; S. Trochilus, LATHAM; Le Bec-fin
Pouillot, TEMMINCK; Der Fitis Sanger, MEYER; Der Weidenblatt,
BECHSTEIN.

This species weighs about two drachms and three quarters; length five inches and a quarter. The bill is dusky above, yellowish beneath; irides hazel. The whole upper parts of the plumage are of a greenish yellow brown: the under parts are white, tinged with yellow; on the breast are a few yellow streaks; legs light brown.

This is a plentiful species in some parts; frequents wooded and enclosed situations, especially where willows abound; is frequently found with the wood wren, but does not extend so far to the west in England, as it is rarely met with in Cornwall. It comes to us early in April, and soon begins its usual song, which is short, with little variety. About the latter end of the same month, or beginning of May, it makes a nest of an oval shape, with a small opening near the top, composed of moss and dried grass, and lined with feathers. This is placed in the hollow of a ditch, or in a low bush close to the ground.

MR. SWEET'S ACCOUNT OF THE HAY-BIRD.

This is another little favourite songster, and a most deserving one it is. It visits us the latter end of March, or beginning of April, and leaves us again at the end of September, or beginning of October. On its first arrival, it enlivens our woods and groves with its lively piercing song and gay frolics, flying about from tree to tree, and catching the small gnats and flies that come in its way. It builds its nest on the ground in a thicket amongst dead leaves and moss, with a covering on the top, of the same materials as those lying all around, so that it is impossible to find it without watching one of the old ones to the nest, which in general consists of six or seven young ones. These may either be brought up from the nest, or if an old one be caught wild it is easily tamed. When first put in the cage with a tame bird, the general food, bread and milk, and eggs, should be stuck full of small flies, aphides, small caterpillars, or other small insects, in picking out which it will taste the other food, and soon take to eat it readily, and will soon become very tame in confinement. One that I caught in September was, in three days afterwards, let out of the aviary into the room to catch the flies, that were numerous at that season. After amusing itself for some time in catching flies, it began singing; and it did the same several other times when it was let out, and in a few days began to sing in its aviary. It soon became so familiar, that it would take flies out of the hand; and when out in the room, if a fly was held towards it, would fly up, and take it immediately.

Although the present species is so small a bird, it is very courageous, being generally the master of the cage, and as it is so fine a songster, and almost continually in song, no little bird can be more desirable in a cage with other birds; its note, when in full song, being so loud and shrill, that its voice is plainly heard above the nightingale's when both are in full song.

THE WOOD WREN.

Sylvia sibilatrix, BECHSTEIN; Le Bec-fin Siffleur, TEMMINCK;
Der grüne Sanger, MEYER.

This bird remained long unnoticed as a distinct species, from its resemblance to the hay-bird (_Sylvia Trochilus_), with which it is still frequently confounded. It measures in length five inches and a half; bill horn-colour; upper mandible bent at the tip, and rather longer than the under; irides hazel; nostrils beset with bristles; top of the head, neck, back, and tail-coverts olive green; throat and cheeks yellow, paler on the breast; belly and vent of a most beautiful silvery white; through the eye passes a yellow line; legs rather more than an inch long, of a horn-colour, claws paler.

MR. SWEET'S ACCOUNT OF THE WOOD WREN.

This elegant and beautiful little species ranks itself amongst my list of favourites. It visits this country the beginning of April, and leaves it in August, or the beginning of September. It is generally to be found in summer amongst tall trees in woods and plantations, where it is readily detected on its arrival, by a shrill shaking sort of note that may be heard at a great distance, and cannot be confounded with any other bird. On its first arrival it sings the greater part of the day, and continues its song, more or less, through the summer, except at the time it is engaged in feeding its young. Its nest is built on the ground in a thicket amongst moss and dead leaves, so that it is impossible to find it without watching one of the old ones to the nest, which is easily done when they have young. They may either be tamed when old, or reared from the nest, and are not difficult to be caught when young with a little bird-lime at the end of a fishing-rod, as may several other species of this interesting group.

As the present species feeds entirely upon insects when wild, the greater part of which it catches on the wing, it will be useless to give it any sort of fruit or berry; but bread and milk, bruised hemp-seed and bread, with bits of fresh lean meat cut very small and mixed up in it, will be its general food. It is also very fond of the yolk of an egg boiled hard, and crumbled small, or stirred up with the point of a knife that it may peck it out of the shell as it likes. Sometimes these birds are apt to get off their other food, and will live on egg several days; at such a time if a few flies could be procured for them, it would be the most likely to restore their appetite.

THE GRASSHOPPER BIRD.

Locustella avicula, RAY; Sylvia locustella, LATHAM; L'Alouette
locustelle, BUFFON; Der Fleuschrechensanger, MEYER.

This species is less than the white-throat; length five inches and a half; weight about three drachms and a quarter. The bill is dusky above, whitish beneath; irides light hazel. The whole upper parts of the bird are olivaceous brown; the middle of each feather dusky, except on the back of the neck, which gives it a pretty spotted appearance; the tail is much cuneiform, and the feathers somewhat pointed, which is a very marked and peculiar character in this species; the outer feather being full an inch shorter than the middle ones, and nearly rounded at the tips, the wing remarkably short, reaching very little beyond the base of the tail; legs very pale brown; claws light-horn colour; hind claw short and crooked.

In shape, the grasshopper warbler very much resembles the sedge-bird; is rather inferior in size, and at once distinguished by its spotted back.

MR. SWEET'S ACCOUNT OF THE GRASSHOPPER BIRD.

The present species is known amongst bird-catchers by the name of the grasshopper lark, and it was originally placed amongst the larks by ornithologists, but has been very properly removed from them by later authors, as it wants the most characteristic mark of that family, namely, its long claw. It is a very rare bird in the neighbourhood of London, and I have never been able to procure but one of them, which I lost the first winter, by letting it wash too much; in confinement it requires the same sort of management as recommended for the two last species, and it will succeed very well. I am not acquainted with their song, never having lived in any neighbourhood where they visit, but I have been credibly informed that they have none but a note like the chirping of the grasshopper; this may probably be the case, but I have often heard the same report of some of our finest songsters, which people had confused with very common birds, there being very few who do not confuse, under the general name of white-throats, the common fly-catcher, both white-throats, the greater pettychaps, and the blackcaps, when young; and many even confuse with these the willow wren, wood wren, and lesser pettychaps: this tribe of birds being only summer visitants, are less known than any others.

These birds are not uncommon in several parts of England; they are said to be plentiful on Malmesbury Common, Wiltshire, in summer, where they breed; they are also frequently seen in Norfolk and Suffolk, and in various other parts, where they build their nest among some high grass or sedge, in which it is so concealed that it is with difficulty found, except by watching the old birds carrying food to their young ones; or when building, they may be seen carrying materials to construct their nest.

In a wild state these birds feed entirely on insects, such as flies, moths, butterflies, spiders, ants; and their eggs, small beetles, and numerous other sorts, so that in confinement they will frequently require insect food.

THE REED WARBLER.

Sylvia arundinacea, LATHAM; La Fauvette des Roseaux, BUFFON;
Der Teichsänger oder Sumpfsänger, BECHSTEIN.

This species has been confounded, not only with others with a greenish plumage that are analogous, but in describing it with the reed thrush (_Turdus arundinaceus_, Linn.), and in its manner of life with the black-bonnet, or reed bunting (_Emberiza Schæniclus_, Linn.). It is five inches in length, of which the tail measures two. The beak, seven lines long, resembles that of the arbour bird, brown above and yellowish beneath; the iris is chestnut brown; the shanks are eight lines high, and ash grey; the forehead is very long, greenish grey; the rest of the upper part of the body, including the wing-coverts, are of the same colour, tinged with olive; the rump is paler; a straw-coloured line extends above the eyes; the cheeks are olive brown; the under part of the body is yellowish white; the knees are olive grey; the anterior quill-feathers are dusky; the secondary are dark brown; all are edged with olive grey; the tail-feathers have the same colour as the quill-feathers, but with a wider olive grey border; the tail is very much rounded, and nearly wedge-formed.

There is little difference in the female. Her head is pale brown: a white line passes across the eyes; the upper part is reddish grey, tinged with olive; the under part, except the throat, which is white, is pale grey, tinged with yellow; the quill-feathers are darker brown than the tail, with an olive grey border.

HABITATION.--When wild they are found throughout Europe, wherever
rushes and reeds abound. They arrive in Germany towards the middle of
April, and leave it the beginning of September. As they are very
delicate, in the house they must be kept in a nightingale's cage.

FOOD.--When wild it feeds on all kinds of aquatic insects, and, when
these fail, on berries. In the house, independently of nightingale's
food, it requires in a cage all the insects that can be caught, as
flies, water-spiders, and gnats.

BREEDING.--The nest, rather long and very ingeniously fastened to the
stems of the reeds or the branches of bushes by the water side, is
constructed of pieces of dried grass, of which the largest are on the
outside, and the finer within; these are sometimes mixed with wool
and hair. The eggs, five or six in number, are greenish white,
streaked and speckled with olive green. The young ones can only be
reared on ants' eggs.

MODE OF TAKING.--These birds are sometimes caught by placing lime
twigs on a place cleared of the turf, and throwing meal-worms there.

ATTRACTIVE QUALITIES.--The song of the reed warbler very much
resembles that of the arbour bird, but is not so full; what renders
it so agreeable is, that its varied melody is heard during evening
and morning twilight.

MR. SWEET'S ACCOUNT OF THE REED WARBLER.

This is a very variable bird in its colours, some being of a very pale colour, and others altogether as dark, and those that are pale one season frequently become dark the ensuing one. It is a curious little lively bird, known often by the name of reed wren. It generally makes its appearance with us the beginning of April, and leaves us in September. Its early or late departure seems to depend a good deal on the warmth or coolness of the seasons. It is a very merry bird, almost continually singing, and will sing by night as well as by day, sitting amongst the reeds, or in some bush or tree near the water, where it feeds on the gnats and other insects that infest moist situations. It is very fond of flies, spiders, small caterpillars, moths, grasshoppers, crickets, and many other insects, and will swallow a larger one than could be imagined for so small a bird. In confinement it will feed readily on the general food, and is also very fond of the yolk of an egg boiled hard, so that it may be crumbled on the top of the other food, or put in the cage in an empty egg-shell. It should also be supplied with a few insects occasionally, such as flies, spiders, small caterpillars, moths, or butterflies. Being an inhabitant of the sides of ditches and rivers, it is very partial to washing, which it must not be allowed to do in winter, or it will wash itself until it is so weak that it can never recover.

THE SEDGE BIRD.

Sylvia Phragmitis, BECHSTEIN; S. salicaria, LATHAM; Le Bec-fin
Phragmite, TEMMINCK; Der Schilsänger, MEYER.

The weight of this species is about three drachms; length five inches and a half; bill dusky above, whitish beneath; irides hazel; crown of the head and whole upper parts of a yellowish brown, plain on the back and sides of the neck, rump, and upper tail-coverts; tail like the quills a little cuneiform, which, when spread, gives it a rounded shape; legs dusky.

MR. SWEET'S ACCOUNT OF THE SEDGE BIRD.

In habit and manner the present species approaches to the former, but is a much handsomer bird; though not so rare, it frequents the sides of ditches, ponds, and rivers, like the last species, where it pours forth its variable diurnal and nocturnal song almost incessantly, on its first arrival in this country, which is generally the beginning of April, leaving us again about the middle of September. It builds its nest in a thicket of reeds, or other tall water-grass, on which it is fastened up with the webs of caterpillars, similar to that of the former, which is fastened to the branches of trees, so that no wind or storm can move it.

The song of the present species is somewhat similar to that of the last, but is more shrill and chattering; some people prefer it to that of the latter species, but I do not, as it wants some fine deep notes that the other possesses: it is also an imitative bird, its song being intermixed with the call of the sparrow and parts of the songs of other birds. Its food is precisely the same as that of the last species; and in confinement the treatment for both must be exactly alike.

THE WREN.

Motacilla Troglodytes, LINNÆUS; Le Roitelet, ou Troglodite,
BUFFON; Der Zaunkönig, BECHSTEIN.

This, except the rufous chiff-chaff and the gold-crested wren, is the smallest bird of our climate. It is only three inches and a half in length, of which the tail measures one and a half. The beak is five lines, rather curved at the point, dusky above, yellowish white below, and yellow within; the iris is hazel brown; the shanks are seven lines high, and greyish brown; the upper part of the body is dusky rust brown, with indistinct dark brown streaks across.

The female is smaller, of a redder brown, and confusedly streaked across; the feet are yellowish.

HABITATION.--When wild it is found all over Europe, and particularly
frequents mountainous and woody places. It does not quit us, but
remains in winter, as in summer, near our dwellings.

In the house, on account of its liveliness, it is given rather a
large cage, the bars of which should be very near together. If
allowed to range it may easily escape through small openings, as it
is very fond of penetrating such crevices.

FOOD.--At liberty, it consists throughout the year of small insects,
which it seeks in winter in barns, stables, cellars, holes in walls,
and piles of wood. In autumn, however, it will eat both unripe and
black elderberries.

As soon as it is brought into the house it must be plentifully
supplied with meal-worms, flies, elderberries, and then gradually add
nightingales' paste, which will soon become its ordinary food. It is
only by adopting this method that I have been successful in
preserving one of these birds.

BREEDING.--Any nook appears to suit the wren to build its large nest
in; which may be found in a hole of a tree, amongst the roots, under
a roof, or a cavity under ground; every place is suitable, provided
the nest can be concealed. This is oval, covered with moss on the
outside, and lined with feathers and hair. It has an opening at the
top or side to go in and out by. The female lays from six to eight
pretty little white eggs, speckled with red. The young ones are rusty
red, spotted with black and white. They may be reared on ants' eggs,
adding, as soon as they can fly, the universal paste; but they always
prefer ants' eggs.

MODE OF TAKING.--If in winter, a white-throat trap is set in a place
much frequented by these birds, and meal-worms scattered within and
around it. In this the wrens will surely be caught. They may be
entrapped in autumn with spring traps and springes, by hanging
elderberries before; but, after every precaution, they generally
break their legs.

ATTRACTIVE QUALITIES.--Its sprightliness is pleasing, and its actions
gay and varied. It has a very powerful voice for its size, and its
song is continued throughout the year; it is soft, and mingled with
some notes of the canary, which are the more pleasing as they consist
of distinct loud tones always descending. Its call is _tzrr,
tzetzererr!_ I have never preserved one more than a year, but other
amateurs say they may be kept two or three.

THE GOLD-CRESTED WREN.

Motacilla Regulus, LINNÆUS; Le Poul, ou Roitelet huppé,
BUFFON; Das Goldhähnchen, BECHSTEIN.

This is the smallest of European birds. It is three inches and a half in length, of which the tail measures one and a quarter. The beak is four lines, slender, very sharp, and black, having the nostrils covered with a feather divided like a comb; the iris is dusky; the shanks are eight lines in height, and brownish flesh-coloured; the forehead is yellowish brown; a black streak extends from the corners of the beak to the eyes, above which is a white streak, and below them a white speck; the top of the head is saffron yellow, each side edged with golden yellow, beyond which is a black band.

The female has the top of the head golden yellow, the forehead and wings grey.

HABITATION.--When wild these pretty little birds are diffused
throughout the old world, principally frequenting pine and fir
forests, and do not appear to migrate, excepting those that inhabit
northern countries, and go towards the south in October, and return
in March; at least, they are then observed on their passage, in
Germany, the hedges being full of them in spring; but those
established among us remain, as they are seen all the year. They
assemble in small flights in winter, and fly about here and there,
like the tits, seeking places where their food is most abundant.

In the house a bell-shaped cage appears to suit them best. Several
may be kept together in a part of a room enclosed with trellis work,
and with a small fir tree for them to perch on. Reared from the nest,
they may be allowed to perch on a tree in the room, which they enjoy
so much that they are never far from it; if there are many they will
perch in a row, press close side by side, and sleep in this manner.

FOOD.--In the wild state it feeds on all kinds of small insects and
their grubs; they are, however, able to swallow large flies, as the
beak has a wide opening.

In the house the gold-crests are soon accustomed to the nightingales'
paste, by throwing amongst it at first flies deprived of their wings,
or half dead, and at length they will be satisfied with bruised
hemp-seed; but they must have insects occasionally, flies, meal-worms
cut small, ants' eggs, &c.; finally, to keep them healthy, their
paste should be neither too stiff nor too moist, and care must be
taken to avoid their swallowing rape or camelin seed, which would
immediately kill them[106].

BREEDING.--The nest, fixed to the extremity of a branch, is round, and
very soft, built of moss, caterpillar's cocoons, and tufts of thistle
down; it is generally found in low underwood or meadows with woods
adjoining, on the first tree towards the east. About nine eggs are
laid, the size of a pea, and pale blush red. Those young ones
intended to be reared must not be taken from the nest till they are
fledged, and it is best to catch them just as they are leaving the
nest. They eat readily meal-worms cut small, flies, ants' eggs, and
white bread soaked in boiled milk.

MODE OF TAKING.--As they are not fearful, they may easily be caught by
gently approaching the tree where one is perched, and merely striking
it with a limed twig fastened to a pole long enough to reach it. It
may be brought down also with water, in the manner adopted by M. Le
Vaillant, that is, by first putting into a gun the common charge of
powder, then a wadding of silk, then, as soon as the bird is within
reach, two spoonfuls of water are poured in and covered with a second
wadding of silk, which must not be rammed down hard, lest the water
should reach the powder below. This load, discharged at the distance
of twenty paces, is capable of wetting the bird so completely that it
may be taken by the hand; but if there are hedges in the
neighbourhood, or if a stronger bird be fired at, a chaffinch, for
instance, it may easily escape.

Many gold-crested wrens may be caught by means of a hut set for any
small birds, when the way to attract them is known. They come in
great numbers to the water trap, and by their often repeated call of
_tzitt, tzitt_, give notice of sunset and the arrival of larger
birds.

They will soon grow tame enough to eat out of the hand. On account of
their delicacy, many often die before a person succeeds in rearing
one; but when once accustomed to the house they will live a long
time, at least if not hurt by other birds, and if they do not swallow
what they cannot digest.

ATTRACTIVE QUALITIES.--The smallness of their size, their elegance and
beauty, render them a pleasant acquisition; but their song adds to
their attractions, for though weak it is very melodious, and
resembles that of the canary.

THE HON. AND REV. W. HERBERT'S ACCOUNT OF THE GOLD-CRESTED WREN.

The golden-crested wren and the common brown wren are both very impatient of cold. In confinement, the least frost is immediately fatal to them. In a wild state they keep themselves warm by constant active motion in the day, and at night they secrete themselves in places where the frost cannot reach them; but I apprehend that numbers do perish in severe winters. I once caught half a dozen golden wrens at the beginning of winter, and they lived extremely well upon egg and meat, being exceedingly tame. At roosting time there was always a whimsical conflict amongst them for the inside places, as being the warmest, which ended of course by the weakest going to the wall. The scene began with a low whistling call amongst them to roost, and the two birds on the extreme right and left flew on the backs of those in the centre, and squeezed themselves into the middle. A fresh couple from the flanks immediately renewed the attack upon the centre, and the conflict continued till the light began to fail them. A severe frost in February killed all but one of them in one night, though in a furnished drawing-room. The survivor was preserved in a little cage by burying it every night under the sofa cushions; but having been one sharp morning taken from under them before the room was sufficiently warmed by the fire, though perfectly well when removed, it was dead in ten minutes. The nightingale is not much more tender of cold than a canary bird. The golden-crowned wren very much frequents spruce fir trees and cedars, and hangs its nest under their branches; it is also fond of the neighbourhood of furze bushes, under which it probably finds warm refuge from the cold. The brown wren is very apt in frosty weather to roost in cow-houses, where the cattle keep it warm.

THE ALPINE WARBLER.

Sturnus collaris, LINNÆUS; Motacilla Alpina, LINNÆUS; La
Fauvette des Alpes, BUFFON; Der Alpensänger, BECHSTEIN.

The characteristics of this bird are so equivocal that it is sometimes ranked with the larks, sometimes with the starlings, and sometimes with the _Motacillæ_. It is six inches and a half in length, but the tail alone measures nearly three. The beak is six lines, and is dark brown above and orange beneath; the mandibles are flattish at the sides; the iris is yellow; the shanks are an inch high, and pale brown; a whitish ash grey predominates on the head, neck, and back, but the latter is streaked with dark brown, the others with pale brown.

The female and young ones are variegated with dark brown on the belly; the back is dark, and the spots on the throat less apparent.

OBSERVATIONS.--This species frequents the secondary mountains of
Switzerland and southern Germany, and is as common there as the field
larks on our plains[107]. In winter it descends into the valleys, and
approaches villages and barns, around which these birds may be
caught, in as great numbers as yellowhammers. They are generally seen
on the ground, running as swiftly as the wagtail, and will sometimes
hop on stones, but rarely perch on trees.

They feed on seeds and insects, and in the house they should be given
bruised hemp-seed, poppy-seed, white bread, and ants' eggs. On this
food they may be preserved for several years. Their song is sweet,
but sad and melancholy; their attitudes are graceful, and often when
they hop they flutter their wings and tail. They build on the ground
or in clefts of rocks, which has given them the name of rock
larks[108].

THE OXEYE, OR GREATER TIT[109].

Parus major, LINNÆUS; La grosse Mésange, ou Charbonnière,
BUFFON; Die Kohlmeise, BECHSTEIN.

This well-known bird is five inches and five-sixths in length, of which the tail measures two and a half. The beak is blackish, conical, firm, pointed, and without slope, as are the beaks of the other tits; the iris is dark brown; the shanks are nine lines high, and lead blue; the claws are sharp, and adapted for climbing; the upper part of the head is of a brilliant black, which is joined to the black of the throat by a line of the same colour that borders and sets off the white of the cheeks and temples; the nape is greenish yellow, with some mixture of white; the back is fine olive, and the rump pale ash grey; the breast and belly are a yellowish green, divided lengthways by a black line.

The female is smaller, the black on the head and the yellow on the nape are less bright; the line that runs down the belly is narrower and shorter, at least it is lost at the part where in the male it is widest; this marks the difference between young males and females, which are alike in other respects.

HABITATION.--In its wild state it is found throughout the old world,
but in the greatest numbers in mountainous countries, where orchards
and groves abound, and woods of beech, oak, and similar trees, are
found alternately with those of fir. Though these birds do not
migrate, yet in autumn they assemble and pass the winter together,
seeking their food amongst orchards and woods. In autumn, as soon as
the bird-catchers see these flights of tits succeed each other
quickly, they call it their passage, and immediately prepare snares
for taking them. In March each pair separates and prepares for
breeding.

In the house, if kept in a cage, this should be of iron wire, and
bell-shaped, for the advantage of seeing the birds twirl about, and
drop from one stick to another like monkeys. If they be allowed to
range, it is necessary to supply them with abundance of the food they
like, for if this fails they will attack the other birds, and pierce
their heads to eat the brain; when once they have tasted this food
there is no longer safety for the birds around them, whatever their
size may be. I have seen an oxeye attack a quail and kill it in this
way. Some bird-catchers say that the tits with forked tails are alone
addicted to this, but they are mistaken; it is certainly true that
some are more cruel than others, experience teaches us this every
day.

FOOD.--When wild they feed on insects, seeds, and berries, destroy
many smooth caterpillars, flies, grasshoppers, gnats, and small
butterflies, and climb about the trees like woodpeckers, seeking in
the moss the eggs and grubs of insects. In autumn and winter they eat
all kinds of seeds, especially hemp-seed, fir, and pine-seed, oats,
kernels of fruit, mast nuts, and occasionally flesh. They hold these
things in their claws, tear them with their beak, and skin them with
their tongue.

In the house they will eat any thing on the table, meat, bread,
cheese, vegetables, sweet almonds, walnuts, filberts, lard, and all
sorts of fat, all pastes adapted for other birds; so that we must not
attribute their early death to the delicacy of the tits, but to the
want of care in those that have them. The more they eat the more they
sing, and the less inclined they are to attack their companions. They
drink often, and enjoy bathing.

BREEDING.--The oxeye builds in a hole of a tree or wall, sometimes in
the forsaken nest of a squirrel, crow, or woodpecker. It lays on an
artless bed of moss, wool, and feathers, eight or ten whitish eggs,
sprinkled with large and small spots mixed with streaks of dark red,
particularly at the large end, where they form a coronet. The young
do not quit the nest till they can fly well. The under parts of the
body are pale yellow; and the black about them is not glossy as in
the old birds.

DISEASES.--In a cage, this species is subject to vertigo or giddiness,
occasioned by feeding too much on hemp-seed, which heats it and makes
it twirl about too much. To cure the disorder, the bird should be
kept for some time in a small square cage, or permitted to range the
room. From the same cause often arises atrophy, consumption, and even
gout, all which proves the injurious qualities of hemp-seed; but with
care on this point and a little attention it may live eight or ten
years.

MODE OF TAKING.--The chase after tits, is, according to bird-catchers,
one of the most agreeable, and is pursued in many ways; but I shall
confine myself to two or three of the surest methods, specifying the
best for taking those birds that are for the house.

In autumn and spring, the bird-catcher should go into an orchard, or
any other place much frequented by oxeyes, carrying one with him as a
decoy; this must be placed on the ground in a small square cage, and
some sticks, with lime-twigs fastened to them, fixed obliquely around
it. The tits, attracted by curiosity, or the desire of approaching
one of their own species that calls them, quickly descend, and are
caught in the lime-twigs. A whistle made of the bone of a goose's leg
succeeds still better; with this instrument all the tits in the
neighbourhood are quickly assembled; for the tone being stronger than
the natural call, it is heard farther; if there are but few of these
birds near, they are sure to be all caught.

They are easily attracted, in winter, to a trap, by the kernels of
nuts, lard, and oats. This trap should be placed in a garden, with a
little oat straw fastened under in such a way that it may be seen at
a distance, as the tits are instantly attracted thereby. It is a
small box a foot in length, and eighteen inches in height and width,
the sides of which, when not made of small boards painted green, are
formed of small elder sticks, tied or screwed to the four corner
sticks; in this case only two small boards are required, one for the
bottom, the other for the cover, which must be fastened on with
packthread, and turn as with hinges; from the middle of the bottom
rises a peg supporting a cross stick, with a nut kernel at one end,
and a little lard at the other; this cross stick supports a small
perpendicular one, which keeps the cover open three or four inches.
When a tit hops on the cross stick and begins pecking the nut or
lard, the cover falls, and the bird is caught.

The oxeye, like the other tits, assembles in numbers at the
water-trap, commonly from seven to nine in the morning, and from four
to five in the evening.

In autumn these birds are taken in nooses and common bird-traps,
baited with berries, but the snare must be of horse hair, for if of
thread, the bird, as soon as it feels itself caught, will try to bite
through it, as mice do.

ATTRACTIVE QUALITIES.--The sprightliness and activity of these birds
are very pleasing, but their gay and lively song still more so: in it
are agreeably mingled the call "_fick, fick_" and the shrill
"_tzizerr_." Nothing, in my opinion, is more pleasing than to hear
repeated fifteen or twenty times following these striking notes,
"_sitzida, sitzida, stiti, stiti_." One may judge of the capability
of young ones to imitate the song of other birds, from the facility
with which the full-grown birds learn detached parts, and
particularly different calls.

Some people amuse themselves by making these birds perform many
little manoeuvres, such as drawing up their food with a chain,
turning a cylinder[110] which has the appearance of being moved by
two miners, and hopping after a nut suspended to a thread.

THE COLE TIT.

Parus ater, LINNÆUS; La petite Charbonnière, BUFFON; Die
Tannenmeise, BECHSTEIN.

The length of this bird is four inches and one-sixth, of which the tail measures one and three-quarters, and the beak one quarter. The back is black, with the tip lighter; the iris is dusky; the shanks are eight lines high, and lead blue; the upper part of the head and neck are black; there is rather a broad streak of white at the back of the head and down the nape of the neck; the cheeks and sides of the neck are also white, forming, when the bird is at rest, a triangular spot; the back is dark bluish ash grey.

The female is not easily distinguished from the male, unless both are before you; its being a little less black on the breast, and a little less white on the sides, are the only differences.

HABITATION.--When wild these birds are seen in great numbers in pine
forests, and seldom, except during their wanderings in autumn,
winter, and spring, are they met with in other kinds of woods,
groves, and orchards. They often pass from one pine forest to another
in large flights during the winter[111]. They appear to like the
society of the gold-crested wrens, which are always found in these
flights, as also some crested tits, which serve as guides.

In the house it is pleasanter to allow them to range with the other
birds than to keep them in a cage, yet there is some danger to their
companions from their cruelty.

FOOD.--When wild, besides insects and their grubs, they feed on the
seeds of different resinous trees; but as they are often deprived of
this food in winter from the trees being loaded with snow and hoar
frost, nature has given them the instinct to provide against this
emergency: they hide a great quantity of these seeds in fissures, and
under the large scales of the bark of pine trees, to which store they
have recourse when in want.

The instinct just alluded to is manifested also in the house, even
when they have abundance of all kinds of food; where they are
observed to rob the other birds of seeds and bits of nuts, and run
and hide them immediately in any crevices they may find, often
visiting these stolen stores afterwards to see if they are safe. The
blue tit and the oxeye are also accustomed to carry part of their
food into a corner, but they do not hide with so much care, or from
the same cause, as the cole tit. These birds are commonly fed on the
universal paste, but they are accustomed to it with difficulty.

BREEDING.--This species generally places its nest either in some hole
deserted by a mole or mouse, or under the overhanging edges of some
deep wheel-rut in an old disused road, rarely in holes of trees or
walls. The nest is composed of a layer of moss covered over with the
fur of the hare, roe-buck, and stag. There are two broods in the
year, each of six or eight white eggs, prettily speckled with pale
red. The plumage of the young differs from that of the old only in
having the black duller and less glossy.

DISEASES.--Decline is the most common disorder of these birds, and it
is sometimes prevented by giving them fresh ants' eggs, particularly
when moulting. I kept a cole tit six years, and it then died of old
age, having first become blind, and been often attacked with vertigo
or giddiness.

MODE OF TAKING.--Less timid and distrustful than the oxeye, this
species may be caught with greater ease. A limed twig fastened to a
pole is often sufficient, with which you approach the tree on which
the bird is, and, touching it with the twig, it becomes your
prisoner. Its call is "_tzip teune_." Like all the tits, it is
delicate, and, in the house, often dies soon before being accustomed
to the common paste.

ATTRACTIVE QUALITIES.--This is a very amusing little bird; bold,
lively always in motion, hopping and fluttering about continually.
Its song is only a clashing of harsh tones, relieved by a clear
sonorous "_tzifi_," repeated twenty times in succession. It sometimes
ends, however, with so reflective an air, that you would think it was
going to give something very fine.

THE BLUE TIT, OR TOM TIT.

Parus cæruleus, LINNÆUS; La Mésange bleue, BUFFON; Der
Blaumeise, BECHSTEIN.