Chapter II: Preface: vii

CHAPTER

I. THE COMING OF MAN 3

THE ANCESTORS OF MAN. THE PRIMATES AND ARBOREAL
LIFE. THE DESCENT FROM THE TREES.
PITHECANTHROPUS. THE ORIGINAL HOMELAND.
HUMAN RACES AND EARLIEST MIGRATIONS. THE
ARRIVAL IN EUROPE. THE GREAT ICE AGE. HEIDELBERG
MAN. NEANDERTHAL AND CRO-MAGNON
RACES.

II. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION. SHELL-HEAPS 36

THE RETREAT OF THE GLACIERS. DANISH SHELL-HEAPS.
MUGEM. MAGELMOSE. RINNEKALNS.
AZILIAN-TARDENOISIAN EPOCH OF TRANSITION.
CAMPIGNY. THE FIRST IMMIGRANTS.

III. LAND HABITATIONS 53

NEOLITHIC CAVE-DWELLERS. PIT-DWELLINGS AND
HUTS. GROSGARTACH. FORTIFIED VILLAGES,
FOREST, AND STEPPE. LOESS.

IV. LAKE-DWELLINGS 69

PLATFORMS AND HOUSES. DOG, CATTLE, PIGS,
SHEEP. CULTIVATED PLANTS. FRUITS, SPINNING
AND WEAVING-EPOCHS.

V. A GLANCE EASTWARD 91

CRADLE OF NEOLITHIC CULTURE. BABYLONIA.
ANAU, SUSA. THE BEGINNINGS OF AGRICULTURE.
PLATEAUS AND PIEDMONT ZONES. HOE-TILLAGE.
THE PLOUGH. SUMMARY.

VI. MEGALITHS 114

DOLMENS. "GALLERY CHAMBERS." MENHIRS.
DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD. INCINERATION.

VII. NEOLITHIC INDUSTRIES 131

DRESS. FLINT AND BONE IMPLEMENTS. AXES.
MATTOCKS. FLINT MINES. SALT. GOLD. COPPER.
TRADE. WARES. AMBER. TRADE-ROUTES. POTTERY,
BANDED, CORDED AND CALCYCIFORM, INCRUSTED
POTTERY.

VIII. NEOLITHIC CHRONOLOGY 160

FINAL RETREAT OF GLACIERS. YOLDIA EPOCH.
ANCYLUS EPOCH--LITTORINA DEPRESSION. DATE
OF BEGINNING AND OF END OF NEOLITHIC PERIOD.
FOREST SUCCESSIONS. MAGELMOSE AND SHELL-HEAPS.
SUCCESSIVE TYPES OF AXE. CHARTS.

IX. NEOLITHIC PEOPLES AND THEIR MIGRATIONS 179

PALÆOLITHIC RACES AND MIGRATIONS. MEDITERRANEAN
RACE. ROUTES OF MIGRATION. AFRICAN,
MEDITERRANEAN, SOUTH RUSSIAN STEPPE ROUTE.
NEOLITHIC PEOPLES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION.
NORDIC PEOPLES. THE DANUBE VALLEY. THE
"MELTING-POT" OF CENTRAL EUROPE. PIONEER
LIFE.

X. NEOLITHIC RELIGION 206

PALEOLITHIC RELIGION, THE AGE OF WONDER:
NEOLITHIC RELIGION AND EXPERIENCE. RITUAL.
TABOO AND TRIBAL RESPONSIBILITY. GREEK MYSTERIES.
THE COMING OF THE OLYMPIANS, AND
THE RETURN OF THE ANCIENT CULTS, SOURCES
OF THEIR VITALITY. CULT OF THE GODDESS AND
MOTHER-RIGHT. RELATION TO AGRICULTURE.
SOCIAL POSITION OF WOMEN.

XI. PROGRESS 228

THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BALTIC. SOURCE
OF PROGRESS NOT IN WAR. AGRICULTURE. HOME
TRAINING. THE NEIGHBORHOOD. RELIGION. PHILOSOPHY.
MINGLING OF CULTURES AND PEOPLES.

XII. THE COMING OF THE INDO-EUROPEANS 246

ARYAN AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. ORIGINAL
LANGUAGE; SPREAD AND MODIFICATIONS. EARLIEST
MIGRATIONS. THE ACHÆANS. THE AGE OF
HEROES. CITY-STATES IN GREECE. ABSORPTION
OF INVADERS. HOMELAND. INDO-EUROPEAN RELIGION.
PERSISTENCE OF NEOLITHIC SURVIVALS.
FOLK-LORE AND FAIRY-TALE. COMMON PEOPLE.
LEGISLATION. THE CHURCH. LIFE CURRENTS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 293

INDEX 309

ILLUSTRATIONS

Reconstructed Lake-Dwellings _Frontispiece_
FACING PAGE

Human Figures, Spain--Early Neolithic 32

Drawings of Animals (Cro-Magnon) from Altamira 32

Shell-Heap 40

Shell-Heap Axe 40

Shell-Heap Jar 40

Weaving and Plaiting from Lake-Dwellings 84

"Crouching Burial" (Hockerbestattung), Adlerborg,
near Worms 116

Menhir, Carnac, Brittany 116

Dolmen, Haga, Island of Borust 116

Alignment, Carnac, Brittany 124

Modern Albanian Peasants in Neolithic Garments 132

Axes from Lake-Dwellings Showing Attachment to
Handles 136

Boats from Rock Carvings in Bohuslan, Sweden.
(Early Bronze Age) 146

Pottery from Neolithic Graves 154

Pottery 158

Successive Stages and Forms of Baltic Sea 162

Forms of Prehistoric Axe 174

Female Idols, Thrace 218

Female Idol, Anau 218

Ancient Fishermen 232

Early Agriculture 236

MAP

Migrations of Peoples 184

THE NEW STONE AGE
IN NORTHERN EUROPE

The first of the two numbers and the letter in the footnotes
designate the position in the Bibliography at the end of the
volume of the title referred to; the second refers to the page of
the book or article.

THE NEW STONE AGE IN NORTHERN EUROPE