Chapter XV: Conclusion

Our survey of the Near and Middle East is at an end. What is the outstanding feature of that survey? It is: Change. The "Immovable East" has been moved at last--moved to its very depths. The Orient is to-day in full transition, flux, ferment, more sudden and profound than any it has hitherto known. The world of Islam, mentally and spiritually quiescent for almost a thousand years, is once more astir, once more on the march.

Whither? We do not know. Who would be bold enough to prophesy the outcome of this vast ferment--political, economical, social, religious, and much more besides? All that we may wisely venture is to observe, describe, and analyse the various elements in the great transition.

Yet surely this is much. To view, however empirically, the mighty transformation at work; to group its multitudinous aspects in some sort of relativity; to follow the red threads of tendency running through the tangled skein, is to gain at least provisional knowledge and acquire capacity to grasp the significance of future developments as they shall successively arise.

"To know is to understand"--and to hope: to hope that this present travail, vast and ill-understood, may be but the birth-pangs of a truly renascent East taking its place in a renascent world.

INDEX

Aali Pasha, Pan-Islam agitation of, 54

Abbas Hilmi, Khedive, pro Turkish views of, 155;
deposition of, 156;
Pan-Arabianism supported by, 170

Abd-el-Kader, French resisted by, 41

Abd-el-Malek Hamsa, Pro-Germanism of, 156

Abd-el-Wahab, Mohammedan revival begun by, 21, 40;
birth of, 21;
early life of, 22 _ff._;
influence of, 22;
death of, 22

Abdul Hamid, despotism of, 32;
as caliph, 39;
Sennussi's opposition to, 39, 46;
Djemal-ed-Din protected by, 53 _ff._;
Pan-Islam policy of, 53 _ff._;
character of, 54 _ff._;
government of, 55;
deposition of, 56, 119;
tyrannical policy of, 116;
nationalism opposed by, 139, 165;
Arabs conciliated by, 142 _ff._

Abu Bekr 22;
policy of, 114 _ff._

Abyssinian Church, Mohammedan threat against, 50

Afghanistan, religious uprisings in, 41;
nineteenth-century independence of, 118;
Bolshevism in, 286 _ff._;
rebellion of, 286_ff._

Africa, Mohammedan missionary work in, 49 _ff._
_See_ also North Africa

Agadir crisis, 57

Ahmed Bey Agayeff, Pan-Turanism aided by, 165

Alexandria, massacre of Europeans in, 149

Algeria, French conquest of, 40, 158;
Kabyle insurrection in, 41;
compulsory vaccination in, 95;
liberal political aspirations in, 118 _ff._;
need for European government in, 122

Allenby, General, Egypt in control of, 177

Amanullah Khan, Bolshevism of, 286;
war on England declared by, 286;
present policy of, 298

Anatolia, Bolshevist manifesto to, 292

Anglo-Russian Agreement, terms of, 159 _ff._

Arabi Pasha, Djemal-ed-Din's influence on, 148;
revolution in Egypt headed by, 148

Arabia, description of natives of, 21;
Turks fought by, 23;
defeat of, 23;
political freedom of, 113;
democracy in, 127;
nationalist spirit in, 140 _ff._;
Turkish rulers opposed by, 140 _ff._;
suppression of, 143;
1905 rebellion of, 143;
effect of Young-Turk revolution on, 145 _ff._;
1916 revolt of, 146;
Pan-Arabism in, 145;
religious character of Pan-Arab movement in, 169 _ff._;
effect of Great War on, 170, 183 _ff._;
Allied encouragement of, 184;
peace terms and, 185;
English agreement with, 185 _ff._;
revolt against Turks of, 185;
secret partition of, 185 _ff._;
Colonel Lawrence's influence in, 186;
secret treaties revealed to, 187;
France and England in, 187 _ff._;
Mustapha Kemal aided by 194, _ff._;
English negotiations with, 198;
Bolshevist manifesto to, 292

Arabian National Committee, creation of, 143

Archer William, on over-population in India, 263

Argyll, Duke of, over-population in India, 263

Armenia, Bolshevist manifesto to, 292

Arya Somaj, 208

Atchin War, 41

Azerbaidjan, Bolshevist revolution in, 290 _ff._

Babbist movement in Persia, 274

Baber, Mogul Empire founded by, 204

Baku, Congress of Eastern Peoples at, 291, 297

Balkan War, 57;
Mohammedans roused by, 58

Barbary States, French conquest of, 158

Bérard, Victor, on the enmity of Turks and Arabs, 141 _ff._;
France's Syrian policy criticised by, 199

Bertrand, Louis, anti-Western feeling in Orient described by, 95 _ff._;
on social conditions in the Levant, 269, 271

Bevan, Edwyn, nationalist views of, 125 _ff._

Bin Saud, Ikhwan movement led by, 72

Bolshevism, effects on Orient of, 175;
Mustapha Kemal aided by, 196 _ff._;
the East a field for, 283 _ff._;
propaganda of, 284 _ff._, 288 _ff._;
Oriental policy of, 285;
in Afghanistan, 286 _ff._;
manifesto to Mohammedans issued by, 288 _ff._;
manifesto to Turks issued by, 289 _ff._;
"Congress of Eastern Peoples" held by, 291 _ff._

Bombay, English character of, 100;
social conditions in, 270 _ff._

Bose, Pramatha Nath, on economic conditions in India, 245 _ff._

Brahminism, illiberalism of, 120

Brailsford, H. N., on modern industry in Egypt, 236 _ff._;
on social conditions in Egypt, 269 _ff._

British East India Company, 205

Bukhsh, S. Khuda, reform work of, 31 _ff._;
nationalism in India opposed by, 125 _ff._;
on Indian social conditions, 253 _ff._

Caetani, Leone, 63

Cahun, Léon, Turanism and, 163

Cairo, revolt in, 178;
modern women in, 258

Calcutta, English character of, 100;
social conditions in, 270

Caliphate, Islam strengthened by, 38 _ff._;
history of, 39;
Turkey the head of, 39 _ff._

Chelmsford, Lord, report of, 216 _ff._

China, Mohammedan insurrection in, 41, 51 _ff._;
Mohammedan missionary work in, 50;
number of Mohammedans in, 51;
Mohammedan agitation in, 60

Chirol, Valentine, Western influence in Orient described by, 79 _ff._;
on Egyptian situation, 179 _ff._;
Montagu-Chelmsford Report approved by, 220;
on Egyptian conditions since the war, 271 _ff._;
on Bolshevism in India, 298

Congress of Eastern Peoples, 291 _ff._

Constantine, King, recalled, 194

Constantinople, Allied occupation of, 192 _ff._;
changes since 1896 in, 251 _ff._;
status of women in, 258

Cox, Sir Percy, English-Arabian negotiations made by, 198;
influence of, 200

Cromer, Lord, on Islam, 29, 32;
Western influence in Orient described by, 80;
ethics of imperialism formulated by, 84, 102, 120 _ff._;
Egyptian administration of, 149;
resignation of, 152;
on western-educated Egypt, 257;
on over-population in India, 263

Curtis, Lionel, nationalism in India supported by, 130 _ff._;
Montagu-Chelmsford Report approved by, 220

Curzon-Wyllie, Sir, assassination of, 212

Damascus, French in, 191 _ff._

Dar-ul-Islam, 171 _ff._

Dickinson, G. Lowes, on Eastern economics, 249

Djemal-ed-Din, birth of, 52;
character of, 52;
anti-European work of, 52;
in India, 52;
in Egypt, 53;
Abdul Hamid's protection of, 53 _ff._;
death of, 53;
teachings of, 53 _ff._;
nationalism taught by, 138;
Egypt influenced by, 148;
in Russia, 285

Dutch East Indies, Mohammedan uprisings in, 41;
Mohammedan missionary work in, 52

Egypt, nationalism in, 32, 118 _ff._;
Mahdist insurrection in, 41;
1914 insurrection of, 61;
exiled Arabs in, 143;
characteristics of people of, 147 _ff._;
early European influences in, 147;
nationalist agitation in, 148 _ff._;
influence of Djemal-ed-Din in, 148;
1882 revolution in, 148 _ff._;
Lord Cromer's rule of, 149;
France's influence in, 150 _ff._;
failure of English liberal policy in, 153 _ff._;
Lord Kitchener's rule in, 153 _ff._;
effect of outbreak of World War on, 155 _ff._;
made English protectorate, 156 _ff._;
Pan-Arabism in, 169;
Versailles conference's treatment of, 174;
nationalist demands of, 177;
Allenby in control of, 177;
rebellion of, 178 _ff._;
martial law in, 178;
situation after rebellion in, 179 _ff._;
English commission of inquiry in, 181;
English compromise with, 182;
opposition to compromise in, 182 _ff._;
modern factories in, 234, 236;
industrial conditions in, 236 _ff._;
social conditions in, 269;
social revolution in, 281 _ff._

El-Gharami, 30

El Mahdi, 42

England, Egypt's rebellion against, 175 _ff._;
Commission of Inquiry into Egyptian affairs appointed by, 181;
Egyptian compromise with, 182;
opposition to compromise in, 182;
Arabia and, 184 _ff._;
in Mesopotamia, 185 _ff._;
in Palestine, 186;
French disagreement with, 188 _ff._;
at San Remo conference, 190;
Mesopotamian rebellion against, 192 _ff._;
Sèvres Treaty and, 193;
Greek agreement with, 193;
Arabian negotiation with, 198;
in India, 204 _ff._

Enver Pasha, Pan-Turanism and, 167;
in Russia, 285

Feisal, Prince, at peace conference, 187 _ff._;
peace counsels of, 188;
made king of Syria, 191

Fisher, on social conditions in India, 270 _ff._

France, Morocco seized by, 57;
anti-British propaganda of, 150 _ff._;
Arabia and, 184;
Syrian aspirations of, 185 _ff._;
at San Remo conference, 190;
Syrian rebellion and, 191 _ff._;
Sèvres Treaty and, 193;
Greek agreement with, 193;
present Syrian situation of, 198 _ff._

Gandhi, M. K., boycott of England advocated by, 224

Gorst, Sir Eldon, Lord Cromer succeeded by, 152;
failure of policy of, 153 _ff._

Gouraud, General, Feisal subdued by, 191;
danger in methods of, 299

Greece, anti-Turk campaign of, 193;
Venizelos repudiated by, 194;
Constantine supported by, 194

Habibullah Khan, Ameer, England supported by, 286;
death of, 286

Haifa, to be British, 186

Hajj, Islam strengthened by, 38 _ff._

Halil Pasha, Pan-Turanism and, 168

Hanotaux, Gabriel, 57

Harding, Lord, Indian nationalist movement supported by, 215

Hedjaz, Turkish dominion of, 140

Hindustan, Islam's appeal to 60;
anti-Western feeling in, 99 _ff._;
illiberal tradition of, 120

Hunter, Sir William, on over-population in India, 263 _ff._

Hussein Kamel, made Sultan of Egypt, 156

Ikhwan, beginning of, 71;
progress of, 71

Imam Yahya, 199

India, reform of Islamism in, 30;
English mastery of, 40;
Islam's missionary work in, 52;
1914 insurrection in, 61;
English towns and customs in, 100;
effect of Russo-Japanese War in, 105, 210 _ff._;
liberal political aspirations in, 118 _ff._;
democracy introduced by England in, 122 _ff._;
opposition to nationalism in, 124 _ff._, 218 _ff._;
support of nationalism in, 129 _ff._, 136 _ff._;
history of, 201;
Aryan invasion of, 201 _ff._;
beginning of caste system in, 202 _ff._;
Mohammedan invasion of, 203 _ff._;
Mogul Empire founded in, 204;
British conquest of, 205 _ff._;
beginning of discontent in, 206 _ff._;
Hindu nationalist movement in, 208 _ff._, 212 _ff._;
English liberal policy in, 213 _ff._;
result of outbreak of war in, 214;
Montagu-Chelmsford Report in, 216 _ff._;
militant unrest in, 220 _ff._;
effect of Rowlatt Bill in, 222 _ff._;
English boycotted by, 223 _ff._;
present turmoil in, 224;
industries in, 233 _ff._;
industrial conditions in, 237 _ff._;
industrial future of, 239 _ff._;
agriculture in, 243 _ff._;
Swadeshi movement in, 244 _ff._;
social conditions in, 253 _ff._;
status of women in, 254, 258 _ff._;
education in, 255 _ff._;
over-population in, 262 _ff._;
condition of peasants in, 269;
city and rural life in, 275 _ff._;
economic revolution in, 276 _ff._;
attitude of Bolshevists toward, 289 _ff._

Indian Councils Act, terms of, 213;
effect of 213

Indian National Congress, 206

Islam, eighteenth-century decadence of, 20 _ff._;
revival of, 21;
Christian opinions of, 26 _ff._;
present situation of, 27 _ff._;
agnosticism in, 32 _ff._;
fanatics in, 33 _ff._;
solidarity of, 37 _ff._;
Hajj an aid to, 38 _ff._;
caliphate an aid to, 38 _ff._;
Western successes against, 40;
proselytism of, 48 _ff._;
effect of Balkan War on, 58 _ff._;
effect of Russo-Japanese War on, 59, 105 _ff._;
Western influence on, 75 _ff._;
anti-Western reaction of, 88 _ff._;
race mixture in, 102 _ff._;
tyranny in, 111 _ff._;
early equality in, 113 _ff._;
political reformation in, 115 _ff._;
birth of nationalism in, 137 _ff._;
Bolshevist propaganda in, 284 _ff._
_See_ also Pan-Islam

Ismael, Hamet, on scepticism among Moslems, 32

Ismael, Khedive, tyrannical policy of, 116;
Egypt Europeanized by, 147 _ff._

Italy, Tripoli attacked by, 57;
San Remo Treaty opposed by, 190, 193

Japan, Mohammedan missionary work in, 59 _ff._

Jowf, Sennussi stronghold, 45

Kabyle insurrection, 41

Khadjar dynasty, Persian revolution against, 160

Kharadjites, Islamic spirit preserved by, 274

Khartum, capture of, 41

Kheir-ed-Din, attempt to regenerate Tunis made by, 89

Kitchener, Lord, Mahdist insurrection suppressed by, 41;
anti-nationalist beliefs of, 122;
nationalism in Egypt suppressed by, 153 _ff._

Krishnavarma, S., assassination commended by, 211

Lawrence, Colonel, influence of, 186;
Arab-Turk agreement, views of, 194 _ff._;
Mesopotamia, views of, 197

Lebanon, France's control of, 184

Lenine, manifesto to Mohammedans issued by, 288 _ff._

Low, Sidney, modern imperialism described by, 86 _ff._;
on Egyptian situation, 154

Lyall, Sir Alfred, on Western education in India, 256 _ff._

Lybyer, Professor A. H., democracy in Islam described by, 114, 127

Macdonald, J. Ramsay, on economic conditions in India, 245;
on social revolution in India, 280 _ff._

McIlwraith, Sir M., on Egyptian situation, 180

McMahon, Sir Henry, agreement with Arabs made by, 185 _ff._

Madras, English character of, 100

Mahdism, definition of, 42 _ff._

Mahdist insurrection, 42

Mahmud II, Sultan, liberal policy of, 115

Mahmud of Ghazni, India invaded by, 204

Mecca, decadence of, 21;
Abd-el-Wahab's pilgrimage to, 22;
Saud's subjugation of, 23;
Turkish reconquest of, 23;
aid to strength of Islam, 38 _ff._;
post cards sold at, 251

Medina, decadence of, 21;
Abd-el-Wahab's studies at, 22;
Saud's subjugation of, 23;
Turkish reconquest of, 23;
electricity at, 251

Mehemet Ali, army of, 23;
Turks aided by, 23;
Wahabi defeated by, 23;
liberal policy of, 115;
Egypt Europeanized by, 147

Mesopotamia, Turkish dominion of, 140;
England in, 184 _ff._;
rebellion against England of 192 _ff._;
denunciation of English policy in, 197;
Bolshevists' manifesto issued to, 292

Métin, Albert, on nationalist movement in India, 279 _ff._

Midhat Pasha, liberal movement aided by, 32

Milner, Lord, Egyptian inquiry commission headed by, 181;
character of, 181;
compromise agreed on by, 182 _ff._;
resignation of, 182;
influence of, 200

Mogul Empire, foundation of, 204

Mohammed Abdou, Sheikh, liberal movement aided by, 32;
Djemal-ed-Din's influence on, 148;
conservative teachings of, 150

Mohammed Ahmed, Sennussi's scorn of, 46

Mohammed Farid Bey, anti-English policy of, 152;
mistakes of, 152 _ff._;
pro German policy of, 156

Mohammedan Revival. _See_ Pan-Islam

Mollahs, anti-liberalism of, 30

Montagu-Chelmsford Report, 217 _ff._

Montagu, liberal policy of, 216 _ff._

Morison, Sir Theodore, on Moslem situation, 67, 70 _ff._;
on modern industry in India, 234 _ff._, 245

Morley, John, liberal policy of, 213

Morocco, French seizure of, 57, 158;
in nineteenth century, 118

Motazelism, re-discovery of, 26;
influence of, 30

Moulvie Cheragh Ali, reform work of, 31

Muhammed Ali, Shah, revolt in Persia against, 119

Muir, Ramsay, European imperialism described by, 83

Mustapha Kemal, character of, 150;
beliefs of, 151 _ff._;
death of, 151;
Allies defied by, 191;
Turkish denunciation of, 193;
Greek campaign against, 193 _ff._;
Arab aid given to, 194 _ff._;
policy of, 196;
Bolshevists allied with, 196 _ff._;
French negotiations with, 199;
Bolshevist support of, 286, 295

Mutiny of 1857, 205

Nair, Doctor T. Madavan, anti-nationalist opinions of, 124, 219

Nakechabendiya fraternity, 41

Namasudra, anti-nationalist organization, 124, 219

Nejd, birth of Abd-el-Wahab in, 21 _ff._;
description of, 21 _ff._;
return of Abd-el-Wahab to, 22;
conversion of, 22;
consolidation of, 23

Nitti, Premier, San Remo Treaty opposed by, 190 _ff._

North Africa, "Holy Men" insurrection in, 41;
lack of nationalism in, 157 _ff._;
races in, 158 _ff._

Nyassaland, Mohammedanism in, 49 _ff._

Orient, _See_ Islam

Pal, Bepin Chander, on Montagu-Chelmsford Report, 218;
on social revolution in India, 277

Palestine, Sykes-Picot Agreement and, 185;
England in, 185

Pan-Islam, fanatics' scheme for, 33 _ff._;
definition of, 37 _ff._;
Hajj an aid to, 38 _ff._;
caliphate an aid to, 39 _ff._;
anti-Western character of, 41 _ff._;
fraternities in, 43 _ff._;
Abdul Hamid's support of, 54 _ff._;
Young-Turk interruption of, 56;
renewal of, 57 _ff._;
effect of Balkan War on, 58 _ff._;
Great War and, 61 _ff._;
Versailles Treaty and, 62 _ff._;
press strength of, 67;
propaganda of, 67;
menacing temper of, 70 _ff._;
economic evolution in, 72 _ff._

Pan-Syrian Congress, 191

Pan-Turanism. _See_ Turanians

Pan-Turkism, _See_ Turkey, rise of nationalism in

Persia, 1914 insurrection in, 61;
an English protectorate, 62;
tyranny in, 116;
independence of, 118;
liberal movement in, 118;
1908 revolution in, 119, 159 _ff._;
need for European government in, 122;
nineteenth-century conditions in, 159;
Versailles conference's treatment of, 174 _ff._;
war conditions in, 196;
Bolshevism in, 196 _ff._, 287 _ff._;
Bolshevist manifesto issued to, 291

_Population Problem of India, The_, 264

Ramsay, Sir William, on economic conditions in Asia Minor, 241 _ff._

_Realpolitik_, treatment of Orient by, 86, 106

Reshid Pasha, liberal movement aided by, 32

Roushdi Pasha, nationalist demands of, 177 _ff._

Rowlatt Bill, nationalist opposition to, 222 _ff._

Russia, Turanian antagonism for, 167 _ff._
_See_ also Bolshevism and Soviet Russia

Russo-Japanese War, Islam roused by, 59, 105

Salafî, rise and growth of, 72;
spirit of, 72

San Remo, conference at, 190 _ff._

Saud, Abd-el-Wahab succeeded by, 22;
power and character of, 22;
government of, 22, 40;
holy cities subdued by, 23;
death of, 23

Saud, clan of, converted, 24

Schweinfurth, Georg, Egyptian nationalism described by, 149 _ff._

Sennussi-el-Mahdi, leadership won by, 44;
power of, 45

Sennussiya, foundation of, 43 _ff._;
leadership of, 45;
present power of, 45 _ff._;
government of, 45;
policy of, 46 _ff._;
proselytism of, 48 _ff._

Sèvres Treaty, 193, 199

Seyid Ahmed, state in India founded by, 24;
conquest of, 24

Seyid Ahmed Khan, Sir, reforms of, 30

Seyid Amir Ali, reform work of, 31

Seyid Mahommed ben Sennussi, in Mecca, 24, 39;
Abdul Hamid opposed by, 39, 44;
birth of, 44;
education of, 44;
"Zawias" built by, 44;
power of, 44 _ff._

Shamyl, Russia opposed by, 41

Shiah Emir, 199

Shuster, W. Morgan, Persia's political capacity described by, 127 _ff._

South Africa, Mohammedan threat against, 49

Soviet Russia, Afghanistan allied with, 287 _ff._;
Kemal supported by, 295;
success of, 297 _ff._

Sun-Yat-Sen, Doctor, 60

Sydenham, Lord, Montagu-Chelmsford Report criticised by, 219

Swadeshi movement, 244 _ff._

Sykes-Picot Agreement, terms of, 185 _ff._;
French opposition to, 189 _ff._;
fulfilment of, 190

Syria, Turkish dominion of, 140;
nationalist agitation in, 142 _ff._;
France in, 184 _ff._;
declaration of independence of, 191;
French suppression of, 191;
present situation in, 198 _ff._;
Bolshevist manifesto issued to, 293

Tagore, Rabindranath, on economic conditions in India, 248

Talaat, in Russia, 285

Tartars, liberal movement among, 32;
Mohammedan missionary work among, 50 _ff._;
nationalist revival of, 163 _ff._;
Bolshevism among, 285

Tekin Alp, on Pan-Turanism, 167

Tel-el-Kebir, battle of, 149

Tewfik Pasha, anti-English feeling of, 92

Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, nationalist work of, 210, 218

Townsend, Meredith, anti-Western feeling in Orient explained by, 102, 104

Transcaucasia, Russian conquest of, 40;
after-the-war situation in, 196;
Mustapha Kemal supported by, 196

Tripoli, Italy's raid on, 57;
Mohammedan resistance in, 57;
1914 insurrection in, 61

Tunis, Kheir-ed-Din's reforms in, 89 _ff._

Turanians, peoples composing, 162 _ff._;
nationalist movement among, 163 _ff._;
effect of Young-Turk Revolution on, 165;
effect of Balkan Wars on, 166 _ff._;
effect of Great War on, 167 _ff._

Turkestan, Bolshevism in, 286;
social revolution in, 290

Turkestan, Chinese, Mohammedans in, 51;
revolt of, 51

Turkey, Islam conquered by, 23;
Arabs war against, 23 _ff._;
Mehemet Ali's aid of, 28;
liberal movement in, 31 _ff._;
1908 revolution in, 32, 119;
Balkan attack on, 57 _ff._;
anti-Western feeling in, 90 _ff._;
effect of Russo-Japanese War in, 106;
independence of, 118;
liberal movement in, 118;
democracy in, 126;
birth of nationalism in, 138;
language of, 138;
Pan-Turanism in, 140 _ff._, 161 _ff._, 183 _ff._;
Arabian rebellion against, 141 _ff._;
Allied treaty with, 193;
Arab aid given to, 194 _ff._;
Western educational methods in, 256;
status of women in, 258;
Bolshevists' manifesto to, 289 _ff._

_Turkish and Pan-Turkish Ideal, The_, 167

Vambéry, Arminius, warning against Mohammedans uttered by, 65 _ff._, 107;
Moslem politics described by, 114, 126;
Young-Turk party described by, 117;
Turanism and, 63;
on changes at Constantinople, 251 _ff._;
on native officials in East, 257 _ff._;
on status of woman in East, 259;

Venizelos, Allied agreement with, 193;
Greek repudiation of, 194

Versailles Peace, Islam affected by 107 _ff._, 173;
secret treaties revealed by, 174 _ff._

Victoria, Queen, made Empress of India, 205

Wacha, Sir Dinshaw, on Montagu-Chelmsford Report 217 _ff._

Wahabi, formation of state of, 22, 40;
government of, 22, 41;
successful fighting of, 23;
defeat of, 23;
end of political power of, 23;
spiritual power of, 24;
in India, 24;
English conquest of, in India, 24;
influence of, 24;
characteristics of, 25 _ff._

Wattal, P. K., on over-population in India, 264 _ff._

Willcocks, Sir William, on Egyptian situation, 179

Yahya Siddyk, on pro-war Mohammedan situation, 68 _ff._

Yakub Beg, Turkestan insurrection led by, 51

Young Arabia, 143 _ff._

Young-Turk party, rise of, 116 _ff._;
nationalist policy of, 140;
Arabian nationalism and, 145 _ff._

Young-Turk revolution, 56, 119

_Yugantar_, anti-English organ, 211 _ff._

Yunnan, Mohammedan insurrection in, 41, 51 _ff._;
Chinese Mohammedans in, 51

Yusuf Bey Akchura Oglu, Pan-Turanian society founded by, 165

Zagloul Pasha, Milner's discussions with, 181;
Milner's compromise with, 182;
opposition to, 182 _ff._

Zaidite Emir, 199

Zawia Baida, Sennussi's founding of, 44

Zinoviev, on Third International, 294 _ff._

TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES

General: Accents and capitalisation, particularly on cited sources, have been left as in the original.

Pages 8, 274, 303: Spelling of Kharijites/Kharidjites/Kharadjites left as in source.

Page 21: Inquity replaced with iniquity.

Page 39: Hyphen added to El-Afghani for consistency.

Page 45: Zawais corrected to Zawias.

Page 49: Hyphen removed from repercussions for consistency.

Page 94: Hyphen removed from easy-going.

Footnote 257: Italicisation removed from March following The Century.

Footnotes 257 and 259 (originally on page 261): Full-stop (period) added after op (in op. cit.) for consistency.

Page 290: Hyphen added to oil-fields for consistency.

End of Project Gutenberg's The New World of Islam, by Lothrop Stoddard